28
Federal Agency on education
State educational institution of vocational training
College of Optics and Electronics
Diploma paper
«The problems of the Subjunctive Mood in English»
Krasnogorsk 2007
Федеральное агентство по образованию по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального
образования
Красногорский оптико-электронный колледж
Дипломная работа
«Проблемы сослагательного наклонения в английском языке»
Красногорск 2007
Contents
Preface
1. The Subjunctive Mood?
1.1 Foreign linguists’ speculations about the Subjunctive Mood
1.2 The Subjunctive Mood from the point of view of the representatives
of the Russian linguistic school
2. The main cases of the use of the Subjunctive Mood in English
3. The use of The Subjunctive Mood in the works of English and American
writers
Conclusion
Bibliography
Preface
There are many controversial and not thoroughly investigated points in
the English grammar. Nevertheless, in my opinion one of the most
difficult and not clear both from the point of view of its definition
and description and from the point of view of its practical
implementation in speech is the subject of the Subjunctive Mood. Even
the name of this grammatical category seems ambiguous in term of its
being approached and characterized by different outstanding linguists in
our country and abroad.
No wonder this problem couldn’t but arise my curiosity and language
interest. I have made up my mind to consider the material compiled on
this problem in different sources to clear up the point for myself and
to have a better idea about the usage of the Subjunctive Mood in speech.
I will learn more information about points of views of English and
Russian grammarians. It is very interesting for me to know how English
linguists understand problem of The Subjunctive Mood and what way
Russian ones do it. I will also introduce the most important point of my
diploma paper – the usage of the Subjunctive Mood. I want to learn in
what cases we should use the Subjunctive Mood.
Thus the object of my paper is the Subjunctive Mood itself.
The subject of my diploma paper is the Subjunctive Mood in the works of
foreign and Russian grammar schools as well as the main cases of the
Subjunctive Mood usage.
The aim of my diploma paper is to compare different approaches to the
problem of the Subjunctive Mood with the purpose of investigating the
material available for me about the Subjunctive Mood from English and
Russian sources.
My diploma paper consists of three chapters: in the 1st chapter I
consider different approaches to the Subjunctive Mood understanding both
in our country and abroad. In the 2nd chapter I present the main cases
of the Subjunctive Mood use and perform the results obtained. There is a
conclusion too. To write my diploma paper I used the works of the
outstanding English grammarians, such as: H. Sweet, G.O. Curme, O.
Jespersen and Russian scholars: V. Kaushanskaya, V. Vinogradov. You can
see the names of their works in the list of literature, on page 25, and
the information from Internet.
The 3d chapter represents my practical contribution into the problem of
the Subjunctive Mood. In this chapter I analyze the use of the
Subjunctive Mood by some English and American writers and draw the
conclusion based on the material collected.
The literary sources are given as supplementary material after
Bibliography.
1. The Subjunctive Mood?
1.1 Foreign linguists’ speculations about the Subjunctive Mood
As we shall further see there is no unity on the Subjunctive Mood among
the world famous foreign grammarians. I would like to dwell on the views
of the most outstanding linguists.
By the moods of a verb H. Sweet in his work «A new English Grammar (Part
I)» understands grammatical forms expressing different relations between
subject and predicate. Thus, if a language has special forms to express
commands as distinguished from statements, we include the forms that
express command under the term «imperative mood». Thus in English come!
is in the imperative mood, while the statement he comes is in the
«indicative» mood.
In English the only inflectional moods are the indicative and
subjunctive. But the inflections of the English verb are so scanty that
we need not be surprised to find that the distinction between indicative
and subjunctive is very slight. The only regular inflection by which the
subjunctive is distinguished from the indicative in English is that of
the third person singular present, which drops the s of the indicative
(he sees) in the subjunctive (he see). In the verb to be, however,
further distinctions are made: indicative I am, he is, he was,
subjunctive I be, he be, he were, although in the spoken language the
only distinction that is still kept us is that between was and were.
Consequently the sense of the distinction in function between
subjunctive and indicative has almost died out in English, and use the
subjunctive were only in combination with other mood-forms, the other
subjunctive inflections surviving only in a few special phrases and
constructions, such as God, save the Queen!, where the subjunctive
expresses wish, being thus equivalent to the Greek optative.
The few distinction that English makes between fact-statements and
thought-statements are mainly expressed, not by inflections, but by
auxiliaries (periphrastic moods), and by peculiar uses of
tense-distinctions. The following are the auxiliary forms:
a) The combination of should and would with the infinitive – the
conditional mood.
b) The combination of may and its preterite might with the infinitive is
called the permissive mood.
c) The combination of the finite forms of the verb to be with the supine
is called compulsive mood.
We use tenses to express thought-statements in the hypothetical clauses
of conditional sentences, as in if I knew his address I would write him;
if it were possible I would do it. In the latter example the hypothesis
is shown not only by the preterite tense, but also by the subjunctive
inflection, which is really superfluous. When a thought-statement is
expressed by a tense in this way, H. Sweet calls it a tense-mood. Were
in if it were is a subjunctive tense-mood.
As we see, in some conditional sentences all three ways of expressing
thought-statement are used.
G.O. Curme in the work «A Grammar of the English Language» considers
moods as the changes in the form of the verb to show the various ways in
which the action or state is thought of by the speaker.
There are two moods:
1. Indicative Mood. This form represents something as a fact, or as in
close relation with reality, or in interrogative form inquires after a
fact.
2. Subjunctive Mood. The function of the subjunctive mood is to
represent something, not as an actual reality, but as formed in the mind
of the speaker as a desire, wish, volition, plan, conception, thought;
something with more or less hope of realization, or, in the case of a
statement, with more or less belief, sometimes with little or no hope or
faith.
The various meanings may be classified under two general heads – the
optative subjunctive and the potential subjunctive. The optative
subjunctive represents something as desired, demanded, required. The
potential subjunctive marks something as a mere conception of the mind,
but at the same time represents it as something that may probably be or
become a reality or on the other hand as something that is contrary to
fact.
H. Whitehall in the work «Structural Essentials of English» says that
Mood (or mode) establishes the speaker’s or writer’s mood about the
actuality of a happening. The indicative mood indicates that what he
says must be regarded as a fact, i.e., as having occurred or as
occurring; the so-called subjunctive mood implies that he is doubtful or
uncertain about its occurrence.
Although the subjunctive is gradually dying out of the language, English
is rich in devices for expressing one’s psychological moods toward
happenings that are imaginary.
Our apparatus for expressing mood suggests that in the use of verb
word-groups, the speaker’s or writer’s mental attitudes are of great
importance.
Many grammarians enumerate the following moods in English, etc.:
indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, and participle. O.
Jespersen as it can be seen from «The Philosophy of Grammar» considers
that infinitives and participles cannot be coordinated with the others,
and we shall therefore in this chapter deal with the first three moods
only. These are sometimes called fact-mood, thought-mood, and will-mood
respectively. But they do not express different relations between
subject and predicate. It is much more correct to say that they express
certain attitudes of the mind of the speaker towards the contents of the
sentence.
O. Jespersen in his work «A modern English Grammar» presents forms of
the Subjunctive Mood in the table:
For expressing unreal action, simultaneous or planning action towards
nowFor expressing unreal action, past towards nowI. I should
he, she, it would do
we should be doing
you would be done
they would
II. I
he, she, it do
we would be doing
you be done
they
III. I
he, she, it do
we should be doing
you be done
they
IV. I
he, she, it
we be, did, were
you
theyshould
would have done
should have been doing
would have been doing
would
have done
would have been doing
have been doing
have done
should have been doing
have been doing
had been
had done
1.2 The Subjunctive Mood from the point of view of the representatives
of the Russian linguistic school
The category of mood in the present English verb has given rise to so
many discussions, and has been treated in so many different ways, that
it seems hardly possible to arrive at any more or less convincing and
universally acceptable conclusion concerning it. Indeed, the only points
in the sphere of mood which have not so far been disputed seem to be
these: there is a category of mood in Modern English; there are at least
two moods in the modern English verb, one of which is the Subjunctive.
These points were discussed not only by English grammarians, but Russian
grammarians too.
Academician V. Vinogradov in his work «Russian Language» gave the
definition of the category of mood: «Mood expresses the relation of the
action to reality, as stated by the speaker.»
The relations between meaning and form will be expressed by two
different series of external signs.
The first of these two points may be illustrated by sequence we should
come, which means one thing in the sentence I think we should come here
again tomorrow; it means another thing in the sentence if we knew that
he wants us we should come to see him, and it means another thing again
in the sentence How queer that we should come at the very moment when
you were talking about us! In a similar way, several meanings may be
found in the sequence he would come in different contexts.
The second of the two points may be illustrated by comparing the two
sentences, I suggest that he go and I suggest that he should go, and we
will for the present neglect the fact that the first of the two variants
is more typical of American, and the second of British English.
Matters are still further complicated by two phenomena where we are
faced with a choice between polysemy and homonymy. One of these concerns
forms like lived, knew, etc. Such forms appear in two types of contexts,
of which one may be exemplified by the sentences, He lived here five
years ago, or I knew it all along, and the other by the sentences If he
lived here he would come at once, or, If I knew his address I should
write to him.
In sentences of the first type the form obviously is the past tense of
the indicative mood. The second type admits of two interpretations:
either the form lived, knew, etc. are the same forms of the past
indicative that were used in the first type, but they have acquired
another meaning in this particular context, or else the forms lived,
knew, etc. are forms of the past indicative but are basically different.
There is another peculiar complication in the analysis of mood. The
question is, what verbs are auxiliaries of Mood in Modern English? The
verbs should and would are auxiliaries expressing unreality. But the
question is less clear with the verb may when used in such sentences as
Come closer that I may hear what you say. Is the group may hear some
mood form of the verb hear, or is it a free combination of two verbs,
thus belonging entirely to the field of syntax, not morphology? The same
question may be asked about the verb may in such sentences as May you be
happy! Where it is part of a group used to express a wish, and is
perhaps a mood auxiliary. We ought to seek an objective criterion which
would enable us to arrive at a convincing conclusion.
All these considerations, varied as they are, make the problem of mood
in Modern English extremely difficult to solve and they seem to show in
advance that no universally acceptable solution can be hoped for in a
near future. Those proposed so far have been extremely unlike each
other. Owning to the difference of approach to moods, grammarians have
been vacillating between two extremes – 3 moods (indicative, subjunctive
and imperative), put forward by many grammarians, and 16 moods, as
proposed by M. Deutschbein. Between these extremes there are
intermediate views, such as that of Prof. A. Smirnitsky, who proposed a
system of 6 moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive
II, suppositional, and conditional), and who was followed in this
respect by M. Ganshina and N. Vasilevskaya.
If we look through the meaning of the mood forms, we obtain the
following headings:
MeaningMeans of expressionInducement (order, request, prayer, and the
like)
Possibility (action thought of as conditionally possible, or as purpose
of another action, etc.)
Unreal condition
Consequence of unreal conditioncome (!) (no ending, no auxiliary, and
usually without subject, 2nd person only)
(he) come (no ending, no auxiliary)
Should come (should for all persons)
may come (?)
came, had come (same as past or past perfect indicative), used in
subordinate clauses
should come (1st person)
would come (2nd and 3rd person)
We would thus get either four moods, or three moods, or two moods. The
choice between these variants will remain arbitrary and is unlikely ever
to be determined by means of any objective data.
If, on the other hand, we start from the means of expressing moods we
are likely to get something like this system:
MeaningMeans of expressionInducement
Possibility
Unreal condition
Unlikely condition
Consequence of unreal condition
Wish or purposecome (!) (no ending, no auxiliary, and usually without
subject)
(he) come (no ending in any persons, no auxiliary)
came, had come
Should come (for all persons)
should come (1st person)
would come (2nd and 3rd person)
may come (?)
In this way we should obtain different system, comprising six moods,
with the following meanings:
1. Inducement
2. Possibility
3. Unreal condition
4. Unlikely condition
5. Consequence of unreal condition
6. Wish or purpose
A similar problem concerns the groups «should + infinitive» and «would +
infinitive». Two views are possible here. If we have decided to avoid
homonymy as far as possible, we will say that a group of this type is
basically a tense (the future-in-the-past), which under certain
specified conditions may express an unreal action – the consequence of
an unfulfilled condition.
If we endorse one of the views, that is, if we take the temporal and the
modal groups «should (would) + infinitive» to be homonyms, the patterns
themselves will not change. The change will affect the headings. We
shall have to say, in that case, that the patterns serve to distinguish
between two basically different forms sounding alike. Again, just as in
the case of lived and knew, this will be a matter of interpreting facts,
rather than of the facts as such.
To sum up the whole discussion about categories of the verb found in
conditional sentences, the simplest view, and the one to be preferred is
that we have here forms of the indicative mood in a special use. Another
view is that we have here forms of special moods, and that they are
distinguished from each other according to the category of correlation.
2. The main cases of the use of The Subjunctive Mood in English
1. Simple sentences
In simple sentences the synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood are more
frequent than the analytical forms.
In simple sentences the Subjunctive Mood is used:
· To express wish:
e.g. Success attend you!
· To express wish the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may
is also used.
e.g. May you live long and die happy!
· To express an unreal wish:
e.g. If only he were free!
· In oaths and imprecations:
e.g. Manners be hanged!
· In some expressions:
e.g. Be it so!
God forbid!
The Subjunctive Mood in simple sentences is characteristic of literary
style, except in oaths and imprecations, which belong to low colloquial
style.
2. Complex sentences
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in conditional sentences to
express an unreal condition (in the subordinate clause) and an unreal
consequence (in the principal clause).
In sentences of unreal condition referring to the present of future the
past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used in the subordinate clause;
with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Infinitive of
the Indicative Mood. In the principal clause we find the analytical
subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should or would and the
Indefinite Infinitive. Should is used with the first person singular and
plural, would is used with the second and third person singular and
plural.
e.g. The world would be healthier if every chemist’s shop in England
were demolished.
An unreal condition referring to the future can also be expressed by the
Past Subjunctive of the verb to be + to – Infinitive of the notional
verb or the analytical Subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should for
all the persons. Such sentences are often translated by means of «Если
бы случилось так…», «Случилось так…»
e.g. Well, Major, if you should send me to a difficult spot – with this
man alone, I’d feel secure.
If in the subordinate clause the mood auxiliary should is used, we often
find the Indicative Mood in the principal clause.
e.g. If he should come, ask him to wait.
In sentences of unreal condition referring to the Past Perfect of the
Indicative Mood is used in the subordinate clause; in the principal
clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood
auxiliary should or would and the Perfect Infinitive.
e.g. If I had consulted my own interests, I should never have come here.
There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition. In the first
of these the condition refers to the past and the consequence refers to
the present or future.
e.g. If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well now.
In the second type the condition refers to no particular time and the
consequence to the past.
e.g. If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have mistaken you for
your sister.
In sentences of unreal condition the modal verbs might and cold are
often used; they fully retain their modal meaning and therefore they do
not form the analytical subjunctive.
Here we have the group «modal verb + Infinitive» which forms a compound
verbal modal predicate, whereas the analytical subjunctive forms a
simple predicate.
e.g. I could have done very well if I had been without the Murdstones.
Would, when used in the subordinate clause of a sentence of unreal
condition, is also a modal verb forming with the infinitive a compound
verbal modal predicate.
e.g. If you would come and see us…, mother would be as proud of your
company as I should be.
The conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses of condition are: if, in
case, provided, suppose, unless, and some others.
e.g. Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer?
Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and
should are often introduced without any conjunctions. In these cases we
find inversion.
e.g. Should he come this way, I will speak to him.
The Subjunctive Mood is used in sentences expressing what may be
understood as an unreal consequence, the condition of which is not
expressed as such.
e.g. There was no piano… because it would have taken up much room.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of purpose.
When a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions that, so
that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood
auxiliary may(might) if the principal clause refers to the present of
future; if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might
is used.
As has already been stated, the mood auxiliary may(might) retains in
this case a shade of modality.
e.g. He got up, cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping boy.
If a clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should
(for all persons) is generally used. Lest has a negative meaning (чтобы
не).
e.g. She opened the window lest it should be stuffy in the room.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession.
Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the conjunctions and
connectives though, although, however, no matter, whatever, whoever,
etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) is
generally used.
e.g. Though he may (might) be tired he will go to the concert.
If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the
principal clause the Perfect Infinitive is generally used.
e.g. However badly he may have behaved to you in the past he is still
your brother.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of time and place
after the conjunctions whenever and wherever; in these cases the clauses
have an additional concessive meaning.
e.g. Whenever you may (might) come, you are welcome.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison (or
manner) introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though (the latter
is more literary).
If the action of subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the
principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with
other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the
Indicative Mood.
e.g. She speaks about him as if she knew him well.
If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the
principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
e.g. She speaks about him as if she had known him for years.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in predicative clauses:
a) introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though, when we find the
link verbs to be, to fell, to look, to seem, etc. in the principal
clause.
If the action of subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the
principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with
other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the
Indicative Mood.
If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the
principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
e.g. I fell as if we were back seven years, Jon.
b) when the subject of the principal clause is expressed by an abstract
noun such as wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. In this case the
analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons)
is used.
e.g. One of the conditions was that I should go abroad.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in subject clause after a principal
clause of the type It is necessary, It is important, etc.
It is necessary
It is important
It is right
It is requested
It is recommended that smb. should do smth.
It is obligatory
It is better (best)
It is desirable
It is of vital importance
The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is used for
all persons.
e.g. It was necessary that the child’s history should be known to none.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses:
a) When the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb
to
wish. If the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with
that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is
used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past
Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.
e.g. I wish I were a girl again.
If the action expressed in the object clause is prior to that of the
principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
e.g. Auntie, I wish I had not done it.
The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary would (for all
persons) is also used in object clauses the verb to wish. This form is
used only in sentences referring to the present or future; it is
possible only if the subject of the principle clause is not the same as
the subject of the object clause. It is chiefly used in sentences
expressing request or annoyance.
e.g. I wish you would stay with me for a while.
b) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses introduced by the
conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is expressed
by a verb denoting fear.
e.g. She fears lest she should be blamed.
After verbs denoting fear object clauses are often introduced by the
conjunction that, in which case the Indicative Mood is used often with
the modal verb may (might).
e.g. She fears that she will (would) be blamed.
c) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses when we find verbs
and Word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, desire, etc. in the
principal clause. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary
should (for all persons) is used.
Suggest
Propose
Demand
Desire
Insist that smth. should be done
To be anxious
See to it
Order
Require
Make up one’s mind
e.g. Mr. Micawber was very anxious that I should stay to dinner.
· The Subjunctive Mood is used in attributive appositive clauses
modifying the nouns wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. The analytical
subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used.
e.g. His wish that everybody should take part in the work was
reasonable.
· The Subjunctive Mood is also used in attributive clauses modifying the
noun time in the principal clause It is time, It is high time. In this
case the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs
the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative
Mood.
e.g. It is time we went home.
The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is also
possible, though less common.
e.g. It is time we should go home.
· As has already been stated the Subjunctive Mood may be used to express
an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts. Here we always find
the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should, which in this
case is often called the ‘emotional should’. If priority is expressed
the Perfect Infinitive is used.
In this case the Subjunctive Mood is rendered in Russian by the
Indicative Mood. The emotional should occurs in different kinds of
subordinate clauses; the principal clause in such cases contains:
a) An adjective expressing astonishment, incredulity, regret, joy, such
as strange, wonderful, unnatural, impossible, fortunate, unfortunate,
etc.
e.g. It is impossible that she should have said it.
b) A noun with the same meaning: wonder, pity, shame, etc.
e.g. He is such a charming man that it is quite a pity he should be so
grave and so dull.
c) The principal clause may be of the following type: I am sorry, glad,
pleased, vexed, etc.
e.g. I am sorry you should take such needless trouble.
· The Tenses of the Forms Expressing Unreality (Summary)
As can be seen from the above description, not all the forms of
unreality can express tense distinctions. Thus the Subjunctive Mood and
the modal phrases should (for all persons) + infinitive and would (for
all persons) + infinitive have no tense distinctions. They are used only
in certain types of subordinate clauses and generally show that the
action of that clause follows the action of the principal clause, i.e.
they express time relatively.
e.g. I suggest(ed) that he takes up the matter.
Since these forms have no tense distinctions the rules of the sequence
of tenses are not observed here.
Tense distinctions are expressed only by the forms of the Conditional
Mood (which has two tenses – Present and Past) and also by the use of
the forms of the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect.
The Present Conditional Mood and the form of the Past Indefinite (also
the form were for all persons singular) serve to refer an action to the
present or the future when they are used in complex sentences with a
clause of condition (or a clause of concession introduced by even if or
even though).
e.g. If I had time I should go on a short holiday.
The Past Conditional Mood and the form of the Past Perfect serve to
refer an action to the past in the same kinds of clauses.
e.g. If I had had time I should have gone on a short holiday.
The Present Conditional Mood is also used with reference to the present
or future in simple sentences with implied condition while the Past
Conditional refers an action to the past.
e.g. It would not be possible to decide anything without him.
It would not have been possible to decide anything without him.
In all those cases the tenses are used absolutely, i.e. they refer an
action directly to the present, the past or the future.
The same is true of the modal verb were + infinitive which is used only
in if-clauses and refers an action of that clause to the future.
e.g. If everybody were to be brought up differently, would the world not
change?
But when all those forms, which in the above described cases express
time relations absolutely are used in other subordinate clauses, they
become relative tenses, i.e. they express the time with regard to the
action of the principal clause. The Present Conditional Mood and the
form of the Past Indefinite indicate that the action of the subordinate
clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause or follows it.
e.g. They say it would be impossible to decide anything without him.
The Past Conditional Mood and the form of the Past Perfect show that the
action of the subordinate clause precedes that of the principal clause.
e.g. They say it would have been impossible to decide anything without
him.
It should be remembered that the tenses in sentences of unreal condition
are also used relatively in reported speech.
e.g. He says that if he had time he would go on a short holiday.
As is seen from the examples, the rules of the sequence of tenses are
not observed with any of the above mentioned forms expressing unreality.
It is different, however, when the forms can (may) + infinitive are used
to express problematic actions. Can is found only in clauses of purpose,
may – in clauses of purpose and-in object clauses after expressions of
fear in the principal clause.
e.g. On Sundays we always go outing so that the children can spend the
day in the open air.
The forms can (may) + infinitives are in the Indicative Mood here, so
the rules of the sequence of tenses should be observed. The above forms
express the time relatively – they show that the action of the
subordinate clause follows that of the principal clause.
e.g. On Sundays we always went outing so that the children could spend
the day in the open air.
3. The use of The Subjunctive Mood in the works of English and American
authors
The 3d chapter is my practical investigation of the problem of the use
of different forms of the Subjunctive Mood by English and American
writers. For this purpose I chose the following stories included into
the textbook by Merkulova which we studied during our 3 year, there are:
«A Marriage of Convenience», «The Luncheon», «The Verger» by S. Maugham,
«Jerusalem the Golden» by M. Drabble, «One Pair of Hands» by M. Dickens,
«Shopping for One» by A. Cassidy, «A Start in Life» by A. Brookner, «The
Lord of the Rings» by J.R.R. Tolkien as well as our home reading
material «Love story» by Erick Segal.
All in all I have collected 62 examples on the use of the Subjunctive
Mood in the above literature.
As far as the Conditional clauses are concerned they are represented by
the following cases:
1. Refering to the Future – Present Tense
e.g. If I were a sentimentalist, and cared enough about Harvard to hang
a photograph on the wall, it would not be of Winthrop House, or Mem
Church, but of Dillon. Dillon Field House.
2. Refering to the Past Tense
e.g. If you were to tell any of a dozen girls at Tower Court, Wellesley,
that Oliver Barrett IV had been a young lady daily for three weeks and
had not slept with her, they would surely have laughed and severely
questioned the femininity of the girl involved.
3. Refering to the mixed type
e.g. If I did not want to marry, do you imagine that I should have spent
three days reading love letters from women I have never set eyes on?
There are also examples when the unreal condition is expressed with the
help of inversion:
e.g. What inducement would there be for her to give up her accustomed
life to accompany in exile a man of forty-nine who is by no means a
beauty?
Some sentences show the use of the Subjunctive Mood introduced by as if,
as though in adverbial clauses of comparison depicting the action both:
– simultaneous with the principal clause:
e.g. It was as if her exigent temperament required immediate results.
– prior to it:
e.g. Except white wine,» she proceeded as though I had not spoken.
It worth mentioning that the verb «to be» in found in two forms as
«was»:
e.g. It’s not as if I was a bettin’ man.
and (what looks more Subjunctive) «were» for the person in singular:
e.g. The manager stared at him as though he were a prehistoric monster.
A number of examples are characteristic of emotional «should» usage to
express surprise or indignation of the speaker about the real facts:
e.g. It’s real, but why in hell should I subject it to some arbitrary
test?
Very few are sentences with the verb «wish»:
e.g. I wish I coulda seen it.
No examples were found on the use of the Subjunctive Mood in adverbial
clauses of concession; attribute clauses which modify the noun of the
principal clause «time» and adverbial clauses of purpose.
Conclusion
Having learned points of views of different grammarians about the
Subjunctive Mood, and also about its usage, I can say that this problem
is really difficult and needs solving.
Nevertheless, the problem of the Subjunctive Mood in English is really
interesting. It is discussed by a lot of linguists not only of England,
but Russia, Germany and other countries.
Doing my work, I found out, that English and Russian grammarians see the
problem of the Subjunctive Mood in a different way. Different linguists
present various quantities of Moods and give them different names.
So, I’ve managed to get acquainted with different theories on the
problem of the Subjunctive Mood definition, to consider the main cases
of its usage and to learn that the same verbal mood phenomena can be
treated differently depending on the basic point in understanding what
the Subjunctive Mood is. All these theories only prove the fact that the
language is the reflection of variety of forms of human life which is
manifested in the saying: so many men, so many minds.
So, before starting to collect the material on the use of the
Subjunctive Mood in the works of English and American writers for
chapter 3 I had expected there would be quite a lot of examples for some
reasons: firstly, because it is fiction, secondly, there are some but
not one author, I was going to analyze the works of with their own
peculiarities in writing: their own lexical and stylistic devices, their
own vocabulary. But the number of the examples I have found came as a
surprise to me as it did not meet my expectations.
As it turned out the majority of authors prefer using different forms of
the conditional clauses, they make 72,6%.
The second place belongs to the quantity of the Subjunctive Mood forms
introduced by the conjunction as if /as though in adverbial clauses of
comparison and manner, they make 14,5%.
The sentences to express people’s emotions with «why should» occupy the
3d place, they constitute 8%.
The 4th place 3% that is taken by the sentences where the Subjunctive
Mood is introduced by the verb «wish».
And the last (but not least in importance) place – 1,6% belongs to
subject clauses inserting the Subjunctive Mood according to the formula:
It be A….
Graphically I can show it in the following way:
The use of the Subjunctive Mood in the works of English and American
authors:
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It should be understood that I do not claim that the results obtained by
us are embracing all the English and American literature, but I can
express an idea that they may be characteristic of it.
The authors can very well do with the Indicative Mood and sometimes
Imperative in their creative activities not using supposition, wishes,
sorrow and other emotional shades of meaning so much, as I had first
expected. May be it is due to the fact that the stories I considered for
investigation are based on modern life reality.
It is not necessary to say that our contemporary life is deprived of
that romantic touch of sentimentality which can be expressed with the
help of the Subjunctive Mood. But I do hope that the forms of the
Subjunctive Mood which I discovered in the works of modern English and
American writers will be of interest to our students.
As far as my interest of this diploma paper is concerned I am guided by
the words of Pascal who said: «People are generally better persuaded by
the reasons which they themselves have discovered than by those which
have come into the minds of others».
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