?aoa?ao ia oaio
Yoie/aneea iauiinoe
Niaea?aeaiea
1. Yoiin eae aeiaaeueiay iauiinoue
2. Yiia?aoe/aneea a?oiiu
3. Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Yoiin eae aeiaaeueiay iauiinoue
A ?acaeoee /aeiaa/aneiai niiauanoaa i?ineaaeeaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiay
caeiiiia?iinoue – no?aieaiea ethaeae e iauaaeeiaieth a iauiinoue.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua aeaeu iauiinoae: a?oiiiaay, oa??eoi?eaeueiay,
i?ioanneiiaeueiay, yoie/aneay, yoiinioeeaeueiay. Aeaa iineaaeiea eiatho
e yoiiiieeoieiaee naiia iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ioiioaiea.
A iauai niunea neiaa iauiinoue – niaieoiiinoue ethaeae, iauaaeeiyaiay
onoie/eauie nioeeaeueiuie naycyie e ioiioaieyie e iaeaaeathuay ?yaeii
iaueo i?eciaeia, i?eaeathueo ae iaiiaoi?eiia naiaia?acea. A ioee/ea io
iauiinoae, nicaeaaaaiuo ethaeueie niciaoaeueii, yoie/aneea iauiinoe
aicieeatho enoi?e/anee, iacaaeneii io aiee e niciaiey ethaeae, a
?acoeueoaoa iio?aaiinoae iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeoey. Oi?iu oaeeo iauiinoae ?acee/iu – io ia?aiauoiiai /aeiaa/aneiai
noaaea aei nia?aiaiiie iaoeee. Ana iie io?aaeatho oa?aeoa? e o?iaaiue
?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
iniaaiiinoe oi?i naycae e acaeiiioiioaiee a iauanoaa. A ?aieao oaeie
iauiinoe inouanoaeythony ana aeeciaiiua i?ioeannu, yoi naiiaeinoaoi/iay
caieiooay iauanoaaiiay nenoaia. A n?aaiaiee n ae?oaeie aeaeaie
iauaaeeiaiee oaeay iauiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony eiiaaea eae aeiaaeueiay.
Eaaeaeay aeiaaeueiay (yoie/aneay) iauiinoue — yoi i?iaeoeo
acaeiiaeaenoaey nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee a ii?aaeaeaiiuo enoi?e/aneeo
oneiaeyo. Niaea?aeaiea e oi?iu aa eciaiythony n eciaiaieai oneiaee
nouanoaiaaiey. N i?ia?annii oeeaeeecaoeee iauiinoue noaiiaeony aieaa
neiaeiie, aioo?aiia no?oeoo?e?iaaiiie. Eaaeaeay iiaay yoie/aneay
iauiinoue ia?a?anoaao ?aiee i?aaeuaeouae, aeeth/aao a naay ianeieueei
aiaeiae/iuo iauiinoae.
Ana yoie/aneea iauiinoe a yoiieiaee i?eiyoi iacuaaoue yoiinii, a
i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey yoiina – yoiiaaiacii. Nouanoaotho ianeieueei
iiaeoiaeia e iiieiaieth nouiinoe yoiina. A iaoae no?aia aeieaea aiaeu
iauai?eiyoie auea eiioeaioeey, niaeanii eioi?ie yoiin (ia?iae) –
i?aaeaea anaai nioeeaeueiia yaeaiea e iiae/eiaii caeiiai ?acaeoey
iauanoaa. I?eciaiea yoiinia ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie aieueoeie nioeeaeueiuie
a?oiiaie, ianaeaieai ainoaea?noa, iicaieyao – i?e yniii iiieiaiee eo
niaoeeoeee – ?ani?ino?aieoue ia ieo ?yae onoie/eauo (caeiiiia?iuo)
ea/anoa e oa?aeoa?enoee, eioi?ua naienoaaiiu aieueoei nioeeaeueiui
a?oiiai. E iei iiaeii ioianoe:
1) nioeeaeueii-aeaiia?aoe/aneoth naiiaini?iecaiaeeiinoue. Iia
iaania/eaaaony aeinioeeaeueiuie iaoaieciaie, aeeythueie ia enoi?e/aneoth
yaiethoeeth e?oiiuo nioeeaeueiuo nenoai;
2) oi?ie?iaaiea a?oiiiauo nioeeaeueiuo eioa?ania. Yoe eioa?anu
ii?aaeaeytho a?oiiiaoth nieeaea?iinoue («iu», «iaoe», «naie»);
3) aioo?aiithth nioeeaeueioth iaiaeii?iaeiinoue: aieueoea nioeeaeueiua
a?oiiu iaecaaaeii /eaiyony ii ?aciui iniiaaieyi ia no?aou (neie),
?aciiia?aciua noaa?oiiu (iaueiu, naiuee, e?oae, iaoee e o.i.) e
einoeooou. Iiiieeoiinoue aea, ia?an/eaiaiiinoue iiaeiaiuo a?oii,
iai?ioea, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eeethceth, ai?i/ai, ia?aaeei
iiaeaea?aeeaaaioth caeioa?aniaaiiuie neeaie e aeeth/aaioth a a?naiae
nia?aiaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai ieoioai?/anoaa. Ec neacaiiiai neaaeoao, /oi
iauea eioa?anu /eaiia aieueoie nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu iiaoo ia niaiaaeaoue
(e aanueia nouanoaaiii) n eioa?anaie aioo?ea?oiiiauo noaia?aciaaiee;
4) o/anoea a oie eee eiie oi?ia a i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiee eoeueoo?u.
I?e yoii i?iecaiaeeiay e eniieuecoaiay eoeueoo?a (iaoa?eaeueiay e
aeooiaiay, i?iiuneiai-naiiaeayoaeueiay e eiaeono?eaeueii-
i?ioanneiiaeueiay) i?eia?aoaao – ia aeaea eee aea oieueei a
i?aaenoaaeaieyo /eaiia a?oiiu – oa?aeoa? ia?ea?a yoie a?oiiu. Oae
?iaeaeathony i?aaenoaaeaiey i «iaoeo ai?iaeneeo o?aaeeoeeyo», «ianoiii
eiei?eoa», ?aciiia?aciuo eoeueoo?ao e noaeoeueoo?ao;
5) iniciaiea ethaeueie, i?eiaaeeaaeaueie e aieueoie nioeeaeueiie a?oiia,
aa ?aaeueiinoe e naiae i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e iae. Iii i?ienoiaeeo ii ia?a
oi?ie?iaaiey e noaaeeecaoeee a?oiiu, iiae aeeyieai aa acaeiiaeaenoaee n
ae?oaeie a?oiiaie oiai aea oeia. I?e yoii /aeiaa/aneia niciaiea ia
oieueei oeene?oao oaeo nouanoaiaaiey eaaeaeie aeaiiie aieueoie
nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e iae, ii e aeayoaeueii
niinianoaoao aa oe?aieaieth, au?aaioea a?oiiiauo oeaiiinoae, neiaieia,
eoeueoo?iuo oaiiiaiia, oi/ae c?aiey, iiaeoiaeia e aeecie e eiuo
noa?aioeiia;
6)oi?aaeyaiinoue e naiioi?aaeyaiinoue. Aieueoea nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu
niaea?aeao a naaa iiiaio naiii?aaiecaoeee, /oi iaania/eaaaony iaee/eai a
ieo iaoaieciia ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee, au?aaioee e ?aaeecaoeee oeaeae;
iai?eia?, inouanoaeyaony /a?ac ?aciiia?aciua nioeeaeueiua einoeooou.
?ani?ino?aiaiea ia?a/eneaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee e oaiaeaioeee aieueoeo
nioeeaeueiuo a?oii ia yoiinu iaeaa/aao iiieiaiea caeiiiia?iinoae
no?iaiey, ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e yaiethoeee iineaaeieo. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
anee ethaui aieueoei nioeeaeueiui a?oiiai naienoaaiii oi?ie?iaaoue naie
a?oiiiaua eioa?anu, oi iao iniiaaiee aeoiaoue, aoaeoi yoiinu eae
?aciiaeaeiinoue aieueoeo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii ia iaeaaeatho yoei
ea/anoaii. Aeaeaa, anee aieueoei nioeeaeueiui a?oiiai i?enoua aioo?aiiyy
no?aoeoeeaoeey, oi aea naiia iiaeii neacaoue e ia yoiinao. E neaaeoao
aeoiaoue, /oi eioa?anu – eoeueoo?iua, yeiiiie/aneea, nioeeaeueiua,
iieeoe/aneea e eiua, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iiaeaa?aeaiu neeueiiio aeeyieth
aioo?eyoie/aneie no?aoeoeeaoeee, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, a cia/eoaeueiie
ia?a aa ii?aaeaeytho. Anee, e?iia oiai, niciaiea e naiiniciaiea aieueoeo
nioeeaeueiuo a?oii eiaao naiei enoi/ieeii aeaenoaeoaeueiua iauaeou, oi e
niciaiea e naiiniciaiea aoiaeyueo a yoiin ethaeae oi?ie?oaony ia
neo/aeiui, i?iecaieueiui, eneonnoaaiiui eee iaaycaiiui ecaia iooai, a
caeiiiniia?acii, o.a. iiae aicaeaenoaeai ?acaeoey yoiina, iaaeyoie/aneeo
acaeiiaeaenoaee e ioia?aaeaiey yoeo ?aaeueiinoae a aini?eyoee e
iuoeaiee. Yoiinu eee, eia/a, yoie/aneea iauiinoe (ieaiaia, ia?iaeiinoe
?aciuo oeiia, iaoeee) – nioeeaeueiua ia?aciaaiey, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie
neiaeeaoeany neiaeiua naiiaini?iecaiaeyueany nioeeaeueiua nenoaiu,
oyniaiea no?iaiey, ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e yaiethoeee eioi?uo yaeyaony
i?aaeiaoii iaoee yoiieiaee (yoiia?aoee, ia?iaeiaaaeaiey).
Naiiniciaiea, yaeyynue aaaeiui i?eciaeii ethaiai yoiina, cae?aieyaony a
naiiniciaiee (yoiiieia), /oi iicaieyao aio ioee/aoue naay io ae?oaeo, a
oaeaea ycue, ia?iaeiia eneonnoai, iau/ae, ia?yaeu, ii?iu iiaaaeaiey,
ae?oaea yeaiaiou, eioi?ua, ia?aaeaaaynue ec iieieaiey a iieieaiea,
ia?acotho yoie/aneoth eoeueoo?o. Ana yoe i?eciaee oi?ie?othony a
niioaaonoaothueo oneiaeyo – i?e?iaeiuo, nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo,
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo ia aaca iauiinoe oa??eoi?ee. I?e oaeii
iiieiaiee yoiin iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eae niaieoiiinoue ethaeae,
iaeaaeathueo iaueie ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiuie iniaaiiinoyie eoeueoo?u e
ineoeee, a oaeaea niciaieai naiaai aaeeinoaa.
A ioa/anoaaiiie iaoea aeieaia a?aiy auei i?eiyoi auaeaeyoue
noaaeeaeueii-enoi?e/aneea ?aciiaeaeiinoe yoiina, naycuaay eo n
iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneeie oi?iaoeeyie. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoa oeiieiaey
aeiiieiyaony iiauie iiaeoiaeaie, ii a oeaeii nio?aiyao naith
cia/eiinoue. ?anniio?ei n yoeo iiceoeee iniiaiua aeaeu yoiina.
Enoi?ey aeiaaeueiuo yoie/aneeo iauiinoae ia/eiaaony n ia?aiauoiiai
/aeiaa/aneiai noaaea. Yoi auei niiauanoai eiaeeaeaeia, ?aaiuo a i?aaao e
iaycaiiinoyo. Anoanoaaiiua ?acee/ey — aic?anoiua, iieiaua — ia
o/eouaaeenue. A ?aieao yoie iauiinoe i?ienoiaeeee ana aeeciaiiua
i?ioeannu, ia/eiay io ?aciiiaeaiey e eii/ay aeeciaiaania/aieai e
nioeeaeecaoeeae iioiieia. Ia?aiauoiia /aeiaa/aneia noaaei eiaei naith
oa??eoi?eth, ia eioi?ie aaeinue ia?aiauoiia oicyenoai, naie oeeaae
aeecie, naie n?aaenoai iauaiey naiiniciaiea, oi?iu au?aaeaiey aeooiaiuo
ia?aaeeaaiee.
Neaaeothuay, aieaa aunieay, oi?ia yoie/aneie iauiinoe — ?iae. A naiai
?acaeoee iia i?ioea o?e yoaia: oioaeueiue ?iae, iaoa?eineee ?iae,
iao?ea?oaeueiue ?iae. Ia ia?aii yoaia ?iae i?aaenoaaeye niaie caieioooth
e naiiaeinoaoi/ioth nenoaio, o.a. aue aeiaaeueiie iauiinoueth. Ia aoi?ii
e o?aoueai yoaiao ii oaea ia aue caieioaie nenoaiie. N cai?aoii iieiauo
eiioaeoia iaaeaeo aeeaeaeoeie ?iaenoaaiieeaie aicieeea nenoaia
acaeiiaeaenoaey ?acee/iuo ?iaeia eae oneiaea aini?iecaiaenoaa
ia?aiauoiiai iauanoaa. N yiioie ?iaeiaie i?aaiecaoeee naycaii
aicieeiiaaiea ia?auo nioeeaeueiuo einoeoooia — e?iaiia ?iaenoai, iauea
i?aaeee, eoeueoiaue ?eooae e ae?. Ooaa?aeaeathony oaeea iauaaeeiythuea
oaeoi?u, eae oa??eoi?ey, oicyenoaaiiay aeeciue, ycue.
Ia iniiaa e?iaiiai ?iaenoaa, eoeueoo?ii-ycueiaiai aaeeinoaa e iauiinoe
oa??eoi?ee oi?ie?oaony iiaue oei yoie/aneie iauiinoe e nioeeaeueiie
i?aaiecaoeee — ieaiy, iauaaeeiythuaa ianeieueeeo ?iaeia. Ia ?aiiae
noaaeee o ieaiaie ionoonoaiaaee eaeea-eeai oi?iu oeaio?aeeciaaiiie
aeanoe (aunoei i?aaiii naiioi?aaeaiey auei nia?aiea anao ac?ineuo /eaiia
?iaea eee iaueiu), aaeeinoai ieaiaie iiaeaea?aeeaaeinue ca n/ao
iaaeiaueiiuo a?aeia e iaycaiiinoae acaeiiiiiiue. Oa??eoi?eaeueiua e
nioeeaeueiua a?aieoeu ieaiaie ia auee aeanoei ia?aie/aiu, ia?aaeei
ieaiaia ia eiaee e naiiiacaaiee. N aicieeiiaaieai aieaa neiaeiie
nioeeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee (aic?anoiua eeannu, ioaeneea nithcu e o.i.),
?acaeoie nenoaiu eeaea?noaa ieaiy noaei i?eia?aoaoue e aieaa /aoeoth
i?aaiecaoeeth. Iiyaeythony iauea oi?iu eoeueoo?u e eaeaieiaee —
naiiniciaiea, ?aeeaeiciua aa?iaaiey, yoiiaaiaoe/aneea i?aaeaiey e oe.
Aeanoue ana aieueoa nin?aaeioi/eaaaony a ?oeao noa?aeoei — iaeaieaa
aaoi?eoaoiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae noa?oaai iieieaiey, ianeaaenoaaiiuo
aiaeaeae.
E?iaii?iaenoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey aeinoeaaao naiae iineaaeiae nooiaie n
nicaeaieai iaaeieaiaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee — nithcia ieaiai, a eioi?ua
iauaaeeiyeenue, eae i?aaeei, nii?aaeaeueii aeeaouea e ?iaenoaaiiua ii
ycueo ieaiaia. Aeaaiui iiaoaeeoaeueiui iioeaii e nicaeaieth nithca
ieaiai yaeyeinue /aua anaai no?aieaiea ono?aieoue ieaiaiioth
iaaeaeioniaeoeo, iauaaeeieoue neeu aeey ai?ueau n ae?oaeie, ia
?iaenoaaiiuie ieaiaiaie.
Ai?i/ai, iiyaeaiea nithca ieaiai ia icia/aei ieii/aoaeueiie eeeaeaeaoeee
?iaeiaie i?aaiecaoeee.
?acaeoea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, ia?aiauaiea i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?aciuo
?iaeia e ieaiai a ?aieao ieaiaiiuo nithcia aeaeaei, a eiia/iii n/aoa,
iaaiciiaeiui inouanoaeaiea aeanoe ii ?iaeiaie eeiee. E?iaii?iaenoaaiiue
i?eioeei noae iianaianoii caiaiyoueny eiouanoaaiii-eeanniaui. Ia niaio
ieaiaiiie i?aaiecaoeee i?eoiaeeo iiaay oi?ia yoie/aneie iauiinoe –
ia?iae, ia?iaeiinoue.
A ca?oaaaeiie nioeeieiaee e iieeoieiaee iiiyoey «ia?iaeiinoue» ia
nouanoaoao. A iaoae no?aia iii oe?iei eniieueciaaeinue n na?aaeeiu 20-o
aiaeia aeey iaicia/aiey yoiinia, iaoiaeyueony a noaaeeaeueiii ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo ieaiaiaie e iaoeeyie. E ia?iaeiinoyi a NNN? ioiineee iau/ii
yoiinu /eneaiiinoueth aei 100 oun. /aeiaae, n iaaieueoei oaeaeueiui
aanii, caiyoua a i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa, ia eiaaoea
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe a oi?ia nithciuo eee aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee. A
iineaaeiea aiaeu yoio oa?iei noae auoiaeeoue ec oiio?aaeaiey e a iaoae
no?aia, aai caiaiytho ae?oaei iauai?eiyoui iiiyoeai – “ia?iae”. Yoiio a
iaiaeie noaiaie niinianoaiaaea aeeneonney i i?aaiia?iinoe auaeaeaiey
ia?iaeiinoe a ea/anoaa enoi?e/aneiai oeia yoiina.
Iaeuecy neacaoue, iaeiaei, /oi iiiyoea “ia?iaeiinoue” nianai oae eeoaii
niunea. Iii aiieia i?eaieaii i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea yoie/aneeo iauiinoae
?aiiaeeanniauo oi?iaoeee. A yoii niunea ia?iaeiinoue iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue eae ii?aaeaeaiioth enoi?e/aneoth noaaeeth oi?ie?iaaiey
ia?iaea (ae?aaia?onneay ia?iaeiinoue). Yoie/aneia naiiniciaiea ia oaeie
noaaeee ia auei aiieia io/aoeeaui, iii /anoi iiaeiaiyeinue ?aaeiiaeueiui
(caiey/aneei) naiiniciaieai, a eiiaaea e /oanoaii ?aeeaeiciie
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe.
Oa?iei “ia?iae” oiio?aaeyaony a ?aciuo niuneao: eae niae?aoaeueiia
iaicia/aiea anaai ianaeaiey no?aiu, eae iniaay enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoayny
iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiay iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneay e eaeaeii-eoeueoo?iay
iauiinoue (niaaoneee ia?iae), eae iaicia/aiea anao oeiia yoie/aneeo
iauiinoae. A iineaaeiai neo/aa a neeo naiae iiiaicia/iinoe iiiyoea
“ia?iae” caiaiyaony oa?ieiii “yoiin”.
Ana oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?iaea eae yoie/aneie iauiinoe aunieiai
oaeniiiie/aneiai o?iaiy yaeythony i?iaeoeoii yiioe eiouanoaaiiiai
ia?aaainoaa, nioeeaeueii-eeanniauo ioiioaiee. Ii ia?a oiai eae
oo?a/eaaee naith cia/eiinoue e?iaii?iaenoaaiiua nayce, oneeeaaeanue
?ieue oaeeo oaeoi?ia, eae aaeeinoai oa??eoi?ee, iauiinoue ycuea,
o?aaeeoeee, iau/aaa. Ia yoie iniiaa i?ienoiaeeei iniciaiea ia?iaeii
nianoaaiiie nouiinoe ii i?eioeeio aioeoacu «iu – iie».
Iiyaeaiea ia?iaeia auei iaoneiaeaii niaoaieai e eiinieeaeaoeeae
ieaiaiiuo a?oii a ia?eiae neiaeaiey ?aiieo ainoaea?noa. Ia?aua ia?iaeu
aicieeee a ?aeiiao ae?aaiaeoeo oeeaeeecaoeee – a Aaeioa, Aeao?a/uea. A
Aa?iia neiaeaiea ia?iaeia, a aieueoeinoaa naiai aeathueo ia/aei
aa?iiaeneei yoiinai, ia/aeinue n ia?anaeaiey ia?iaeia (IV-VII aa.). Ia
oa??eoi?ee ?innee ia/aei oi?ie?iaaiey ia?iaeia i?eoiaeeony ia eiiaoe
IX—X aa. Ia?iaeu neeaaeuaaeenue ec ?aciiycu/iuo e ?aciieoeueoo?iuo
eiiiiiaioia, /anoue eioi?uo iiaeaa?aaeanue anneieeyoeee e aoiaeeea a
neeaaeuaathueeny yoiin a ea/anoaa noano?aoa. Oae, iai?eia?, i?e
ia?aciaaiee ae?aaia?onneiai ia?iaea a iaai e?iia neaayineeo ieaiai aioee
oa?i-oeineea e aaeoneea yoie/aneea eiiiiiaiou. Ii ia?a neeaaeuaaiey
ia?iaea, oneeaiey naycae iaaeaeo aai ioaeaeueiuie /anoyie oi?ie?iaaeny
iauee ycue (ae?oaea ycuee en/acaee eee i?aa?auaeenue a aeeaeaeou),
oa??eoi?eaeueiay, eoeueoo?iay e oicyenoaaiiay iauiinoue. Eioaa?e?othuei
iieacaoaeai yoeo i?ioeannia auei iiyaeaiea iiaiai aaeeiiai yoiiieia,
iiae eioi?ui yoio ia?iae noaiiaeeny ecaanoiui naiei ninaaeyi. A
aeaeueiaeoai /anoue ia?iaeia i?aia?aciaaeanue a iaoeee, ae?oaea
i?iaeieaeatho naia nouanoaiaaiea a nia?aiaiiuo iauanoaao a ea/anoaa
yoie/aneeo iaiueoeinoa.
2. Yoiia?aoe/aneea a?oiiu
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ethaua, aeaaea naiua eiinieeaee?iaaiiua
ia?iaeu ia i?aaenoaaeytho niaie a aunoae noaiaie iaeii?iaeiuo
(aiiiaaiiuo) iauiinoae. A ninoaaa ia?iaea eiathony a?oiiu, nio?aiythuea
ioee/ey io iniiaiiai yoie/aneiai ianneaa. Iie iacuaathony iau/ii
yoiia?aoe/aneeie. Yoiia?aoe/aneea a?oiiu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
oa??eoi?eaeueii iainiaeaiiua /anoe ia?iaea, eoeueoo?a, auo e ycue
eioi?uo nio?aiytho ecaanoiia naiaia?acea. Oaeea a?oiiu iiaoo ioee/aoueny
e a ?aeeaeiciii ioiioaiee. Oa?aeoa?iay iniaaiiinoue a?oii — iaee/ea
nianoaaiiiai naiiiacaaiey, a eiiaaea e aeaienoaaiiiai naiiniciaiey. A
iineaaeiai neo/aa eo iacuaatho aua yoie/aneeie (noayoie/aneeie) a?oiiaie
eee noayoiinaie.
Iaeie yoiia?aoe/aneea a?oiiu i?ienoiaeyo io aioaaeoeo a ninoaa ia?iaea e
ia aei eiioea anneieee?iaaaoeony eiiyoie/aneeo ia?aciaaiee (?onneay
iaua?a ia n?aaeiae Iea). Ae?oaea yaeythony ?acoeueoaoii ?anoe?aiey
yoie/aneie oa??eoi?ee, eiaaea o /anoe yoiina, ieacaaoaainy a eiie
i?e?iaeiie n?aaea, a ie?oaeaiee ae?oaeo ia?iaeia, au?aaaouaathony ni
a?aiaiai niaoeeoe/aneea /a?ou eoeueoo?u e ycuea (eai/aaeaeu,
?onneionoueeioeu, ia?eiaoeu e ae?. o ?onneeo, ieia?aeu, naaiu o a?ocei).
Yoiia?aoe/aneay a?oiia iiaeao aicieeiooue oaeaea a ?acoeueoaoa
?aeeaeiciie (noa?iia?yaeoeu, i?aaineaaiua oaoa?u-e?yoaiu) eee nineiaiie
(eacaee) aeeooa?aioeeaoeee yoiina.
A niaaoneie yoiiiieeoe/aneie o?aaeeoeee oe?iei eniieueciaaeinue aua
iaeii iaicia/aiea /anoe ia?iaea, ieacaaoaeny a neeo oao eee eiuo i?e/ei
ioi?aaiiie io naiaai yoie/aneiai ianneaa, — iaoeeiiaeueiay a?oiia. Oaeei
iiiyoeai iaicia/aeanue niaieoiiinoue ethaeae ii?aaeaeaiiie
iaoeeiiaeueiinoe, i?iaeeaathueo ca i?aaeaeaie naieo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
ia?aciaaiee: ?onneea aia ?innee, oe?aeioeu a Eaiaaea e o.i.
I?eiaieoaeueii e NNN? iaoeeiiaeueiuie a?oiiaie n/eoaeenue iieyee,
iaioeu, ei?aeoeu, i?aaenoaaeoaee ae?oaeo ia?iaeia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoi
iiiyoea ii/oe auoei ec oiio?aaeaiey, ia?aaeei aai caiaiytho iiiyoeai
yoie/aneea (iaoeeiiaeueiua) iaiueoeinoaa.
A nia?aiaiiie iieeoe/aneie i?aeoeea oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a iineaaeiea
aiaeu iieo/aao aua iaeia oa?ieiieiae/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea
oa??eoi?eaeueii iainiaeaiiie a?oiiu ia?iaea — aeeanii?a. Iiyaeythony
?aaiou, a eioi?uo aeeanii?a aeaaea ?anniao?eaaaony eae iaeay
oeiieiae/aneay eaoaai?ey yoiina. Ia aaeaaaynue a aeeneonneth ii iiaiaeo
noieue i?eaeiaeueiie oi/ee c?aiey, caiaoei eeoue, /oi yoi iiiyoea ia
neaaeoao iooaoue n yoie/aneie (yoiia?aoe/aneie) a?oiiie. Aeeanii?a, a
ioee/ea io yoie/aneie (yoiia?aoe/aneie) a?oiiu, ia iaeaaeaao eoeueoo?iui
naiaia?aceai, ioee/athuei aa io iniiaiiai yoie/aneiai ianneaa. ?onneoth
aeeanii?o a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia eee Aia?eea (ii e?aeiae ia?a, a ia?eiae aa
oi?ie?iaaiey e c?aeiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey) ioee/aao io ?onneeo ia
iniaaiiinoe eoeueoo?u eee naiiniciaiey, a eeoue oa??eoi?ey i?iaeeaaiey.
Iaeaieaa aa?ioth, ia iao acaeyae, oa?aeoa?enoeeo aeeanii?u aeaao TH.I.
Ieaoiiia: «Iiae aeeanii?ie iiieiaaony yoiin eee /anoue yoiina,
i?iaeeaathuay aia naiae enoi?e/aneie ?iaeeiu eee oa??eoi?ee iaeoaiey
yoie/aneiai ianneaa e ia aeaeathuay iioa?youe yoie/aneea a?oiiiaua
oa?aeoa?enoeee, caiaoii ioee/athuea aa io inoaeueiiai ianaeaiey no?aiu
i?aauaaiey, a oaeaea auioaeaeaiiay (iniciaiii eee iainiciaiii)
iiae/eiyoueny i?eiyoiio a iae ii?yaeeo”.
*anoue oiai eee eiiai ia?iaea, ioi?aaaoayny io naiaai iniiaiiai ianneaa,
iiaeao ia?aciauaaoue aeeanii?o, a iiaeao e ia ia?aciauaaoue aa.
Aeeanii?a eae niaieoiiinoue iano iinaeaiey oiai eee eiiai ia?iaea aia
oa??eoi?ee naiaai i?ienoiaeaeaiey — yoi ia oieueei e ia noieueei niinia
nio?aiaiey naieo yoie/aneeo ia?aiao?ia (ycuea, iniaaiiinoae iaioaeeoaoa,
eoeueoo?u, naiiniciaiey e o.i.) a eiiyoie/aneii ie?oaeaiee, ii, i?aaeaea
anaai, oi?ia aaeaioaoeee e iiaie nioeeaeueiie e eoeueoo?iie n?aaea
i?eieiathuaai iauanoaa. N yoeo iiceoeee oaoa?u, aeeaouea, iai?eia?, a
I?eii?neii e?aa, a?yae ee aoaeoo i?aaenoaaeyoue niaie aeeanii?o,
iineieueeo nioeeaeueiay e eoeueoo?iay n?aaea yoiai noauaeoa oaaea?aoeee
i?aeoe/anee ie/ai ia ioee/aaony io ?anioaeeee Oaoa?noai.
Ia iao acaeyae, no?aieaiea nio?aieoue naith yoie/aneoth
ioee/eoaeueiinoue, naith “naiinoue” a eiiyoie/aneii ie?oaeaiee – ia
naiue aeaaiue iieacaoaeue aeeanii?u. Aeey yoiai anoue iaiaei ae?oaeo
n?aaenoa, iniaaiii a oao ainoaea?noaao, aaea iauanoaaiiay aeeciue
no?ieony ia i?eioeeiao eoeueoo?iiai ieth?aeecia. Aeeanii?a aicieeaao
oiaaea, eiaaea ethaee, aa ninoaaeythuea, /oanoaotho naay n?aaee
ie?oaeathuaai ianaeaiey “ia a naiae oa?aeea”, eniuouaatho no?ann io
ia?aiaiu ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa e a neeo yoeo i?e/ei no?aiyony e
ii?aaeaeaiiie ecieyoeee io aiaoiae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, euoo a iaueiiie
nieeaea?iinoe i?aneiaoooth nieiieieo ooiiathuaai. Aeey ?inneeneeo
ia?iaeia (ca i/aiue ?aaeeei eneeth/aieai), ia eaeie au oa??eoi?ee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iie ia aeeee, ana yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa a?yae ee
eiatho aeooaeueiinoue. A ?aaiie ia?a yoi ioiineony e e cia/eoaeueiie
/anoe iaoeo iaaeaaieo niioa/anoaaiieeia ec nithciuo ?anioaeee, eioi?ua e
a Iineaa, e ai Aeaaeeainoiea, e a aeanyoeao ae?oaeo ai?iaeia e nae
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee /oanoaotho naay eae ?uaa a aiaea.
Iaoeey – aeiaaeueiay nioeeaeueiay iauiinoue, naiiaeinoaoi/iay
nioeeaeueiay nenoaia, aicieeoay ia iniiaa iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo
ia?iaeia eae au?aaeaiea iiaiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. A iniiaa oi?ie?iaaiey iaoeee eaaeao
i?ioeannu eeeaeaeaoeee oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe, ?acaeoey
oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, nicaeaiey aaeeiiai aioo?aiiaai ?uiea,
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa, oieoeeaoeee ycuea e eoeueoo?u. Ia
iineaaeithth ?ieue ea?atho e oaeea oaeoi?u, eae aeeeoaeueiia niaianoiia
i?iaeeaaiea ?acee/iuo ia?iaeia ia iaeiie oa??eoi?ee, aeiaa?ea ae?oa e
ae?oao, acaeiiia oaaaeaiea o?aaeeoeee e iau/aaa, eiiieeiaioa?iinoue.
Oa?iei “iaoeey” a i?ioeanna enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey iaiaeiie?aoii iaiye
naia cia/aiea. Ie iaeia ec nouanoaothueo naaiaeiy eiioeaioeee iaoeee ia
yaeyaony iauai?eiyoie. A caiaaeiie nioeeieiaee i?aiaeaaeaao acaeyae,
niaeanii eioi?iio iaoeey — niaieoiiinoue a?aaeaeai iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa,
o.a. oa??eoi?eaeueii-iieeoe/aneay iauiinoue. A Oeaio?aeueiie e Ainoi/iie
Aa?iia iaaeaeo iiiyoeyie “iaoeey”, “ia?iae” e “yoiin” ia?aaeei noaayo
ciae ?aaainoaa, i?eciaaay oai naiui iaoeeth yoie/aneie iauiinoueth. A
na?aaeeia XX aaea a iaoae no?aia auei i?eiyoi n/eoaoue iaoeeth aunoae
oi?iie yoiina, i?eoaaeoae ia niaio ia?iaeiinoe. Ia oaeii i?eciaiee, a
/anoiinoe, aace?oaony ecaanoiia ii?aaeaeaiea iaoeee E. Noaeeiui: “Iaoeey
anoue enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoayny onoie/eaay iauiinoue ethaeae, aicieeoay
ia aaca iauiinoe /aou?ao iniiaiuo i?eciaeia, a eiaiii: ia aaca iauiinoe
ycuea, iauiinoe oa??eoi?ee, iauiinoe yeiiiie/aneie aeecie e iauiinoe
ineoe/aneiai neeaaea, i?iyaeythuaainy a iauiinoe niaoeeoe/aneeo
iniaaiiinoae iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?u”.
Ia naiii aeaea yoiin e iaoeey — niaa?oaiii ?aciua nioeeaeueiua yaeaiey.
“Iaoeey, a ioee/ea io yoiina, – ieoao A.I. Iaaeoaa, — yoi oi, /oi aeaii
iia ia oaeoii iiaai ?iaeaeaiey, a iieie nianoaaiiuie oneeeyie e ee/iui
auai?ii. Yoiin y ia auae?ath, a iaoeeth — iioo aua?aoue… Iaoeey — yoi
ainoaea?noaaiiay, nioeeaeueiay, eoeueoo?iay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue
eiaeeaeaea, a ia aai aio?iiieiae/aneay e yoie/aneay ii?aaeaeaiiinoue”.
Aieueoeinoai nia?aiaiiuo iaoeee neiaeeeinue ec ?aciuo yoie/aneeo
iauiinoae a i?ioeanna niaianoiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe a ?aieao aaeeiiai
ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ia a eiia/iii eoiaa e noaei aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii
ia?aciaaiey iaoeee. «Eaeay iaoeee, – n/eoaao A.A. Oeoeia,- ?iaeaeaaony
n?aaee ia?iaeia, ia iaycaoaeueii eoeueoo?ii iaeii?iaeiuo, eae
iieeoe/aneay i?ia?aiia aeey nicaeaiey noaa?aiiuo a?aaeaeaineeo
niiauanoa, e oaea ainoaea?noaa nicaeatho iaoeee». A yoie nayce iaeuecy
ia aniiiieoue ciaiaieoiai eoaeueyioea Aeae. Aa?eaaeueaee: «Iu naeaeaee
Eoaeeth, oaia?ue aoaeai aeaeaoue eoaeueyioeaa».
A?aieoeu iaoeee e ainoaea?noaa niaiaaeatho, ii ia iaoeey oi?ie?oao
a?aieoeu ainoaea?noaa, a ainoaea?noai – a?aieoeu iaoeee.
Oi?ie?iaaiea iaoeee naycaii n aicieeiiaaieai e ?acaeoeai eaieoaeecia.
?acaeoea oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee iinoaiaiii aaei e oi?ie?iaaieth
aaeeiiai a yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee nioeeaeueii-enoi?e/aneiai i?aaiecia
(oa?iei TH.E. Naiaiiaa), eioi?ue aue iaeiia?aiaiii e oeaio?aeeciaaiiui
ainoaea?noaii. N iiyaeaieai oaeiai i?aaiecia (nioeei?a) aicieeee e
iauaeoeaiua eioa?anu iniiaiie iannu ethaeae, aoiaeeaoeo a aai ninoaa. E
iiiaioo ia?aciaaiey o?aioeocneiai ainoaea?noaa, iai?eia?, oieueei o?e
ieeeeiia ec aeaaiaaeoeaoe aiai?eee ii-o?aioeocnee e iiaee n/eoaoueny
yoie/aneeie o?aioeocaie. Aaeeiie o?aioeocneie iaoeeae yoi ?aciiycueia e
?aciiyoie/aneia niiauanoai (eaeueou A?aoaie, aanee thaa O?aioeee, iaioeu
Yeuecana e Eioa?eiaee e ae?.) noaei a i?ioeanna aioeoaiaeaeueiiai
aeaeaeaiey, a oiaea ai?ueau ca caaiaaaiey Aaeeeie O?aioeocneie
?aaiethoeee, i?ioea iiiuoie aic?iaeeoue oaiaeaeueiua ii?yaeee. Eeoue a
i?ioeanna oaeie ai?ueau iiaea auc?aoue eaeay iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaeeinoaa,
a?aaeaeaineiai niiauanoaa, eiathuaai i?aai nicaeaaaoue ainoaea?noai,
eiio?iee?iaaoue aeanoue. Aac yoiai o?aioeocneay iaoeey ia niiaea au
ioi?ieoueny.
Ia aaca ianeieueeeo yoie/aneeo iauiinoae oi?ie?iaaeenue iiiaea iaoeee
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Oae, oaaeoea?neay iaoeey ninoieo ec /aou?ao yoie/aneeo
a?oii, aiai?yueo ia iaiaoeeii, o?aioeocneii, eoaeueyineii e
?aoi?iiaineii ycueao. Aeaa e?oiiua yoie/aneea iaueiu — oeaiaiaeoeu e
aaeeiiu — eaaeao a iniiaa aaeueaeeneie iaoeee. Iiaeiaiay neooaoeey
oa?aeoa?ia aeey iiiaeo ainoaea?noa Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
Ianaeaiea nioeeaeueii-enoi?e/aneiai i?aaiecia (ainoaea?noaa) iiaeao
i?aaenoaaeyoue niaie e iaeio yoie/aneoth iauiinoue. A yoii neo/aa iaoeey
iiaeao auoue iaeiia?aiaiii e yoiinii. Oaeoth iaoeeth i?eiyoi iacuaaoue
yoiiiaoeeae. A iniiaiii ia aaca iaeiiai yoiina noi?ie?iaaeenue, a
/anoiinoe, ii?ooaaeueneay, eneaiaeneay, ii?aaaeneay e oaaaeneay iaoeee.
Iaeiaei iiaeiaiua i?eia?u ia noieue oae iiiai/eneaiiu. Ia i?aeoeea
a?aieoeu oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa ?aaeei niaiaaeatho n
yoie/aneeie a?aieoeaie. A ie?a ian/eouaaaony ianeieueei ouny/ yoie/aneeo
iauiinoae (yoiinia) e anaai eeoue ieiei 200 ainoaea?noa.
Iiyoiio ia naaiaeiyoiee iiiaio yoiiiieeoieiae aeiaiai?eeenue iacuaaoue
ainoaea?noaaiiiia?acothuea yoiinu (iaoeeaia?acothuea) noa?aeiaauie
yoiiiauiinoyie a oii eee eiii ainoaea?noaa. Yoi ia cia/eo, /oi a aeaiiii
ainoaea?noaa iaeei yoiin, yoi cia/eo, /oi ii aeiieie?iaae a nicaeaiee
eiaiii yoiai ainoaea?noaa. A ?innee – ?onneea, a Aa?iaiee- iaioeu e
o.ae.
Ii iiaieth TH.E. Naiaiiaa, aeaaiia, /oi aeaeaao oo eee eioth iauiinoue
iaoeeae, – iaee/ea o ninoaaeythueo aa ethaeae iaeiiai iauaai ioa/anoaa.
Ethaee, ninoaaeythuea yoiin, iiaoo ia?aciauaaoue iaoeeth, a iiaoo e ia
ia?aciauaaoue a?. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iiiyoea ainoaea?noaa iiaeao
niaiaaeaoue n iiiyoeai ioa/anoaa, a iiaeao e ia niaiaaeaoue. Aeey
ethaeae, aeeaoueo a ainoaea?noaa, iii iiaeao auoue eo iauei ioa/anoaii,
a iiaeao e ia auoue. Anee ianaeaiea ainoaea?noaa yaeyaony
i?aaenoaaeoaeai iaeiiai yoiina, yoa niaieoiiinoue ethaeae iaycaoaeueii
aoaeao e iaoeeae. Eiaaea oaeiai niaiaaeaiey iao, ana caaeneo io oiai,
n/eoatho ee i?aaenoaaeoaee yoiinia, ianaeythueo no?aio, naiei ioa/anoaii
anth no?aio eee oieueei oo a? /anoue, a eioi?ie iie eiiiaeoii
i?iaeeaatho. I?ioeann i?aa?auaiey yoiina a iaoeeth i?eiyoi iacuaaoue
iaoeeacaoeeae yoiina, a oeaeaiai?aaeaiiua aeaenoaey ainoaea?noaa, aai
iieeoe/aneeo einoeoooia eee yoiiiieeoe/aneie yeeou ii i?aa?auaieth
yoiina a iaoeeth – iaoeeano?ieoaeuenoaii.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. A?oothiyi TH.A. Ae?iaeaeaaa E.I. Nonieieia A.A. Yoiinioeeieiaey.
O/aaiia iiniaea aeey aocia. I., 1998.
2. Aaiia? Y. Iaoeee e iaoeeiiaeeci. I, 1991.
3. Aoieeaa E.I. Aaia?aoey yoiina a enoi?e/aneee ia?eiae. E., 1990.
Aoieeaa E.I., Eaaiia E.I. Yoie/aneea i?ioeannu: aeaa iiaeoiaea e
eco/aieth // Nioeeieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey. 1992, ? 1.
4. E?theia I.A. Aua ?ac ia enoi?e/aneeo oeiao yoie/aneeo iauiinoae //
Niaaoneay yoiia?aoey. 1986. ? 3.
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