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The National Parks of Great Britan

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School – ghymnasia №6

Project work

The Natieonal Parks of Great Britan

Dany by: Chernyshova Nastya

From

Teacher: Kestel O. V.

Semey 2009

Content

TOC \o “1-3” \n \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384374” 1.
Introduction

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384375” 2. Dartmoor National park

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384376” History

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384377” Pre-history

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384378” Beardown Man, Dartmoor

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384379” The historical period

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384380” Myths and literature

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384381” Towns

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384382” Physical geography

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384383” Rivers

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384384” 3. Peak district national park

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384385” History

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384386” Early history

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384387” Medieval to modern history

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384388” Transport

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384389” History

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384390” Totley Tunnel on the Manchester to
Sheffield line

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384391” Road network

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384392” Public transport

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384393” Geography

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384394” 4. The Broads National Park

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384395” History

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384396” Geography

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384397” 5. Queen Elizabeth Park, British
Columbia

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384398” History

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384399” Attractions

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384400” 6. History of the New Forest

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384401” New Forest National Park

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384402” Geography

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384403” 7. Exmoor

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384404” History

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384405” Geology

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384406” Coastline

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384407” Flora

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384408” Fauna

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384409” Places of interest

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384410” 8. Yorkshire Dales

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384411” Yorkshire Dales National Park

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384412” Geography

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384413” Cave systems

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384414” 9. Lake District

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384415” General geography

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384416” Development of tourism

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384417” Conclusion

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384418” Additional material

HYPERLINK \l “_Toc249384419″ Literature

1. Introduction

The theam of my project work “National parks of Great Britan”.

National Parks of Great Britan cover approximately 7% of the country.
They did not have any special exotic animals or plants, But such areas
as Dartmoor, Peak District, Yorkshire, Valley Noth York, the New Forest
and Broads every year attract thousends of tourists. The peculiarity of
the British National parks in that it isn’t “dead” area, And quite close
to major urban areas, which allowed any activity aimed at restoration of
nature, so most of the National psrks are more like the great urban
parks or botanical gardens. Many of them – private ownership.

In my project work, I will write about some of them.

Special attention I wiil pay to the study of history, culture and
geography.

2. Dartmoor National park

Dartmoor is an area of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland” \o “Moorland” moorland in the
centre of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon” \o “Devon”
Devon , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England” \o “England”
England . Protected by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National parks of England and Wales” National Park status, it covers
368 square miles (953 km2).

The HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite” \o “Granite”
granite HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_(geography)”
\o “Highland (geography)” upland dates from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous” \o “Carboniferous”
Carboniferous period of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology” \o “Geology” geological
history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite hilltops
(known as HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(geography)” \o
“Tor (geography)” tors ), providing habitats for HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_wildlife” \o “Dartmoor wildlife”
Dartmoor wildlife . The highest point is HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Willhays” \o “High Willhays” High
Willhays , 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. The entire area is rich in
antiquities and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology”
\o “Archaeology” archaeology .

Dartmoor is managed by the Dartmoor HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Authority” \o “National Park
Authority” National Park Authority whose 26 members are drawn from
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon” \o “Devon” Devon
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Council” \o “County
Council” County Council , local HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council” \o “District Council”
District Councils and Government.

Parts of Dartmoor have been used as a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military” \o “Military” military
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_range” \o “Firing range”
firing range for over two hundred years. The public enjoy extensive
access rights to the rest of Dartmoor, and it is a popular HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism” \o “Tourism” tourist
destination. The Park was featured on the TV programme HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders” \o “Seven Natural
Wonders” Seven Natural Wonders as the top natural wonder in
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England” \o “South
West England” South West England .

History

Pre-history

The majority of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric” \o “Prehistoric” prehistoric
remains on Dartmoor date back to the late HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic” \o “Neolithic” Neolithic and
early HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age” \o “Bronze
Age” Bronze Age . Indeed, Dartmoor contains the largest concentration
of Bronze Age remains in the United Kingdom, which suggests that this
was when a larger population moved onto the hills of Dartmoor.

The climate at the time was warmer than today, and much of today’s
moorland was covered with trees. The prehistoric settlers began clearing
the forest, and established the first HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming” \o “Farming” farming
communities. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire” \o “Fire”
Fire was the main method of clearing land, creating HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture” \o “Pasture” pasture and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swidden” \o “Swidden” swidden
types of fire-fallow farmland. Areas less suited for farming, tended to
be burned for livestock grazing. Over the centuries these Neolithic
practices greatly expanded the upland moors, contributed to the
acidification of the soil and the accumulation of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat” \o “Peat” peat and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog” \o “Bog” bogs . HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_National_park” \l
“cite_note-3#cite_note-3” \o “”

The nature of the soil, which is highly acidic, means that no organic
remains have survived. However, by contrast, the high durability of the
natural granite means that their homes and monuments are still to be
found in abundance, as are their flint tools. It should be noted that a
number of remains were “restored” by enthusiastic HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorians” \o “Victorians” Victorians
and that, in some cases, they have placed their own interpretation on
how an area may have looked.

Beardown Man, Dartmoor

Numerous HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir” \o “Menhir”
menhirs (more usually referred to locally as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_stone” \o “Standing stone”
standing stones or longstones), HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_circle” \o “Stone circle” stone
circles , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kistvaen” \o
“Kistvaen” kistvaens , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn”
\o “Cairn” cairns and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_row” \o “Stone row” stone rows are
to be found on the moor. The most significant sites include:

Beardown Man, near HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devil%E2%80%99s_Tor&action=ed
it&redlink=1” \o “Devil’s Tor (page does not exist)” Devil’s Tor –
isolated standing stone 3.5 m (11 ft) high, said to have another 1 m
(3.3 ft) below ground. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX596796_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX596796_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX596796

Challacombe, near the prehistoric settlement of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimspound” \o “Grimspound” Grimspound –
triple stone row. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX689807_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX689807_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX689807

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizzlecombe” \o
“Drizzlecombe” Drizzlecombe , east of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepstor” \o “Sheepstor” Sheepstor
village – stone circles, rows, standing stones, kistvaens and cairns.
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX591669_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX591669_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX591669

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wethers” \o “Grey
Wethers” Grey Wethers , near HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postbridge,_Devon” \o “Postbridge, Devon”
Postbridge – double circle, aligned almost exactly north south.
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX638831_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX638831_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX638831

Laughter Tor, near HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Bridges” \o “Two Bridges” Two Bridges
– standing stone 2.4 m (7.9 ft) high and two double stone rows, one 164
m (540 ft) long. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX652753_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX652753_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX652753

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrivale,_Devon” \o
“Merrivale, Devon” Merrivale , between HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetown” \o “Princetown” Princetown
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock,_Devon” \o
“Tavistock, Devon” Tavistock – includes a double stone row 182 m (600
ft) long, 1.1 m (3.6 ft) wide, aligned almost exactly east-west), stone
circles and a kistvaen. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX554747_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX554747_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX554747

Scorhill, west of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagford” \o
“Chagford” Chagford – circle, 26.8 m (88 ft) in circumference, and
stone rows. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX654873_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX654873_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX654873

Shovel Down, north of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_reservoirs” \o “Dartmoor
reservoirs” Fernworthy reservoir – double stone row approximately 120
m (390 ft) long. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX660859_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX660859_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX660859

There are also an estimated 5,000 hut circles still surviving today,
despite the fact that many have been raided over the centuries by the
builders of the traditional dry stone walls. These are the remnants of
Bronze Age houses. The smallest are around 1.8 m (6 ft) in diameter, and
the largest may be up to five times this size.

Some have L-shaped porches to protect against wind and rain – some
particularly good examples are to be found at Grimspound. It is believed
that they would have had a conical roof, supported by timbers and
covered in turf or thatch.

Many ancient structures, including the hut circles at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimspound” \o “Grimspound” Grimspound ,
were reconstructed during the 19th century – most notably by civil
engineer and historian Richard Hansford Worth. Some of this work was
based more on speculation than archaeological expertise, and has since
been criticised for its inaccuracy.

The historical period

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crazywell_cross_1.JPG” \o
“Enlarge”

The climate worsened over the course of a thousand years from around
1000 BC, so that much of high Dartmoor was largely abandoned by its
early inhabitants.

It was not until the early HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval” \o “Medieval” medieval period
that the weather again became warmer, and settlers moved back onto the
moors. Like their ancient forebears, they also used the natural granite
to build their homes, preferring a style known as the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse” \o “Dartmoor
longhouse” longhouse – some of which are still inhabited today,
although they have been clearly adapted over the centuries. Many are now
being used as farm buildings, while others were abandoned and fell into
ruin.

The earliest surviving farms, still in operation today, are known as the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Tenements” \o “Ancient
Tenements” Ancient Tenements . Most of these date back to the 14th
century and sometimes earlier.

Some way into the moor stands the town of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princetown,_England” \o “Princetown,
England” Princetown , the site of the notorious HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_(HM_Prison)” \o “Dartmoor (HM
Prison)” Dartmoor Prison , which was originally built both by, and for,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war” \o “Prisoner
of war” prisoners of war from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars” \o “Napoleonic Wars”
Napoleonic Wars . The prison has a (now misplaced) reputation for being
escape-proof, both due to the buildings themselves and its physical
location.

The Dartmoor landscape is scattered with the marks left by the many
generations who have lived and worked there over the centuries – such as
the remains of the once mighty HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_tin-mining” \o “Dartmoor
tin-mining” Dartmoor tin-mining industry, and farmhouses long since
abandoned. Indeed the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_archaeology_of_Dartmoor” \o
“Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor” industrial archaeology of Dartmoor
is a subject in its own right.

Myths and literature

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dartmoor_a.jpg” \o
“Enlarge” Dartmoor abounds with myths and legends. It is reputedly the
haunt of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie” \o “Pixie”
pixies , a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of ‘spectral hounds’,
and a large black dog. During HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Thunderstorm,_Widecombe” \o “The
Great Thunderstorm, Widecombe” the Great Thunderstorm of 1638,
Dartmoor was even said to have been visited by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil” \o “Devil” Devil .

Many landmarks have ancient legends and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost” \o “Ghost” ghost stories
associated with them, such as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%27s_Grave” \o “Jay’s Grave” Jay’s
Grave , the ancient burial site at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe%27s_Tomb” \o “Childe’s Tomb”
Childe’s Tomb , the rock pile called HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerman%27s_Nose” \o “Bowerman’s Nose”
Bowerman’s Nose , and the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_crosses” \o “Dartmoor crosses”
stone crosses that mark mediaeval routes across the moor.

A few stories have emerged in recent decades, such as the ‘ HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_hands” \o “Hairy hands” hairy hands
’, that are said to attack travellers on the B3212 near HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Bridges” \o “Two Bridges” Two Bridges
.

Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers, such as
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle” \o “Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle” Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles” \o “The
Hound of the Baskervilles” The Hound of the Baskervilles and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure_of_Silver_Blaze”
\o “The Adventure of Silver Blaze” The Adventure of Silver Blaze ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Phillpotts” \o “Eden
Phillpotts” Eden Phillpotts , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Chase” \o “Beatrice Chase”
Beatrice Chase , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie” \o “Agatha Christie”
Agatha Christie and the Reverend HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould” \o “Sabine
Baring-Gould” Sabine Baring-Gould .

Towns

and villages HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saddle_tor_evening.jpg” \o “Enlarge”

Dartmoor has a resident HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population” \o “Population” population
of about 33,400, which swells considerably during holiday periods with
incoming tourists. For a list, expand the Settlements of Dartmoor
navigational box at the bottom of this page.

Physical geography

Tors.

Dartmoor is known for its HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor”
\o “Tor” tors – large hills, topped with outcrops of bedrock, which in
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite” \o “Granite” granite
country such as this are usually rounded boulder-like formations. There
are over 160 tors on Dartmoor. They are the focus of an annual event
known as the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Tors_Challenge” \o “Ten Tors
Challenge” Ten Tors Challenge , when over a thousand people, aged
between 14 and 21, walk for distances of 35, 45 or 55 miles (56, 72 or
89 km) over ten tors on many differing routes. While many of the hills
of Dartmoor have the word “Tor” in them quite a number do not, however
this does not appear to relate to whether there is an outcrop of rock on
their summit.

The highest points on Dartmoor are High Willhays ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX580895_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX580895_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX580895 ) at 621 m (2,040 ft) and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Tor” \o “Yes Tor” Yes Tor (
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX581901_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX581901_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX581901 ) 619 m (2,030 ft) on the northern moor.
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder%27s_Hill” \o “Ryder’s
Hill” Ryder’s Hill ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX690660_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX690660_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX690660 ), 515 m (1,690 ft), Snowdon 495 m (1,620
ft), and an unnamed point at ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX603645_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX603645_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX603645 ),493 m (1,620 ft) are the highest points
on the southern moor. Probably the best known tor on Dartmoor is
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haytor” \o “Haytor” Haytor
(also spelt Hey Tor) ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system” \o
“British national grid reference system” grid reference HYPERLINK
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX757771_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” \o
“http://rhaworth.com/os/coor_g.php?pagename=Dartmoor&params=SX757771_reg
ion:GB_scale:25000” SX757771 ), 457 m (1,500 ft). For a more complete
list see HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dartmoor_tors_and_hills” \o “List
of Dartmoor tors and hills” List of Dartmoor tors and hills .

Rivers

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ErmeIvybridge.jpg” \o
“Enlarge” The levels of rainfall on Dartmoor are considerably higher
than in the surrounding lowlands. With much of the national park covered
in thick layers of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat” \o
“Peat” peat , the rain is usually absorbed quickly and distributed
slowly, so that the moor is rarely dry.

In areas where water accumulates, dangerous HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog” \o “Bog” bogs or mires can result.
Some of these, up to 12 feet (3.7 m) across and topped with bright green
moss, are known to locals as “feather beds” or “quakers”, because they
shift (or ‘quake’) beneath your feet. This is the result of
accumulations of sphagnum moss growing over a hollow in the granite
filled with water.

Another consequence of the high rainfall is that there are numerous
rivers and streams on Dartmoor. As well as shaping the landscape, these
have traditionally provided a source of power for moor industries such
as HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor_tin-mining” \o
“Dartmoor tin-mining” tin mining and quarrying.

The Moor takes its name from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dart” \o “River Dart” River Dart ,
which starts as the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Dart”
\o “East Dart” East Dart and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dart” \o “West Dart” West Dart and
then becomes a single river at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmeet” \o “Dartmeet” Dartmeet .

For a full list, expand the Rivers of Dartmoor navigational box at the
bottom of this page.

Angling.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling” \o “Angling” Angling
is a popular pastime on the moor, especially for migratory fish such as
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon” \o “Salmon” salmon .

Kayaking and canoeing.

Dartmoor is a focal point for HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking” \o “Whitewater
kayaking” whitewater kayaking and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing” \o “Canoeing” canoeing , due to
the previously mentioned high rainfall and high quality of rivers. The
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dart” \o “River Dart”
River Dart is the most prominent meeting place, the section known as
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loop,_River_Dart” \o “The
Loop, River Dart” the Loop being particularly popular, but the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Erme” \o “River Erme”
Erme , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Plym” \o “River
Plym” Plym , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tavy” \o
“River Tavy” Tavy and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teign” \o “River Teign” Teign are
also frequently paddled. There are other rivers on the moor which can be
paddled, including the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Walkham” \o “River Walkham” Walkham
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bovey” \o “River
Bovey” Bovey . The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Access_Campaign” \o “Rivers Access
Campaign” access situation is variable on Dartmoor, some paddlers have
experienced difficulties with landowners, while others have had a
friendly reception.

3. Peak district national park

The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England” \o “England” England , lying
mainly in northern HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire”
\o “Derbyshire” Derbyshire , but also covering parts of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire” \o “Cheshire” Cheshire ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester” \o “Greater
Manchester” Greater Manchester , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire” \o “Staffordshire”
Staffordshire , and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire” \o “South Yorkshire”
South and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire” \o
“West Yorkshire” West Yorkshire .

Most of the area falls within the Peak District National Park, whose
designation in 1951 made it the earliest HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National parks of England and Wales” national park in the British
Isles. An area of great diversity, it is conventionally split into the
northern HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Peak” \o “Dark
Peak” Dark Peak , where most of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland” \o “Moorland” moorland is
found and whose geology is HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gritstone” \o “Gritstone” gritstone , and
the southern HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Peak” \o
“White Peak” White Peak , where most of the population lives and where
the geology is mainly HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone” \o “Limestone” limestone
-based. Proximity to the major cities of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester” \o “Manchester” Manchester
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield” \o “Sheffield”
Sheffield and the counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Greater
Manchester, Cheshire and Staffordshire coupled with easy access by road
and rail, have all contributed to its popularity. With an estimated 22
million visitors per year, the Peak District is thought to be the second
most-visited national park in the world (after the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji-Hakone-Izu_National_Park” \o
“Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park” Mount Fuji National Park in Japan).

History

Early history

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamtor-valley.jpg” \o
“Enlarge” The Peak District has been settled from the earliest periods
of human activity, as is evidenced by occasional finds of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic” \o “Mesolithic” Mesolithic
flint artefacts and by palaeoenvironmental evidence from caves in
Dovedale and elsewhere. There is also evidence of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic” \o “Neolithic” Neolithic
activity, including some monumental earthworks or barrows (burial
mounds) such as that at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Hill” \o “Margery Hill” Margery
Hill . HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District_National_Park” \l
“cite_note-11#cite_note-11” \o “” [12] In the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age” \o “Bronze Age” Bronze Age
the area was well populated and farmed, and evidence of these people
survives in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henge” \o “Henge”
henges such as HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Low” \o
“Arbor Low” Arbor Low near HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youlgreave” \o “Youlgreave” Youlgreave
or the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Ladies” \o “Nine
Ladies” Nine Ladies Stone Circle at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Moor” \o “Stanton Moor” Stanton
Moor . In the same period, and on into the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age” \o “Iron Age” Iron Age , a
number of significant hillforts such as that at Mam Tor were created.
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome” \o “Ancient Rome”
Roman occupation was sparse but the Romans certainly exploited the rich
mineral veins of the area, exporting HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead” \o “Lead” lead from the Buxton
area along well-used routes. There were Roman settlements, including one
at Buxton which was known to them as “Aquae Arnemetiae” in recognition
of its spring, dedicated to the local goddess.

Theories as to the derivation of the Peak District name include the idea
that it came from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecsaetan” \o “Pecsaetan” Pecsaetan or
peaklanders, an Anglo-Saxon tribe who inhabited the central and northern
parts of the area from the 6th century AD when it fell within the large
Anglian kingdom of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia” \o
“Mercia” Mercia .

Medieval to modern history

In medieval and early modern times the land was mainly agricultural, as
it still is today, with sheep farming, rather than arable, the main
activity in these upland holdings. However, from the 16th century
onwards the mineral and geological wealth of the Peak became
increasingly significant. Not only lead, but also HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal” \o “Coal” coal , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper” \o “Copper” copper (at
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecton,_Staffordshire” \o “Ecton,
Staffordshire” Ecton ), HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc”
\o “Zinc” zinc , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron” \o
“Iron” iron , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese” \o
“Manganese” manganese and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver” \o “Silver” silver have all been
mined here. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Fiennes” \o
“Celia Fiennes” Celia Fiennes , describing her journey through the Peak
in 1697, wrote of ‘those craggy hills whose bowells are full of mines of
all kinds off black and white and veined marbles, and some have mines of
copper, others tinn and leaden mines, in w [hi] ch is a great deale of
silver. ’ Lead mining peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries and began to
decline from the mid-19th century, with the last major mine closing in
1939, though lead remains a by-product of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorspar” \o “Fluorspar” fluorspar ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryte” \o “Baryte” baryte and
calcite mining (see HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_lead_mining_history” \o
“Derbyshire lead mining history” Derbyshire lead mining history for
details). Limestone and gritstone quarries flourished as lead mining
declined, and remain an important industry in the Peak.

Large reservoirs such as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhead_Reservoir” \o “Woodhead
Reservoir” Woodhead and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howden_Reservoir” \o “Howden Reservoir”
Howden were built from the late 19th century onward to supply the
growing urban areas surrounding the Peak District, often flooding large
areas of farmland and depopulating the surrounding land in an attempt to
improve the water purity.

The northern moors of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleworth_Moor” \o “Saddleworth Moor”
Saddleworth and Wessenden gained notoriety in the 1960s as the burial
site of several children murdered by the so-called HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors_murders” \o “Moors murders” Moors
Murderers , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Brady” \o “Ian
Brady” Ian Brady and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra_Hindley” \o “Myra Hindley” Myra
Hindley .

Transport

History

The first roads in the Peak were constructed by the Romans, although
they may have followed existing tracks. The Roman network is thought to
have linked the settlements and forts of Aquae Arnemetiae (Buxton),
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield” \o “Chesterfield”
Chesterfield , Ardotalia ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossop” \o “Glossop” Glossop ) and Navio
( HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brough-on-Noe” \o
“Brough-on-Noe” Brough-on-Noe ), and extended outwards to Danum (
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster” \o “Doncaster”
Doncaster ), Manucium (Manchester) and Derventio ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Chester” \o “Little Chester”
Little Chester , near Derby). Parts of the modern A515 and A53 roads
south of Buxton are believed to run along Roman roads.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packhorse” \o “Packhorse”
Packhorse routes criss-crossed the Peak in the Medieval era, and some
paved causeways are believed to date from this period, such as the Long
Causeway along HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanage” \o
“Stanage” Stanage . However, no highways were marked on HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Saxton” \o “Christopher
Saxton” Saxton ’s map of Derbyshire, published in 1579. Bridge-building
improved the transport network; a surviving early example is the
three-arched gritstone bridge over the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Derwent,_Derbyshire” \o “River
Derwent, Derbyshire” River Derwent at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baslow” \o “Baslow” Baslow , which dates
from 1608 and has an adjacent toll-shelter. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District_National_Park” \l
“cite_note-17#cite_note-17” \o “” [18] Although the introduction of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road” \o “Toll road”
turnpike roads (toll roads) from 1731 reduced journey times, the
journey from Sheffield to Manchester in 1800 still took 16 hours,
prompting HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge” \o “Samuel Taylor
Coleridge” Samuel Taylor Coleridge to remark that ‘a tortoise could
outgallop us! ’From around 1815 onwards, turnpike roads both increased
in length and improved in quality. An example is the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Pass” \o “Snake Pass” Snake Road ,
built under the direction of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford” \o “Thomas Telford”
Thomas Telford in 1819-21 (now the A57); the name refers to the crest
of the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire” \o
“Duke of Devonshire” Dukes of Devonshire . The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_Canal” \o “Cromford Canal”
Cromford Canal opened in 1794, carrying coal, lead and iron ore to the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erewash_Canal” \o “Erewash
Canal” Erewash Canal .

HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Totley_Tunnel_western_portal.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totley_Tunnel” \o “Totley
Tunnel” Totley Tunnel on the Manchester to Sheffield line

The improved roads and the Cromford Canal both shortly came under
competition from new railways, with work on the first railway in the
Peak commencing in 1825. Although the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway” \o
“Cromford and High Peak Railway” Cromford and High Peak Railway (from
Cromford Canal to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaley_Bridge” \o “Whaley Bridge” Whaley
Bridge ) was an industrial railway, passenger services soon followed,
including the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhead_Line”
\o “Woodhead Line” Woodhead Line (Sheffield to Manchester via
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longdendale” \o “Longdendale”
Longdendale ) and the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Buxton,_Matlock_and_Midlands_J
unction_Railway” \o “Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction
Railway” Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway .
Not everyone regarded the railways as an improvement. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin” \o “John Ruskin” John Ruskin
wrote of the Monsal Dale line: ‘You enterprised a railroad through the
valley, you blasted its rocks away, heaped thousands of tons of shale
into its lovely stream. The valley is gone, and the gods with it; and
now, every fool in Buxton can be at Bakewell in half-an-hour, and every
fool in Bakewell at Buxton.

By the second half of the 20th century, the pendulum had swung back
towards road transport. The Cromford Canal was largely abandoned in
1944, and several of the rail lines passing through the Peak were closed
as uneconomic in the 1960s as part of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_Axe” \o “Beeching Axe” Beeching
Axe . The Woodhead Line was closed between HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadfield,_Derbyshire” \o “Hadfield,
Derbyshire” Hadfield and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penistone_railway_station” \o “Penistone
railway station” Penistone ; parts of the trackbed are now used for the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pennine_Trail” \o
“Trans-Pennine Trail” Trans-Pennine Trail , the stretch between
Hadfield and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhead” \o
“Woodhead” Woodhead being known specifically as the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longdendale_Trail” \o “Longdendale Trail”
Longdendale Trail . The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands
Junction Railway is now closed between HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowsley” \o “Rowsley” Rowsley and Buxton
where the trackbed forms part of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsal_Trail” \o “Monsal Trail” Monsal
Trail . The Cromford and High Peak Railway is now completely shut, with
part of the trackbed open to the public as the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Peak_Trail” \o “High Peak Trail”
High Peak Trail . Another disused rail line between Buxton and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbourne,_Derbyshire” \o
“Ashbourne, Derbyshire” Ashbourne now forms the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissington_Trail” \o “Tissington Trail”
Tissington Trail .

Road network

The main roads through the Peak District are the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A57_road” \o “A57 road” A57 (Snake Pass)
between Sheffield and Manchester, the A628 (Woodhead Pass) between
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley” \o “Barnsley”
Barnsley and Manchester via Longdendale, the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)” \o “A6 road
(Great Britain)” A6 from Derby to Manchester via Buxton, and the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_and_Fiddle_Road” \o “Cat and
Fiddle Road” Cat and Fiddle road from Macclesfield to Buxton. These
roads, and the pretty minor roads and lanes, are attractive to drivers,
but the Peak’s popularity makes road congestion a significant problem
especially during summer.

Public transport

The Peak District is readily accessible by public transport, which
reaches even central areas. Train services into the area are the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Valley_Line” \o “Hope
Valley Line” Hope Valley Line from Sheffield and Manchester; the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Line” \o “Derwent
Valley Line” Derwent Valley Line from Derby to Matlock; and the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_Line” \o “Buxton Line”
Buxton Line and the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossop_Line” \o “Glossop Line” Glossop
Line linking those towns to Manchester. Coach (long-distance bus)
services provide access to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlock,_Derbyshire” \o “Matlock,
Derbyshire” Matlock , Bakewell and Buxton from Derby, Nottingham and
Manchester, and there are regular buses from the nearest towns such as
Sheffield, Glossop, Stoke, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek,_Staffordshire” \o “Leek,
Staffordshire” Leek and Chesterfield. The nearest airports are
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Airport” \o
“Manchester Airport” Manchester , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport” \o “East Midlands
Airport” East Midlands and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_Doncaster_Sheffield_Airport” \o
“Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport” Doncaster-Sheffield .

For such a rural area, the smaller villages of the Peak are relatively
well served by internal transport links. There are many minibuses
operating from the main towns (Bakewell, Matlock, Hathersage, Castleton,
Tideswell and Ashbourne) out to the small villages. The Hope Valley and
Buxton Line trains also serves many local stations (including
Hathersage, Hope and Edale).

Geography

The Peak District forms the southern end of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennines” \o “Pennines” Pennines and
much of the area is uplands above 1,000 feet (300 m), with a high point
on HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder_Scout” \o “Kinder
Scout” Kinder Scout of 2,087 feet (636 m). Despite its name, the
landscape lacks sharp peaks, being characterised by rounded hills and
gritstone escarpments (the “edges”). The area is surrounded by major
conurbations, including HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield” \o “Huddersfield”
Huddersfield , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester” \o
“Manchester” Manchester , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield” \o “Sheffield” Sheffield ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby” \o “Derby” Derby and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent” \o
“Stoke-on-Trent” Stoke-on-Trent .

The National Park covers 555 square miles (1,440 km2) of Derbyshire,
Staffordshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester and South and West
Yorkshire, including the majority of the area commonly referred to as
the Peak. The Park boundaries were drawn to exclude large built-up areas
and industrial sites from the park; in particular, the town of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton” \o “Buxton” Buxton and
the adjacent quarries are located at the end of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Dale” \o “Peak Dale” Peak Dale
corridor, surrounded on three sides by the Park. The town of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakewell” \o “Bakewell” Bakewell and
numerous villages are, however, included within the boundaries, as is
much of the (non-industrial) west of Sheffield. As of 2006, it is the
fourth largest HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National Parks of England and Wales” National Park in England and
Wales . As always in Britain, the designation “National Park” means that
there are planning restrictions to protect the area from inappropriate
development, and a Park Authority to look after it-but does not imply
that the land is owned by the government, or is uninhabited.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Peak” \o “High Peak”
High Peak panorama between HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayfield” \o “Hayfield” Hayfield and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinley” \o “Chinley” Chinley

12% of the Peak District National Park is owned by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Inte
rest_or_Natural_Beauty” \o “National Trust for Places of Historic
Interest or Natural Beauty” National Trust , a charity which aims to
conserve historic and natural landscapes. It does not receive government
funding. The three Trust estates ( HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Peak_Estate” \o “High Peak Estate”
High Peak , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Peak_Estate”
\o “South Peak Estate” South Peak and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshaw_Estate” \o “Longshaw Estate”
Longshaw ) include the ecologically or geologically significant areas of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleaklow” \o “Bleaklow”
Bleaklow , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Edge” \o
“Derwent Edge” Derwent Edge , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Woodlands” \o “Hope Woodlands” Hope
Woodlands , Kinder Scout, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek_and_Manifold” \o “Leek and Manifold”
Leek and Manifold , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam_Tor”
\o “Mam Tor” Mam Tor , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovedale” \o “Dovedale” Dovedale ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milldale_(Peak_District)” \o
“Milldale (Peak District)” Milldale and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnats_Pass” \o “Winnats Pass” Winnats
Pass . The Peak District National Park Authority directly owns around
5%, and other major landowners include several water companies.

4. The Broads National Park

The Broads is a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes (known
locally as broads) in the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England” \o “England” English counties
of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk” \o “Norfolk”
Norfolk and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk” \o
“Suffolk” Suffolk . The Broads, and some surrounding land was
constituted as a special area with a level of protection similar to a
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National Parks of England and Wales” UK National Park by The Norfolk
and Suffolk Broads Act of 1988. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broads_Authority” \o “Broads Authority”
The Broads Authority , a Special Statutory Authority responsible for
managing the area, became operational in 1989

The total area is 303 km? (188 sq.miles), most of which is in Norfolk,
with over 200 km (125 miles) of navigable waterways. There are seven
rivers and sixty three broads, mostly less than twelve feet deep.
Thirteen broads are generally open to navigation, with a further three
having navigable channels. Some broads have navigation restrictions
imposed on them in autumn and winter.

Although the terms Norfolk Broads and Suffolk Broads are used to
identify those areas within the two counties respectively, the whole
area is sometimes referred to as the “Norfolk Broads”. The Broads has
the same status as the national parks in England and Wales but as well
as the Broads Authority having powers and duties almost identical to the
national parks it is also the third largest inland navigation authority.
Because of its navigation role the Broads Authority was established
under its own legislation on 1 April 1989. More recently the Authority
wanted to change the name of the area to The Broads National Park in
recognition of the fact that the status of the area is equivalent to the
rest of the national park family but was unable to get agreement from
all the different parties. The Private Bill the Authority is promoting
through Parliament is largely about improving public safety on the water
and the Authority did not want to delay or jeopardise these provisions
for the name issue, so the provision was dropped before the Bill was
deposited in Parliament.

History

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muttonsmill.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

For many years the broads were regarded as natural features of the
landscape. It was only in the 1960s that HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Lambert” \o “Joyce Lambert” Dr
Joyce Lambert proved that they were artificial features, the effect of
flooding on early HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat” \o
“Peat” peat excavations. The Romans first exploited the rich peat beds
of the area for fuel, and in the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages” \o “Middle Ages” Middle Ages
the local monasteries began to excavate the peat lands as a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbary” \o “Turbary” turbary business,
selling fuel to HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich” \o
“Norwich” Norwich and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth” \o “Great Yarmouth” Great
Yarmouth . The Cathedral took 320,000 tonnes of peat a year. Then the
sea levels began to rise, and the pits began to flood. Despite the
construction of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windpump” \o
“Windpump” windpumps and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyke_(construction)” \o “Dyke
(construction)” dykes , the flooding continued and resulted in the
typical Broads landscape of today, with its HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites” \o “Phragmites” reed beds,
grazing marshes and wet woodland.

The Broads have been a favourite boating holiday destination since the
early 20th century. The waterways are HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lock” \o “Canal lock” lock -free,
although there are three bridges under which only small cruisers can
pass. The area attracts all kinds of visitors, including ramblers,
artists, anglers, and bird-watchers as well as people “messing about in
boats”. There are a number of companies hiring boats for leisure use,
including both yachts and motor launches. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Wherry” \o “Norfolk Wherry”
Norfolk Wherry , the traditional cargo craft of the area, can still be
seen on the Broads as some specimens have been preserved and restored.

Ted Ellis, a local naturalist, referred to the Broads as “the breathing
space for the cure of souls”.

A great variety of boats can be found on the Broads, from Edwardian
trading wherries to state-of-the-art electric or solar-powered boats.

Geography

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breydon-north.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

The point at which the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Yare” \o “River Yare” River Yare
and the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Waveney” \o
“River Waveney” River Waveney merge into HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breydon_Water” \o “Breydon Water” Breydon
Water

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht” \o “Yacht” Yachts on
the Norfolk Broads

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Hill” \o “How Hill” How
Hill

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bennetts.jpg” \o
“Enlarge” HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Benet%27s_Abbey” \o “St. Benet’s
Abbey” St. Benet’s Abbey

The Broads largely follows the line of the rivers and natural
navigations of the area. There are seven navigable rivers, the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Yare” \o “River Yare”
River Yare and its (direct and indirect) HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary” \o “Tributary” tributaries
the Rivers HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bure” \o
“River Bure” Bure , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thurne” \o “River Thurne” Thurne ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ant” \o “River Ant” Ant
, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Waveney” \o “River
Waveney” Waveney , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Chet” \o “River Chet” Chet and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wensum” \o “River Wensum”
Wensum . There are no HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)” \o “Lock (water
transport)” locks on any of the rivers (except for Mutford lock in
Oulton Broad that links to the saltwater HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lothing” \o “Lake Lothing” Lake
Lothing in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft” \o
“Lowestoft” Lowestoft ), all the waterways are subject to tidal
influence. The tidal range decreases with distance from the sea, with
highly tidal areas such as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breydon_Water” \o “Breydon Water” Breydon
Water contrasted with effectively non-tidal reaches such as the River
Ant upstream of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Broad”
\o “Barton Broad” Barton Broad .

The broads themselves range in size from small pools to the large
expanses of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickling_Broad” \o
“Hickling Broad” Hickling Broad , Barton Broad and Breydon Water. The
broads are unevenly distributed, with far more broads in the northern
half of Broadland (the Rivers Bure, Thurne and Ant) than in the central
and southern portions (the Rivers Yare, Waveney, Chet and Wensum).
Individual broads may lie directly on the river, or are more often
situated to one side and connected to the river by an artificial channel
or dyke.

Besides the natural watercourses of the rivers, and the ancient but
artificial broads, there is one more recent navigation canal, the
lock-less HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cut” \o “New
Cut” New Cut which connects the Rivers Yare and Waveney whilst
permitting boats to by-pass Breydon Water.

There is also a second navigable link to the sea, via the River Waveney
and its link to HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulton_Broad”
\o “Oulton Broad” Oulton Broad . Oulton Broad is part of the Broads
tidal system, but is immediately adjacent to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lothing” \o “Lake Lothing” Lake
Lothing which is itself directly connected to the sea via the harbour
at HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft” \o “Lowestoft”
Lowestoft . Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing are connected by Mutford Lock,
the only lock on the broads and necessary because of the different tidal
ranges and cycles in the two lakes.

In the lists below, names of broads are emboldened to help distinguish
them from towns and villages.

5. Queen Elizabeth Park, British Columbia

Queen Elizabeth Park is a municipal park located in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia” \o
“Vancouver, British Columbia” Vancouver , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia” \o “British Columbia”
British Columbia , on HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mountain” \o “Little Mountain”
Little Mountain (elevation approximately 168 metres HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Park,_British_Columbia” \l
“cite_note-0#cite_note-0” \o “” (550 feet) above sea level). Its
surface was scarred at the turn of the twentieth century when it was
quarried for its rock, which served to build Vancouver’s first roadways.

History

In 1930, the park’s floral future was somewhat revealed when the BC
Tulip Association suggested the notion of transforming the quarries into
sunken gardens. By the end of that decade, the site had been turned over
to the Vancouver Park Board for park and recreation purposes, and was
dedicated as such by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom” \o
“George VI of the United Kingdom” King George VI and his consort,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon” \o
“Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon” Queen Elizabeth (the present Queen’s late
mother) on their much lauded visit to Vancouver in 1939, as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_in_Canada” \o “Monarchy in
Canada” King and Queen of Canada . From that time, Park staff
incrementally transformed the overgrown hillsides into Canada’s first
civic HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum” \o
“Arboretum” arboretum , with a generous donation from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pulp_and_Paper_Association” \o
“Canadian Pulp and Paper Association” Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association . The popular quarry gardens were designed by Park Board
Deputy Superintendent Bill Livingstone and were unveiled in the early
1960s.

Prentice Bloedel’s $1.25 million covered the open reservoirs and built
the country’s first HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic”
\o “Geodesic” geodesic conservatory surrounded by covered walkways,
lighted fountains and a magnificent sculpture (Knife Edge – Two Piece)
by modern artist HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore”
\o “Henry Moore” Henry Moore . The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedel_Floral_Conservatory” \o “Bloedel
Floral Conservatory” Bloedel Floral Conservatory opened on HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6” \o “December 6” December 6 ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969” \o “1969” 1969 amidst
much jubilation with its many climatic zones, displaying a huge variety
of plants and a superb selection of free flying tropical birds.

Attractions

There are several other attractions in the park. These include a
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_and_putt” \o “Pitch and
putt” pitch and putt golf course, a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_golf” \o “Disc golf” disc golf
course, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_court” \o
“Tennis court” tennis courts , a lawn bowling club, and a restaurant.

A view of the park

New Forest

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vancpark1.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

The New Forest is an area of southern HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England” \o “England” England which
includes the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_(habitat)” \o “Heath
(habitat)” heathland and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest” \o “Forest” forest in the
heavily-populated HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England” \o “South East
England” south east of England . It covers south west HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire” \o “Hampshire” Hampshire and
some of contiguous southeast HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire” \o “Wiltshire” Wiltshire .

The name also refers to the New Forest HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National parks of England and Wales” National Park which has similar
boundaries. Additionally the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_(district)” \o “New Forest
(district)” New Forest local government district is a subdivision of
Hampshire which covers most of the forest, and some nearby areas
although it is no longer the planning authority for the National Park.
There are many small villages dotted around the area.

The highest point in the New Forest is Piper’s Wait, just west of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramshaw” \o “Bramshaw”
Bramshaw . Its summit is at 125 m (410 ft) HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level” \o “Above mean sea
level” above mean sea level

6. History of the New Forest

Like much of England, the New Forest was originally woodland, but parts
were cleared for cultivation from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age” \o “Stone Age” Stone Age and
into the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age” \o
“Bronze Age” Bronze Age . However, the poor quality of the soil in the
new forest meant that the cleared areas turned into heathland “waste”.
There are around 250 HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_barrow” \o “Round barrow” round
barrows HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Forest” \l
“cite_note-0#cite_note-0” \o “” [1] within its boundaries, and
scattered HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_mound” \o
“Boiling mound” boiling mounds , and it also includes about 150
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_ancient_monument” \o
“Scheduled ancient monument” scheduled ancient monuments .

The New Forest was created as a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_forest” \o “Royal forest” royal
forest around 1080 by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England” \o “William I of
England” William the Conqueror for the hunting of (mainly) HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer” \o “Deer” deer . It was first
recorded as “Nova Foresta” in the Domesday Book in 1086, and is the only
forest that the book describes in detail. Twelfth-century chroniclers
alleged that William had created the forest by evicting the inhabitants
of thirty-six parishes, reducing a flourishing district to a wasteland;
however, this account is dubious, as the poor soil in much of the forest
is incapable of supporting large-scale agriculture, and significant
areas appear to have always been uninhabited. Two of William’s sons died
in the forest, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_Bernay” \o “Richard, Duke
of Bernay” Prince Richard in 1081 and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England” \o “William II of
England” William Rufus in 1100. The reputed spot of the Rufus’ death
is marked with a stone known as the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England” \l
“The_Rufus_Stone” \o “William II of England” Rufus Stone .

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rufus_Stone.jpg” \o
“Enlarge” As of 2005, roughly ninety per cent of the New Forest is
still owned by HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown” \o
“The Crown” the Crown . The Crown lands have been managed by the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_Commission” \o
“Forestry Commission” Forestry Commission since 1923. Around half of
the Crown lands fall inside the new National Park.

Formal HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons” \o “Commons”
commons rights were confirmed by statute in 1698. Over time, the New
Forest became a source of timber for the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy” \o “Royal Navy” Royal Navy ,
and plantations were deliberately created in the 18th century for this
specific purpose. In the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703” \o “Great Storm of
1703” Great Storm of 1703 , about four thousand oak trees were lost in
the New Forest.

The naval plantations encroached on the rights of the Commoners, but the
Forest gained new protection under an HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament” \o “Act of Parliament”
Act of Parliament in 1877. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Forest_Act_1877&action=ed
it&redlink=1” \o “New Forest Act 1877 (page does not exist)” New Forest
Act 1877 confirmed the historic rights of the Commoners and prohibited
the enclosure of more than 16,000 HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre” \o “Acre” acres (65 km?) at any
time. It also reconstituted the Court of Verderers as representatives of
the Commoners (rather than the Crown).

Felling of broadleaf trees, and replacement by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer” \o “Conifer” conifers , began
during the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War” \o
“First World War” First World War to meet the wartime demand for wood.
Further encroachments were made in the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War” \o “Second World War”
Second World War . This process is today being reversed in places, with
some plantations being returned to heathland or broadleaf woodland.

Further New Forest Acts followed in 1949, 1964 and 1970. The New Forest
became a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest” \o
“Site of Special Scientific Interest” Site of Special Scientific
Interest in 1971, and was granted special status as the “New Forest
Heritage Area” in 1985, with additional planning controls added in 1992.
The New Forest was proposed as a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO” \o “UNESCO” UNESCO HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site” \o “World Heritage
Site” World Heritage Site in June 1999, and it became a National Park
in 2005.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rutherfurd” \o “Edward
Rutherfurd” Edward Rutherfurd ’s work of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction” \o “Historical
fiction” historical fiction , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forest_(novel)” \o “The Forest
(novel)” The Forest , is based in the New Forest in the time period
from 1099 through 2000.

New Forest National Park

Consultations on the possible designation of a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National parks of England and Wales” National Park in the New Forest
were commenced by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside_Agency” \o “Countryside
Agency” Countryside Agency in 1999. An order to create the park was
made by the Agency on 24 January 2002 and submitted to the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Environment,_Food_a
nd_Rural_Affairs” \o “Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs” Secretary of State for confirmation in February 2002.
Following objections from seven local authorities and others, a
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Inquiry” \o “Public
Inquiry” Public Inquiry was held from 8 October 2002 to 10 April 2003,
concluding with that the proposal should be endorsed with some detailed
changes to the boundary of the area to be designated.

On 28 June 2004, Rural Affairs Minister HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Michael” \o “Alun Michael” Alun
Michael confirmed the government’s intention to designate the area as a
National Park, with further detailed boundary adjustments. The area was
formally designated as such on 1 March 2005. A HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Authority” \o “National Park
Authority” National Park Authority for the New Forest was established
on 1 April 2005 and assumed its full statutory powers on 1 April 2006.
The HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_Commission” \o
“Forestry Commission” Forestry Commission retain their powers to
manage the Crown land within the Park, and the Verderers under the New
Forest Acts also retain their responsibilities, and the Park Authority
is expected to co-operate with these bodies, the local authorities,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Nature” \o “English
Nature” English Nature and other interested parties.

The designated area of the National Park covers 571 km? (141097 acres)
and includes many existing HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSI” \o “SSSI” SSSIs . It has a
population of approximately 38,000 (excluding most of the 170,256 people
who live in the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_(district)” \o “New Forest
(district)” New Forest local government district). As well as most of
the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest_(district)” \o
“New Forest (district)” New Forest district of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire” \o “Hampshire” Hampshire , it
takes in the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hampshire_Coast” \o “South Hampshire
Coast” South Hampshire Coast HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty” \o
“Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty” Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
, a small corner of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Valley” \o “Test Valley” Test Valley
district around the village of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada,_Hampshire&action=edit
&redlink=1” \o “Canada, Hampshire (page does not exist)” Canada and
part of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_(district)” \o “Salisbury
(district)” Salisbury district in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire” \o “Wiltshire” Wiltshire
south-east of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlynch” \o
“Redlynch” Redlynch .

However, the area covered by the park does not include all the areas
which were initially proposed; excluding most of the valley of the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire” \o “River
Avon, Hampshire” River Avon to the west of the forest and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibden” \o “Dibden” Dibden Bay to the
east. Two challenges were made to the designation order, by Meyrick
Estate Management Ltd in relation to the inclusion of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_Admiral” \o “Hinton Admiral”
Hinton Admiral Park , and by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWE” \o “RWE” RWE HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npower_(UK)” \o “Npower (UK)” Npower Plc
to the inclusion of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawley_Power_Station” \o “Fawley Power
Station” Fawley Power Station . The second challenge was settled out of
court, with the power station being excluded. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice” \o “High Court of
Justice” High Court upheld the first challenge; HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Forest” \l
“cite_note-12#cite_note-12” \o “” [13] but an appeal against the
decision was then heard by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“Court of Appeal of England and Wales” Court of Appeal in Autumn 2006.
The final ruling, published on 15 February 2007, found in favour of the
challenge by Meyrick Estate Management Ltd, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Forest” \l
“cite_note-13#cite_note-13” \o “” [14] and the land at Hinton
Admiral Park is therefore excluded from the New Forest National Park.

Geography

HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alder_trees_beaulieu_river_fawley_for
d.jpg” \o “Enlarge”

The New Forest Heritage Area covers about 580 km? (143321 acres), and
the New Forest HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest” \o
“Site of Special Scientific Interest” SSSI covers almost 300 km?
(74131 acres), making it the largest contiguous area of un-sown
vegetation in lowland Britain. It includes roughly:

146 km? (36077 acres) of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadleaf” \o “Broadleaf” broadleaf
woodland

118 km? (29158 acres) of heathland and grassland

33 km? (8154 acres) of wet heathland

84 km? (20756 acres) of tree plantations (“inclosures”) established
since the 18th century, including 80 km? (19768 acres) planted by the
Forestry Commission since the 1920s.

It is drained to the south by two rivers, the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymington_River” \o “Lymington River”
Lymington and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaulieu_River”
\o “Beaulieu River” Beaulieu .

7. Exmoor

Exmoor is a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National Parks of England and Wales” National Park situated on the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Channel” \o “Bristol
Channel” Bristol Channel coast of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England” \o “South West
England” south west England. The park straddles two counties, with 71%
of the park located in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset” \o “Somerset” Somerset and 29%
located in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon” \o “Devon”
Devon . The total area of the park, which includes the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Hills” \o “Brendon Hills” Brendon
Hills and the Vale of Porlock, covers 267 square miles (691.5 km2) of
hilly open HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland” \o
“Moorland” moorland and includes 34 miles (55 km) of coast. It is
primarily an upland area with a dispersed population living mainly in
small villages and hamlets. The largest settlements are HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock” \o “Porlock” Porlock ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulverton” \o “Dulverton”
Dulverton , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton” \o
“Lynton” Lynton , and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynmouth” \o “Lynmouth” Lynmouth , which
together contain almost 40% of the National Park population. Lynton and
Lynmouth are combined into one parish and are connected by the
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton_and_Lynmouth_Cliff_Railway” \o
“Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway” Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway .

Prior to being a park, Exmoor was a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forest” \o “Royal Forest” Royal
Forest and hunting ground, which was sold off in 1818. Exmoor was one
of the first British National Parks, designated in 1954, under the 1949
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countrysi
de_Act” \o “National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act” National
Parks and Access to the Countryside Act , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor” \l
“cite_note-authority-0#cite_note-authority-0” \o “” [1] and is named
after the main river that flows out of the district, the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Exe” \o “River Exe” River Exe .

Several areas of the moor have been declared a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest” \o
“Sites of Special Scientific Interest” Site of Special Scientific
interest due to the flora and fauna. This title earns the site some
legal protection from development, damage, and neglect. In 1993 Exmoor
was also designated as an HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentally_Sensitive_Area” \o
“Environmentally Sensitive Area” Environmentally Sensitive Area .

History

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmoorcliffs.jpg” \o
“Enlarge” There is evidence of occupation of the area by people from
times, onward. In the Neolithic period, people started to manage animals
and grow crops on farms cleared from the woodland, rather than act
purely as hunters and as gatherers It is also likely that extraction and
smelting of mineral ores to make metal tools, weapons, containers and
ornaments started in the late Neolithic, and continued into the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_age” \o “Bronze age”
bronze and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age” \o “Iron
age” iron ages . An earthen ring at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parracombe” \o “Parracombe” Parracombe
is believed to be a Neolithic HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henge” \o “Henge” henge dating from
5000-4000 HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini” \o
“Anno Domini” BC , and “Cow Castle”, which is where White Water meets
the River Barle, is an Iron Age fort at the top of a conical hill.
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor” \l
“cite_note-ancient-24#cite_note-ancient-24” \o “” [25] HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarr_Steps” \o “Tarr Steps” Tarr Steps
are a HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric” \o
“Prehistoric” prehistoric (circa 1000 BC) HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapper_bridge” \o “Clapper bridge”
clapper bridge across the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Barle” \o “River Barle” River Barle
, about 2.5 miles (4 km) south east of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withypool” \o “Withypool” Withypool and
4 miles (6 km) north west of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulverton” \o “Dulverton” Dulverton . The
stone slabs weigh up to 5 HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton” \o “Long ton” long tons (5,080
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram” \o “Kilogram” kg )
apiece and the bridge has been designated by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage” \o “English Heritage”
English Heritage as a grade I HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building” \o “Listed building”
listed building , to recognise its special architectural, historical or
cultural significance. There is little evidence of Roman occupation
apart from two fortlets on the coast

Holwell Castle, at Parracombe, was a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture” \o “Norman
architecture” Norman HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte_and_bailey” \o “Motte and bailey”
motte and bailey castle built to guard the junction of the east-west
and north-south trade routes, enabling movement of people and goods and
the growth of the population Alternative explanations for its
construction suggest it may have been constructed to obtain taxes at the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Heddon” \o “River
Heddon” River Heddon bridging place, or to protect and supervise
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver” \o “Silver” silver
mining in the area around HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Martin” \o “Combe Martin” Combe
Martin . It was 131 feet (40 m) in diameter and 20 feet (6 m) high above
the bottom of a rock cut ditch which is 9 feet (3 m) deep. It was built,
in the late 11th or early 12th century, of earth with timber HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades” \o “Palisades” palisades for
defence and a one or two storey wooden dwelling. It was probably built
by either HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_de_Tours&action=edit&r
edlink=1” \o “Martin de Tours (page does not exist)” Martin de Tours ,
the first lord of Parracombe, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_de_Falaise&action=edi
t&redlink=1” \o “William de Falaise (page does not exist)” William de
Falaise (who married Martin’s widow) or HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_FitzMartin” \o “Robert FitzMartin”
Robert FitzMartin , although there are no written records to validate
this. The earthworks of the castle are still clearly visible from a
nearby footpath, but there is no public access to them. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunster.jpg” \o “Enlarge” During
the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages” \o “Middle
Ages” Middle Ages , sheep farming for the wool trade came to dominate
the economy. The wool was spun into thread on isolated farms and
collected by merchants to be woven, fulled, dyed and finished in
thriving towns such as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster” \o “Dunster” Dunster . The land
started to be enclosed and from the 17th century onwards larger estates
developed, leading to establishment of areas of large regular shaped
fields. During the 16th and 17th centuries the commons were overstocked
with HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agistment” \o “Agistment”
agisted livestock, from farmers outside the immediate area who were
charged for the privilege. This led to disputes about the number of
animals allowed and the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclosure_Act” \o “Inclosure Act”
enclosure of land. During this period a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Forest” \o “Royal Forest” Royal
Forest and hunting ground was established, administered by a warden, so
that king HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England” \o “Charles I of
England” Charles I could benefit from the fines and rents.

In the mid-17th century HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Boevey&action=edit&redli
nk=1” \o “John Boevey (page does not exist)” John Boevey was the
warden. He built a house at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonsbath” \o “Simonsbath” Simonsbath ,
and for 150 years it was the only house in the forest. The Royal Forest
was sold off in 1818. The Simonsbath House was bought along with the
accompanying farm by John Knight for the sum of F50,000. Knight set
about converting the Royal Forest into agricultural land. He and his
family built most of the large farms in the central section of the moor,
and built 22 miles (35 km) of metalled access roads to Simonsbath. He
built a 29-mile (47 km) wall around his estate, much of which still
survives.

In the mid-19th century a mine was developed alongside the River Barle.
The mine was originally called Wheal Maria, then changed to Wheal Eliza.
It was a copper mine from 1845-54 and then an iron mine until 1857,
although the first mining activity on the site may be from 1552 At
Simonsbath, a restored HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era” \o “Victorian era”
Victorian water-powered sawmill, which was damaged in the floods of
1992, has now been purchased by the National Park and returned to
working order; it is now used to make the footpath signs, gates, stiles,
and bridges for various sites in the park

Geology

Exmoor is an upland of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary” \o “Sedimentary” sedimentary
rocks classified as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gritstone” \o “Gritstone” gritstones ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstones” \o “Sandstones”
sandstones , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate” \o “Slate”
slate , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale” \o “Shale”
shale and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone” \o
“Limestone” limestone , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone” \o “Siltstone” siltstones ,
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone” \o “Mudstone”
mudstones depending on the particle size. They are largely from the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian” \o “Devonian”
Devonian and early HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous” \o “Carboniferous”
Carboniferous periods (the name Devonian comes from Devon, as rocks of
that age were first studied and described here). As this area of Britain
was not subject to HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciation”
\o “Glaciation” glaciation , the plateau remains as a remarkably old
landform. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz” \o “Quartz”
Quartz and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron” \o “Iron”
iron mineralisation can be detected in outcrops and subsoil. The
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenthorne” \o “Glenthorne”
Glenthorne area demonstrates the Trentishoe Formation of the Hangman
Sandstone Group. The Hangman Sandstone represents the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Devonian” \o “Middle Devonian”
Middle Devonian sequence of North Devon and Somerset. These unusual
freshwater deposits in the Hangman Grits, were mainly formed in desert
conditions. The underlying rocks are covered by moors and supported by
wet, acid soil. The highest point on Exmoor is HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkery_Beacon” \o “Dunkery Beacon”
Dunkery Beacon ; at 1,704 feet (519 m) it is also the highest point in
Somerset.

Coastline

Exmoor has 34 miles (55 km) of coastline, including the highest cliffs
in England, which reach a height of 1,350 feet (411 m) at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culbone” \o “Culbone” Culbone Hill.
However, the crest of this coastal ridge of hills is more than a mile
(1.6 km) from the sea. If a cliff is defined as having a slope greater
than 60 degrees, the highest cliff on mainland Britain is HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangman_cliffs” \o “Hangman cliffs” Great
Hangman near HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Martin” \o
“Combe Martin” Combe Martin at 1,043 feet (318 m) high, with a cliff
face of 800 feet (244 m). Its sister cliff is the 716 feet (218 m)
Little Hangman, which marks the edge of Exmoor.

Exmoor’s woodlands sometimes reach the shoreline, especially between
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock” \o “Porlock” Porlock
and The Foreland, where they form the single longest stretch of coastal
woodland in England and Wales. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_Coastal_Heaths” \o “Exmoor Coastal
Heaths” Exmoor Coastal Heaths have been recognised as a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest” \o
“Site of Special Scientific Interest” Site of Special Scientific
Interest due to the diversity of plant species present.

The scenery of rocky headlands, ravines, waterfalls and towering cliffs
gained the Exmoor coast recognition as a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Coast” \o “Heritage Coast”
Heritage Coast in 1991. With its huge waterfalls and caves, this
dramatic coastline has become an adventure playground for both climbers
and for explorers. The cliffs provide one of the longest and most
isolated seacliff traverses in the UK. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path” \o “South West
Coast Path” South West Coast Path , at 630 miles (1,014 km) the longest
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trail” \o “National
Trail” National Trail in England and Wales, starts at HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead” \o “Minehead” Minehead and
runs along all of Exmoor’s coast. There are small harbours at
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynmouth” \o “Lynmouth”
Lynmouth , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock_Weir” \o
“Porlock Weir” Porlock Weir , and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combe_Martin” \o “Combe Martin” Combe
Martin . Once crucial to coastal trade, the harbours are now primarily
used for pleasure; individually owned sail boats and non-commercial
fishing boats are often found in the harbours

Flora

HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Heather_on_Dunkery.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

Dunkery Beacon, with heather in bloom

Uncultivated HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_(habitat)”
\o “Heath (habitat)” heath and moorland cover about a quarter of
Exmoor landscape. Some moors are covered by a variety of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass” \o “Grass” grasses and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae” \o “Cyperaceae”
sedges , while others are dominated by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather” \o “Heather” heather . There are
also cultivated areas including the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Hills” \o “Brendon Hills” Brendon
Hills , which lie in the east of the National Park. There are also 32.4
square miles (84 km2) of woodland, comprising a mixture of broad-leaved
( HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak” \o “Oak” oak ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_tree” \o “Ash tree” ash
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel” \o “Hazel” hazel )
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer” \o “Conifer”
conifer trees. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horner_Woodlands&action=edit&
redlink=1” \o “Horner Woodlands (page does not exist)” Horner Woodlands
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarr_Steps” \o “Tarr
Steps” Tarr Steps woodlands are prime examples. The country’s highest
beech wood, 1, 200 feet (366 m) above sea level, is at Birch Cleave at
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonsbath” \o “Simonsbath”
Simonsbath . At least two species of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebeam” \o “Whitebeam” whitebeam
tree: HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbus_subcuneata” \o
“Sorbus subcuneata” Sorbus subcuneata and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorbus_%27Taxon_D%27&action=e
dit&redlink=1” \o “Sorbus ‘Taxon D’ (page does not exist)” Sorbus
‘Taxon D’ are unique to Exmoor. These woodlands are home to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens” \o “Lichens” lichens ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss” \o “Moss” mosses and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern” \o “Fern” ferns . Exmoor
is the only national location for the lichens HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biatoridium_delitescens&actio
n=edit&redlink=1” \o “Biatoridium delitescens (page does not exist)”
Biatoridium delitescens , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rinodina_fimbriata&action=edi
t&redlink=1” \o “Rinodina fimbriata (page does not exist)” Rinodina
fimbriata and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rinodina_flavosoralifera&acti
on=edit&redlink=1” \o “Rinodina flavosoralifera (page does not exist)”
Rinodina flavosoralifera , the latter having been found only on one
individual tree.

Fauna

A herd of Exmoor pony foals

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep” \o “Sheep” Sheep have
grazed on the moors for more than 3,000 years, shaping much of the
Exmoor landscape by feeding on moorland grasses and heather. Traditional
breeds include HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_Horn” \o
“Exmoor Horn” Exmoor Horn , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviot_sheep” \o “Cheviot sheep” Cheviot
and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whiteface_Dartmoor_and_Greyfa
ce_Dartmoor&action=edit&redlink=1” \o “Whiteface Dartmoor and Greyface
Dartmoor (page does not exist)” Whiteface Dartmoor and Greyface
Dartmoor sheep. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_ruby_red_cattle” \o “Devon ruby red
cattle” Devon ruby red cattle are also farmed in the area. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_pony” \o “Exmoor pony” Exmoor
ponies can be seen roaming freely on the moors. They are a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace” \o “Landrace” landrace rather
than a HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed” \o “Breed”
breed of pony, and may be the closest breed to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus” \o “Equus ferus” Equus ferus
remaining in Europe. The ponies are rounded up once a year to be marked
and checked over. In 1818 Sir HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Acland” \o “Richard Acland”
Richard Acland , the last warden of Exmoor, took thirty ponies and
established the Acland Herd, now known as the Anchor Herd, whose direct
descendants still roam the moor. In the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War” \o “Second World War”
Second World War the moor became a training ground, and the breed was
nearly killed off, with only 50 ponies surviving the war. The ponies are
classified as endangered by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Breeds_Survival_Trust” \o “Rare
Breeds Survival Trust” Rare Breeds Survival Trust , with only 390
breeding females left in the UK. In 2006 a Rural Enterprise Grant,
administered locally by the South West Rural Development Service, was
obtained to create a new Exmoor Pony Centre at Ashwick, at a disused
farm with 17 acres (6.9 ha) of land with a further 138 acres (56 ha) of
moorland.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer” \o “Red deer” Red
deer have a stronghold on the moor and can be seen on quiet hillsides
in remote areas, particularly in the early morning. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland” \o “Moorland” moorland habitat
is also home to hundreds of species of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird” \o “Bird” birds and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect” \o “Insect” insects . Birds seen
on the moor include HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(bird)” \o “Merlin (bird)” Merlin
, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Falcon” \o
“Peregrine Falcon” Peregrine Falcon , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Curlew” \o “Eurasian Curlew”
Eurasian Curlew , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Stonechat” \o “European
Stonechat” European Stonechat , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Dipper” \o “European Dipper”
Dipper , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_Warbler” \o
“Dartford Warbler” Dartford Warbler and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Ouzel” \o “Ring Ouzel” Ring Ouzel .
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Grouse” \o “Black Grouse”
Black Grouse and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Grouse”
\o “Red Grouse” Red Grouse are now HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct” \o “Extinct” extinct on Exmoor,
probably as a result of a reduction in habitat management, and for the
former species, an increase in visitor pressure.

Beast of Exmoor

The HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_of_Exmoor” \o “Beast
of Exmoor” Beast of Exmoor is a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology” \o “Cryptozoology”
cryptozoological HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat” \o
“Cat” cat (see HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_cat”
\o “Phantom cat” phantom cat ) that is reported to roam Exmoor. There
have been numerous reports of eyewitness sightings, however the official
Exmoor National Park website lists the beast under “Traditions,
Folklore, and Legends”,and the BBC calls it “the famous-yet-elusive
beast of Exmoor. Allegedly.” Sightings were first reported in the 1970s,
although it became notorious in 1983, when a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Molton” \o “South Molton” South
Molton farmer claimed to have lost over 100 sheep in the space of three
months, all of them apparently killed by violent throat injuries. It is
reported as being between 4 and 8 feet (1.2 and 2.4 m) from nose to
tail. Descriptions of its colouration range from black to tan or dark
grey. It is possibly a HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar”
\o “Cougar” Cougar or Black HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard” \o “Leopard” Leopard which was
released after a law was passed in 1976 making it illegal for them to be
kept in captivity outside zoos. In 2006, the British Big Cats Society
reported that a skull found by a Devon farmer was that of a Puma,
however, the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural
_Affairs” \o “Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs”
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) states,
“Based on the evidence, Defra does not believe that there are big cats
living in the wild in England. ”

Places of interest

The attractions of Exmoor include 208 HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Monument” \o “Scheduled
Monument” scheduled ancient monuments , 16 conservation areas, and
other HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_to_roam” \o
“Freedom to roam” open access land as designated by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000” \o
“Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000” Countryside and Rights of Way
Act 2000 . Exmoor receives approximately 1.4 million visitor days per
year. Many come to walk on the moors or along waymarked paths such as
the Coleridge Way. Attractions on the coast include the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton_and_Lynmouth_Cliff_Railway” \o
“Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway” Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway ,
which connects HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton” \o
“Lynton” Lynton to neighbouring HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynmouth” \o “Lynmouth” Lynmouth , where
the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lyn_River” \o “East
Lyn River” East and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lyn_River” \o “West Lyn River” West
Lyn River meet. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Bay” \o
“Woody Bay” Woody Bay , a few miles west of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton” \o “Lynton” Lynton , is home to
the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynton_and_Barnstaple_Railway” \o “Lynton
and Barnstaple Railway” Lynton & Barnstaple Railway , a HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway” \o “Narrow gauge
railway” narrow gauge railway which connected the twin towns of Lynton
and Lynmouth to HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstaple” \o
“Barnstaple” Barnstaple ,20 miles (32 km) away. Further along the
coast, Porlock is a quiet coastal town with an adjacent HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh” \o “Salt marsh” salt marsh
nature reserve and a harbour at nearby HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porlock_Weir” \o “Porlock Weir” Porlock
Weir . HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet” \o “Watchet”
Watchet is a historic harbour town with a marina and is home to a
carnival, which is held annually in July.

Inland, many of the attractions are centred around small towns and
villages or linked to the river valleys, such as the ancient clapper
bridge at HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarr_Steps” \o “Tarr
Steps” Tarr Steps and the Snowdrop Valley near HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheddon_Cross” \o “Wheddon Cross” Wheddon
Cross , which is carpeted in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdrop” \o “Snowdrop” snowdrops in
Februaryand, later, displays HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Bluebell” \o “Common Bluebell”
bluebells . HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withypool” \o
“Withypool” Withypool is also in the Barle Valley. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Moors_Way” \o “Two Moors Way” Two
Moors Way passes through the village. As well as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster_Castle” \o “Dunster Castle”
Dunster Castle , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster” \o
“Dunster” Dunster ’s other attractions include a priory, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovecote” \o “Dovecote” dovecote , yarn
market, inn, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packhorse_bridge”
\o “Packhorse bridge” packhorse bridge , mill and a stop on the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway” \o “West
Somerset Railway” West Somerset Railway . HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exford,_Somerset” \o “Exford, Somerset”
Exford , lies on the River Exe. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon” \o “Brendon” Brendon , in the
Brendon Valley is noted for the annual HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor_folk_festival” \o “Exmoor folk
festival” Exmoor folk festival .

Exmoor has been the setting for several HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novels” \o “Novels” novels including the
19th-century HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Doone” \o
“Lorna Doone” Lorna Doone : A Romance of Exmoor by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Doddridge_Blackmore” \o “Richard
Doddridge Blackmore” Richard Doddridge Blackmore , and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble” \o “Margaret Drabble”
Margaret Drabble’s 1998 novel The Witch of Exmoor. The park was
featured on the television programme HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders” \o “Seven Natural
Wonders” Seven Natural Wonders twice, as one of the wonders of the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country” \o “West Country”
West Country .

8. Yorkshire Dales

The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an
upland area, in Northern England.

The area lies within the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England” \o “Historic
counties of England” historic county boundaries of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire” \o “Yorkshire” Yorkshire ,
though it spans the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England” \o
“Ceremonial counties of England” ceremonial counties of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire” \o “North Yorkshire”
North Yorkshire , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire” \o “West Yorkshire” West
Yorkshire , and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria” \o
“Cumbria” Cumbria . Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales
District National Park, created in 1954, and now one of the twelve
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National parks of England and Wales” National parks of England and
Wales (not including the South Downs which is due to become one).

The Dales is a collection of river HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleys” \o “Valleys” valleys and the
hills in between them, rising from the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_York” \o “Vale of York” Vale of
York westwards to the hilltops of the main HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine” \o “Pennine” Pennine watershed
(the British English meaning). In some places the area even extends
westwards across the watershed, but most of the valleys drain eastwards
to the Vale of York-into the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire” \o “River Ouse,
Yorkshire” Ouse and then the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber” \o “Humber” Humber .

The word dale comes from a Nordic/Germanic word for valley, and occurs
in valley names across Yorkshire (and northern England generally) but
since the creation of the Yorkshire Dales National park, the name
Yorkshire Dales has come to refer specifically to these western dales
and the area of dales and hills east of the Vale of York is now called
the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors” \o
“North York Moors” North York Moors after the National Park created
there

Yorkshire Dales National Park

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawes_house_01.JPG” \o
“Enlarge”

In 1954 an area of 1,770 square kilometres (680 sq mi) was designated
the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Most of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_of_England_and_Wales” \o
“National Parks of England and Wales” National Park is in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire” \o “North Yorkshire”
North Yorkshire , though part lies within HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria” \o “Cumbria” Cumbria . However,
the whole park lies within the traditional boundaries of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire” \o “Yorkshire” Yorkshire ,
divided between the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire” \o “North
Riding of Yorkshire” North Riding and the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire” \o “West Riding
of Yorkshire” West Riding . The park is 50 miles (80 km) north east of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester” \o “Manchester”
Manchester ; Leeds and Bradford lie to the south, while Kendal is to the
west and Darlington to the east.

Over 20,000 residents live and work in the park, which attracts over
eight million visitors every year. The area has a large collection of
activities for visitors. For example, many people come to the “Dales”
for walking or exercise. The National Park is crossed by several
long-distance routes including the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine_Way” \o “Pennine Way” Pennine Way
, the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dales_Way” \o “Dales
Way” Dales Way , the Coast to Coast Path and the latest national trail
– the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine_Bridleway” \o
“Pennine Bridleway” Pennine Bridleway . Cycling is also popular and
there are several cycleways.

The Park has its own museum, the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dales_Countryside_Museum” \o “Dales
Countryside Museum” Dales Countryside Museum , housed in a conversion
of the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawes_railway_station”
\o “Hawes railway station” Hawes railway station in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale” \o “Wensleydale” Wensleydale
in the north of the Park. The park has 5 visitor centres located in
major destinations in the park. These are at:

Geography

Most of the dales in the Yorkshire Dales are named after their river or
stream (eg Arkengarthdale, formed by Arkle Beck). The best-known
exception to this rule is HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale” \o “Wensleydale” Wensleydale
, which is named after the town of Wensley rather than the River Ure,
although an older name for the dale is Yoredale. In fact, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley” \o “Valley” valleys all over
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire” \o “Yorkshire”
Yorkshire are called “ (name of river) + HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley” \o “Valley” dale ”-but only the
more northern Yorkshire valleys (and only the upper, rural, reaches) are
included in the term “The Dales”. For example, the southern boundary
area lies in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfedale” \o
“Wharfedale” Wharfedale and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airedale” \o “Airedale” Airedale . The
lower reaches of these valleys are not usually included in the area, and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderdale” \o “Calderdale”
Calderdale much further south, would never normally be referred to as
part of “The Dales” even though it is a dale, is in Yorkshire, and the
upper reaches are as scenic and rural as many valleys further north.

Geographically, the classical Yorkshire Dales spread to the north from
the market and spa towns of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle” \o “Settle” Settle , Deepdale
near HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent” \o “Dent” Dent ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipton” \o “Skipton” Skipton ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkley” \o “Ilkley” Ilkley
and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate” \o “Harrogate”
Harrogate in North Yorkshire, with most of the larger southern dales
(e. g. Ribblesdale, Malhamdale and Airedale, Wharfedale and Nidderdale)
running roughly parallel from north to south. The more northerly dales
(e. g. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wensleydale” \o
“Wensleydale” Wensleydale , Swaledale and Teesdale) running generally
from west to east. There are also many other smaller or lesser known
dales (e. g. Arkengarthdale, Barbondale, Bishopdale, Clapdale,
Coverdale, Dentdale and Deepdale, Garsdale, Kingsdale, Littondale,
Langstrothdale, Raydale, Waldendale and the Washburn Valley) whose
tributary streams and rivers feed into the larger valleys. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales” \l
“cite_note-0#cite_note-0” \o “” [1]

The characteristic scenery of the “Dales” is green upland pastures
separated by HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-stone_wall”
\o “Dry-stone wall” dry-stone walls and grazed by HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep” \o “Sheep” sheep and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle” \o “Cattle” cattle . The
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley” \o “Valley” dales
themselves are ‘U’ and ‘V’ shaped valleys, which were enlarged and
shaped by HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciers” \o
“Glaciers” glaciers , mainly in the most recent, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devensian” \o “Devensian” Devensian
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age” \o “Ice age” ice age .
The underlying rock is principally HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous” \o “Carboniferous”
Carboniferous HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone” \o
“Limestone” limestone (which results in a number of areas of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_pavement” \o
“Limestone pavement” limestone pavement ) in places interspersed with
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale” \o “Shale” shale and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone” \o “Sandstone”
sandstone and topped with HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millstone_grit” \o “Millstone grit”
millstone grit . However, to the north of the Dent fault, the hills are
principally older HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian” \o
“Silurian” Silurian and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician” \o “Ordovician” Ordovician
rocks, which make up the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howgill_Fells” \o “Howgill Fells” Howgill
Fells .

Many of the upland areas consist of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna” \o “Calluna” heather
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland” \o “Moorland”
moorland , used for HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouse” \o
“Grouse” grouse HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting” \o
“Shooting” shooting in the months following 12 August each year (the ‘
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Twelfth” \o “Glorious
Twelfth” Glorious Twelfth ’).

Cave systems

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaping_Gill.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

Gaping Gill

Because of the limestone that runs throughout the “Dales” there are
extensive HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave” \o “Cave”
cave systems present across the area making it one of the major areas
for HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving” \o “Caving”
caving in the UK. Many of these are open to the public for tours and
for HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving” \o “Caving”
caving .

9. Lake District

The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area
in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England” \o
“North West England” North West England . A popular holiday
destination, it is famous for its lakes and its mountains (or fells),
and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth” \o “William
Wordsworth” William Wordsworth and the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Poets” \o “Lake Poets” Lake Poets .

The central and most-visited part of the area is contained in the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District_National_Park” \o
“Lake District National Park” Lake District National Park , one of
fourteen HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom” \o
“National parks of the United Kingdom” National Parks in the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom” \o “United
Kingdom” United Kingdom . It lies entirely within HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria” \o “Cumbria” Cumbria , and is
one of England’s few HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_England” \o
“Mountains and hills of England” mountainous regions . All the land in
England higher than three thousand feet above sea level lies within the
National Park, including HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scafell_Pike” \o “Scafell Pike” Scafell
Pike , the highest mountain in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England” \o “England” England

General geography

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_District_Map.PNG” \o
“The location of the Lake District, shown in white, within Northern
England”

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_District_Map.PNG” \o
“Enlarge” The Lake District is approximately 34 miles (55 km) across.
Its features are a result of periods of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciation” \o “Glaciation” glaciation ,
the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devensian” \o “Devensian”
most recent of which ended some 15,000 years ago. These include the
ice-carved wide HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-shaped_valley” \o “U-shaped valley”
U-shaped valleys , many of which are now filled with the lakes that give
the park its name. The upper regions contain a number of glacial
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_(landform)” \o “Cirque
(landform)” cirques , which are typically filled with HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_(lake)” \o “Tarn (lake)” tarns . The
higher fells are rocky, with lower fells being open HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland” \o “Moorland” moorland ,
notable for its wide HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracken”
\o “Bracken” bracken and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather” \o “Heather” heather coverage.
Below the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line” \o “Tree
line” tree line , native HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak”
\o “Oak” oak woodlands sit alongside nineteenth century HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine” \o “Pine” pine plantations. Much
of the land is often HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog” \o
“Bog” boggy , due to the high rainfall. The Lake District is one of the
most highly populated national parks. Its total area is near 885 square
miles (2,292 km2), and the Lake District was designated as a National
Park in 1951.

In HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic” \o “Neolithic”
Neolithic times, the Lake District was a major source of stone
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe” \o “Axe” axes , examples
of which have been found all over Britain. The primary site, on the
slopes of the Langdale Pikes, is sometimes described as a “stone axe
factory” of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry” \o “Langdale axe
industry” Langdale axe industry . Some of the earliest HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_circle” \o “Stone circle” stone
circles in Britain are connected with this industry.

Since HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain” \o “Roman
Britain” Roman times, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming” \o “Farming” farming , in
particular of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep”
\o “Domestic sheep” sheep , was the major industry in the region. The
breed most closely associated with the area is the tough HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdwick_(sheep)” \o “Herdwick (sheep)”
Herdwick , with HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Fell_(sheep)” \o “Rough Fell
(sheep)” Rough Fell and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaledale_(sheep)” \o “Swaledale (sheep)”
Swaledale sheep also common. Sheep farming remains important both for
the economy of the region and for preserving the landscape which
visitors want to see. Features such as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_stone_wall” \o “Dry stone wall” dry
stone walls , for example, are there as a result of sheep farming. Some
land is also used for HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage”
\o “Silage” silage and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming” \o “Dairy farming” dairy
farming . There are extensive plantations of non-native pine trees.

The area was badly affected by the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease” \o “Foot-and-mouth
disease” foot-and-mouth outbreak across the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom” \o “United Kingdom”
United Kingdom in 2001. Thousands of sheep, grazing on the fellsides
across the District, were destroyed. In replacing the sheep, one problem
to overcome was that many of the lost sheep were heafed, that is, they
knew their part of the unfenced fell and did not stray, with this
knowledge being passed between generations. With all the sheep lost at
once, this knowledge has to be re-learnt and some of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell” \o “Fell” fells have had discreet
electric fences strung across them for a period of five years, to allow
the sheep to “re-heaf”.

Mining, particularly of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper” \o “Copper” copper , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead” \o “Lead” lead (often associated
with quantities of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver” \o
“Silver” silver ), HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryte” \o
“Baryte” baryte , HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite”
\o “Graphite” graphite and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate” \o “Slate” slate , was
historically a major Lakeland industry, mainly from the 16th century to
the 19th century. Coppiced woodland was used extensively to provide
charcoal for smelting. Some mining still takes place today-for example
slate mining continues at the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honister_Slate_Mine” \o “Honister Slate
Mine” Honister Mines , at the top of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honister_Pass” \o “Honister Pass”
Honister Pass . Abandoned mine-workings can be found on fell-sides
throughout the district. The locally-mined graphite led to the
development of the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil” \o
“Pencil” pencil industry, especially around HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria” \o “Keswick, Cumbria”
Keswick .

HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_District_near_Torver.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

In the middle of the 19th century, half the world textile industry’s
bobbin supply came from the Lake District area. Over the past century,
however, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism” \o “Tourism”
tourism has grown rapidly to become the area’s primary source of
income.

Development of tourism

Early visitors to the Lake District, who travelled for the education and
pleasure of the journey, include HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Fiennes” \o “Celia Fiennes” Celia
Fiennes who in 1698 undertook a journey the length of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England” \o “England” England , including
riding through HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal” \o
“Kendal” Kendal and over HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkstone_Pass” \o “Kirkstone Pass”
Kirkstone Pass into HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterdale” \o “Patterdale” Patterdale .
Her experiences and impressions were published in her book Great Journey
to Newcastle and Cornwall:

As I walked down at this place I was walled on both sides by those
inaccessible high rocky barren hills which hang over one’s head in some
places and appear very terrible; and from them springs many little
currents of water from the sides and clefts which trickle down to some
lower part where it runs swiftly over the stones and shelves in the way,
which makes a pleasant rush and murmuring noise and like a snowball is
increased by each spring trickling down on either side of those hills,
and so descends into the bottoms which are a Moorish ground in which in
many places the waters stand, and so form some of those Lakes as it did
here.

In 1724, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe” \o
“Daniel Defoe” Daniel Defoe published the first volume of A Tour Thro’
the Whole Island of Great Britain. He commented on HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmorland” \o “Westmorland” Westmorland
that it was:

the wildest, most barren and frightful of any that I have passed over in
England, or even Wales itself; the west side, which borders on
Cumberland, is indeed bounded by a chain of almost unpassable mountains
which, in the language of the country, are called fells.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the area was becoming more popular
with travellers. This was partly a result of wars in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe” \o “Continental
Europe” Continental Europe , restricting the possibility of travel
there. In 1778 HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_West_(clergyman)” \o “Thomas West
(clergyman)” Father Thomas West produced A Guide to the Lakes, which
began the era of modern tourism.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claife_Station.jpg” \o
“Enlarge”

West listed “stations”-viewpoints where tourists could enjoy the best
views of the landscape, being encouraged to appreciated the formal
qualities of the landscape and to apply aesthetic values. At some of
these stations, buildings were erected to help this process. The remains
of Claife Station (on the western shore of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere_(lake)” \o “Windermere (lake)”
Windermere below HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claife_Heights&action=edit&re
dlink=1” \o “Claife Heights (page does not exist)” Claife Heights ) can
be visited today.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth” \o
“William Wordsworth” William Wordsworth published his Guide to the
Lakes in 1810, and by 1835 it had reached its fifth edition, now called
A Guide through the District of the Lakes in the North of England. This
book was particularly influential in popularising the region.
Wordsworth’s favourite valley was Dunnerdale or the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duddon_Valley” \o “Duddon Valley” Duddon
Valley nestling in the south-west of the Lake District.

The railways led to another expansion in tourism. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal_and_Windermere_Railway” \o “Kendal
and Windermere Railway” Kendal and Windermere Railway was the first to
penetrate the Lake District, reaching HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal” \o “Kendal” Kendal in 1846 and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere_(town)” \o
“Windermere (town)” Windermere in 1847. The line to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniston,_Cumbria” \o “Coniston, Cumbria”
Coniston opened in 1848 (although until 1857 this was only linked to
the national network with ferries between HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood” \o “Fleetwood” Fleetwood and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness” \o
“Barrow-in-Furness” Barrow-in-Furness ); the line from HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria” \o “Penrith, Cumbria”
Penrith through HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria” \o “Keswick, Cumbria”
Keswick to HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockermouth” \o
“Cockermouth” Cockermouth in 1865; and the line to HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside,_Cumbria” \o “Lakeside, Cumbria”
Lakeside at the foot of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere_(lake)” \o “Windermere (lake)”
Windermere in 1869. The railways, built with traditional industry in
mind, brought with them a huge increase in the number of visitors, thus
contributing to the growth of the tourism industry. Railway services
were supplemented by steamer boats on the major lakes of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullswater” \o “Ullswater” Ullswater ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere_(lake)” \o
“Windermere (lake)” Windermere , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniston_Water” \o “Coniston Water”
Coniston Water , and HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Water” \o “Derwent Water” Derwent
Water .

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STEAMER_ON_ULLSWATER.jpg”
\o “Enlarge”

The growth in tourist numbers continued into the age of the motor car,
when railways began to be closed or run down. The formation of the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District_National_Park” \o
“Lake District National Park” Lake District National Park in 1951
recognised the need to protect the Lake District environment from
excessive commercial or industrial exploitation, preserving that which
visitors come to see, without (so far) any restriction on the movement
of people into and around the district. The HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Motorway” \o “M6 Motorway” M6 Motorway
helped bring traffic to the Lakes, passing up its eastern flank. The
narrow roads present a challenge for traffic flow and, from the 1960s,
certain areas have been very congested.

Whilst the roads and railways provided easier access to the area, many
people were drawn to the Lakes by the publication of the HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorial_Guide_to_the_Lakeland_Fells” \o
“Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells” Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland
Fells by HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wainwright”
\o “Alfred Wainwright” Alfred Wainwright . First published between 1952
and 1965, these books provided detailed information on 214 peaks across
the region, with carefully hand-drawn maps and panoramas, and also
stories and asides which add to the colour of the area. They are still
used by many visitors to the area as guides for walking excursions, with
the ultimate goal of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_bagging” \o “Peak bagging” bagging
the complete list of HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wainwrights” \o “List of
Wainwrights” Wainwrights . The famous guides are being revised by Chris
Jesty to reflect changes, mainly in valley access and paths.

Since the early 1960s, the park has hired rangers to monitor the grounds
to cope with increasing tourism and development, the first being
HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyatt_(Writer_and_Countryman)” \o
“John Wyatt (Writer and Countryman)” John Wyatt , who has since written
a number of guide books. He was joined two years later by a second, and
since then the number of rangers has been rising.

The area has also become associated with writer HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Potter” \o “Beatrix Potter”
Beatrix Potter . A number of tourists visit to see her family home, with
particularly large numbers coming from HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan” \o “Japan” Japan .

Tourism has now become the park’s major industry, with about 14 million
visitors each year, mainly from the UK’s larger settlements, HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China” \o “China” China , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan” \o “Japan” Japan , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain” \o “Spain” Spain , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany” \o “Germany” Germany and the
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA” \o “USA” USA . HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District” \l
“cite_note-2#cite_note-2” \o “” [3] Windermere Lake Steamers are now
the UK’s second most popular charging tourist attraction and the local
economy is dependent upon tourists. The negative impact of tourism has
been seen, however. HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion” \o “Soil erosion” Soil
erosion , caused by walking, is now a significant problem, with millions
of pounds being spent to protect over-used paths. In 2006, two
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_center” \o “Visitor
center” Tourist Information Centres in the National Park were closed.

Cultural tourism is becoming an increasingly important part of the wider
tourist industry. The Lake District’s links with a wealth of artists and
writers and its strong history of providing summer theatre performances
in the old Blue Box of Century Theatre are strong attractions for
visiting tourists. The tradition of theatre is carried on by venues such
as HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_by_the_Lake” \o
“Theatre by the Lake” Theatre by the Lake in Keswick with its Summer
Season of six plays in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertoire_(theatre)” \o “Repertoire
(theatre)” repertoire , Christmas and Easter productions and the many
literature, film, mountaineering, jazz and creative arts festivals.

Conclusion

When I was doing this project I learned a lot of incredible and
interesting information about the parks.

For exmaple: That Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers,
such as HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle” \o “Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle” Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles” \o “The
Hound of the Baskervilles” The Hound of the Baskervilles and
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure_of_Silver_Blaze”
\o “The Adventure of Silver Blaze” The Adventure of Silver Blaze ,
HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Phillpotts” \o “Eden
Phillpotts” Eden Phillpotts , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Chase” \o “Beatrice Chase”
Beatrice Chase , HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie” \o “Agatha Christie”
Agatha Christie and the Reverend HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould” \o “Sabine
Baring-Gould” Sabine Baring-Gould . And that the first roads in the
Peak District National Park were constructed by the Romans. I get to
know the legend about HYPERLINK
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_cat” \o “Phantom cat” phantom cat
in Exmoor park and ect.

After this I can do my own conclusion: despite the fact that all of the
parks British, they are totally different. Each its own history, legends
ect. Each is unique. Humanity must establish and maintain such beautiful
place on Earth.

Additional material

Bovey Castle. Dartmoor National ParkVillarrica

Lake District Park Hotel

Queen Elizabeth Park

Yorkshire Dales National Park

Dartmoor National Park

Literature

HYPERLINK “http://www.wikipedia.com” www.wikipedia.com

HYPERLINK “http://www.travel.com” www.travel.com

HYPERLINK “http://www.greatbritan.com” www.greatbritan.com

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HYPERLINK “http://www.visitnewforest.com” www.visitnewforest.com

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