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1. System of education of Great Britain (simplified circuit of education
of Great Britain)
Initial school education 5-12 years preparatory schools 5-7 years of
elementary schools, 7-12 years of a day time type (private(individual)
and state) or boarding-schools (as a rule, private(individual)); schools
for the boys, school for the girls, school of joint training Average
school education 11-18 years. Five obligatory classes for reception of
the certificate GCSE:
– Various schools and colleges of a day time type or boarding-schools
(private (individual) and state);
– School for the boys, school for the girls, school of joint training;
– Certificate GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) –
analogue of the Russian school-leaving certificate; the further
education – not necessarily Sixth class 1-2 academic years for reception
of the certificate GCE – A Level (General Certificate of Education
Advanced Level) or preparatory rates 16-18 years various schools and
colleges of a day time type or boarding-schools (private (individual)
and state);
– School for the boys, school for the girls, school of joint training;
the certificate GCE – A Level or diploma about the termination (ending)
of preparatory rates – necessary condition for receipt in high school
the Further education 2-year’s training in private(individual) or state
college or institute on one of academic or professional specialties;
– Reception of the maximum national diploma – HND (Higher National
Diploma) Maximum education 3-4 years training on day time branch of
college, polytechnic institute or university on one of the academic or
professional programs;
– Reception of a degree of the bachelor Maximum education 1-2 years of
study on day time branch of polytechnic institute or university,
including training or research job and protection of the diploma;
– Reception of a degree of the Foreman Maximum education 1-3 years of
independent research job at university under the direction of the
professors, protection of the dissertation;
– Reception of a degree of the doctor.
However highly the British education in the world, nevertheless in
middle fifties was appreciated. The government of Great Britain has
begun reform
All system, from an elementary school up to high school. Completely this
reform is not completed and to this day. In result today in the country
some types of high schools peacefully coexist, for example. The base
educational minimum is legislatively fixed which should be given by
(with) any school is not dependent on a type and programs of training.
Obligatory secondary education (children also is study till 15-16 of
years), and this obligatory education – free-of-charge. The graduates of
high schools pass examinations and, as well as our Russian schoolboys,
receive first in life the certificate – GCSE, however as against the
Russian analogue GCSE does not give the right to act in high schools.
After that the young people appear before a choice – either to look for
job, or to continue to study.
The old system of high schools was saved in some areas of a countryside.
Here after termination (ending) an elementary school by results of test.
Examinations children are distributed (allocated) for three types of
high schools – most capable act in special school, others direct or to
technical schools, or in modern school. At average technical schools is
given general educational, general technical and initial professional
training. The modern school was so is named because in the base program
of training there were no ancient languages (Latin and ancient Greek),
were taught only modern. At these schools the usual secondary education
is given, but the significant part of the program is made by (with)
practical employment (occupations). At once after leaving school the
graduates basically act on job.
The reorganization of high school has resulted that in large cities the
complex schools for children from 11 till 18 years have appeared. About
it will be in detail told in the chapter devoted high school. High
school finishing by examinations GCSE, – five years. Those who is going
to further to act in high school, should end the sixth class and pass
examination on the certificate GCE – A Level – general (common)
certificate on the profound educational level. If to compare our system
of education to English, the certificate GCE – A Level actually
corresponds (meets) to the document on the termination (ending) of
preparatory rates of high school, in which you are going to act. The
terms ” the sixth class” and “the programs of an And – level” are in
Great Britain nominal and designate the various programs and rates
conducting to reception GCE – A Level. For receipt in high schools in
Great Britain besides schools there are colleges of the sixth class,
younger biennial colleges and it is simple colleges, in which teach not
only general educational subjects of the sixth class, but also
professional disciplines.
After the certificate GCE – A Level is received, before the young people
the further and maximum education is open. The term “maximum education”
concerns to the programs, which purpose – award of a degree of the
bachelor, foreman or doctor. ” The Further education ” of an academic
degree does not give, it, as a rule, professional training. The rate of
the “further” training is finished by examinations and reception of the
maximum national diploma HND. In the field of vocational training the
diplomas given by one of three professional committees are most
appreciated: CGLI (City and Guilds of London Institute), RSA (Royal
Society of Arts), BTEC (Business and Technical Education Council). Many
colleges and institutes are authorized to give out the diplomas on
behalf of one of these three committees. Other educational institutions
give out or own diplomas and certificates, or diplomas of other
examination committees.
The diploma HND is important for receiving by the one who is going to at
once to begin job on the elected specialty and is not going to be
protected on a degree of the bachelor. From the point of view of
professional career, this diploma allows to advance on a service within
the limits of the average technical or younger administrative board of
firm. Besides having this diploma, it is possible to enter university
(if all the same are convinced of necessity of maximum education), and
to begin training at once from the second rate. Maximum education the
Englishmen receive in colleges, polytechnic institutes and universities.
After 3-4 years of study on day time branch the youth receives a degree
of the bachelor. Having this degree, it is possible to count on a good
post in a non-production part or average administrative board
private(individual) or state-owned firm, at the industrial enterprise,
or to open own private(individual) practice (for doctors and lawyers).
The degree of the bachelor suffices for some trades, and further
education it is not required. But for the majority of specialties the
degree of the foreman opens much more opportunities. For example, having
the bachelor’s degree of medicine, it is possible to work in clinic or
to have small private (individual) practice. But to head branch in any
hospital or even the whole clinic, the diploma of the foreman is
necessary for expansion of private (individual) practice.
The degree of the foreman approximately corresponds (meets) to our
diploma about maximum education, and degree of the doctor – degree of
the candidate of sciences in Russia. The equivalent of a degree of the
doctor of sciences in Great Britain does not exist. There is a number
(line) of general (common) important features, characteristic for all
universities. All of them appropriate (give) own degrees. Everyone have
the identical requirements at reception on training under the program of
the bachelor. The large universities such as London inside themselves
are subdivided into colleges. These colleges are a part of university
and give education on the certain specialty. Separately in structure of
university the colleges specializing on preparation of the entrants to
receipt on the basic programs (faculties) of university, improvement of
professional skill of the experts, teaching of English language for the
foreigners are allocated. The small universities are subdivided into
faculties, and the name of colleges is appropriated (given) to
preparatory branches and language rates of the large universities.
Polytechnic institutes. The system of polytechnic institutes works in
parallel university. Under the status all institutes are independent
educational corporations. They appropriate (give) the diplomas and
degrees on its own behalf or on behalf of the national authorized Advice
(council) CNAA. On many parameters these institutes are very similar to
universities, but have a number (line) of differences. Most important:
in polytechnic institute it is possible to study wider spectrum of
rates, than it is necessary on the chosen specialty. The second feature
is the semi-annual or annual course job on a specialty which is carried
out in one of the commercial or industrial companies. As well as
university, the polytechnic institute gives education under the program
of the bachelor, and then foreman and doctor. Recently some of
polytechnic institutes were renamed into universities, but the features
of training in them were saved.
Colleges of maximum education. It is the third variant of reception of
maximum education in Great Britain. The colleges award nationally the
recognized degrees and diplomas both on academic, and on professional
disciplines. The graduates of colleges receive the maximum national
diploma HND or degree of the bachelor, and the diplomas are awarded
after each successfully finished program. The colleges seldom have rates
under the program of the foreman and practically never are engaged in
preparation of the students under the program of a scientific degree of
the doctor of philosophy. Many colleges have special preparatory rates,
at which successful termination (ending) the graduates are enlisted
without examinations and competition for the further training under the
program of the bachelor in polytechnic institutes and universities.
2. School
In Great Britain 30.000 comprehensive schools and 2300 – private
(individual), named “independent sector” work. The majority of
comprehensive schools (from 60 up to 90%) – mixed. The private schools
work as mixed basically for the younger schoolboys, the training in the
senior classes is conducted separately. In comprehensive schools
children study, as a rule, complete day, the educational week makes 5
days. In England and Wales the school year proceeds since September till
July. In Scotland – from middle of August till the end of June, in
Northern Ireland – since September till July. The academic year is
divided (shared) into three terms for 13 weeks everyone.
Elementary school
To go in school to children 2-4 years in England and Wales it is
absolutely not necessary. Moreover, the parents and prefer to give back
them in children’s gardens having programs of preschool preparation, or
in private (individual) groups organized frequently by parents. There
are also special commercial groups, in which children train on the
special techniques, for example on a method Montessori. In Ireland the
system kindergarten of preschool education is not so advanced. Probably,
therefore per 4 years in school is sent much more than children, than in
other parts of Britain.
The obligatory education begins in England, Wales and Scotland – per 5
years, in Northern Ireland – per 4 years. Per 11 years in all parts of
Great Britain children pass in high school (except for Scotland, where
children translate per 12 years).
The elementary schools are different. Irrespective of a type of school
the schoolboys should pass an obligatory base rate of an elementary
school, thus the administration has the right independently to
decide(solve), what subjects, in what volume and in what class are
studied, under what manuals and techniques the teaching is conducted. A
natural consequence is that fact, that learned for the certain period by
the schoolboys of different schools the educational material does not
coincide.
High school
Now there are four types of high schools.
In Municipal technological colleges (MTC) most gifted children act, from
which prepare the experts of a high class in the field of modern
technologies and business; in 1992 of such colleges was only 14. MTC –
the special educational institutions, in which are taught obligatory
subjects of a general (common) cycle, but.
The most serious attention is given to teaching of subjects having the
attitude (relation) to modern business, especially information
technologies. To technological college can turn and usual school, if she
is located, for example, in a countryside or industrial town, where the
demand is much higher the experts, than on the graduate without special
knowledge. The most part of financing of technological colleges
gradually will be undertaken by (with) local business concerns. The
majority of children (90%) England, the Wales and Scotland visit
(attend) comprehensive schools. It is explained by that in these schools
accept all children irrespective of abilities and train in all subjects,
which enter into a base rate of high school. It is analogue of our usual
regional schools without the profound study of subjects. From here
teenagers who have reached (achieved) 16 years, are sent or in 6th form
colleges, or in tertiary colleges.
About 4% of children become the schoolboys grammar schools are children
shown abilities and proved, that they can study under the programs of an
academic structure. Besides, by analogy, it some kind of our specialized
schools with that difference, that in our specialized schools is
profound teach one or several subjects, and at the British schools a
level of teaching on all basic disciplines – profound. Children here
study up to 18 and even 19 years.
Others attend secondary modern schools. Here accept children till 16
years having good practical skills.
Very much few high schools have the sixth class. As a rule, wishing
continue education should to act in Sixth Form Colleges. In these
colleges the teenagers from 16 till 19 years can study, the training is
conducted only on day time branch. The young people older 19 years is
not accepted in colleges – for them it is necessary to act in tertiary
college or college of further education.
In Northern Ireland of children are still enlisted in school by results
of testing. Only very much few schools accept children without
preliminary testing.
In Scotland the majority of high schools all of them are not specialized
– basically comprehensive, and in them there is also sixth class. The
teenagers who have finished school, not having of the sixth class, can
proceed (pass) in another to this last year, not testing thus of
difficulties connected to search of school. 96% of children – schoolboys
of state high schools, others 4% study in private schools. More than in
half of private schools the teaching is conducted separately. In
Scotland there is no system of a general base rate of subjects, as in
England and Wales. The educational diagram, even after realization of
reform, has remained much more intense, than at schools of England and
Wales, and includes a lot of subjects. All subjects are distributed
(allocated) on 8 groups: philology and communications; mathematical
sciences; natural-scientific subjects; humanitarian and ecological
sciences; technological disciplines; subjects of aesthetic development;
physical education; religion and spiritual education. The schoolboys
should choose a minimum in one obligatory subject from each group. On
employment (occupations) on the chosen disciplines there leaves 70% of
educational time of each schoolboy.
Private schools
In private schools 7% of all children of Great Britain studies only.
In Great Britain today works about 550 private schools. In Northern
Ireland is open 21 private schools.
The reforms of system of education of Great Britain have touched the
contents of educational process. Both the parents, and experts did not
accept that children too early began “to sort” by propensity to those or
other sciences. In a result some subjects, necessary for the formed
(educated) man, dropped out of a school rate absolutely.
As a result of reform the national school rate, obligatory for all types
of schools was accepted: each schoolboy should pass four basic, key
stages of training and 10 basic subjects.
1 stage – till 7 years, children;
2 stages – 7-11 years, teenagers;
3 stages – 11-14 years (precede preparation for delivery GCSE);
4 stages – 14-16 years (preparation for delivery GCSE and appropriate
professional examinations).
The basic subjects are only three: English language, mathematics,
science. Obligatory are 7: technology, history, geography, music, art,
physical education, modern foreign language. Depending on a stage of
training the greater attention to this or that subject is given. Some
subjects are absent at the first stages, and occur only on last (for
example, modern foreign language). Depending on what part of Great
Britain the school is located in there can be subjects, specific to the
given territory. For example at schools of Wales the schoolboys should
study as the second obligatory language Welsh (requirement, which will
work till 1999). On each of subjects the instructions work about what
skills and skills should be developed in children. For example, as a
result of study of a rate of English language children should find five
basic skills: To be able to speak, to perceive speech from hearing, to
read, to write, to know spelling and (is more tremendous!) to be able to
write by hand.
The religion as a subject officially is not present at the list of
school disciplines, nevertheless religious (and sexual, we shall add)
education is obligatory. At lessons the basic attention give to a
Christianity, but tell as well about others religious trends, which
representatives live in Great Britain. Daily at schools there passes a
collective church service. The parents have the right to release
(exempt) the child from study of religion and visiting of services
irrespective of, at school with what the child studies in a part of
Britain.
As the circle of subjects investigated at schools of Scotland was
already marked, it is much wider: besides subjects accepted in England
and Wales, the obligatory study of modern European language, sociology,
technological practice, music or drama is included still. The new
requirements on testing in such subjects, as Latin language,
mathematics, modern languages, fine arts, ecology are published. The
religious and spiritual education also is switched on in school process.
In Northern Ireland basic are religion and six disciplines: English
language, mathematics, science and technology, environment and society
(community), various kinds of art. The rate of each consists of
disciplines from several subjects, some subjects are obligatory.
3. Sixth class and colleges of the further training
The colleges of the further training can be both state, and private
(individual). The majority of them are specialized (professional) in
others the students study general educational disciplines with a sight
on academic education. The contents of vocational training is developed
in close cooperation with the representatives of local business
concerns, that the graduates were in demand and easily could find to
itself job. It is possible to study both on day time branches, and on
evening. Some programs named “sandwich” include theoretical disciplines
and practical job in the elected area at the enterprises. About receipt
in these educational institutions it is necessary to begin to think one
year prior to leaving school. The majority have the strictly certain
terms of reception of the documents.
4. Higher education
In Great Britain 89 universities (including institute of remote
education and 70 high schools. From them 39 are considered new. They
were created after the Certificate (act) of 1992.
Oldest universities – Oxford (is open in 12 century) and Cambridge (13
centuries). The Scottish universities St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and
Edinburgh were open at 15-16 centuries. The Oxford and Cambridge
universities are known everything, even by (with) the people which are
not going to study abroad. Will say by exaggeration nevertheless, that
they – “best”. Certainly, any high school in the world can not be
compared to these by two universities on prestige. For eight centuries
of existence history them has appeared filled various events. The famous
people here studied. For example, Margaret Tetchier has ended faculty of
chemistry in Oxford. These universities have turned to national legends.
But also other “ancient” universities, as for example St. Andrews, have
also very high reputation. After 1980 many young high schools, basically
polytechnic have appeared, the level of teaching at those universities
has changed which before did not compete to Oxford and Cambridge. In
result some diplomas of these high schools are appreciated even above,
than Oxford and Cambridge. Especially it concerns some modern
specialties. Maximum education – First Degree Study (degree of the
bachelor)
The government of Great Britain is regular spends an independent
estimation of a level and quality of teaching in high schools. The
estimation is spent on four-mark system, it are taken into account a
saturation of the educational schedule, level of teaching, security by
technical resources. To receive an estimation the high school “is
approved” should on all parameters to receive an estimation not below 2.
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