E /eneo aaaeiaeoeo aniiiiaaoaeueiuo enoi?e/aneeo aeenoeeieei ioiineony
iaeaia?aoey (io a?a/aneeo neia: iaeaein — ae?aaiee e a?aoa—ieoo). Yoa
aeenoeeieeia eco/aao enoi?eth ienueia, auyaeyao e enneaaeoao
caeiiiia?iinoe ?acaeoey a?aoe/aneeo oi?i. Ioaeaeueiua ?acaeaeu
iaeaia?aoee enneaaeotho ienueiaiiua ciaee, ien/ee iaoa?eae, i?oaeey
ienueia, oeeea?aie (aiaeyiua ciaee) e aeaeeiua ia aoiaaa ecia?aaeaiey,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiua oe?aoaiey, ia?aieao e o. i. a eo enoi?e/aneii ?acaeoee.
Yoi iaiaoiaeeii ia oieueei aeey i?aaeeueiinoe /oaiey ?oeiieniuo oaenoia,
ii e aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ianoa e a?aiaie eo aicieeiiaaiey, eo aaoi?ia e
enoi?ee nicaeaiey, auyaeaiey ?acee/iiai ?iaea iiaeaeaeie. N 50-o aa. XX
a. i?aaeiaoii aeey eco/aiey iaeaia?aoee noaiiaeony ienueii iiaiai
a?aiaie.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaeaia?aoey i?ecaaia iiii/ue enoi?eeai a ?aaioa iaae
ienueiaiiuie iaiyoieeaie. Oi?ioaa ciaiea ?oeiieniuo oaenoia ?aciuo
a?aiai yaeyaony i?aaeiinueeie aeey eniieueciaaiey eo eae enoi?e/aneeo
enoi/ieeia.
I?e eco/aiee aeaiiie oaiu nooaeaioo iaiaoiaeeii i?eaea?aeeaaoueny
neaaeothuaai i?eia?iiai ieaia:
1. Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ?onneie iaeaia?aoee.
2. Aicieeiiaaiea ienueiaiiinoe o ainoi/iuo neaayi.
3. Neaayineea acaoee (ee?eeeeoea e aeaaieeoea).
4. Eieaeiia aeaei ia ?one (iaoa?eae e i?oaeey ienueia).
5. A?aoeea iaiyoieeia ienueiaiiinoe (onoaa, iieoonoaa, nei?iienue).
6. Iaeaia?aoey iiaiai a?aiaie.
7. I?eiaiaiea iaeaia?aoee a i?ioeanna enoi?e/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey.
I?e eco/aiee ia?aiai aii?ina oaiu nooaeaio aeieaeai oaeaeeoue iniiaiia
aieiaiea ?aaioai ?onneeo e niaaoneeo o/aiuo a iaeanoe iaeaia?aoee.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iaeaia?aoey eae naiinoiyoaeueiay iao/iay
aeenoeeieeia aicieeea ai O?aioeee a ia?aie iieiaeia XVIII a., a ?onneii
ainoaea?noaa i?eaiu iaeaia?aoe/aneiai aiaeeca eniieueciaaeenue a
i?aeoe/aneeo oeaeyo cia/eoaeueii ?aiueoa. Oae, a XV—XVII aa. a noaeaaiuo
i?ioeannao /anoi i?eiaiyeanue iaeaia?aoe/aneay yenia?oeca
i?aaenoaaeaiiuo aeieoiaioia aeey ii?aaeaeaiey eo iiaeeeiiinoe.
Ia?aui ?onneei nianoaaiii iaeaia?aoe/aneei enneaaeiaaieai auee oae
iacuaaaiua «Iiii?neea ioaaou» (1717 a.) Aiae?ay Aeaieniaa. Iooai
ouaoaeueiiai aiaeeca ii ?aciaea/ee iiaeaeaeueiua aeieoiaiou,
i?aaenoaaeaiiua oea?eiaueth.
Aieueoie aeeaae a aeaei noaiiaeaiey ?onneie iaeaia?aoee aianee:
i?aaenoaaeoaeue aeai?yineie enoi?eia?aoee ia?aie iieiaeiu XVIII a. A. I.
Oaoeuaa, aaeeeee ?onneee o/aiue I. A. Eiiiiinia, i?inaaoeoaeue aoi?ie
iieiaeiu XVIII a. I. I. Iiaeeia, eioi?ua, eco/ay enoi?e/aneea
aeieoiaiou, naeaeaee oeaeue ?yae aaaeiuo iaeaia?aoe/aneeo iaaethaeaiee,
niinianoaiaaaoeo au?aaioea i?eaiia aiaeeca ?oeiienae. Ia?aaeiaua ?onneea
o/aiua XVIII a. iinoaaeee aii?in i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nicaeaiey ?onneie
iaeaia?aoee e iaiaoeee iooe aa ?acaeoey.
Enoi?eee ia?aie iieiaeiu XIX a. aaee aieueooth ?aaioo ii niae?aieth e
ioaeeeaoeee eaoiieniuo e aeieoiaioaeueiuo oaenoia. Iaeiia?aiaiii
iiyaeeenue e niaoeeaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ua iiiiaee iaeaia?aoee
neiaeeoueny a naiinoiyoaeueioth aniiiiaaoaeueioth enoi?e/aneoth
aeenoeeieeio. Oae, a 1806 a. auea iioaeeeiaaia ?aaioa A. I. Ieaieia
«Ienueii e a?aoo Aeaenath Eaaiiae/o Ioneio-Iooeeio i eaiia
Oiooa?aeaineii…». Ouaoaeueii i?iaiaeece?iaaa iaaeienue ia eaiia,
Ieaiei cao?iioe oeaeue ?yae aii?inia, ioiinyueony e eco/aieth ?oeiienae.
Aieueoia cia/aiea aeey ?acaeoey ?onneie iaeaia?aoee eiaee o?oaeu A. X.
Ainoieiaa, E. O. Eaeaeaeiae/a, A. A. Ai?neiai e ae?oaeo o/aiuo ia?aie
iieiaeiu XIX a.
Ciaoie ?onneeo ae?aaiinoae A. X. Ainoieia naeaeae iiae?iaiia iienaiea
?oeiienae ?oiyioeaaneiai iocay, E. O. Eaeaeaeiae/ ecaeae iiiaea
iaiyoieee ae?aaia?onneie ienueiaiiinoe, i?eeiaeea e iei ia?acoeu ienueia
oiai a?aiaie, A.A. Ai?neee aeae iaeaia?aoe/aneee iaci? neaayineeo
iaiyoieeia ii enoi?ee oea?eae.
N na?aaeeiu XIX a. nicaeathony iauea eo?nu ?onneie iaeaia?aoee ia iniiaa
?anoe?aiey e?oaa ?aciiia?aciuo enoi?e/aneeo aeieoiaioia. Ia?aui oaeei
eo?nii auee «Eaeoeee ii ?onneie iaeaia?aoee» E. I. Naoa?iaa, ecaeaiiua
eeoia?aoneei niiniaii. A 1885 a. auoae iaiauathuee o?oae E.E.
N?aciaaneiai, eioi?ue i?aaenoaaeye niaie ia?aaioaiiue eo?n eaeoeee,
i?i/eoaiiuo ei a Iaoa?ao?aneii oieaa?neoaoa. N?aciaaneee ?anniio?ae
aii?inu aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey neaayineie acaoee e ?ani?ino?aiaiey
ienueiaiiinoe ia ?one, iienae ?yae iaiyoieeia XI—XIV aa. e yoei iieiaeee
ia/aei ?ac?aaioea enoi?ee aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey iaeaia?aoee a ?innee,
iaeiaei a naiai o?oaea aaoi? ?anniio?ae oieueei ?aiiea oeiu ienueia:
onoaa e iieoonoaa XI—XIV aa.
Cia/eoaeueiia ianoi a ?ac?aaioea aii?inia ?onneie iaeaia?aoee
i?eiaaeeaaeeo A.E. Niaieaaneiio. Iiieii eco/aiey ?acaeoey ?onneie
a?aoeee aei XV a., ii enneaaeiaae oaeaea e nei?iienue XV—XVII aa. E?iia
oiai, A. E. Niaieaaneee cao?iioe aieaa oe?ieee e?oa aii?inia: ii
?anniao?eaae e eco/ae iaoa?eaeu e i?oaeey ienueia, aiaeyiua aoiaaeiua
ciaee, oi?iao e ia?aieao ?oeiienae, i?iaiaio, oe?aoaiey e aeaei?aoeaiia
ienueii.
A ia/aea XX a. auei iioaeeeiaaii aieueoia eiee/anoai iaeaia?aoe/aneeo
aeueaiiia, eiaaoeo i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea, ecaeaaaeenue e o/aaieee. Eo
aaoi?aie auee A.O. Ea?neee, E. A. Oeyieei, ?.O. A?aiaeo, I. I.
Ea?eineee. Ii ec o?oaeia aei?aaiethoeeiiiiai a?aiaie neaaeoao iniai
ioiaoeoue enneaaeiaaiey I.I. Eeoa/aaa e E.N. Aaeyaaa. Eeoa/aao
i?eiaaeeaaeeo caneoaa a ?ac?aaioea aii?inia, naycaiiuo n enoi?eae aoiaae
e aoiaaeiuo aiaeyiuo ciaeia. Ii nia?ae e iienae nauoa 4000 oaeeo ciaeia,
yaeythueony aaaeiaeoeie iiniaeyie aeey aeaoe?iaee ?oeiienae. A ioee/ea
io naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia I.I. Eeoa/aa auaeaeee aeeieiiaoe/aneoth, eee
aeieoiaioaeueioth, iaeaia?aoeth (aeou e aeaeii?iecaiaeeoaeueiua
aeieoiaiou) e oeacae niaoeeoeeo aa enneaaeiaaiey.
Eco/aieth nei?iiene iinayuaia ?aaioa E. N. Aaeyaaa, eioi?ay yaeyeanue
iaeaieaa oeaiiui iiniaeai ii eco/aieth yoiai oeia ienueia. Aaoi?
iiae?iaii iienae aiaoiee aeae aeieoiaioia, i?eaae i?eia?u ?acee/iuo
ia/a?oaiee eaaeaeie aoeau a nei?iiene XV—XVIII aa.
Iiaeaiaey eoia ?acaeoeth ?onneie iaeaia?aoee a aei?aaiethoeeiiiia a?aiy,
neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aeai?yinei-ao?aeoaciie enoi?e/aneie iaoeie aue
iaeiieai cia/eoaeueiue iaeaia?aoe/aneee iaoa?eae, eco/aii aieueoia
eiee/anoai ?oeiieniuo iaiyoieeia, naeaeaiu iiiuoee nicaeaiey iaueo
eo?nia. Iaeiaei iineaaeiea no?ieeenue ia aaca eaeaaeenoe/aneie
iaoiaeieiaee, aac o/aoa caeiiia enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Aei?aaiethoeeiiiua enneaaeiaaoaee ia i?eaeaaaee iaeaia?aoee
iauaenoi?e/aneiai cia/aiey; iie aeaeaee aa caaea/e a ?ac?aaioea /enoi
i?aeoe/aneeo iaaueia ?aaiou iaae ?oeiieniuie iaiyoieeaie. A eiioea XIX—
ia/aea XX a. ao?aeoacii-aeai?yineea o/aiua ioeacaeenue io eco/aiey
caeiiiia?iinoae ?acaeoey ienueiaiiinoe, /oi i?eaiaeeei iaeioi?uo o/aiuo
e i?aoaaee/aiiie ioeaiea ?acee/iuo oaeoi?ia, aicaeaenoaiaaaoeo ia oiae
yoiai i?ioeanna (iai?eia?, aeeyiea ienueiaiiinoe iaeiie no?aiu ia
ienueiaiiinoue ae?oaie auaeaeaaeinue ia ia?aia ianoi).
Iinea Aaeeeie Ieoya?ueneie nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee a nayce n
auno?ui ?acaeoeai enoi?e/aneie iaoee e oneeaieai aieiaiey niaaoneeo
o/aiuo ei anai aniiiiaaoaeueiui enoi?e/aneei aeenoeeieeiai iiyaeeny ?yae
oeaiiuo o?oaeia ii iaeaia?aoee. Aianoa n oai iaaei oeacaoue, /oi ia?aua
iaiauathuea ?aaiou, iaienaiiua aei ?aaiethoeee, ii auoaaeoea oaea a
ia?aua aiaeu Niaaoneie aeanoe, no?aaeaee iaoiaeieiae/aneeie
iaaeinoaoeaie, oa?aeoa?iuie aua aeey ao?aeoaciie iaoee. E oaeei ?aaioai
ioiinyony o?oaeu A.E. Uaieeia e A. O. Ea?neiai. A ieo ?ac?aaioaiu
iaoiaeu a?aoe/aneiai aiaeeca, aeaoe?iaee ?oeiienae ii niaieoiiinoe
i?eiao, i?eaaaeai aaaeiue ni?aai/iue iaoa?eae, ii ?acaeoea ienueiaiiinoe
ia ?anniao?eaaaony eae iauanoaaiiia yaeaiea.
A 20—40-a aa. nouanoaaiiue aeeaae a eco/aiea ?onneie iaeaia?aoee aianee
enneaaeiaaiey E. O. Eieanieeiaa (ii eco/aieth nei?iiene XV—XVIII aa.),
I. A?oiueneiai (ii eco/aieth aeaaieeoeu), I. I. Nia?aineiai (ii
eco/aieth oaeiiiene).
A 1947a. auoei o/aaiia iiniaea I. N. *aaaa e E.A. *a?aiieia «?onneay
iaeaia?aoey», eioi?ia auei iiaeaa?aiooi e?eoeea ca eceiaeaiea a iai
enoi?ee ienueiaiiinoe a io?uaa io enoi?ee yeiiiie/aneiai, nioeeaeueiiai,
iieeoe/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa. O/oy
i?aeoe/aneea caia/aiey, E. A. *a?aiiei iiaeaioiaee iiaue o/aaiee,
eioi?ue yaeyaony e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiei ec oeaiiuo iiniaee aeey
nooaeaioia-enoi?eeia. A yoii o?oaea aaoi? aiaeece?oao iaiyoieee ?onneie
ienueiaiiinoe aei aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX a., aeeth/ea ieiei 200
eeethno?aoeee, aini?iecaiaeyueo a?aoeeo, aoiaaeiua aiaeyiua ciaee e
?acee/iua ecia?aaeaiey ia ?oeiieniuo aeieoiaioao ?acee/iuo yiio.
A ia/aea 50-o aa. a enoi?ee ?onneie iaeaia?aoee i?iecioei e?oiiia
niauoea: i?e ?aneiieao ae?aaiaai Iiaai?iaea auee ioe?uou nioie
aa?anoyiuo a?aiio XI—XIV aa. e ia/aeinue eco/aiea eo ienueia. Aieueoie
aeeaae a eco/aiea iaeaia?aoee aianee ?aaiou A. A. A?oeeoianeiai e I. I.
Oeoiie?iaa.
N eiioea 60-o aa. ia/eiatho ?ac?aaaouaaoueny aii?inu iaeaia?aoee XIX—XX
aa., eioi?ua ?aiueoa ii/oe ia enneaaeiaaeenue. Iaeaia?aoee iiaiai
a?aiaie iinayuaia eieaa N.A. ?aena?a «Iaeaia?aoey e oaenoieiaey» (I.,
1970). Iaiauathuae ?aaioie, iiaeaiaeyuae eoiae aeinoeaeaiee niaaoneie
enoi?e/aneie iaoee a yoie iaeanoe, yaeyaony o/aaiia iiniaea I. I.
Oeoiie?iaa e A. A. Io?aaueaaa «?onneay iaeaia?aoey» (I., 1966).
Ia?aoiaey ei aoi?iio aii?ino «Aicieeiiaaiea ienueiaiiinoe o ainoi/iuo
neaayi», nooaeaioo neaaeoao ciaoue, /oi aa iiyaeaiea ioiineony e
ia?eiaeo noaiiaeaiey eeanniaiai iauanoaa. I?ioeann ?aceiaeaiey
ia?aiauoii-iaueiiuo ioiioaiee e ia?aciaaiey eeannia o ainoi/iuo neaayi
ia/eiaaony n IV a. e caaa?oaaony a IX a. onoaiiaeaieai oaiaeaeueiiai
niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?aciaaieai Ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa.
?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, iiyaeaiea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia
n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, oi?ie?iaaiea eeannia, ?acaeoea ?aianae,
oi?aiaee, neeaaeuaaiea ainoaea?noaa—ana yoi aucuaaei iio?aaiinoue a
?acaeoee ienueiaiiinoe. Aii?in i aa i?ienoiaeaeaiee e ia/aeueiuo yoaiao
?acaeoey yaeyaony i/aiue neiaeiui ec-ca iaaeinoaoea enoi/ieeia, a
iiyoiio aai iaeuecy n/eoaoue ieii/aoaeueii ?aoaiiui. Aeieaia a?aiy
ainiiaenoaiaaei oaaaeaeaiea, /oi ienueiaiiinoue i?eoea e ainoi/iui
neaayiai aianoa n i?eiyoeai eie o?enoeainoaa a eiioea O a. Ii iinoaiaiii
noaee iaeaieeaaoueny enoi/ieee, ii?iaa?aathuea oaeia i?aaenoaaeaiea.
Nia/aea neaayia, aeaeeii, eae e aieueoeinoai ae?oaeo ia?iaeia,
iieueciaaeenue ?enoieaie, ciaeaie-neiaieaie, o. a. o ieo nouanoaiaaei
?enoii/iia, eee ieeoia?aoe/aneia, ienueii. Ciaeaie aai neoaeeee «/a?ou»
e «?acu», ia iniiaa eioi?uo e aicieeei ae?aaiaa neaayineia ienueii.
I iaee/ee ia ?one ienueiaiiinoe aei i?eiyoey o?enoeainoaa
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho eiino?aiiua aaoi?u-iooaoanoaaiieee. Oae, aeeoaeue
ai?iaea Nieoie Eiinoaioei Oeeinio ii iooe a Oaca?eth aeaeae a Oa?niiana
aiaineoaeaaiua eieae, iaienaiiua «?onueneeie ienueiaiaie». Aieueoeinoai
o/aiuo iieaaatho, /oi yoeie ienueiaiaie, i?eiaiyaoeieny iaoeie i?aaeeaie
aua a IX a., auee a?a/aneea aoeau, i?eniiniaeaiiua e neaayineie ?a/e.
A?aaneee iooaoanoaaiiee e ienaoaeue eai-Oaaeeai ai a?aiy naiaai
i?aauaaiey o aieaeneeo aieaa? a ia/aea O a. e?ani/ii iienae iioi?iiu
ciaoiiai ?ona, oiiiyioa, /oi ia iiaeeueiii iaiyoieea auei iaienaii eiy
oia?oaai e eiy eiycy ?onia.
Oeaiii niiauaiea e ae?oaiai a?aaneiai o/aiiai e iooaoanoaaiieea ia/aea O
a. aeue-Ianoaee, ooaa?aeaeaaoaai, /oi ii iaia?oaeee a iaeiii ec ?onneeo
o?aiia i?i?i/anoai, ia/a?oaiiia ia eaiia. A ia?neaeneee o/aiue Oao?
aae-Aeei a ia/aea XIII a. niiauee, /oi oaca?neia ienueii i?ienoiaeeo io
?onneiai.
Oaenou aeiaiai?ia ?one n Aecaioeae, ioiinyueany e ia?aie iieiaeia O a.,
oaeaea iaii?iaa?aeeii aeieacuaatho, /oi ienueiaiiinoue auea
?ani?ino?aiaia aei ioeoeeaeueiiai i?eiyoey o?enoeainoaa. Iniaaiii
eioa?anii oeacaiea a aeiaiai?a 911a. i oii, /oi ?onue e Aecaioey e a
i?aaeuaeouaa a?aiy ?aoaee nii?iua aii?inu ia oieueei neiaanii, ii e
ienueiaiii.
Eneeth/eoaeueii aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey eco/aiey aii?ina i oa?aeoa?a
ae?aaia?onneie ienueiaiiinoe i?aaenoaaeyao iaoiaeea, naeaeaiiay a 1949
a. i?e ?aneiieao iaeiiai ec Aiacaeianeeo eo?aaiia ieiei Niieainea. Ia
iaeiii ec /a?aieia aeeiyiiai ninoaea, ioiinyuaainy ei aoi?ie /aoaa?oe O
a., o/aiui oaeaeinue i?i/eoaoue iaaeienue «ai?iooua» (o. a. ai?/eoea).
Yoa iaaeienue ia aucuaaao niiiaiey a oii, /oi ienueiaiiinoue o ainoi/iuo
neaayi iiyaeeanue aeiaieueii ?aii, a ?ani?ino?aiaiea a?aiioiinoe ia
?one, a oii /enea n?aaee i?inouo o?oaeiauo ethaeae, ainoiaeeo e
ia/aeueiui aeanyoeeaoeyi O a.
Iiae?iaiaa i i?ienoiaeaeaiee neaayineie ienueiaiiinoe nooaeaio iiaeao
i?i/eoaoue a ia?aie aeaaa oeacaiiiai auoa o/aaieea E. A. *a?aiieia.
I?ineaaeeaay ?acaeoea ienueiaiiinoe ia ?one, ioaeii inoaiiaeoueny ia
ae?aaianeaayineeo acaoeao (o?aoee aii?in).
Ae?aaiaeoea ainoi/ii-neaayineea ?oeiiene iaienaiu aeaoiy ?acee/iuie
aeoaaeoaie. Iaeei ec ieo iacuaaaony ee?eeeeoeae, ae?oaie — aeaaieeoeae.
Ee?eeeeoea iieo/eea naia iacaaiea io eiaie aecaioeeneiai ienneiia?a
Eiinoaioeia Oeeinioa, aeeoaey Nieoie, eioi?ue a iiiaoanoaa i?eiye eiy
Ee?eeea. Ee?eee e aai a?ao Iaoiaeee yaeeenue ninoaaeoaeyie neaayineie
acaoee. Neiai aeaaieeoea, iiaeiaii neiao aoeaeoea, icia/aao acaoeo
aiiaua.
Ee?eeeeoea ia?aiia/aeueii ninoiyea ec 43 aoea, aeaaieeoea — ec 39.
Aii?in i oii, /oi ae?aaiaa — ee?eeeeoea eee aeaaieeoea, aei neo ii? ia
?aoai ieii/aoaeueii. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua, eae, iai?eia?, niaaoneee
eeoa?aoo?iaaae e enoi?ee eoeueoo?u Ae.N. Eeoa/aa, iieaaatho, /oi
ainiiaenoaothuae ee?eeeeoea noaea eeoue a ioiineoaeueii aaeeiii
?aiiaoaiaeaeueiii Ae?aaia?onneii ainoaea?noaa. Aei yoiai ee?eeeeoea e
aeaaieeoea, oae aea eae e ae?oaea aeoaaeou, iiaee nouanoaiaaoue
iaeiia?aiaiii. A oeaeii aea aieueoeinoai o/aiuo n/eoaao, /oi aeaaieeoea
aicieeea ?aiueoa ee?eeeeoeu.
N ia/a?oaieai aoea ee?eeeianeiai aeoaaeoa e aeaaieeoeu nooaeaio iiaeao
iciaeiieoueny ii oeacaiiiio o/aaieeo E.A. *a?aiieia (n. 96—98).
Aaaeiie caaea/ae iaeaia?aoee yaeyaony eco/aiea eieaeiiai aeaea ia ?one
(iaoa?eaeia e i?oaeee ienueia)—4-e aii?in ieaia. Yoi iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue
aeey i?aaeeueiie aeaoe?iaee e onoaiiaeaiey iiaeeeiiinoe enoi?e/aneeo
aeieoiaioia.
Iaoa?eaeii aeey aieueoeinoaa ienueiaiiuo iaiyoieeia aei XIV a. neoaeee
ia?aaiaio, a a auoo oiio?aaeyeanue aa?anoa. Neiai «ia?aaiaio» aoiaeeo a
oiio?aaeaiea a ?inneeneii ainoaea?noaa oieueei n XVIII a. A Ae?aaiae
?one ii eiae iniaia iacaaiea «oa?ouey» (oa?oey). N XIV a. ia?aaiaio
iinoaiaiii auoaniyaony aoiaaie.
Naiue oiieee, ii i?i/iue ia?aaiaio iieo/aee ec eiaee iieiaeuo yaiyo.
Iaeiaei aeey auaeaeee ia?aaiaioa /aua anaai eniieueciaaeenue oaey/uee,
aa?aiuee e eiceeiua eiaee. Eo ouaoaeueii i?iiuaaee, ia?aaaouaaee
iioaoii, /enoeee aioo?aiithth e aiaoithth noi?iiu, iaoe?aee iaeii aeey
oaeaeaiey aee?a, ia?aaaouaaee iaicie, ?anoyaeaaee ia ?aia aeey i?inooee
e, iaeiiaoe, ?acaee ia eenou.
A auoo, eae iieacaee ?aneiiee a Iiaai?iaea, Niieainea e ae?oaeo
ai?iaeao, oiio?aaeyee aa?anoo. I?oaeeai ienueia ia iae neoaeeea
iaoaeee/aneay eee einoyiay iaei/ea, eioi?ie iaiineee oaeno. N
niaea?aeaieai e a?aoeeie aa?anoyiuo a?aiio nooaeaio iiaeao iciaeiieoueny
ii eieaa A.E. ssieia «ss iineae oaaa aa?anoo…» (IAO, 1975).
Ia ia?aaiaioa e aoiaaa ienaee /a?ieeaie, eiaaoeie ia ?onneeo ?oeiienyo
ei?e/iaaue eee ao?ue oeaao. A oeie/aneee ninoaa /a?iee aoiaeeee niee
aeaeaca e aeoaeeueiua aauanoaa. A ea/anoaa iineaaeieo i?eiaiyeenue
iau/ii oae iacuaaaiua /a?ieeueiua i?aoee (ia?inou ia eenoueyo aeoaa).
Oiio?aaeyeenue oaeaea /a?ieea ec naaee e ioaa?a aeoaiaie ei?u. Aeey
i?inooee iaaeienae eniieueciaaee eaa?oeaaue ianie, eioi?ui iinuiaee
?oeiienue.
Iiieii /a?iee, i?eiaiyeenue e e?anee, iniaaiii e?aniay, aeey caaieiaeia
eee caaeaaiuo aoea, a eiiaaea e aeey ia?auo no?ie. Ionthaea i?ienoiaeyo
au?aaeaiey «e?aniay no?iea», «?oa?eea» (io eaoeineiai neiaa ?oaa?, o. a.
e?aniue). E?aneo (eeiiaa?ue eee no?ee) ?acaiaeeee aeaaiui ia?acii ia
ye/iii aaeea, /oiau iia auea i?i/iaa. E?iia e?aniie, oiio?aaeyeanue
caeaiay eee neiyy e?anea, ii cia/eoaeueii ?aaea. Ienueii /a?ieeaie e
e?aneaie ia auei iaeiia?aiaiiui i?ioeannii. Nia/aea ienaee /a?ieeaie, a
aeey e?aniuo aoea e no?ie inoaaeyeenue ianoa, caiieiyaoeany iicaea. Aeey
iniai oeaiiuo ?oeiienae i?eiaiyeinue cieioi — eenoiaia e oai?aiia.
Cieioua eenoeee i?eeeaeaaeenue e ia?aaiaioo eee aoiaaa, a oai?aiia
cieioi oiio?aaeyeinue a aeaea e?anee e i?aaenoaaeyei niaie ii?ioie,
niaoaiiue n eeaeeeie aauanoaaie. Na?aa?i a ?oeiieniuo iaiyoieeao
ano?a/aaony e?aeia ?aaeei.
Ia anao ?onneeo ?oeiienyo ienaee i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ia?aaioaiiuie
aoneiuie, ?aaea eaaaaeeiuie ia?ueyie. Nia/aea ia?i» /oiau naeaeaoue aai
oi?oaei e oaeaeeoue aee?, aoueaee a ai?y/ee ianie eee cieo, caoai eii/ee
ia?a i/eiyee, a a na?aaeeia aeaeaee iaaieueoie ?anuai. (Aeey i/eiee
oiio?aaeyee ia?i/eiiue iiae, iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiyaoee e ?ieue eanoeea.)
Aeey ienueia e?aneaie eniieueciaaee eenoe. A XVII a. ia/eiatho
iiyaeyoueny e ea?aiaeaoe.
N XIV a. ia?aaiaio noae auoaniyoueny aoiaaie. Aa i?eaiceee ec Eoaeee,
O?aioeee, Aa?iaiee, a oaeaea n Ainoiea (Naia?eaiae). Iiyaeaoayny ia?aie
eoaeueyineay aoiaaa e eiioeo XIV a. auoaniyaony o?aioeocneie, iieo/eaoae
iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a XV—XVI aa., eioi?ay a naith i/a?aaeue n
eiioea XV a. onooiaao ianoi iaiaoeeie. Iiiuoea iaeaaeeoue nianoaaiiia
I?iecaiaenoai aoiaae ioiineony e XI—XVIII aa.
Aei ooaa?aeaeaiey a XIX a. iaoeiiiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa aoiaae iia
ecaioiaeyeanue a?o/ioth neaaeothuei niiniaii. Aieieienoue iaoa?eae ec
eueiyiiai eee iaiueeiaiai o?yiuey aa?eee n cieie e ecaanoueth, i?iiuaaee
e ?aciaeuaaee. Iieo/aiioth eaoeoeaia?acioth iaeeiaieieienooth ianno
iia?oaeaee a /ai n aiaeie e caoai /a?iaee ioooaea niaoeeaeueiie oi?iie a
aeaea i?yiioaieueieea n iaoyiooie ia iai i?iaiei/iie naoeie. I?e yoii
aiaea noaeaea, a ianna caaea?aeeaaeanue ia naoea, e aunuoaea.
Neaaeaaoeeny oiieee aoiaaeiue neie ecaeaeaee e iiaeaa?aaee
auaeaaeeaaieth e eiuaieth. Aeey oiai /oiau eeno aoiaae noae aeanoeei e
ia i?iioneae /a?ieea, aai iia?oaeaee a ?anoai? aeaeaoeia,
i?eaioiaeyaoaainy ec ?iaia e eiiuo aeeaioiuo. Iau/ii ia naoea oi?iu
aeaeaee eaeie-ieaoaeue ?enoiie ec i?iaieiee (aeaa e?oaa, ia?ana/aiiua
eeieae, ei?aaeee, aonue, ia?/aoea, i?ae, ?iaeie e ae?.). A ?acoeueoaoa
ia eenoa inoaaaeinue aeaeeiia ia naao ecia?aaeaiea ?enoiea, iacuaaaiia
aiaeyiui ciaeii eee oeeea?aiueth. Iaee/ea ia aoiaaa oaeeo ciaeia neoaeeo
aeey enoi?eea aaaeiui aeaoe?othuei i?eciaeii.
Iaeaia?aoey anoue aniiiiaaoaeueiay aeenoeeieeia enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai
?ac?yaea, enneaaeothuay ienueiaiiua iaiyoieee n aiaoiae noi?iiu n
oeaeueth ii?aaeaeeoue a?aiy e ianoi eo aicieeiiaaiey. Neaayii-?onneay
iaeaia?aoey ?anniao?eaaao ienueiaiiinoue o?ao i?aaineaaiuo neaayineeo
ia?iaeia: na?aia, aieaa? e ?onneeo. Anee ?acoiaoue iiae ienueiaiiui
iaiyoieeii anyeia c?eoaeueiia au?aaeaiea /aeiaa/aneie iunee ia
iiaa?oiinoyo, oi a iaeanoue iaeaia?aoee aieaeoo, e?iia iaiyoieeia
eeoa?aoo?u, oaeaea aeeieiiaoe/aneea iaiyoieee, iiiaou, ia/aoe, a ?aaii
iaaeiene, ?acaiua ia eaiia e eiii oaa?aeii iaoa?eaea. E?iia oiai, i?e
oaeii ii?aaeaeaiee a noa?o iaeaia?aoee aioee au e ana iaiyoieee
aeeaiiene, a ec iaiyoieeia aayiey – ana aa?aeueaou. Ana ia?a/eneaiiua
?ac?yaeu iaiyoieeia niaea?aeao /aeiaa/aneoth iuneue, au?aaeaiioth
c?eoaeueiuie ciaeaie ia iiaa?oiinoyo. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iiaeii aiai?eoue
i iaeaia?aoee eneonnoaa, eiay a aeaeo, /oi noeeue e niaea?aeaiea
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oi?i iaiythony ii yiioai e no?aiai e oaeei ia?acii
ioaa/atho ia aii?inu eiaaea? e aaea? Ii iaueiiaaiii iaeaia?aoeth
ia?aie/eaatho enneaaeiaaieai ciaeia /aeiaa/aneiai ycuea, iaiineiuo ia
iiaa?oiinoue eaeei-ieaoaeue e?anyuei aauanoaii. Oaeia ia?aie/aiea /enoi
eneonnoaaiiia, ii aea/ao ca niaith i/aiue i?aeoe/aneoth eeanneoeeaoeeth
iaoa?eaea: ienueiaiiua iaiyoieee ia?aciua eee /aeaiiua, iaoiaeeiua ia
?aciuo auoiauo i?aaeiaoao, iooiaeyo a iaeanoue yiea?aoeee; iaeaia?aoey
aaaeaao oieueei ?oeiiene e eieae. Iaoa?eae iaaeo aeenoeeieei ec
i?aeoe/aneeo niia?aaeaiee iiaeaa?aaaony aua aeaeueiaeoaio ia?aie/aieth:
iiiaou e ia/aoe (a eioi?uo a nouiinoe eco/athony ia auioeeua ciaee
iooeneia, a ia?aciua ciaee eo ooaiiia) auaeaeythony a iniaua
aeenoeeieeiu – ioieciaoeeo e no?aaenoeeo, a iecaiiua aeeieiiaoe/aneea e
th?eaee/aneea iaiyoieee (a?aiiou) enneaaeothony aeeieiiaoeeie; ana yoi
iaiyoieee, neoaeauea ia aunoei aeooiaiui oeaeyi, a ?acee/iui oeaeyi
i?aeoe/aneei. Ioieciaoeea, no?aaenoeea e aeeieiiaoeea auaeaeaiu a iniaua
aeenoeeieeiu a ea/anoaa aniiiiaaoaeueiuo ioaeaeia enoi?ee, iie neoaeao e
onoaiiaeaieth eeoe, niauoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e ioiioaiee i?ioeiai e, oaeei
ia?acii, enneaaeotho naie iaiyoieee ia oieueei n aiaoiae noi?iiu. N
aiaoiae noi?iiu oa aea iaiyoieee ia ia?anoatho auoue iauaeoii yiea?aoeee
e iaeaia?aoee, eioi?ua neoaeao aniiiiaaoaeueiuie aeenoeeieeiaie aeey
anao iaoe enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai ?ac?yaea. A oe?ieii niunea neiaa
iauai iaeaia?aoee ii?aaeaeyaony aeaaiui ia?acii aa iniiaiie oeaeueth:
auyniaieai a?aiaie e ianoa aicieeiiaaiey ienueiaiiuo iaiyoieeia
/aeiaa/aneie ?a/e. I?aeoe/aneay iio?aaiinoue auaeaeeoue yiea?aoeeo a
iniaoth aeenoeeieeio neacaeanue aeaaiui ia?acii a eeanne/aneie oeeieiaee
aneaaenoaea iaeeey aeioaaeoeo aei ian aioe/iuo iaaeienae e ia?aie/aiiiai
eiee/anoaa aeioaaeoeo aioe/iuo ?oeiienae. A neaayineie oeeieiaee
iaaethaeaaony eae ?ac ia?aoiia.
Iu iacuaaai iaeaia?aoeth aeenoeeieeiie, a ia iaoeie
enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai oeeeea. Iu enoiaeei i?e yoii ec noa?iai
ii?aaeaeaiey “iaoea anoue nenoaia ciaiey, aeathuay iai aiciiaeiinoue
i?aaeneacuaaoue aoaeouaa”. Iaeaia?aoey anoue nenoaia ciaiey, ii iia
ia?auaia e i?ioeiio e eiaao naiae eneeth/eoaeueiie oeaeueth ioaaoeoue ia
aii?inu, aaea e eiaaea aiciee ienueiaiiue iaiyoiee. ?yaeii n
iaeaia?aoeae e ia oii aea iaoa?eaea noieo iaoea enoi?ee ienueiai, iaoea,
ioaeaeathuay iauea caeiiu, ii eioi?ui ?acaeaaaony c?eoaeueiia
iaicia/aiea /aeiaa/aneie iunee. Enoi?ey ienueiai i?aaeneacuaaao
iineaaeiaaoaeueiua caaiuey yoiai ?acaeoey e aeaeaao oeacaiey i oii, a
eaeii iai?aaeaiee aeieaeiu ?acaeaaoueny nouanoaothuea aeoaaeou e
i?oia?aoee. Anee ia?yaeo n iaiauathueie iaoeaie ?acee/aoue oaeaea iaoee
?aaeno?e?othuea, oi ia?yaeo n enoi?eae ienueiai aeieaeia auoue
iinoaaeaia aiaoiyy enoi?ey ienueiaiiinoe, niaea?aeauay enoi?eth ?oeiiene
e eieae.
Nianoaaiiue iaoiae iaeaia?aoee ninoieo ec eiaeoeoeaiuo, iaiauathueo
iaaethaeaiee iaae ienueiaiiuie ciaeaie ?oeiienae aeaoe?iaaiiuo e ec
aeaaeoeoeaiuo i?eiaiaiee iaaethaeaiiiai e ?oeiienyi iaaeaoe?iaaiiui:
?oeiiene ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie (aeaoe?iaaiiua) i?eaiaeyony a
o?iiieiae/aneee ii?yaeie, e ciaee eo eco/athony a naiai iiyaeaiee,
eciaiaiee, en/aciiaaiee e caiaia ae?oaeie ciaeaie; i?e yoii
iaia?oaeeaaaony, /oi ecaanoiua oeiu ioaeaeueiuo aoea. e ae?oaeo ciaeia,
ecaanoiua nie?auaiey, ecaanoiua iauea iniaaiiinoe ii/a?ea, ecaanoiua
oe?aoaiey naienoaaiiu eneeth/eoaeueii oie eee ae?oaie yiioa e oaeei
ia?acii iicaieytho ioee/eoue yoo yiioo io aeeaeaeoae i?aaeoanoaothuae e
aeeaeaeoae iineaaeothuae. Iaaeaoe?iaaiiua ?oeiiene n ecaanoiiai ?iaea
i?eiaoaie ioiinyony iaeaia?aoii e oie yiioa, eioi?ay eiaao oa aea
i?eiaou a ?oeiienyo aeaoe?iaaiiuo. Yoa “yiioa” iiaeao caeeth/aoue a naaa
aeanyoeeaoea, /aoaa?oue aaea, aae, ianeieueei aaeia, iiaeao ioiineoueny
ei anae oa??eoi?ee aeaiiie ienueiaiiinoe eee oieueei e eaeie-ieaoaeue
/anoe yoie oa??eoi?ee. Oaeei ia?acii, aeiauaaaiua iaeaia?aoii i?eiaou
auaatho aieaa oe?ieeie e aieaa oceeie. ssnii, /oi iaeaieaa oceea i?eiaou
nooue a oi aea a?aiy e iaeaieaa oeaiiua, eai iie niaea?aeao iaeaieaa
oi/ioth aeaoo. Eae oe?ieea, oae e oceea iaeaia?aoe/aneea i?eiaou
inoathony i?eiaoaie iaueie, o.a. nenoaiaoe/anee a ecaanoioth yiioo
iiaoi?ythueieny. I?eiaou /anoiua eee neo/aeiua, naienoaaiiua
ioaeaeueiiio iaiyoieeo e aia aai ia ano?a/aaiua, ioia/athony iaeaia?aoii
eae oaeou, iaeeaeathuea iauyniaiey, ii iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
iaoiaeieiae/aneiai cia/aiey iie ia eiatho. ssnii, /oi iiae i?eiaoaie iu
?acoiaai “anyeea aiaoiea ciaee, niaea?aeauea einaaiiia oeacaiea ia a?aiy
e ianoi”. A caiaaeiie iaeaia?aoee i?eiaou iacuaathony aeaoaie. Ii iu
nio?aiyai neiai “aeaoa” a aai ia?aiia/aeueiii niunea: “oeeo?iaua ciaee,
niaea?aeauea i?yiia oeacaiea ia a?aiy aicieeiiaaiey iaiyoieea”.
Iaeaia?aoe/aneee iaoiae iniiaai ia oii iauai iaaethaeaiee enoi?ee
ienueiai, /oi iauai?eiyoua ciaee ienueiaiiinoe ia inoathony iaeciaiiuie:
yoe ciaee iiaeaa?aeaiu yaiethoeee e “?aaiethoeee”: iie eee iinoaiaiii
eciaiythony, eee auno?i niaiythony ciaeaie nouanoaaiii eiiai oa?aeoa?a –
caeinoaiaaieyie ni noi?iiu eee ec i?ioeiai eee aiiaue ecia?aoaiiuie.
Neaayii-?onneay iaeaia?aoey ciaao ianeieueei “?aaiethoeeiiiuo” yiio:
yiioo caiaiu aeaaieeoeu ee?eeeeoeae (X-XII aa.), yiioo thaineaayineiai
aeeyiey a ?innee (e XIV-XV aa.), yiioo aaaaeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai aeoaaeoa
(ia/. XVIII a.). Ia ana ciaee ienueiaiiinoe iaeeiaeiai niiniaiu e
yaiethoeee; oae, iai?eia?, e e e iaei iaiyeenue a oa/aiea
neaayii-?onneie ienueiaiiinoe, a / iaiyeinue aacinoaiiai/ii ii yiioai e
ii oa??eoi?eyi. Iaeaieaa eciai/eaua ciaee aeatho iaeaia?aoo e iaeaieaa
oeaiiua i?eiaou o?iiieiae/aneea e oa??eoi?eaeueiua.
Anaai iieiaa iaeaia?aoe/aneei iaoiaeii ii?aaeaeyaony a?aiy aicieeiiaaiey
ienueiaiiuo iaiyoieeia, ai?acaei iaiaa iieii e ai?acaei iaiaa oi/ii
ii?aaeaeyaony ei ianoi aicieeiiaaiey ia-iyoieeia. Eiia/ii, ?ani?aaeaeyy
oi/ii aeaoe?iaaiiua ?oeiiene iaeiie e oie aea ienueiaiiinoe ii
oa??eoi?eyi eo aicieeiiaaiey, iu aeaeaai iauea auaiaeu oaeaea e
ioiineoaeueii ianoiuo, oa??eoi?eaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae a?aoeee. Ii
oa??eoi?eaeueiua i?eiaou aeaeaei ia oae iiiai/eneaiiu e aacioeai/iu, eae
i?eiaou o?iiieiae/aneea, eai a iaeiie e oie aea ienueiaiiinoe
i?ienoiaeeo acaeiiaeaenoaea ianoiuo iniaaiiinoae, i?e/ai iaeie ianoiua
iniaaiiinoe en/acatho, ae?oaea ia?aie/eaatho naith oa??eoi?eth eee
?ani?ino?aiythony ca aa i?aaeaeu. A iineaaeiai neo/aa iaeia e oa aea
a?aoe/aneay iniaaiiinoue ianeieueei ?aiaa oa?aeoa?ecoao iaeio
oa??eoi?eth, ianeieueei iicaeiaa – eioth. Oae, iai?eia?, a ?innee
caeaiue eiei?eo i?iaiaioa a XIII a. ?ani?ino?aiai ii anae oa??eoi?ee, a
XIV – oieueei aia Iiaai?iaeneiai ainoaea?noaa. Oi aea eiaao ianoi,
eiaaea ienueiaiiinoue iaeiiai ia?iaea aeeyao ia ienueiaiiinoue ae?oaiai:
a?aoe/aneea yaeaiey, n ecaanoiui iiicaeaieai, ia?aoiaeyo ec iaeiie
ienueiaiiinoe a ae?oaoth. A neaayii-?onneie iaeaia?aoee iineaaeiee
neo/ae i/aiue ?ani?ino?aiai, oae eae aei oo?aoeeiai eaa e iaaeaiey
thaineaayineeo ainoaea?noa ?onneay a?aoeea ia ia?anoaaaea eniuouaaoue
aeeyiey a?aoeee thaineaayineie, e ii a?aiaiai yoe aeeyiey noaiiaeeenue
i/aiue neeueiu (X-XI e XIV-XV aa.). Onoaiiaeaii, /oi oaeea
caeinoaiaaiiua iniaaiiinoe a?aoeee a ?onneie ienueiaiiinoe neacuaathony
n?aaeiei /eneii ia 100 eao iicaeiaa, /ai iie aicieeaee o thaeiuo neaayi.
Yoio n?aaeiee n?ie onoaiiaeai yiie?e/anee ia iniiaaiee aeioaaeoeo aei
ian ?oeiienae, e ii aiana ia icia/aao, /oi ?onnei-aaeeaineea niioaiey
auee ?aaeee eee iaaeeaiiu. Aeaei iauyniyaony oai, /oi ia?aua iieieaiey
?oeiienae, caeeth/aaoea iiaoth i?eiaoo, auee iaiiiai/eneaiiu e iioiio ia
aeioee aei ian, a aeioaaeoea iiiai/eneaiiua ?oeiiene n oith aea i?eiaoie
ioiinyony, i/aaeaeii, e oaeie yiioa, eiaaea aeaiiay i?eiaoa oniaea
?ani?ino?aieoueny ii ?onneie oa??eoi?ee. Oaeei ia?acii, a?aiy ooiaeeei
ia noieueei ia ia?aiin, neieueei ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iiauo i?eiao ii
iaoe?iie ?onneie oa??eoi?ee n ?aca?inaiiuie ii iae eoeueoo?iuie i/aaaie.
Eae au oi ie auei, a ?onneie iaeaia?aoee iiiai oaeeo a?aoe/aneeo i?eiao,
eioi?ua aaeii ?aiaa oaea ecaanoiu o thaeiuo neaayi: oae, iai?eia?,
iaeiinoi?iiiee ianeiiao?e/iue ia/a?e / oeacuaaao ia Aieaa?eth e Na?aeth
XIV a. e ia ?inneth XV a. I?e oaeeo oneiaeyo iaoiaeieiae/anee
iaiaoiaeeii: nia/aea onoaiiaeoue ianoi iaienaiey ?oeiiene, iioii – a?aiy
aa iaienaiey. Ianoi iaienaiey thaineaayineie eee ?onneie ?oeiiene
onoaiaaeeaaaony ia iniiaaiee aa ycuea, e oieueei iinea yoiai iu iieo/aai
aiciiaeiinoue noaeeoue, ia eaeoth yiioo oeacuaaao a iae, iai?eia?,
ia/a?oaiea /. Oaeei ia?acii, ia iaeei ec aeaoo iniiaiuo naieo aii?inia
neaayii-?onneay iaeaia?aoey ioaa/aao ia nianoaaiiui iaoiaeii, a n
iiiiuueth eeiaaenoeee, i /ai iiae?iaiaa aiai?eony ianeieueei ieaea, a
aeaaa ia ecaiaeao, eee ?aaeaeoeeyo. Caiaoei caeanue, /oi a oaeie
ienueiaiiinoe, eae oea?eiaiineaayineay, aaea eaaeaeue ienaoe aiinee a
oaeno iniaaiiinoe naiaai aiai?a, eeiaaenoeea iaueiiaaiii aanueia oi/ii
ii?aaeaeyao ?iaeiie ycue ienoea e yoei niiniaii a a?iiaaeiii
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa oeacuaaao e ianoi iaienaiey ?oeiiene, o.a. ia
iniiaaiee aa?iyoiinoe iu i?eieiaai eae i?aaeei, /oi ?oeiienue,
niaea?aeauay na?aeciu, ienaia ia na?aneie oa??eoi?ee, niaea?aeauay
?oneciu – ia ?onneie e o.ae. Ia i?aeoeea eneeth/aiey ec yoiai i?aaeea
aeaenoaeoaeueii i/aiue ?aaeee, e aeaaiia eneeth/aiea ninoieo a oii, /oi
na?a, aieaa?ei e ?onneee ienaoe iiaee ienaoue ia ia naiae ?iaeeia, a a
iaeiii ec Aoiineeo iiianou?ae, eee ?onneee ienaoe – a Eiinoaioeiiiiea,
aaea aei iaaeaiey ai?iaea nouanoaiaaea aeayoaeueiay ?onneay eieiiey.
Eeiaaenoeea ia?aaeei a?inaao naao e ia a?aiy aicieeiiaaiey iaiyoieea, ii
yoe aa oeacaiey ia eiatho aieueoie oi/iinoe aneaaenoaea iaee/iinoe
iiiai/eneaiiuo ia?aaeeaaiee eae a ienueiaiiinoe, oae io/anoe e a naiii
ycuea, iai?eia? a neiaa?a.
Oae eae nianoaaiiue iaoiae iaeaia?aoee n?aaieoaeueii ocie, yoa
aeenoeeieeia aeey iiaa?ee naieo auaiaeia oe?iei iieuecoaony iiiiuueth
inoaeueiuo io?aneae enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneeo ciaiee. Eae iu aeaeaee,
iniaaiii aaaeia aeey iaeaia?aoa iiiiuue eeiaaenoeee. Iiiiuueth enoi?ee
eneonnoa iaeaia?ao iieuecoaony i?e enneaaeiaaiee i?iaiaioia e ieieaoth?,
iaoiaeeiuo a ienueiaiiuo iaiyoieeao, a ii oaniie nayce iaaeaeo
neaayii-?onneie ieieaoth?ie e eeiiiienueth ii i?eaaaaao e e oeacaieyi
yoie iineaaeiae. Iiiiuueth enoi?ee iaeaia?ao iieuecoaony, enneaaeoy
eaoiienue (o.a. caienue i a?aiaie iaienaiey ?oeiiene) e ?acee/iua
ae?oaea caiene aa (aeaaeaeue/aneea, aeeaaeiua, eoi/ea, i?iaeaaeiua,
iaiyoiua), a ?aaii oiiieiaaiua a caienyo eee a naiii oaenoa iaiyoieea
enoi?e/aneea eiaia e ecaeaeay ec ieo aeaou. Iaoiaeii aeeieiiaoeee
iaeaia?ao iieuecoaony, iiaa?yy oi?ioeu caienae, iaoiaeii enoi?ee
eeoa?aoo?u – ii?aaeaeyy ninoaa ienueiaiiiai iaiyoieea e a?aiy
aicieeiiaaiey aoiaeyueo a iaai eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaiee. Ai anao yoeo
neo/ayo iaeaia?ao, i/aaeaeii, ia ia?aie/eaaaony eco/aieai iaeiie oieueei
aiaoiae noi?iiu ienueiaiiuo iaiyoieeia, o.a. auoiaeeo ec i?aaeaeia
nianoaaiiiai iaoiaea naiae iaoee. Ii /ueath au iiiiuueth ie iieueciaaeny
iaeaia?ao, ii anthaeo aiineo e naie nianoaaiiue iaoiae, ii noa?aaony
oaeou enoi?ee, eeoa?aoo?u, eneonnoaa i?eaanoe a naioth no?iaoth
o?iiieiae/aneoth eee oa??eoi?eaeueioth eeanneoeeaoeeth, /oiau iieo/eoue
ioaao ia iniiaiua aii?inu iaeaia?aoee: aaea? e eiaaea?
I?e yoii iaeaia?ao iinoiyiii eiaao a aeaeo, /oi iaoa?eae, eioi?ue
enneaaeotho iaoee enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai oeeeea, caeeth/aao a naaa
iiiai/eneaiiua ia?aaeeaaiey: i?iaiaio ?onneie ?oeiiene iiaeao
caeeth/aoue a naaa iioeau XIV e XV aa., aa oaeno – noaouee XI, XII e
XIII aa.; eee i?iaiaio iiaeao eiaoue io/anoe aieaa noa?ue
thaineaayineee, io/anoe aieaa iicaeiee ?onneee eiei?eo, a oaeno –
niaea?aeaoue noaouee na?aneea, aieaa?neea e ?onneea, aicieeoea ia
iaeiia?aiaiii. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ianoa e a?aiaie iaienaiey iaeaia?ao
aneaaenoaea yoiai aeieaeai acaaneoue ana i?eiaou e ?oeiaiaeeoueny naiie
iineaaeiae aeaoie: aeaoie naiiai iicaeiaai ec ia/a?eia (o.a. aoeaaiiuo
ia/a?oaiee), a ?aaii naiiai iicaeiaai ec ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo iioeaia eee
eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaiee, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo a ?oeiiene, anee aeaei eaeao
i a?aiaie; naiie iineaaeiae eeiaaenoe/aneie aeaoie (o.a. aiai?ii
iineaaeiaai ia?aien/eea), anee aeaei eaeao i ianoa iaienaiey.
Ii?aaeaeaiea iiaeaeaeee i?iecaiaeeony oai aea niiniaii e anoue eeoue
/anoiue neo/ae ioaaoa ia aii?inu aaea? e eiaaea? Oae, iai?eia?,
iaaeienue (eiioea XVI a.), niaea?aeauay o?e ia/a?ea a: ? (ae?aaiee), ?
(n?aaeiee), A (iicaeiee), eee i?eiaaeeaaeeo eeoianei-?onneiio
ainoaea?noao, aaea ia/a?e A aeaenoaeoaeueii iiyaeyaony a eiioea XVI a.,
eee aea yoa iaaeienue (a oii neo/aa, anee naia iia ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi
aicieeea a Iineianeii ainoaea?noaa) anoue iiaeaeaeea, eai a Iineianeii
ainoaea?noaa A iiyaeyaony oieueei a Iao?ianeoth yiioo. Aiciiaeai,
eiia/ii, e o?aoee neo/ae: iaaeienue iiaea auoue naeaeaia a Iineaa
caiaaeii?onneei eee thaeii?onneei auoiaeoeai; ii aia yiioe oneeaiiiai
thai-caiaaeiiai aeeyiey a Iineaa (e XVII a.) o?aoee neo/ae yaeeny au
i/aiue ?aaeeith aiciiaeiinoueth, eioi?oth iaeaia?ao iaycai
iiaeoaa?aeeoue i?eiaoaie ycuea, eee ecaiaea, naiie iaaeiene.
?acee/iua iaoee enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai ?ac?yaea, iniaaiii enoi?ey e
enoi?ey eeoa?aoo?u, eiiaaea aeaoe?otho ?oeiienue n oaeith oi/iinoueth,
eioi?ay iaaeinooiia aeey iaoiaea iaeaia?aoee. Oae, iai?eia?, Neiiaeee
(eieaa iiieiaiee), caeeth/athuay a oea?neeo iiieiaieyo ienaiiia ia?aui,
ae?aaiaeoei ii/a?eii eiy Iao?a Aaeeeiai, a aoi?ui, iicaeiaeoei ii/a?eii
– eiy Aeaoa?eiu I, aiciee, i/aaeaeii, iaaeaeo 1725 e 1727 aa.
Ianyoeaneia, ianoaeueiue oeacaoaeue eioi?iai ia/eiaaony n 1672 a.,
ienai, aa?iyoii, a yoii aiaeo eee i?aaeuaeouai. Eiiaaea a?aiy oi/ii
ii?aaeaeyaony eaoiienueth iaiyoieea (o.a. caienueth naiiai ienoea i
a?aiaie iaienaiey iaiyoieea), eioi?ay ia niaea?aeeo aiaea, ii oiiieiaao
aeaa enoi?e/aneeo eeoea, ninouanoaiaaiea eee niaianoiay aeayoaeueiinoue
eioi?uo i?iaeieaeaeanue iaiiiaea aiaeu; oaeie neo/ae i?aaenoaaeyee au
aeieoiaio eee iaaeienue, niaea?aeauay ?yaeii eiaia ei?iey iieueneiai
Aeaaeeneaaa (anooiee ia i?anoie a 1632 a.) e iao?ea?oa Oeea?aoa Ieeeoe/a
(oi. 1633). Nai?iee, niaea?aeauee noaouee ecaanoiiai ienaoaey,
i/aaeaeii, ienai ia ?aiaa ecaanoiiai aiaea; yecaiiey? aeeoey,
niaea?aeauee naaaeaiea i /oaea 1690 a., i/aaeaeii, ienai ia ?aiaa yoiai
aiaea e o.ae. Oaeei ia?acii, iaaeaoe?iaaiiua ?oeiiene n iiiiuueth
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iaoe iiaoo iieo/eoue oi/ioth aeaoo e oaaee/eoue /enei
?oeiienae ii?aaeaeaiiuo eao.
Acaaoeaay i?eiaou iaiyoieea – iaeaia?aoe/aneea, ooaeiaeanoaaiiua,
enoi?e/aneea e ae?oaea, iaeaia?ao n?aaieaaao eo e iaoiaeeo, /oi yoe
i?eiaou eeai i?inoi iiaeoaa?aeaeatho ae?oa ae?oaa, eeai ia?aie/eaatho
ae?oa ae?oaa, eeai ae?oa ae?oao i?ioeai?a/ao. Oae, iai?eia?, ia?aaiaio e
iniaue ii/a?e, iacuaaaiue onoaaii, iiaeoaa?aeaeatho ae?oa ae?oaa,
iaeeiaeiai oeacuaay ia ia?aua /aou?a aaea ?onneie ienueiaiiinoe (XI-XIV
aa.); ia?aaiaio e ii/a?e, iacuaaaiue iieoonoaaii, acaeiii ia?aie/eaatho
ae?oa ae?oaa: ia?aaiaio oeacuaaao ia XI-XIV aa. e iaeneioi ia ia/aei XV,
a iieoonoaa – ia yiioo n eiioea XIV ii ia/aei XVIII a.; oaeei ia?acii,
aianoa yoe i?eiaou oeacuaatho ia eiiaoe XIV e ia/aei XV a.
Acaeiiia?aie/aiea i?eiao anoue iaeaieaa auaiaeiue neo/ae aeey
iaeaia?aoa, oae eae i?e yoii oneiaee aeaoa ?oeiiene ii?aaeaeyaony anaai
oi/iaa. I?ioeai?a/ey aeieaeiu auoue i?eie?aiu eaeei-ieaoaeue aa?iyoiui
i?aaeiieiaeaieai. Oae, iai?eia?, ia?aaiaio e iicaeiyy nei?iienue
i?ioeai?a/ao ae?oa ae?oao, oae eae ia?aue oeacuaaao ia XI- XIV aa.,
iineaaeiyy – ia XVI-XVIII aa.; yoi i?ioeai?a/ea i?eie?yaony
oiio?aaeaieai ia?aaiaioa aeey a?aiio e a iicaeiaa a?aiy eee aea
i?aaeiieiaeaieai, /oi i?aae iaie caienue, naeaeaiiay a iicaeiaa a?aiy ia
naiaiaeiie no?aieoea noa?ie ia?aaiaiiie ?oeiiene. Eiiaaea aeaoa
ieacuaaaony noa?oa, /ai iiaeii au iaeeaeaoue, noaey ii ii/a?eo: – yoi
iiaeao cia/eoue, /oi ia?aae iaie nienie, aini?iecaiaeyuee eaoiienue
naiaai i?eaeiaea. Eiiaaea ii/a?e eaaeaony noa?oa aeaou, eioi?ay /eoaaony
a ?oeiiene: yoi iiaeao cia/eoue, /oi i?aae iaie ii/a?e en/acathuaai
iieieaiey, /oi ?oeiienue ienaia noa?eeii; iaeaey a eaoiiene, /oi ienoeii
aue eaoiai eee aieneii, iu iaoiaeei iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea iaoae aeiaaaeee.
Eiiaaea ienaoe ia?i/ii a?oaecoao naie ii/a?e, – anee ii aeiiieiyao aieaa
ae?aaithth ?oeiienue, oo?aoeaooth ianeieueei eenoia, eee anee ii
eiie?oao i/aiue ae?aaiee i?eaeiae. Anee i?ioeai?a/ey iaono?aieiu, iiaeii
aeoiaoue i eaeie-ieaoaeue iai iayniie neo/aeiinoe eee aea i iiaeaeaeea.
A iineaaeiai neo/aa aeieaeiu auoue iaeaeaiu aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaeaeaeee,
o.a. i?eiaou caaaaeiii iiae?aaeaoaeueiua, neioee?othuea ae?aaiinoue e a
oi aea a?aiy oi/ii auaeathuea ae?oaia (iaueiiaaiii – iaoa) a?aiy. Oae,
iai?eia?, a ?oeiiene, aeaeathuae eacaoueny ae?aaiath, oiio?aaeaiea
aa?eeineie eaco?e a eieoeeaeao iaee/aao iiaeaeaeueiinoue yoeo
iineaaeieo, eai iacaaiiay e?anea iaeaeaia eeoue a ia/aea XVIII a. Eee a
?oeiiene, eioi?ay anaie i?eciaeaie oeacuaaao ia aoi?oth iieiaeio XVII
a., eaoiienue ia/aea XVII a. aeieaeia auoue i?eciaia iiaeaeaeaiiith,
anee ieaaeaony, /oi a aa aeaoa oeeo?a aeanyoeia ienaia ii
iiaeneiaeaiiiio e ia naao eiaao ae?oaie oeaao, iaaeaee inoaeueiua
oeeo?u. Iaeaia?ao noa?aaony oaeaea ii?aaeaeeoue oeaeue iiaeaeaeee,
eioi?ay iiaeao auoue th?eaee/aneie, eiiia?/aneie, ethaeoaeueneie. A
?innee iiaeaeaeee e iiae/enoee aeao XVII a. eiatho a aeaeo
iieoiaoaeae-noa?iia?yaeoeaa: eciaiea II = 80 a N = 50 eee ?aaea – a E =
20, oaeueneoeeaoi?u i?aa?auatho ?oeiienue ec “Ieeiiianeie” a
“aeiieeiiianeoth”. Anee iiaeeiaeiie eaaeaony ia ioaeaeueiay oeeo?a, a
oeaeay eaoiienue, iaiaoiaeeia iiaa?ea aa oi?ioeu e niaea?aeaiey. E
oi?ioea ioiineony i/a?aaeue oiiieiaaiuo oaeoia (iai?eia?, a eaoiiene –
aiae, eiy ainoaea?y, eiy ea?a?oa…) e iaeciaiiua oa?ieiu, a eioi?uo
iaicia/athony iaeioi?ua oaeou (eiy ainoaea?aai eee aiy?neia – n -ae/ai,
eiaia /a?iiai aeooiaainoaa – nianai aac io/anoaa, eiy aeaineia – n
io/anoaii ia -aia, ii aeaaea aiy?neia aeaineia eiy n iacaaieai ii ioaeo
ia -aa e o.i.). Caeanue, eae e anthaeo, iiaoo ano?aoeoueny eneeth/aiey
(neiaeiua neo/ae): iao?ea?o Oeea?ao Ieeeoe/ i?iaeieaeae oeooeiaaoueny
io/anoaii a ea/anoaa eiaieoiai aiy?eia e ?iaeeoaey ainoaea?aaa. Aeey
iiaa?ee oi?ioe neoaeao ecaeaiey caienae. Iiaa?ea niaea?aeaiey ninoieo a
oii, /oi aeaoa n?aaieaaaony n aiaeaie aeecie oiiieiaaiuo eeoe, eo oeooeu
oaeaea i?iaa?ythony aeaiiuie enoi?ee e o.i.
Ia?aoeiny oaia?ue e aii?ino i oi/iinoe iaeaia?aoe/aneeo auaiaeia. Aii?in
“aaea”, eae iu aeaeaee, iaueiiaaiii ?ac?aoaaony a neaayii-?onneie
iaeaia?aoee aiaeecii ycuea, i?e/ai ai iiiaeo neo/ayo iu iiaeai
?acee/aoue ia oieueei no?aio, ii e aa aeaaiua aeeaeaeoe/aneea
oa??eoi?ee. Ii/a?ee, i?iaiaiou, ieieaoth?a, eae iu aeaeaee, ia ?aoatho
yoiai aii?ina, a aaeaeo ?acee/iuo ia?aaeeaaiee e ia?aoiaeia ec
oa??eoi?ee a oa??eoi?eth /anoi aeaaea ia iaaiaeyo ia i?aaeeueiia ?aoaiea
aai. *oi eanaaony aii?ina “eiaaea”, oi eo/oea iaoe iaeaia?aou ia
iniiaaiee iiuoa iieaaatho, /oi ioeaea i?e ii?aaeaeaiee a?aiaie
thaineaayineeo e ?onneeo ?oeiienae iiaeao aeioiaeeoue aei iieoaaea. Yoi,
eiia/ii, oieueei e?aeiee i?aaeae, e ai iiiaeo neo/ayo iu iiaeai
aeinoeaiooue cia/eoaeueii aieueoae oi/iinoe. Aiciiaeiinoue oaeeo ioeaie
iauyniyaony, ai-ia?auo, ieioith nio?aiiinoueth neaayineie e ?onneie
ienueiaiiinoe: a?a/aneia aeooiaainoai aua a XIX a. naeeaaei oeaeua
aeaeeioaee aieaa?neeo ?oeiienae; a Iineaa a 1382 a. i?e aiacaiiii iaaaaa
oaoa? e?aieaaneea o?aiu aei no?iia, o.a. aei naiaea, auee iaiieiaiu
?oeiienyie, iaaacaiiuie aaaouei ianaeaieai Iineianeie iaeanoe, – e ana
yoi nai?aei; iineianeea ?oeiiene XIV a. i?aaenoaaeytho aneaaenoaea yoiai
/?acau/aeioth ?aaeeinoue. Io ia/aea ?onneie ienueiaiiinoe aeioee eeoue
aeaoe?iaaiiua ?oeiiene aoi?ie iieiaeiu XI a.; ii iei aeaaiui ia?acii
i?eioaeaeaiu iu noaeeoue i iaaeaoe?iaaiiuo ?oeiienyo XI a.,- i/aaeaeii,
ioeaea ia iieaaea aiieia aiciiaeia a yoii neo/aa. Ai-aoi?uo, iaeaia?aoey
ecaeaeaao naie i?eiaou i?aaeaea anaai ec aeaoe?iaaiiuo ?oeiienae, a
oaeiaua ninoaaeytho eeoue iacia/eoaeueiue i?ioeaio anae iannu ?oeiienae
eaaeaeiai aaea. Iaeiiaoe, iu oaea aeaeaee, eae iaaeeaiii iaiauathony ia
ia?iiiie ?onneie oa??eoi?ee iiaua a?aoe/aneea oaeou (iiae eioi?uie
neaaeoao ?acoiaoue ia oieueei iiyaeaiea ioaeaeueiuo iiauo ciaeia, iiauo
iaia? ii/a?ea, iiauo noeeae i?iaiaioa, ii oaeaea iiyaeaiea naiie ?onneie
ienueiaiiinoe, aa ?ani?ino?aiaiea ia iiaua oeaio?u e o.i. iauea
yaeaiey).
ssnii, /oi ana a?aoe/aneea oaeou ?aciiiaeathony iooai nienuaaiey iaeiie
eee ianeieueeeo ia/aeueiuo ?oeiienae (i?ioia?aoia), niaea?aeaueo oaeie
oaeo. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiua nienee n i?ioia?aoa, ioiinyueany e ia?aui
aeanyoeeaoeyi iinea aai iiyaeaiey, i/aaeaeii, ninoaaeytho eaeie-ieaoaeue
aeanyoie ?oeiienae; nienee ni nieneia, aicieeathuea a aeaeueiaeoea
aeanyoeeaoey, ian/eouaathony aeanyoeaie; auoue iiaeao, oieueei a oa/aiea
iieoaaea i?ioia?ao i?iecaiaeeo a no?aia 100 nieneia, aea e yoa oeeo?a ia
i?aoaaee/aia eeoue ii ioiioaieth e iaiyoieeai iniaaiii ?ani?ino?aiaiiui.
Nai i?ioia?ao aeioiaeeo oieueei a aeaea ?aae/aeoae neo/aeiinoe,
aeeaeaeoea e iaio nienee, en/eneyaiua aaeeieoeaie eee aeanyoeaie, oaeaea
ii aieueoae /anoe iiaeaatho aeey ian. Oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea
eaeie-ieaoaeue i?ioia?ao i?aaenoaaeai a no?aia nioiae nieneia,
ianeieueei ec ieo iiaoo aeieoe aei ian, e n?aaee ieo iiaeao ieacaoueny
iaeei aeaoe?iaaiiue. I/aaeaeii, ia/aeueiua noaaeee (eee, /oi oi aea,
ia?aua aeanyoeeaoey) anyeiai a?aoe/aneiai oaeoa ia aeioiaeyo aei
neaayii-?onneiai iaeaia?aoa. Aeaaea oaeia iaoe?iia yaeaiea, eae
thaineaayineia aeeyiea XIV-XV aa., n naiiai ia/aea i?aaenoaaeaiiia
iiiaeie thaineaayineeie auoiaeoeaie e iiiaeie ?oeiienyie, e oi iiaeao
auoue onoaiiaeaii iaoiaeii iaeaia?aoee, eae iauee oaeo, aeey Iineianeiai
ainoaea?noaa oieueei ni aoi?ie /aoaa?oe XV noieaoey, iaaeaeo oai, eae
enoi?ey o/eo ian, /oi oneeaiiia thaineaayineia aeeyiea ia/aeinue n 90-o
aiaeia XIV a., iinea iaaeaiey thaineaayineeo ainoaea?noa.
E?iia oiai, i/aaeaeii, /oi aei niciaiey iaeaia?aoa aeioiaeyo oieueei
e?oiiua eee iauea a?aoe/aneea yaeaiey, iieo/eaoea ?ani?ino?aiaiea a
no?aia. A?aoe/aneea oaeou, ?ani?ino?aiyaoeany iaaeeaiii eee niaa?oaiii
ia ?ani?ino?aiyaoeany ia aanue iauanoaaiiue nithc, ia aeioiaeyo aei ian
ii oie aea i?e/eia, ii eioi?ie ia aeioiaeyo e ia/aeueiua noaaeee aieaa
iaueo yaeaiee: ii ia?aie/aiiiio /eneo naieo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Aeey
eaaeaeie yiioe, aeinoaoi/ii i?aaenoaaeaiiie aeaoe?iaaiiuie iaiyoieeaie,
iu ociaai oieueei aeaaiia ?onei a?aoeee. Niaoeeaeueiua a?aoe/aneea
oeieu, eae oi a?aoeea eaeie-ieaoaeue caieiooie naeou, eaeiai-ieaoaeue
oeaio?a ioaeaeaiiie ie?aeiu, eaeiai-ieaoaeue ?acei iainiaeaoaainy aiai?a
ni naiae iniaie i?oia?aoeae, inoathony nianai ia i?aaenoaaeaiiuie eee
i?aaenoaaeaiu oae io?uai/ii, /oi ia aeioiaeyo aei iaoaai niciaiey. E
oiio aea e oi, /oi nio?aieeinue a ?innee e o thaeiuo neaayi, e nae/an
aua ia i?eaaaeaii a iauoth ecaanoiinoue, ia ecaeaii, io/anoe inoaaony
?annayiiui ia ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee eee caieiooi a iaeiaeinooiiuo ianoao.
Aeey ia/aeueiuo e aiiaua iaaeinoaoi/ii i?aaenoaaeaiiuo yiio iaeaia?aoo
i?eioeeieaeueii iaiaoiaeeii ouaoaeueiaa n/eoaoueny ni neo/aeiinoueth;
yoi iiaeii oynieoue naaa, acya e?aeiee neo/ae; anee io eaeie-ieaoaeue
yiioe aeioae anaai iaeei iaiyoiee, iu ana aua n/eoaai aa?iyoiui, /oi ii
i?aaenoaaeyao aieueoeinoai, a ia iaiueoeinoai iaiyoieeia naiaai a?aiaie;
ii yoa aa?iyoiinoue neaaa; anee yiioa i?aaenoaaeaia aeaoiy, o?aiy,
aeanyoueth iaeii?iaeiuie iaiyoieeaie, aa?iyoiinoue auno?i aic?anoaao e
iaeiiaoe i?eaeeaeaaony e aeinoiaa?iinoe.
Aeaaiua iaoiaeieiae/aneea ioeaee, eioi?uo aeieaeai inoa?aaaoueny
iaeaia?ao, noiyo a oaniaeoae nayce n iaaeinoaoi/iinoueth aeioaaeoaai aei
iaai iaeaia?aoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue i?eoii aanue ioiineony e
i?ioaaeoaio. Yoe ioeaee i?aaenoaaeytho, ?acoiaaony, /anoiua neo/ae
iaeaieaa iaueo eiae/aneeo ioeaie. Yoi, ai-ia?auo, noaeaeaiea i
iaaeioaaeoai aei ian (argumentum a silentio), ai-aoi?uo, /anoiua auaiaeu
ec oaeeo iaueo oacenia, eioi?ua ia ecaea/aiu ec iaoa?eaea naiie
iaeaia?aoee (petitio principii). Aicueiai iiyoue e?aeiea i?eia?u: anee
eaeay-ieaoaeue yiioa i?aaenoaaeaia anaai iaeiie e i?eoii ia?aaiaiiie
?oeiienueth, iu ia eiaai i?aaa ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi a yoo yiioo noieue aea
/anoi ia oiio?aaeyeanue e aoiaaa. Ii aeaaea anee i?aae iaie oaeo, /oi n
XI e aei eiioea XIV a. n?aaee nioai ?onneeo ?oeiieniuo eiea iu ia eiaai
ie iaeiie aeaoe?iaaiiie ?oeiiene, ienaiiie ia aoiaaa, iiaeai ee iu
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi a yoo yiioo a ?innee ienaee oieueei ia ia?aaiaioa ?
Oaeaea iao, oioy aeaaiaea?y aieueoaio eiee/anoao aeioaaeoaai iaoa?eaea
cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoeeanue aiciiaeiinoue ioeaee, a oaeaea aa aiciiaeiua
?acia?u: aoiaaeiua ?oeiiene a oeacaiiie yiioa, i/aaeaeii, eee ia
nouanoaiaaee aeaenoaeoaeueii, eee ia aeioee iioiio, /oi ninoaaeyee
ie/oiaeiue i?ioeaio (3). Ii iaeaia?ao e a yoii neo/aa ioaa?aaao auaiae
io iie/aiey e oi?ioee?oao oieueei oi, /oi ciaao: “ec yiioe n XI ii
eiiaoe XIV a. aeioee oieueei ia?aaiaiiua ?onneea ?oeiiene” eee: “n
ia/aea ?onneie ienueiaiiinoe e aei eiioea XIV a. ia?aaiaio aue iau/iui
iaoa?eaeii ?oeiienae”. Oaeie iauee auaiae, ioaea/aiiue io iaoa?eaea
naiie iaeaia?aoee, iiaeao auoue oiio?aaeyai aeey /anoiuo i?eiaiaiee. Ii,
iieuecoynue iiiiuueth enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneeo iaoe, eeoaiiuo oi/iiai
iaoiaea aneaaenoaea neiaeiinoe naiaai iaoa?eaea, iaeaia?aoey aeieaeia
enoiaeeoue eeai io ioaeaeueiuo oaeinoiaa?aiiuo oaeoia, eeai io auaiaeia
niaoeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, iie?athueony ia i/aiue ii?aaeaeai-iue
iaoa?eae. Iu aac eieaaaiey ioianai e XI a. ?onneoth ?oeiienue, eiathuoth
aoeao w ecaanoiiai ?enoiea eee iinyuoth eiy ?onneiai eiycy XI a., ii eae
oaoee aoaeoo oaeea iauea niia?aaeaiey, eae nnueea ia eaeeea?aoe/aneee
aeon yiioe, iaoneiaeaiiue iaaiaeiie oeaeueth ienueia, eee ia iaaeinoaoie
a?aiioiuo ethaeae a XI a. ?ani?ino?aiaiea ia?aaiaioa ii aaeai, eciaiaiea
oeiia ciaea w onoaiiaeaiu noaoenoe/anee; ii /oi iu ciaai i noaoenoeea
a?aiioiuo ethaeae a XI a.? E ?acaa aeey iaeaia?aoia ia auei
iaiaeeaeaiiinoueth ociaoue, /oi a?aiioia auea aei/ue ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai
Aiia (4)?
Eae iauaa i?aaeei neaaeoao i?eiyoue: 1. Ionoonoaea i?eiaou ia
aeieacuaaao, /oi iaiyoiee nicaeai ?aiaa aicieeiiaaiey yoie i?eiaou. 2.
Iauea oacenu enoi?ee, enoi?ee eeoa?aoo?u, enoi?ee eneonnoa ia iiaoo
auoue iieiaeaiu a iniiao /anoiuo iaeaia?aoe/aneeo auaiaeia.
Neaayii-?onneay iaeaia?aoey aeaeeony ia aeaa aeaaiuo ioaeaea – iniiaiie
e aniiiiaaoaeueiue. Iniiaiie ?anniao?eaaao:
1) iaoa?eaeu e i?oaeey ienueia; 2) enoi?eth ii/a?eia e ioaeaeueiuo
aoeaaiiuo ciaeia, eee ia/a?eia. Aniiiiaaoaeueiue ioaeae caeeth/aao
aeaaiui ia?acii neaaeothuea aeaau, caeinoaiaaiiua o ?acee/iuo iaoe
enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai oeeeea: 1) neaayineea acaoee; 2) ecaiaeu
neaayii-?onneie ienueiaiiinoe; 3) aycue; 4) i?iaiaio; 5) ieieaoth?a e
eeiiiienue; 6) eaoin/eneaiea; 7) iienaiea ?oeiienae. A aeaao i
iaoa?eaeao e i?oaeeyo ienueia aoiaeyo oaeaea aii?inu i ?aceeiiaea,
ia?aieaoa e aiaeyiuo ciaeao; a aeaao ia enoi?ee ii/a?eia – oaeaea aii?in
i oaeiiiene. Ec i?aeoe/aneeo niia?aaeaiee a ianoiyuai eo?na aieueoeinoai
aeaa aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ioaeaea i?aaeoanoaoao aeaaiiio ioaeaeo a ea/anoaa
aaaaeaiey.
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