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Теории происхождения человеческого языка

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E????ay ??? ? y????eth ? ??:

O??e ??????y ??????i y??

I?i:

1. I?? ?iy?a i y?? n ??e ??ey ?????e

2. I???a ??? ??????y y??

N??e ?????

1.I?? ?iy?a i y?? n ??e ??ey ?????e

ss?e — ???ay ???a, ???ny?y ?iy??? ????? e ???a ???? (????a).

????tho:

?????? y?? (???o ???ey ?????e):

?????? ?????? y??,

??????a y?? ?y ???y eth?e (????, y????),

???? y?? ???,

????? y??

??ueth??? y?? (????, A??, SQL),

y?? ????

ss?? ???o ?????a (y?????). Ci??? ???u ??? — ???o ???ey ????e. A?y?a
????u y?? ? ??a???a ???? e ????a ????y ????????e.

A? y?? ?? ?atho ??oth (???oth) ????o, ?oy ??? ??o ??? ????ny. N????o
????i ???? ??????e y??a:

????y, ? ????i-?????? ???i (??o ???????y);

??????ay; ????, ? ???o ????y ???????i ???ey y?? ?eyo ? ??????a,
???oth?a, ??????a e ????????a;

?????ay, ? ??????th e ???e ???a. ss?? ????th?y a ???; ?, a ?ith ???ue, —
a ??e. Aeey ????o ??e ??e??i ?????a a ???u ??a ???? ??iy — ????uee.
E??????e y??a ? ??? ?????? ????a ????ny y???y ?????a.

Ia C?? ??????y ??i 5—6 ?ny/ y??a. N ????i ?????? ????? ??o y??a ?????y ?
???e ????th 1 y?e a ?a ???.

Ia 40 ???? ???????? y??o ??????o ???? 2/3 ????y C??. A??a ??i eth?e
???yo ? ????i, ????i, ??e, ?????, ???i, ??????i e ????. C????? ???????i
e ?????e y?e, ??? ??i ?o, ?i ???o ?i ??? (???), ????e?i ????.

Aeey ?? ??u y?e ???y?y, ????y ??i 100 ?ny/ ?i ????e. A ??iy?a ??y
??????y ?? ??a 400 y??a, ???a ??ath?y ???th?ie.

ss?? ??atho ??? n ????i ????i, e ?y?? ????ue ???, ??? ??i, ????oyi, ?
????th?i ??????.

A ? ? ??y ???o ????, ?i ???ey a ????, a ??a ?ey?a ???e ???yo e ????th
??? ??????y y?? e ?i ????e. O?, ????, E??? e I??eth, ??a ?e ????e
??y??th ???, ?e ? ?????yo ? ??i ?e ??a??e. I??o ?i, a IX ??a?e ? A??? ?
N??????uey e ? A??u ? Ae??a ?a ??y? ???? ? ??i y?? ( ???ay??i).[4]

I?a ? ??? ??? y??a — i?????? ??????a ? ? ??eyi. O?, 80 % ????y ???u ??o
?? 80 y??a. I? y?i 3,5 ?n. y??a ????ny ? 0,2 % ???e C??. I???y ???a ????
?/????y y??a ????y ?????ey e ?a??y. Eth? ??atho ? ???? a ??? e ??ytho
y?e ??? ???[5].

I?? ???? ?? ????th?o y??a ??? ? ?????ey ?a e ??ae?a XXI ???ey. I??a y??
???tho ?-? ??, ?i ? ???? ???tho a ???o n ??a ???e y???e ???, ?y?? ?ae
???e ?????ey a ??oth ???ue ??aey?y y?? ??o ?????e e y?? ???a, ? ?ath?o
???????n?. A?e y?e ??atho ??a 70 % ??e, ? ????y ???th?i. Ii ??? “A??a
???o y??a, ??aey??y ?ae ???e ?????ey” THIANEI, a ?n?y?a ??y a A??a
?????? ???? ???? 50 y??i.

O??? y??:

e??????ay (?e ???y ???y) — ???ay ???y y??, ??????a y?? ?y ???? ?????;

?????y (?e ?????ay) — ?????? ???ey ???? e ????;

??????ay (?e ???ey??ay ???y) — ???? ????? e ? o???a;

y?????i-y?????ay — ????a ??oa, y??e;

?eth????y (?e ????-??????y ???y) — ???y ?????y;

??y???y — ??y??ey ????? yc?a ??? y??;

????ay (?e ??????????th?y);

??????ay ???y — ?????i? ?? ?e ??i y?? ?e ?? ?????? ?y ????y ???????
??????. I????, ????? y?e ?????ny ?a?? ???i ? ?y ???y, a a ??n?a ???a
????? ????????e. E?????? ?????uo ??? ??? /?? ??????ny ?e ????ay
??????n?, a ???ae ? ???? — ?e ????????i.

?????y (?e ???oth?y ?????) — ???? ?????e e ? ????;

?????????y. Ii ????th ? ?? ???? ???? y?e y?y?ny ???i ?uy??ey e ?????e.
??ue ?? i ?i, ?i ??y?e eth?? ?? ?????y a ???.

?????ay – ?? ???? a ????

?????ay, ???????ay – ???? ?????e, ??????a

????ay – ????ey ? ????;

yn????ay – ??a ?????;

???????y – ????a ???? (???/??i);

ss?e — ?????????a y???; ?a ???e y?? ?iy?yth?y a ??????.

ss?? ?????oth?y ? ???e ?????e e ??????? ???????.

N??? ?????e

Ii ???e ?????e y?? ?????oth?y ??? ? ??e ????e, ?????oth a E??? ??a y??a
THIANEI ?y ??a ???i ?????y ????e, ???th?e o?o ?e ??o y??:

A???a y??

A???i ???? y??

Ia ??e ????y

E??ath?a (???th?a) y??

I??????? y??

I?????a y??

A?????? y?? (????th?a)

O??????y ???????

O?????? ?????? ????ny y?e, ???e ? ?????o a ?????e ?? ?e ? ?????o ??a ???
????e ?e:

????ay ????ey a ?????? ???a ??????;

y???ay ????? (?????, ???e, ?????ey ????a);

????u ????i ???????y (???, ?????e, ???, ??e e ???);

?????y e ???y ????? (?????a e ???a ?????, ??????a ???, ????);

????a ???? ?????? ????? (??e, ?uy??ey, ???????y, ???e, ?????a e o. ae.);

??? ???? ???? ????? ? y??.

I?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ? ?y???? ?y ????y y?? ??????i ??????.
ss?e ??o ??ue ??????, ??????y a ??a e, ??? n ?i, ???

???? ? ????ey ?????? ??/??a e ?????oth?? ???? ???a???o ?e ?? y???o ????.

E ??????i ?????? ????i ??o ???e y??, ????a ???o ?????e ????i, ?e e y??
?y?yth??y, o ???o ?a ???y ???? ??i ????a, ? ?e y?i ? ?a ?a ?????? ?y
??i???i ??????y.

N ??e ??ey ???y ?????? ????a ??????i ?????? y?e ??o ?????ny a y?e, ????
??? ????a, ?? ?i ?????? ????? ???o? ??? ????e.

E ??o ??????i ?????? y??a ??ny?y:

a A??a: ?????; ?????e; ????.

a A???: ??e ?a y?? ????i ????y.

a A?e: ?y??; ??e y??a I???; ??e ?a y?? ????i ????y I??????, I??????o,
I?????? ????.

a A??a: ??e ?a y?? ??ny?y e ??????i ??????.

2. I???a ??? ??????y y??

A???u i ??????e y??

N????o ?yae ???c i ??????e y??, ? ? ?? ? ?o ? ??o ?? ?????? ???e a ??
???? ?????? ???y ? ???e. I? ??th?y ?????, ?e ?e ? ??cy ? ??th??, ?
??????e a y????i?.

?????? ???

ss?e ?e ??? A??, ??? ?e ??????e ????e. Y? ???? ???? a ???yo ??? ???a.

N???i ????i ??i (XX ?e ? i.y.), ???e ?a ?e ??a ??? ??i, a ??a ??i ??
?y?a ???u ?e ??? ???? ??. A O????o, ?????o ???o X ?? ? i.y. ????y i o?,
?i ??a ????i ??, ?? – ??, a ?? – ??, o.a. ??a. A?, ??y a ??a ???o a ?i
?y e ??o ??? ????. I????? ????i ??aey?ny ? ????th ??ue, ??ithth ??ue e
????th ??ue. O?? ???i, ?? ???y?ny ? ?e, iy? e ??i. A?a – ? ??, ??ue e
???a, a ?? ???ey?ny ? ??ue, ?? e ??.

Ai ??? ??a A??e (A??e ??o) ????y:

“E ?ye A??? A? ????, ???? ???, e ???e ?i a ?? Yae???, ??u ?????ue ?i e
???ue ?i. E ??? A??? A?: ? ??? ?? ???? ???; ???? ?o ????a, ???????? ?o.
A??? A? ????e ? ??e ?? ???? ???o e ?? ?? ????, e ??? ? e ????, ??u ???,
?e ? ???o ?, e ??u, ?e ???o ???e ?y?th ?? ??th, ?e e ?? ?y ?. E ??e ???e
?a? ?? ??? e ??? ???? e ?? ??yi ???i; ? ?y ???? ? ???ue ????a, ????i ?o.
E ??e A??? A? ? ???? ???e ?i; e, ??a ? ??e, ?ye ?? ? ?? a?, e ??? ? ??i
??eth. E ??? A??? A? ? ??a, ?y?? o ????, ??, e ??? ? e ????” (A??, 2,
15-22).

N???i E??o A?i ?e ???? A??? ? ??a e “???? ??u”. A??? a A?? ??ue, A?? ???
?i ??? ?? ??e e y?i ???? ?i ?ae ????” (2:29)

I??i ??a, ???? A??e, ???? A?? ? ? ???o ????ue ??th ? ??n A? ???e ??????i
y??a:

Ia ?? ??a ?e ?? y?e e ?? ???? E ??e A??? ????? ??ae e ??th, ???a ???e ??
??????. E ??? A???: ?o, ?? ??ae, e ?? o ?? y?e; e ?o ?i ??? ?e ???, e ?
???? ?e ? ??, ?i ???? ???. N?ae? ?a, e ???i ?i y?e ?, ?e ??u ?? ? ???e
?? ???i. E ??aye ? A??? ??? ? ?? ??a; e ?e ????e ???ue ??ae. I?aio ?? ?o
?y: A???; ?i ?i ??? A??? y?e ?? ??e, e ?o?a ??aye ? A??? ? ?? ??a (A??,
11, 5-9).

A???? ? E??a ????ny ??oth?? ???e, ?a E?? (??i, ??ue, ??i) ??????ny e
A??????:

“A ??? ?? N?? [E??], e N?? ?? o A?a, e N?? ?? A?. I? ?? a ??? o A?a”.

A Aeay?yo A???? (??e I??i C?a?) ?????y ???a, ?????? n ?????, ? ???? ???o
?y? y?? n A?????i:

“I? ??o??? ?y Iy??ny??u ?a ?e ?? ????? ???. E ???? ???ny ?i n ??, ?e ? ?
????ny ???? ??a, e ???? ?? ?i, ?a ?e ?????. E y??? ? ???yth??y y?ee, ?e
? ????, e ??? ? ??? ? ??? ? ?o. E ?????ue ?a Ae?a Nay?ai, e ??? ???? ?
?? y??o, ?e Ae? ??e ? ?????ue. A E????a ? ????? E??, eth? ????, ? ?y??
??? ?ae ??i. E?? ???ny y?o ?i, ???ny i??, e ??? a ?y??a, ?i ??? n??e ?
???y?o ?i ????. E ana ??ey?? e ????, ???y ??o ??th: ?e ???y?a ? ?a ?
A??ay?? E? ? ? ??? ??? ?????a ???a, a ???i ????. I?oy?, e I?y?, e A???,
e ??? I?????, E?? e E????e, I?? e A?e, O??e e I???e, A??a e ??? E??,
????? e E???, e ????a ? ??a, E?? e ????u, ??y? e ???y?, ??? ? ??? y???
???y?o i ???o ??o A??o? E ??ey?? ?a e, ????ay, ???? ?? ??o: ?i y? ???? A
??, ???ay?, ???ee: ?e ???? ???? ??. I?? ?, ?? n ?????ueth, ???? a?? ?? e
????e ?: ?? E????, e ?a ???a a E????a! ?a ? ??o ?i ????, e ???? ??? i??”
(Aeay?y ????a, 2, 1-14).

Ae?ue Iy??ny??u, ?e O??? ?iue ?????o ??, ??u ??a ??? ?????? ???ey ??ue
Ae?i E???? ?e I?????.

I??a ??u e ???a ????

A? a Ae??? A??a eth? ?????nue ?ae ?i, ??e y?e ??e ???e, ? ??, ???e ????
??????y y??.

E?aea I???? [663-610 ? i.y.] ???e ? ???e, ? ?? ???? ???ey i ?i, ??a eth?
??a ???? Oe?ue ??e ??? ??o ??????o ????a (? ???o ????e) ???o ? ????? ??e
??a [?c]. Ii ???o ??y ?e? ? ??? ?e ?????ue a ? ?????e ? ??? ??a. I????
????e a ????e ??? ???, ?? a ?????? ??y ??? ???? ?c e, ??? ??e ???i, ??e
?a ?i?a, ?i ?????. O? ???? I???? e ???e ??a ????ey, ??y ????, ??a ???
??i ???ny n ?o ????a ??a ??y??i ???? ???. I???? ??y ?? ????i. O? ???
????? ? ???o ??y a ???a ?? ?o. I???, ??a ? ??? ??ue e ??e a ???, ?a ????
?? e ?i ??ie, ??y??y ???e, ?????e ??i “??n”… E?? ? ?i I???? ??a ???e y?
??i, ? ??e ??i???, ??e ??ae e ?i ??? ???? ??? “??n”, e ??e, ?i ?e ????
???tho ??. I?th? ??oy? ??th??, ?i ???? ?a ae???a ? ??? Y??u ? ???tho ?e
y?i, ?i ?a ??i ???? ????a, … ??i I???? ??e ???? ????? ???? y?? e ??i ??e
? ????a ? ?????. (A???. E??ey, 2, 2).

Y? ?e ??? a ???e ???????e y?????, ? ???i ?????e e ???, ? ??? ??ue ????,
?oy a I ?? i.y. E????i, ???e ???ue ????, ?a ?y?ye, ?i “? ????? ??o
??e??? ??e a ???yo ??? ?????e ????, ?i ?? ?e, ?oy ?????e ????a ??a, ?
???? ?y?i ia ??e”.

Y?o y????? ???y? a XIII ?? ????? ????? O??? II (?? ???), a a XVI ??
Ae??n IV O????? (?? ????ee ? ???????i – ???? ???a ??a ? ?? ??th??) e ?i
Ae????? A??, ????? ???e I??? a E?? (?? ????? ???e).

A???a ????

I??u ?????o ??? ??????y y?? ???? ???????a ????. Ii ??y?i ? ??????a y??
?e ?????ue ? ?a ???a ??u – ?????a “oth?e” e ?????? “??e”.

Oth?e

N????e ????? ??????y ???? ????a (????? – ??. ? ???a), a ????e, A???o
Y???e (535-475 ? i.y.), ???e, /? ??a ?? ? ???u, ?e ?e ??? ??e ???? ??,
???i ?????otho ??a. E?? – y? ?? ?e ???iey ??e. O?, ?i ???o ??, ??? ???ue
???? ????a ????? ?y, ?? ? y? ? ???y, ? ? ??? ????? ?i.

O??

E?? ????yo ? ??i???y, ???? ??ath, ?y?y? ?????u ?????ey ???? ? ????eth,
??????? ??o eth?? (????? – ??. ? ?????eth). E ?i ????? Ae???o ? A?a?
(470/460 – ??ay ???? IV a. ? i.y.) e A????ue ? N??? (384-322 ? i.y). I?
????e ? ??? ??????ey ??o ??th e ? ????i: ??a ?atho ? ????o ????, ?? e ?
? ?iy?y ????th?y ?????e ???e. A?e ? ??a ???? ? ???a, ????? ?? ? ???????
eth?e, ?, ??., A???e n ????i I??i (“??????”) ??e a ???th.

N????e ??e ?????, ?i ??a ?????u, a ?? ? ?o, ???o Ae?i E?i ?? ???e ??o
??a ?th?? e ????e (??., “Ii ??”), ??u ?????ue ?ith ???o.

Ia y? ????? oth?e ??????e, ?i ?? ????? ?a? e ??a, ??? ????.

I??i a ??i ???a “E??e”, ????i ? ??e ????? oth?e, ???e ??? n A??a??,
?????? ??e, ????e ??????e ???o: ??a ??ath?y ?????ey? ?? a ?????? n ????
??, a ?ee y?? ?o, ? ??? ?y ??i ?????i ?e ???? ???i.

N??e

I?????? ?????e ??u ???a, a ????e O??? ? N?e (280-206), ?? ??a?, ?i ??a
???? ? ???u (? ia ? ???ey, ?e ???e ????? oth?e). Ii ? ?a?th, ?? ? ??? ??
?? ??????????, a ??? ???e ?e, ?e ?e ?????tho ? ???a. I??., ??i ?ae (mel)
??? ?ey?i, ?e ?e ?ae ???, a ??o (crux) – ???, ??? ?i ? ?i ????e eth?e
(????a i??? ?uy?yth?y ?i, ?i y? ??y? ???a ??e ? ?n a ???? ???ey e ????a
A???? (354-430). Ae????a ??a ?y??? ? ?????, ???? ? ????e (piscina –
“???i” ? piscis – “??”), ? ????o (bellum – “??a” ? bella – “????ay”).
A?e ?? ??????a ?? ???, ? ??i ????? ??i ?????ey.

A???u ??? ???e

A???u a ?? ???? ??? “Oth?e”

I????y???ay (??. “??ath?y ??a”), ?e, ??a ???y, ?????????y ????.

ss?e ??? ? ????ey ??? ???u. E???? ???? y?e ????: ??ey “?a-?a”.

Y? ??eth ???a ???? ???? ???o A??? E??? (1646-1716). Ii ????eye ??e ?
???a, ??? (??, ?? “?”) e iy??, ??a (??., ?? “e”). A????y i????th
?????yi, ???a ? ?o ?????e ?? e ????, ??e?e e ?????oth?a ??a (“?e”,
“??a”). Ii ?????a ??a, ? ?i ??eth, ??? ? ??????? ???? e ????. I??., “?a”
(L?wa) ??o iy?? ???? ?-? ????u ?? (Lauf) y?? ???a.

I????ay ????

Y?????? ???e ? ???e, ???, ?? e o.ae. ???e e n???th y??. E???? ???? y?e
????: ??ey “??-??”.

O?? ? A?? (1709-1777), ?????e ????-yi?????o, ??th?y ? ????? ??e, ????e,
?e ??????i ???? ??? ???a ?????y, ???aeyo a ????ey, e ??e, ?i ?????e ???e
??? ? ? ??eth. A? ??ae: ??? ??a ???? – y? ????ey.

Y?? A?? ? E???ye (1715-1780), ??oe??? ???o, ???e, ?i y?e ??? ec ?????e
?????? eth?e. A? ??? ???e, ?e ?e ?o ??i ???ue ??? ???, ?i ?? ??? ???ue
?o. Iiy?? ??????i y??a ?? ???, ?i ??????. E???ye ??eye ?e a?a ???: a)
????a, a) ?????? (????a ??e ?y ????y ?ae??, ??? e o.ae.), a) ????a ???
eth??. E?? ??????? ???. C?? ethaee ??e ?????? ??a, ???a ????a?? ?? ???
????????. I? y?i ??????? ?? ??i ???? ??a ?????a.

O????? ???? e ???o AE? AEae ??? (1712-1778) ???, ?i “??? ??u ?? ??????
?????y?, a ??? ??e ??? – e????u ???y?… A?????a ???? ??uo ?????? ??iy? a
????? eth?e, a ? a ? ????e. E??i ????? ??????? ???? e ?????? ????th ??e
[…] ???? ??????y eth?e […] a ???? ?????yo, a ???yo. A? ???e ???tho
eth?e, ??a ?e ??????ue ????ey ??e ?i??? ? ???? ?? ??a. Ia ??ae, ? ??a, a
eth??, ????ue, ???ue e ?? ???? o ?o ??? ??e. I?? ? ?y??y ? ??o ?e; ?e
??i ???ny a ????e; ??a ????? ???e ???, ???e ? ??o ????ny. Ii ??u ?????ue
th?a ???, ??u ????? ??????i ???th??, ??i? ???o ???? ??e, ??e, ???. Y?
??a ???a ? ?? e ?o ??? ??? y?? ?? ????e e ?????, ??? ?i ??e ???? e
?????? […]”.

A??e?? ????? *??c Ae??i (1809-1882) ???, ?i ?????????y e ???a?ay ??? –
y? ?a ???? ????a i?????ey y??. Ii ???e ???? ? ???a ?????e e ????eth o
??ueyi, ??o ????o ??????a. Ii ??a ?ea?e, ?i o ?????? ???? ? ??y ?????
????e “?????a ???u”, ???th?a ????a y??e – eth??, ????, ??a ????o.

A?????ay ????

ss?e – ?????? ????, ????o ???????i, ??o ?????? ?? ??e e ???o ?e ????.
A???e y? ???? ???? ???? A??o O??? (1821-1868) ?ae ?ey?? ?????, ? ??
??ey, ???eyth?? ???th ?? ???a??? ??? a ??????e y?eth?e. Ii ??? ??e ??
????, ? ?i ??eth, ?e ????o ???????y.

A???u a ?? ???? ??? “??e”

A???a ??????i (?????i) ????.

A y?e ???? ??i ?ey?a ???? ??? ??e, ???? ?o?? eth? ?????? ? ?????e ???o?
???e.

Y? ???? ?????e ????? ???o O?? A?? (1588-1679): ??????ue eth?e – ? ??????
??iy?a. N?? ?? ?? ? ??, ?? ??y? n ???e ??y?, e ???? ?? a oy??e ???, a
???e eth? “?? ??o ?? ??? ??”. Ii ??u ??oue, ? ???? ?????ny a ?????i,
??th?a ??o ??e ????. Aeey y?? ??????ue ????e y?e, ???e ??? ? ?????eth.

AE? AE? ??? ???e, ?i ?? yi?????a ???e – ? ???u ????, ???????y – ? ???u
??e, ? ????a ???ey?e – ??ay ?????. I? ? ??e ????? ?c ??? ???ey eth?e.
I??? ? ??????? (? ??????o ????) eth? ?????? ? ?????? ???. I??i ?i ??a
??????e ?? ??ey eth?e, ?i ???aa ?e ? ????e ??n. N??? ??? ?a??, ??? ???
??e ?? ?????a ?y, e ?? ??a ?y??? ??a ??a (o.a. ? ?a A, ?a A e o.ae., a
?a ?e ??a ?y).

AE???y ??ey

Nay?? n ???e a????e (?????e, ?????i ????). A?a??e y? ??eth Y?? E???ye,
AE? AE? ??? e ???? ???? e ???o A???? A?? (1832-1920), ???e ???e, ?i y?e
????ny ?????i e ???????. Ii ???a o ??aa? ?????e ????? ???ey (????a).
I??i y? “????? ???ey” ?? ?? ??a: ??????, ?????? e ???????a. ??????i
???eyi, ???thu? ???a, ??a ???????e ????ey. O?????i e ???????i, ???th?i
??????? ??????y i ????o e ? ????y, ???????e ??e ???o ??. I??a ???ey ??
??? ????ie ?c ?????, ? ?? ??a-?????y: “???”, “???” e o.ae.

??? ?????e, ?i n ?y???i ???????? y?? ??u ??? ?e ???? ???? ???y – o y??
??? ??? ?????a: ??? ?????ny ? ??y ???, ???ny ? ???y?e, a ???a, a ??? ??
e o.ae. Iiy?? y?e ??? ?e ???i ???? y??i, ? ????th ? ??n?i.

AE?? ?e ???????a ???? ???y ????tho ??????ny ?????i ????i. I?????a
(?????a) ???? ???y, a ?i ??a ??u, ???o ???????a ?e ????y ????? y????ey
(?. ?. 11).

O???a ????

Ei??????ay ???? (??ey ?o??o ????)

ss?e ?y??y a ?? ?????? ??? ? ????o ???? ?e??a. A???e ???? Eth?? I??,
???ee ??? ??? ???? XIX ??.

O???y ???? Y???a

O?ae ??? ????, a ??a???i n y?i ??? e y?e. O??th ???? ???? ???o O??? Y???
(1820-1895), ?? e ??????ue E?? I?e?.

A???a ?????i ???

Ii y?e ???? y?e ??? ???i, ??o ? n ???i ???? e y??a? ????. A????e ?i??o
???? ???? A???? A???? (1767-1835): “ss?e ? ??o ?c???ue ??a ?e ??o e ??a,
?e, o??a ???y, y?? a ??? ??? ?i ??y ??? ?? ?????i ?a, ????y ?? ? ????ny
??? ??? ss?e ????? ?? ? ????ue, ?? ? ?i ?i ? ?e ?a ???i a ?e????i ????.
*?? ???e ?a ???ue ?oy ? ?? ??i ? ??? ?e ?????a ?????, a ?e ???????e ??,
????th?e ?iy?a, ?? y?e ????th e ? ?? ??o ????ycyo ?a ??? ?? ???i a ?i. A
y?? ?o ??? ?????, ??? ?ae??? y??? ?iy?y? ?ay ?? ?e ??ue ???. E?? ?
?????? ? ??e?ue ??????a i ?????i ?????e y??a, ?e ??e ????? ?? ??o. *a??e
y?y?ny /a???i ??? a????y y??, a ?y ??, ??u ???ue y?e, ? ?a ??? ?? ????i.
Ia?? ??i ?a ?????? ??????a ?a? y??”.

A ??? y?e ? ??? ??yae ???? ???? ??a ???yo ??? a ??????e ??????o ??a.
I????, ?e ???? ? ??? (?y???ny 700 ????a ?o ??ae) ? ?y??ey ??? ????i? –
????? ?????ue ? 2000 ????a ?o y?eth?e, ? ?e ?y??? a 10 ?c ?n?? a ?????
???-? ??????i ?a?a.

ss?e ????

ss?e ???? ?????. O??ny ?o ???? ? ????ny. A?e ???? ???eny a ??y?e, ? ?
???o “????i ???i”, ??e ???a?y ??ue ??? ?e ???.

AE???a ???th?y y??i ? ?????i?. N??? ???tho ? y?????? ??iy?a e ? ??????u
?y ??o ?????e. ss?e o ?o – ? ??? ???ey, a ????o ??? ???a ???. A?? ? ????
? ????e, a ??? ???? ?ath ??i ???i. I???a ?a??o ???? e ? ?y?? n ?iy?y?.

E?????y ???? ???????ay. Ae??? ????, ? ??e. I??i y? ae? ???iy???o ????,
?????? ???a??i.

I?? ????e ???? ?o ??? a??oe, ? ???? ???o ? ????, a ???e ?e ???????.
Iiy?? ??? ????? ????? ?? e ? ????, ?iy? ??? “??a”. I? ? ????tho ??a ?
??u e ?????y. A ???i o ???? ???? 60 ????.

A ?????? ???? ????? ????ey ? i ??. I? ? ??o ????oue i ???i ?e ???i. Y?
?????y ?????y e y?????ay.

I??i ???? ???? ????ue ???u ???? ??? ??a (“y????” ???a e ??e, ???e
i??atho ?a ????e ??), ? ?? ??e?i ???ue ? y??i. E ??i ???? ??ny?y ??uey?,
??u, ???e, ???, ???, ???.

Ii ?? ????a ???? ???? n???u ???i ????? ??e ??th (???????ue ??a e ???
????y? ? a ???? ????). Y? – ???e e ??u-?????? (???u, ???, ??e e o.ae.).
Ii?? ???e “?atho” ? 500 ??, ? ? ???tho ? ?a??y. E?? ???o ?? n eth??.
N??ee ???a a N????a ?????? ??e, ???oy 20 ??a ?y.

O? ?e ???e ???o ??ueyi ??i ?????? e ?????eth ??? ????n?? y??, ???e A???a
e A??ae A???u ???e ???? O?i y?? ??ia (? 100 – 200 ?? ??????i y?? ???
aeey ????? – ???a (amslang), ??a 300 ????? ec ????? e ??, ??? O?i ??
????ue ???iy??? ???ey? ????a ??u ?? “?y?? Ae?e, ?e ??” (????? ? ????y
????), “?aey?y ??a” (? ??). Ae??o ??ueyi ????ue ???ue ???th ?e ??? ???
n???? ? ????? ??ueth??.

I?????? ???? e y?e

I?a ???? – ??i 400 ???a (?a.?.), a??? – ??i 500 ?. O?? ? ?? ?e o
???????, ???????a ????. A???? ?y??y ???? 2,5 ???? ?o ??ae.

I??e y?i – homo habilis (???e ???).

Ii ?????e ??e. I?a – 700 ?.

Y? y?i ???? ??uey? e ???eo. I??????ay ???a, ??eyth?y ?ca ??uey? ? ???? –
???? 750 ?.

A??e y?i – homo erectus (???e ?y??aey?e).

I????? ????? ???: ?????i, ????i, ???????e ???e. A??e ???? 1,5 ???? ?o
??ae. C?e ??ue. I?? ??a ?? 750 – 1250 ?. A??i, a y?o ??? ?a ?y??? ?/??
??.

I????? ?y??y ???? 200-400 ?ny/ ?o ??ae.

Homo sapiens (???e ????) – y? ?a ?ae, e ???? ?????i ? – ?e ?????i ???a a
?? i??????. E?????e ??ey ? ??y, ??e, ???. O??? ???o. A? ??a ???e ?? ?
1500 ?., o.a. ??a ?i a ???i o ?????? ????.

I???? ?e ??i 40 ?ny/ ?o ??ae. I????? ??????i ????i. ??o 180 ?. I?a –
1500 ?. A???i, ? ???e ? ??????a e ??????? ????, a ??? ??e ??th?e, ????ua
???e ???o ? ?????ue.

N????? ???e

A ???i ?n ??a ???u ???eyao 1400 ??i, ???u – 1250 ??i, ?? ??????ai ??o
??i 350 ??i. N XIX ?? ?? ?oy??e o ??? ? 50 ??i, o ??ei ? 25 ??i.

I?????e ?n – 2000 ??i – ?e o E. N. O????, ???i 1100 ??i – o ?????? ???ey
A??ey O??a.

N?? oy??e ???e ?? – 1550 ??i – ?e???? ???.

I?a o ??? ?? ?? ???, ?i o ??e ??.

O ???? ??a ???a ?????a ??a e ??u ??: 1 e 40-50. Ae??? – ? ??? ??a. O ??a
?? ???, ?i o ????, N??????, ??? ? ??eth?? ?n, a ??????e. O ??? ?? a ???i
??? ?-? ???? ?? ??, a ?????a ??a ?.

ss?e – ??ay ????ay ???a

I???a ???? – ? ??? ??? n????e ???u, ? ?? ???u ????????i ???y?y ????????,
?????e ???? ???. Y? ?y?a ????? n???.

I???a ???? – ? ??? ??? n????e ???u. I? ????y ? ??? ???? ???, ? e ???,
???e ????? ??? ???a ??? a ???u ???i ??y?a. Y? ??? ???u – ???u ????.

A??y ????ay ???a, o.a. ??, ????ey? ??e ????? ? ???????? e ????o ????a.

3.N??e ?????

1. TH. N. I??a “E???? ?o?. A?????y. I?? y?????”

2. I???i A??? “A???a a y?????”

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