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Синтаксический стилистический повтор как средство изобразительности в художественном тексте

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Niaea?aeaiea:

Aaaaeaiea

Aeaaa 1. Niaoeeoeea neioaene/aneeo noeeenoe/aneeo i?eaiia eae n?aaenoaa
ecia?aceoaeueiinoe

1.1 Iniaaiiinoe noeey ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u

1.2 Neioaene/aneea noeeenoe/aneea n?aaenoaa a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa

1.3 ?ieue neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a no?oeoo?ii-naiaioe/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa

Auaiaeu ii aeaaa 1

Aeaaa 2. Iniiaiua oeiu e ooieoeee neioaene/aneeo iiaoi?ia a
i?iecaaaeaieyo aiaeeeneie e aia?eeaineie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u

2.1 Aeaeu noeeenoe/aneeo oeao?, iniiaaiiuo ia i?eioeeia neioaene/aneiai
iiaoi?a

2.2 I?eai neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a iiyoe/aneii oaenoa

2.3 I?eai neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a oaenoa ooaeiaeanoaaiiie i?icu

Auaiaeu ii aeaaa 2

Caeeth/aiea

Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u

Aaaaeaiea

I?aaeiaoii eco/aiey iiiaeo iai?aaeaiee eeiaaenoeee naaiaeiy aunooiaao
oaeno eae no?oeoo?ii-niuneiaia oeaeia. Aiaeec oaenoa iai?aaeai ia
auyaeaiea aaciauo i?eioeeiia, eioi?ua aeaeatho oaeno naycaiiui. N?aaee
iniiaiuo eaoaai?ee oaenoa iiaeii auaeaeeoue eioi?iaoeaiinoue, eiaaceth,
/eaieiinoue, ?ao?iniaeoeeth (ioianaiiinoue e i?aaeoanoaothuae
niaea?aeaoaeueii-oaeooaeueiie eioi?iaoeee) e i?iniaeoeeth (ioianaiiinoue
e iineaaeothuae niaea?aeaoaeueii-oaeooaeueiie eioi?iaoeee),
caaa?oaiiinoue [Aaeueia?ei 1981: 11].

A iiiyoea naycaiiinoe oaenoa (eiaacee) aoiaeyo ?acee/iua oeiu ioiioaiee
eiiiiiaioia oaenoa, n?aaee eioi?uo aeaaiui yaeyaony iiaoi?.

A oaenoa iiaoi? iiaeao aunooiaoue eae n?aaenoai eioaineoeeaoeee
aaoi?neiai aicaeaenoaey, ia?aaea/e ?acee/iie iiaeaeueiinoe aeaenoaey, a
oaeaea eae n?aaenoai eiiiiceoeeiiiiai e a?oeoaeoiie/aneiai /eaiaiey
oaenoiaiai oeaeiai, ioi?ieaiey aacaoeaa; eae yeaiaio iino?iaiey ycueiauo
eaeoiioeaia. *a?ac iiaoi?ythueany neiaa onoaiaaeeaaaony annioeeaoeaiay
naycue iaaeaeo ?aciuie i?aaeiaoaie ecia?aaeaiey, eioi?ua naycaiu e
oaiaoe/anee.

A aeaiiie ?aaioa enneaaeothony niiniau i?aaiecaoeee e ooieoeee
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a aiaeeeneeo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaieyo
?acee/iuo aeai?ia.

Aeooaeueiinoue aeaiiie ?aaiou naycaia n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth aeaeueiaeoae
?ac?aaioee i?iaeaiu iiaoi?yaiinoe a iiaii aniaeoa e a naaoa iiauo
oai?aoe/aneeo iiaeoiaeia.

I?eioeeio iiaoi?yaiinoe a i?iecaaaeaieyo ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
oaeaeyeinue iiiai aieiaiey. I.Ae. Aona?iaa enneaaeoao ooieoeee
eaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a oaenoa ia?iaeiie aueeiu; E.A. Coaiaa ioia/aao
aeeyiea ?aciuo aeaeia oaaoieiaee (e eioi?ie ioiineo e neioaene/aneee
iiaoi?) ia ooaeiaeanoaaiiua i?iecaaaeaiey; E.A. Iaaneay ?anniao?eaaao
iiaoi?yaiinoue eae iaiouaieaioth /anoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa.

Iaeiaei nouanoaoao ?yae i?iaeai, aicieeathueo i?e enneaaeiaaiee
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a. A aeaiiie ?aaioa ia iaoa?eaea aiaeeeneeo e
aia?eeaineeo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee ?acee/iuo aeai?ia aoaeao
naeaeaia iiiuoea auyaeoue iauea aeey eeoa?aoo?iiai aeeneo?na iniaaiiinoe
neioaene/aneeo iiaoi?ia, ii?aaeaeeoue aeai?iaoth niaoeeoeeo iiaoi?ia.

Iauaeoii aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey yaeythony io?acee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
oaenoa, niaea?aeauea neioaene/aneee iiaoi? ?aciiai oeia. I?aaeiaoii
enneaaeiaaiey aunooiatho neioaene/aneea iiaoi?u a i?iecaaaeaieyo
aiaeeeneie e aia?eeaineie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.

Oeaeue ?aaiou – eco/eoue oa?aeoa? no?oeoo?iie e ooieoeeiiaeueiie
?aaeecaoeee neioaene/aneeo iiaoi?ia a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa.

A nayce n yoei a ?aaioa ?aoathony neaaeothuea caaea/e:

1. ?anniio?aoue niaoeeoeeo ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa e noeeenoe/aneeo
i?eaiia eae n?aaenoa ecia?aceoaeueiinoe;

2. Eco/eoue ?ieue neioaene/aneeo noeeenoe/aneeo n?aaenoa a naiaioe/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa;

3. I?aaenoaaeoue iniiaiua iiaeaee neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a;

4. Ii?aaeaeeoue aaaeouea ooieoeee neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a;

5. Ia iniiaa aiaeeca i?aeoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea naeaeaoue auaiae i
aeai?iaie niaoeeoeea i?eaiia, iniiaaiiuo ia neioaene/aneii iiaoi?aiee.

Iniiaiuie iaoiaeaie enneaaeiaaiey noaee iienaoaeueiue iaoiae (aeey
oa?aeoa?enoeee e ioeaiee ycueiauo oaeoia), a oaeaea i?eai
eeiaaenoe/aneiai n?aaiaiey (aeey iino?iaiey oeiieiaee iiaeaeae
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a) e iaoiae eiioaenoiiai aiaeeca.

Iaoa?eae e enoi/ieee enneaaeiaaiey. A ea/anoaa enoi/ieeia iaoa?eaea auee
eniieueciaaiu i?icae/aneea e iiyoe/aneea oaenou neaaeothueo aaoi?ia, O.
Henry, J. Galsworthy, W. Shakespeare, J. Kitts, J. Mackay

Ec iacaaiiuo enoi/ieeia iaoiaeii nieioiie auai?ee auaeaeaiu eiioaenou,
niaea?aeauea oeao?u neioaene/aneie iiaoi?yaiinoe. Aaeeieoeae aiaeeca,
oaeei ia?acii, noaee oaenoiaua io?acee ?aciie i?ioyaeaiiinoe – io
neiaini/aoaiey aei oeaeiai aacaoea.

Iiaecia ?aaiou caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi a iae i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea
enneaaeiaaiey oaiiiaia iiaoi?yaiinoe ia iaoa?eaea aeaoo ?aciuo
eeoa?aoo?iuo o?aaeeoeee: aiaeeeneie e aia?eeaineie, n auaeaeaieai
oieaa?naeueiuo aiaaeai?iauo naienoa neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a.

I?aeoe/aneay cia/eiinoue ?aaiou ninoieo a aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey
iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia a eo?nao ii noeeenoeea ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e.

Aeaaa 1. Niaoeeoeea neioaene/aneeo noeeenoe/aneeo i?eaiia eae

n?aaenoaa ecia?aceoaeueiinoe a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa

1.1 Iniaaiiinoe noeey ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u

Ooaeiaeanoaaiiay ?a/ue – yoi iniaue noeeue ?a/e, enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoeeny a nenoaia aiaeeeneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, iaeaaeathuee
?yaeii iaueo /a?o, oaeaea enoi?e/anee eciai/eauo, e aieueoei
?aciiia?aceai /anoiuo iniaaiiinoae, aeaeieciaiythueony a caaeneiinoe io
oi?i i?iyaeaiey yoiai noeey (iiaenoeey), io yiioe, io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
iaia?u aaoi?a.

Noeeue ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie neiaeiia aaeeinoai
?acii?iaeiuo /a?o, ioee/athueo yoio noeeue io anao ae?oaeo noeeae
nia?aiaiiiai aiaeeeneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea. Oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi
yoio noeeue aeiioneaao eniieueciaaiea yeaiaioia ae?oaeo noeeae, oioy e
ia?aaioaiiuo niioaaonoaaiii iauei, oeie/aneei /a?oai yoiai noeey, noaaeo
aai a ianeieueei iniaia iieiaeaiea ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaei ?a/aaui
noeeyi. Aieaa oiai, noeeue ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e aeiioneaao
eniieueciaaiea oaeeo yeaiaioia ycuea, eioi?ua ia aeaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey
eeoa?aoo?iie ii?iu ycuea iaaeiionoeiu. Oae, a ycuea ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo
i?iecaaaeaiee nia?aiaiiuo aiaeeeneeo ienaoaeae iiaeii iaeoe ycueiaua
oaeou, auoiaeyuea ca ii?iu eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, iai?eia?, aea?aiieciu,
aoeueaa?eciu, aeeaeaeoeciu e o. ae. I?aaaea, e yoe yeaiaiou a noeea
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e i?aaenoatho a ia?aaioaiiii, oeiece?iaaiiii,
ioia?aiiii aeaea. Iie ia eniieuecothony caeanue a naiai, oae neacaoue,
iaoo?aeueiii aeaea; oaeia eniieueciaaiea iaeeoa?aoo?iuo neia cani?yei au
ycue e ia niinianoaiaaei au iaiaauaieth e ?acaeoeth eeoa?aoo?iie ii?iu
ycuea.

«A ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a, — ieoao aeaae. A. A. Aeiia?aaeia, —
iauaia?iaeiue, iaoeeiiaeueiue ycue ni anai naiei a?aiiaoe/aneei
naiaia?aceai, ni anai aiaaonoaii e ?aciiia?aceai naiaai neiaa?iiai
ninoaaa eniieuecoaony eae n?aaenoai e eae oi?ia ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
oai?/anoaa. Eia/a aiai?y, ana yeaiaiou, ana ea/anoaa e iniaaiiinoe
iauaia?iaeiiai ycuea, a oii /enea e aai a?aiiaoe/aneee no?ie, aai
neiaa?ue, nenoaia aai cia/aiee, aai naiaioeea, neoaeao caeanue
n?aaenoaii ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iaiauaiiiai aini?iecaaaeaiey e inaauaiey
iauanoaaiiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe» [Aeiia?aaeia 1951]

Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaiay ooieoeey noeey ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e — yoi iooai
eniieueciaaiey ycueiauo e niaoeeoe/aneeo noeeenoe/aneeo n?aaenoa
niinianoaiaaoue niioaaonoaaiii caiuneo aaoi?a e aieaa aeoaieiio
?ane?uoeth ia?aae /eoaoaeai aioo?aiieo i?e/ei oneiaee nouanoaiaaiey,
?acaeoey eee ioie?aiey oiai eee eiiai oaeoa yoie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.
Eaeiau n?aaenoaa noeey ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo
?aaeecoaony yoa oeaeue? N?aaenoaa yoe – «ia?acii-ynoaoe/aneay
o?ainoi?iaoeey» iauaia?iaeiiai ycuea.

Nenoaia noeeenoe/aneeo n?aaenoa aiaeeeneiai ycuea i/aiue iaiaaoeeanue a
ioaeeoeenoe/aneii noeea, a iniaaiiinoe a i?aoi?neii noeea, e
i?iaeieaeaao iaiaauaoueny a noeea ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e. Ia neo/aeii
iniiaiua noeeenoe/aneea n?aaenoaa ycuea eco/aeenue a oai?ee eeoa?aoo?u.

Noeeue ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e, eiiaaea iacuaaaiue iiyoe/aneei ycueii,
i?aaeaea anaai, oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia?aciinoueth. Ia?ac, nicaeaaaaiue
?acee/iuie ycueiauie n?aaenoaaie, aucuaaao /oanoaaiiia aini?eyoea
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e, oai naiui, niinianoaoao nicaeaieth aeaeaaiiai
yooaeoa e ?aaeoeee ia neacaiiia.

Noeeue ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e eiaao neaaeothuea ?aciiaeaeiinoe:
noeoioai?iay ?a/ue, ooaeiaeanoaaiiay i?ica e ycue ae?aiaoo?aee. Eiaaea
iu oiio?aaeyai oa?iei «noeeue ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e», iu eiaai a aeaeo
/enoi eeiaaenoe/aneea eaoaai?ee, eae, iai?eia?, neiaa, eo cia/aiey, eo
ni/aoaiey, neioaene/aneea eiino?oeoeee, oa?aeoa? ia?aciinoe e ae?oaea
iniaaiiinoe ycuea, niaoeeoe/aneea n oi/ee c?aiey eo ioai?a e
acaeiiiaoneiaeaiiinoe a aeaiiii noeea ?a/e. Oa?iei «iiycey», iiae
eioi?ui /anoi iauaaeeiytho iiiyoey noeoioai?iie ?a/e, ooaeiaeanoaaiiie
i?icu e ae?aiaoo?aee, cia/eoaeueii oe?a. Yoi — oa?iei
eeoa?aoo?iaaae/aneee. Iiae iei iiieiatho ia oieueei ycue
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee a aai ioiioaiee e au?aaeaaiiio
niaea?aeaieth, ii /oi naiia aeaaiia, aeae eneonnoaa. *eoay auneacuaaiey
?aaiethoeeiiiuo aeaiie?aoia e ?onneeo ienaoaeae — eeanneeia i iiycee,
iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue, /oi oa?iei «iiycey» oiio?aaeyaony a i/aiue oe?ieii
niunea. Yoi noaiiaeony iniaaiii i/aaeaeiui, anee i?eaanoe neaaeothuaa
auneacuaaiea A. A. Aaeeineiai i iiycee:

«*oi oaeia iiycey? — ni?aoeaaaoa au, aeaeay nei?aa oneuoaoue ?aoaiea
eioa?aniiai aeey aan aii?ina eee, iiaeao auoue, eoeaai aeaeay i?eaanoe
ian a niouaiea io niciaiey iaoaai aanneeey ?aoeoue noieue aaaeiue e
o?oaeiue aii?in… Oi eee ae?oaia — ana ?aaii; ii i?aaeaea /ai iu aai
ioaaoei, naeaeaai aii?in e aai, a naith i/a?aaeue. Neaaeeoa: eae
iacaaoue oi, /ai ioee/aaony eeoei /aeiaaea io aineiaie oeao?u, eioi?ay
/ai n aieueoei eneonnoaii naeaeaia, /ai iioiaeaa ia eeoei aeeaiai
/aeiaaea, — oai aieueoaa aicaoaeaeaao a ian ioa?auaiea? Neaaeeoa: /ai
ioee/aaony eeoei aeeaiai /aeiaaea io eeoea iieieieea? … Aeaei yniia: a
ia?auo anoue aeeciue, a ai aoi?uo aa iao». [Aaeeineee, Nia?. ni/ , 1948
: o 1. 634]

Ian a eo?na eeiaaenoe/aneie noeeenoeee, anoanoaaiii, eioa?anoao eeoue
ycueiaay noi?iia iiycee, eioi?oth iu e iacuaaai noeeai ooaeiaeanoaaiiie
?a/e.

Eoae, iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiui, oa?aeoa?iui aeey yoiai noeey ?a/e yaeyaony
ia?aciinoue. Ia?yaeo n /enoi eiae/aneei niiniaii au?aaeaiey iunee, a
eioi?ii neiaa oiio?aaeythony a naieo i?aaeiaoii-eiae/aneeo cia/aieyo, a
noeea ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ?a/e /anoi ano?a/athony ?aciua iooaiee cia/aiee:
eiioaenooaeueiua cia/aiey, yiioeeiiaeueiua cia/aiey neia — i?iaiaeieee
noauaeoeaii-ioeaii/iuo acaeyaeia aaoi?a. I. Aaeueoeaeue a eaeie-oi
noaiaie i?aa, eiaaea ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi «neiai anoue n?aaenoai /enoi
eiae/aneiai, o. a. iao/iiai au?aaeaiey. Iiycey, eae neiaaniia eneonnoai,
aeieaeia iieueciaaoueny neiaii, o. a. n?aaenoaii, eioi?ia anaaaea
inoaaony a ecaanoiie ia?a ?iaenoaaiiui au?aaeaieth a iiiyoeyo. Eeoue
iineieueeo neiaa aicaeaenoaotho ia ian /oanoaaiii, iiycey yaeyaony
eneonnoaii. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiue iaeee iiyoe/aneiai i?iecaaaeaiey nicaeaaony
ec neooiaiai aicaeaenoaey neia e caoai ec anao /oanoaaiiuo
i?aaenoaaeaiee, aucuaaaiuo neiaii». [Aaeueoeaeue 1928 : 3]

Iniaaiiinoe ycuea ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u a oeaeii ii?aaeaeythony
ianeieueeeie oaeoi?aie. Aio i?enoua oe?ieay iaoaoi?e/iinoue, ia?aciinoue
ycueiauo aaeeieoe ii/oe anao o?iaiae, iaaethaeaaony eniieueciaaiea
neiiieiia anao oeiia, iiiaicia/iinoe, ?aciuo noeeaauo ieanoia eaeneee.
“Ana n?aaenoaa, a oii /enea iaeo?aeueiua, i?ecaaiu neoaeeoue caeanue
au?aaeaieth nenoaiu ia?acia, iiyoe/aneie iunee ooaeiaeieea”. A
ooaeiaeanoaaiiii noeea (ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie ooieoeeiiaeueiuie
noeeyie) nouanoaotho naie caeiiu aini?eyoey neiaa. Cia/aiea neiaa a
aieueoae noaiaie ii?aaeaeyaony oeaeaaie onoaiiaeie aaoi?a, aeai?iauie e
eiiiiceoeeiiiuie iniaaiiinoyie oiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey,
yeaiaioii eioi?iai yaeyaony yoi neiai: ai-ia?auo, iii a eiioaenoa
aeaiiiai eeoa?aoo?iiai i?iecaaaeaiey iiaeao i?eia?aoaoue
ooaeiaeanoaaiioth iiiaicia/iinoue, ia caoeene?iaaiioth a neiaa?yo,
ai-aoi?uo, nio?aiyao naith naycue n eaeaeii-ynoaoe/aneie nenoaiie yoiai
i?iecaaaeaiey e ioeaieaaaony iaie eae i?ae?aniia eee aacia?aciia,
aicauoaiiia eee ieciaiiia, o?aae/aneia eee eiie/aneia

Oiio?aaeaiea ycueiauo n?aaenoa a ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a a eiia/iii
eoiaa iiae/eiaii aaoi?neiio caiuneo, niaea?aeaieth i?iecaaaeaiey,
nicaeaieth ia?aca e aicaeaenoaeth /a?ac iaai ia aae?anaoa. Ienaoaee a
naieo i?iecaaaeaieyo enoiaeyo i?aaeaea anaai ec oiai, /oiau aa?ii
ia?aaeaoue iuneue, /oanoai, i?aaaeeai ?ane?uoue aeooiaiue ie? aa?iy,
?aaeenoe/anee ainnicaeaoue ycue e ia?ac. Aaoi?neiio caiuneo, no?aieaieth
e ooaeiaeanoaaiiie i?aaaea iiae/eiythony ia oieueei ii?iaoeaiua oaeou
ycuea, ii e ioeeiiaiey io iauaeeoa?aoo?iuo ii?i.

Iaeiaei anyeia ioeeiiaiea io ii?iu aeieaeii auoue ii?aaaeaii oeaeaaie
onoaiiaeie aaoi?a, eiioaenoii i?iecaaaeaiey, oiio?aaeaiea oiai eee eiiai
ycueiaiai n?aaenoaa a ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a aeieaeii auoue
ynoaoe/anee iioeae?iaaii. Anee ycueiaua yeaiaiou, iaoiaeyueany ca
i?aaeaeaie eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, auiieiytho ii?aaeaeaiioth
ooieoeeiiaeueioth iaa?oceo, eo oiio?aaeaiea a neiaaniie oeaie
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey aiieia iiaeii ii?aaaeaoue [Eiaeeia
1983].

1.2 Neioaene/aneea noeeenoe/aneea n?aaenoaa a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii

oaenoa

«Neioaenen ii?aaeaeyao noeeue» – cayaeyao ecaanoiue aia?eeaineee
enneaaeiaaoaeue ?e/a?ae Iiai [Niniianeay 1977 : 93]. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
anee neioaenen yaeyaony aeaaiui ia?acothuei ia/aeii ?a/aaiai
i?iecaaaeaiey, oi cia/aiea neioaenena aeey ethaiai oeia auneacuaaiey
o?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue.

Aeaaiie neioaene/aneie aaeeieoeae yaeyaony i?aaeeiaeaiea. Eiaiii a i?i –
aai no?oeoo?a, caaa?o?iiinoe, aeeeia – oniao?eaaaony iniiaiia ?acee/ea
iaaeaeo ?a/ueth onoiie e ienueiaiiie.

Au? a?enoioaeaaneay ?eoi?eea iiae?iaii eeanneoeoee?iaaea iniaua i?e?iu
neioaene/aneie i?aaiecaoeee i?aoi?neie ?a/e – oeao?u, eioi?ua
niinianoaiaaee oneeaieth a? aicaeaenoaey ia neooaoaey.

Iniiaiie ooieoeeae iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa neioaene/aneeo
noeeenoe/aneeo i?e?iia yaeyaony auaeaeaeaiea ii?aaeae?iiie aaeeieoeu
auneacuaaiey ia ia?aue ieai ca n/?o a? niaoeeoe/aneiai ?aniieiaeaiey a
auneacuaaiee.

?anniio?aiea ?eoi?e/aneeo oeao? e eeanneoeeaoeey eo ia iniiaa
a?oiie?iaee a niioaaonoaee n i?aaenoaaeaiiuie a ieo oeiaie ioeeiiaiey io
ii?iu eiaao oeaeueth aeoaaea iniuneeoue nooue yaeaiey e
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea neioaene/aneeo noeeenoe/aneeo n?aaenoa aiaeeeneiai
ycuea.

Aeey noeeenoeee aeaeiaee?iaaiey aaaeii o/anoue an? oi, /oi onoaiiaeaii
ia yoii o?iaia i?aaeeiaeaiey eeiaaenoeeie. Nthaea ioiineony
neioaene/aneay neiiieiey, oi anoue ia?aaea/a i?eaeeceoaeueii iaeeiaeiaie
i?aaeiaoii-eiae/aneie eioi?iaoeee ?aciuie neioaene/aneeie eiino?oeoeeyie
n ?aciie ooieoeeiiaeueii-noeeenoe/aneie e yeni?anneaiie ie?aneie e
eiiiioaoeeyie.

N?aaiei, iai?eia?, aeaaieueiua e aacaeaaieueiua iiaoaeeoaeueiua
i?aaeeiaeaiey: Step in here! – In here! – What -Wait a moment! – Just a
moment!

Noeeenoe/aneee yooaeo iniiaai ia onoaiiaeaiee neiiieiee ?aciuo oeiia
neioaene/aneeo eiino?oeoeee, ec eioi?uo iaeia, n o?aaeeoeeiiiui
eniieueciaaieai neioaene/aneeo naycae, iaeo?aeueia, a ae?oaay, n
ia?ainiuneaieai eo, yeni?anneaia e yiioeeiiaeueia.

A ?aaioao I.Ae. Eociaoe e TH.I. Ne?aaiaaa neioaene/aneea iino?iaiey,
oneeeaathuea yeni?anneaiinoue auneacuaaiey, na?oiie?iaaiu a niioaaonoaee
n i?aaenoaaeaiiuie a ieo oeiaie ioeeiiaiey io ii?iu.

– Iaiau/iia ?aciauaiea yeaiaioia, oi anoue, i?aaeaea anaai, ?aciua aeaeu
eiaa?nee.

– Ia?ainiuneaiea, eee o?ainiiceoeey, neioaene/aneeo eiino?oeoeee.

– Aaaaeaiea yeaiaioia, eioi?ua iiaie i?aaeiaoiie eioi?iaoeee ia ianoo
(?aciua aeaeu iiaoi?ia).

– I?iione eiae/anee iaiaoiaeeiuo yeaiaioia: aneiaeaoii, yeeeinen,
oiie/aiea, aiiceiiacen e ae?.

– Ia?ooaiea caieiooinoe i?aaeeiaeaiey: aiaeieoo, anoaaiua eiino?oeoeee.
[Eociaoe, Ne?aaiaa. 1960]

Iineieueeo oaiie aeaiiie ?aaiou yaeythony eiaiii i?eaiu, iniiaaiiua ia
neioaene/aneii iiaoi?aiee, ia ieo iu e inoaiiaeiny iiae?iaiaa.

1.3 ?ieue neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a no?oeoo?ii-naiaioe/aneie

i?aaiecaoeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa

Oaenoiia?acothuay ?ieue iiaoi?a a oaenoao ?aciuo aeai?ia e noeeae
eco/aeanue a ?aaioao ?aciuo eeiaaenoia [I?iii 1954; Eeoa/aa 1967; Eioiai
1972; Eoeueyiiaa 1982; Ieaoaiiaa 1983; Aeaieeaaneay 1985; *a?aieneia,
Iiaeeiaa 1996; Iiaeeiaa 1997 e ae?.]

Aianoa n oai iiaoi? ia anaaaea ioeaieaaaony eae eiino?oeoeaiue yeaiaio
iino?iaiey oaenoa. I.I. Naieaae/ ii?aaeaeyao iino?iaiey n iiaoi?aie eae
ia?ooaiea ni/aoaaiinoe neia [Naieaae/ 1984: 205], a X. Eana?an n/eoaao
eiino?oeoeee n ieaiiaciii (ecauoi/iinoueth) ioeeiiaieyie a oi?ia
iino?iaiey [Eana?an 1959 : 350].

Ae?oaea eeiaaenou i?eaea?aeeaathony i?ioeaiiieiaeiie iiceoeee. Iie
i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi i?e/eiu iiaoi?aiey e?ithony a iniiaiie ooieoeee
ycuea — auoue n?aaenoaii iauaiey, oae eae iiaoi? neacaiiiai naycai n
iio?aaiinoueth aiai?yuaai aeiianoe iuneue aei neooathuaai, aiooeoue aio
yoo iuneue. Iiaoi?, ecauoi/iinoue iiaeao iiii/ue «neooathuaio»
(aae?anaoo) eo/oa iiiyoue neacaiiia a neo/aa, anee «iinoi?iiiea ooiu»
iaoatho oniaoiie eiiioieeaoeee. A yoie nayce aiaeeeneee eeiaaeno E.
Weils, aeaaiue ?aaeaeoi? “A Dictionary of Stylistics”, iieaaaao, /oi
iiaoi?, aunooiay eae y?eia i?iyaeaiea ecauoi/iinoe a ycuea, a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo, a eiaiii, eiaaea «ooiu» iaoatho oniaoiie
eiiioieeaoeee, yaeyaony eiiioieeaoeaii iioeae?iaaiiui [A Dictionary of
Stylistics 1997 : 395]. A?eoaineee enneaaeiaaoaeue D. Tannen n/eoaao,
/oi iiaoi? iicaieyao aiai?yuaio n aieueoae nei?inoueth eceaaaoue naie
iunee, iaaeoiuaay i?e yoii neaaeothuoth ?aieeeo. D. Tannen oaeaea
iieaaaao, /oi “repetition in spoken discourse allows a hearer to receive
information at roughly the rate the speaker is producing it” («iiaoi?
aeaao neooathuaio aiciiaeiinoue aini?eieiaoue eioi?iaoeeth n oie aea
nei?inoueth, n eioi?ie iia ia?aaeaaony aio aiai?yuei») [Tannen 1989:
137].

?anniao?eaay ?ieue iiaoi?ia a oaenoa, anaaaea ioia/atho eo naycothuoth
ooieoeeth, eo o/anoea a nicaeaiee eiaa?aioiinoe oaenoa. ?acaeoea oie eee
eiie iee?ioaiu a oeaeii oaenoa i?iecaaaeaiey inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth
eiioaeoiiai iiaoi?a-iiaeoaaoa, auiieiythuaai niuneiaoth e no?oeoo?ioth
ooieoeee. Iiaoi?-«caoaao» auaeaeyao cia/eiua o?aaiaiou oaenoa,
niinianoaoao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, nicaeaieth nayciinoe oaenoa e
?aca?aie/aieth iee?ioai – n ae?oaie. I?e i?eiaiaiee aeenoaioiuo iiaoi?ia
aeooaeece?oaony aieiaiea /eoaoaey, auaeaeyaony aaaeiay aeaoaeue.
Aeenoaioiua iiaoi?u, nicaeaaay neiaeioth oeaiue no?oeoo?u oaenoa,
neoaeao n?aaenoaii nayce iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie /anoyie oaenoa, n?aaenoaii
niaaeeiaiey iae?ioaenoa. I?e aeenoaioiii iiaoi?a eeth/aaua o?acu
ia?acotho niuneiaia yae?i anaai oaenoa.

Aieueoia cia/aiea aeey eiaa?aioiinoe (eaeneei-naiaioe/aneiai aaeeinoaa)
oaenoa eiaao i?eioeei ecioiiee, a iniiaa eioi?iai eaaeeo naiaioe/aneee
iiaoi?. Ecioiiey — yoi iauay enoiaeiay oi/ea aeaoo e aieaa au?aaeaiee,
ia?acothueo naiaioe/aneoth inue, a eioi?ie iaoiaeyony naiaioe/anee
aeeceea yeaiaiou. Naiaioe/aneee iiaoi? auiieiyao yeni?anneaioth
ooieoeeth oneeaiey, a?aaeaoeee eee ooi/iaiey, aunooiay eae y?eee
noeeenoe/aneee i?eai.

Aua iaeiei aaaeiui aeey oaenoiaie i?aaiecaoeee aeaeii iiaoi?a yaeyaony
neioaene/aneee ia?aeeaeeci, oae eae ii onoaiaaeeaaao a oaenoa ioiioaiey
iniaiai ?iaea niuneiaie yeaeaaeaioiinoe [Ei?iaaeieeiaa, 1996: 32].
Aaaeiie ooieoeeae ia?aeeaeecia yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea ?aciuo oi/ae
nii?eeiniiaaiey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie noa?aie ecia?aaeaiey, niunea.
Oaenoiaua iiaoi?u neoaeao ?acaeoeth iunee e, niioaaonoaaiii, ?acaeoeth
naiaioe/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa oaenoa. Iiaoi?u ia oieueei ne?aieytho oaeno,
ii e aeaeatho aai aeeiaie/iui. J. Leech e I. Short ni?aaaaeeeai
ioia/atho: “… perhaps the most notable feature of cohesion in the
passage is repetition of various kinds”. («… iiaeaeoe, iaeiie ec naiuo
y?eeo ioee/eoaeueiuo /a?o eiaacee yaeyaony ?aciiai ?iaea iiaoi?».) [J.
Leech, M. Short 1981: 323].

Aeaaiaea?y iiaoi?ai, nicaeaaony iauay eaeay, iiaoi? yaeyaony iaeioi?ui
eiaeii, eeth/ii, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai i?ienoiaeeo ia?aeeth/aiea n
iaeiiai i?aaeiaoa ia ae?oaie, eioi?ue, ii caiuneo nicaeaoaey oaenoa,
yaeyaony aoi?inoaiaiiui. Iiaoi? ia oieueei i?eaeaeaao aieiaiea /eoaoaey
e aaaeiiio io?aceo a oaenoa e niinianoaoao nayciinoe oaenoa, ii e
neoaeeo nicaeaieth eiiai yooaeoa: /ai aieueoa aiai?eony i eii-oi eee i
/ai-oi, oai aieueoa aieiaiey ia?aeeth/aaony ia ae?oaie iauaeo; iiaoi?
ieacuaaaony oiiii, ia eioi?ii y?/a aunooiatho ae?oaea niuneiaua yeaiaiou
oaenoa. I?eai iiaoi?aiey niinianoaoao eo/oaio iiieiaieth caeiaeaiiie a
oaenoa eioi?iaoeee, oae eae aieiaiea /eoathuaai, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue,
i?eaeaeaaony iiaie eioi?iaoeeae, a oaea ecaanoiia aunooiaao oiiii,
iaiaoiaeeiui aeey eo/oaai aini?eyoey iiaiai iaoa?eaea.

I?eioeei iiaoi?a i?iyaeyaony ia anao o?iaiyo oaenoiaie i?aaiecaoeee.
Oaeno i?aaenoaaeyao niaie neiaeiue ycueiaie ciae. A aai icia/aaiii
auaeaeythony ?aciua noi?iiu (aniaeou) — aeaiioaoeaiue, neaieoeeaoeaiue,
eiiiioaoeaiue. Yoi icia/aao, /oi yeaiaiou oaenoa niioianaiu eae n
iaicia/aaiuie eie aiaycueiauie iauaeoaie, oae e n eiiioieeaoeaiuie
iaia?aieyie aae?anaioa. Oaeaea ioia/aaony, /oi aaaeiui aniaeoii eco/aiey
oaenoa yaeyaony aai iiieiaoeaiay noi?iia. A oaenoa, iaeiaei, iiaeao
i?iyaeyoueny aeiieie?iaaiea iaeiie ec aai noi?ii – aeaiioaoeaiie,
neaieoeeaoeaiie eee eiiiioaoeaiie.

Iiaoi?yaiinoue neoaeeo aaaeiui n?aaenoaii i?aaiecaoeee anao aniaeoia
icia/aaiiai oaenoa. Anee a oaenoa i?aiaeaaeatho aeaiioaoiua ia?aaeeaiu
(oaenou aeieoiaioaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a), oi iiaoi?ythony eiaia aaaeiuo
iauaeoia, /oi i?eaiaeeo e auaeaeaieth iniiaiiai niaea?aeaiey a oaenoa.

I?e aieueoai oaeaeueiii aana neaieoeeaoeaiuo cia/aiee (iao/iua oaenou)
aaaeiui yaeyaony iiyniaiea niunea a aeaea eiae/anee naycaiiuo auaiaeia e
caeeth/aiee. I?e aeiieie?iaaiee eiiiioaoeaiiai aniaeoa a
eiiioieeaoeaii-i?aaiaoe/aneie eioaioeee oaenoa (oaenou ooaeiaeanoaaiiie
eeoa?aoo?u) cia/eiui ieacuaaaony ?ane?uoea aioo?aiiae aeooiaiie
i?e?iaeu, /oanoa e ia?aaeeaaiee o/anoieeia niauoee. A yoii neo/aa
i?ei?eoao ioaeaaony iiaoi?ai, ioiinyueiny e eiiiioaoeaiie ia?aaeeaia.
I?eia?ii aaeeieoeu oaeiai ?iaea iiaeao auoue iiaoi?, neoaeauee aeey
?a/aaie oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?niiaaea e aai yiioeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey.

Cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a iino?iaiee oaenoa ea?aao i?eioeei ?ao?iniaeoeee,
eioi?ue niinianoaoao eioaa?aoeee oaenoa, ii?aaeaeyao aai niuneiaoth
caaa?oaiiinoue, aeaao ?aoeeieaioo aiciiaeiinoue aa?iooueny e ?aiaa
niiauaiiie eioi?iaoeee. Iiaoi? eiaao iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea a
oi?ie?iaaiee aeaiiie eaoaai?ee oaenoa.

A ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa iiaoi?yaiinoue auiieiyao ynoaoe/aneoth
ooieoeeth. Iiaoi? oaiaoe/anee aeeceeo neia aeoeaece?oao aini?eyoea
/eoaoaey e ?aaeecoao ynoaoe/aneea i?eioeeiu aaoi?a. Iiaoi? oeaeie o?acu
eee a?oiiu neia ia?acoao ?ao?ai. Iiaoi?yaiinoue o?ac ia aneiiao?e/iuo
iiceoeeyo oaenoa iiaeaea?aeeaaao eaiao ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iiaanoaiaaiey,
neoaeeo i?aaiecaoeee eiiiiceoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u oaenoa.

?eoiiia?acothuay ?ieue iiaoi?a i?eia?aoaao iniaoth cia/eiinoue a
iiyoe/aneii oaenoa. Iiaoi? nicaeaao a ee?eea «aia/aoeaiea
yiioeeiiaeueiiai iaaiaoaiey, ee?e/aneiai naouaiey ia?aaeeaaiee»
[AEe?ioineee 1977: 199]. Aioo?aiiyy ni?acia?iinoue iiyoe/aneiai oaenoa
nicaeaaony ?eoiii, a ?eoi nicaeaaony ia iniiaa iiaoi?a. Iiaoi? iiaeao
nicaeaoue ?eoi ia oieueei a ee?eea, ii e a i?ica ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey
ia?aeeaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee, i?eaia aeeeoa?aoeee, ?eoiu, caoeiaie
aeecinoe neia, iaua?uaaiee iiioiiia, i?e oeaii/iii oiio?aaeaiee
iaeiiei?aiiuo neia.

Eniieueciaaiea ia?aeeaeueiuo iino?iaiee a i?icae/aneii oaenoa yaeyaony
niiniaii iioiaeei ia?acii ecia?aceoue aeaa ?aciuo iauaeoa eee neooaoeee
e oai naiui auyaeoue noiaenoai eee naycue iaaeaeo ieie.

Ia iniiaa iiaoi?yaiinoe ?a/aauo aaeeieoe a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa
oi?ie?othony iiaua, ynoaoe/aneea ciaee — oae iacuaaaiua eeth/aaua neiaa
eee o?acu, eaeoiioeau. Aoi?e/iia iiyaeaiea o?acu ioi?aaeyao /eoaoaey e
ia?aiio aa oiio?aaeaieth, aucuaay ia?ainiuneaiea, auyaeyy ?acee/ey a
cia/aiee. Iaeiei ec n?aaenoa auaeaeaiey eaeoiioeaa a oaenoa
i?iecaaaeaiey yaeyaony neaiciie o?aciaue iiaoi?, aunooiathuee n?aaenoaii
a?oeoaeoiieee oaenoa. O?aciaue iiaoi? yaeyaony «n?aaenoaii oi?iaeueiiai
e niuneiaiai no?oeoo?e?iaaiey oaenoa» [Ei?iaaeieeiaa 1996: 111].
Eaeoiioea iiaeao iiaoi?youeny a oaenoa ianeieueei ?ac, e eaaeaeue ?ac
iiaeao i?eia?aoaoue aa?eaoeaiinoue. Neaiciua o?aciaua iiaoi?u,
?aniieaaaynue aeenoaioeeiiii, niinianoaotho ?anoyaeaaieth e iaiaauaieth
niunea, yiioeeiiaeueiiio iai?yaeaieth, iiaeaiaey e eoeueieiaoeeiiiiio
iiiaioo a i?iecaaaeaiee. Oaeei ia?acii, eaeoiioeau e eo aa?eaoeee
niinianoaotho aieaa aiaaoiio aeoaeiiiio nicaeaieth nouiinoiiai niunea e
iaaeaaeiiio iiieiaieth yoiai niunea.

Iiaoi? yaeyaony iniiaie oi?ie?iaaiey ynoaoe/aneeo ciaeia ia oieueei a
?aieao aeaiiiai, ioaeaeueii acyoiai oaenoa, ii e ?aieao oeaeie
eoeueoo?u, iineieueeo iiaoi?yaiinoue – aaca ?iaeaeaiey neiaieia,
e?ueaouo au?aaeaiee. Iiaoi?yaiia neiai eee o?aca auaeaeyao iaeoth oaio,
eaeath, e, aeaaiaea?y iiaoi?o, yoa oaia eee ia?ac i?eia?aoatho
neiaiee/aneia cia/aiea. Oaeay ?aciiaeaeiinoue iiaoi?a
(eioa?oaenooaeueiay, iaaeoaenooaeueiay iiaoi?yaiinoue) eniieuecoaony a
eiie?aoiii oaenoa eae «/oaeay», eii?iaeiay, acyoay ec ae?oaiai oaenoa e
ia?aaeei ioe?uaathuay a noa?ii iiaua, iaaaaeiiua, iiae/an iaiaeeaeaiiua
a?aie. A eaaeaeie iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?a nouanoaotho naie neiaa e
o?acu – neiaieu, eioi?ua aeaaiaea?y iiaoi?o noaiiayony ociaaaaiu e
iieo/atho iiiai/eneaiiua aa?eaoeee, oiio?aaeyynue ai iiiaeo oaenoao.
Iiaoi?aiea i?aa?auaao neiai a iiaeiue noaiaea?o yiioe. Noaiaea?o
ia/eiaao ei/aaaoue ec oaenoa a oaeno, ia?anoay niuneaie e i?aa?auaynue
ec oeeoaou a neiaie eee aeaaea ieo.

?acthie?oy auoaneacaiiia, ia?a/eneei oieaa?naeueiua ooieoeee iiaoi?ia:

1) Ooieoeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe (yioacu)

2) Ooieoeey iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee

3) Ooieoeey au?aaeaiey iiiaie?aoiinoe eee aeeeoaeueiinoe aeaenoaey

4) Ooieoeey ia?anoaiey

5) Ooieoeey auaeaeaiey iaiiaoi?ythuaainy yeaiaioa

6) Ooieoeey nicaeaiey ?eoia oaenoa

7) Ooieoeey i?eaeaiey yniinoe oaenoo /a?ac ecauoi/iinoue (oaaoieiaeth)

8) Ooieoeey noeeecaoeee ?acaiai?iie yiioeeiiaeueiie ?a/e

Auaiaeu ii Aeaaa 1.

Ooaeiaeanoaaiiay ?a/ue yoi iniaue noeeue ?a/e, enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeeny
a nenoaia aiaeeeneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, iaeaaeathuee ?yaeii iaueo
/a?o, oaeaea enoi?e/anee eciai/eauo, e aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai /anoiuo
iniaaiiinoae, aeaeieciaiythueony a caaeneiinoe io oi?i i?iyaeaiey yoiai
noeey (iiaenoeey), io yiioe, io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie iaia?u aaoi?a.

Eaaeaeue yeaiaio ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa – neiaa, caoee, iino?iaiea
o?ac – aicaeaenoaotho ia ?acoi e /oanoaa /eoaoaey ia ii ioaeaeueiinoe,
ia a ecieyoeee, a a nayce n ooaeiaeanoaaiiui oeaeui.

A ooaeiaeanoaaiiii i?iecaaaeaiee eiaao ianoi oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia
eniieueciaaiea iniiaiuo ia?aiao?ia neioaene/aneie i?aaiecaoeee oaenoa –
aeeeiu, no?oeoo?u i?aaeeiaeaiey, ii?yaeea neaaeiaaiey yeaiaioia a i?i e
n?aaenoa nayce. Neioaene/aneea oeao?u iinyo oa?aeoa? yieciaee/aneee,
oaeoeueoaoeaiue e yaeythony iaia?aiiui ionooieaieai io ycueiaie ii?iu,
i?ecaaiiui auiieiyoue ?acee/iua ooieoeee, eeth/aaie ec eioi?uo yaeyaony
ooieoeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe. Iaeiei ec yooaeoeaiuo n?aaenoa aeey
aeinoeaeaiey yoiai ?acoeueoaoa yaeythony i?eaiu, iniiaaiiua ia
neioaene/aneii iiaoi?aiee.

Neioaene/aneee iiaoi? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeei ec i?iaeoeoeaiuo
noeeenoe/aneeo i?eaiia.

Oaenoiia?acothuay ?ieue iiaoi?a y?ei e naiaia?acii i?iyaeyaony a oaenoao
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u. Iiaoi?yaiinoue – iaeei ec /anouo i?eioeeiia
no?oeoo?iie e naiaioe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee eeoa?aoo?iiai i?iecaaaeaiey.
Iiaoi? naienoaaiai eae i?iecaaaeaieyi onoiiai ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa, oae
e aaoi?neei ooaeiaeanoaaiiui i?iecaaaeaieyi, nicaeaiiui a ?aciia a?aiy e
a ?aciuo eoeueoo?ii-ycueiauo o?aaeeoeeyo. Ii yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeaaiuo
n?aaenoa yeni?anneaiinoe ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa, aai eiiiiceoeeiiiie
i?aaiecaoeee.

Iiaoi?yaiinoue i?eaeaao i?iecaaaeaieyi aeeaiieniinoue, ieaaiinoue,
iaiaaiinoue; niinianoaoao caiaaeeaieth ?acaeoey aeaenoaey. Oaeei
ia?acii, iiaoi?yaiinoue – yoi iaeia ec aaaeoueo oaenoiauo eaoaai?ee,
o/anoaothueo a no?oeoo?ii-niuneiaie i?aaiecaoeee oaenoa, a nicaeaiee
yeni?anneaiinoe, a i?eaea/aiee aieiaiey /eoaoaey e aaaeiui a niuneiaii
ioiioaiee iienaieyi.

Aeaaa 2. Iniiaiua oeiu e ooieoeee neioaene/aneeo iiaoi?ia a

i?iecaaaeaieyo aiaeeeneie e aia?eeaineie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie

eeoa?aoo?u

2.1 Aeaeu noeeenoe/aneeo oeao?, iniiaaiiuo ia i?eioeeia

neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a

Iiaoi?ii eee ?ai?ecie, iacuaaaony oeao?a ?a/e, eioi?ay ninoieo a
iiaoi?aiee caoeia, neia, ii?oai, neiiieiia eee neioaene/aneeo
eiino?oeoeee a oneiaeyo aeinoaoi/iie oaniiou ?yaea, oi anoue aeinoaoi/ii
aeecei ae?oa io ae?oaa, /oiau eo iiaeii auei caiaieoue.

Oae aea eae e ae?oaea oeao?u ?a/e, oneeeaathuea au?aceoaeueiinoue
iaaeaeo o?aaeeoeeiiii iaicia/athuei e neooaoeaii iaicia/athuei, iiaoi?u
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaeioi?ia oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia ioeeiiaiea io
iaeo?aeueiie neioaene/aneie ii?iu, aeey eioi?ie aeinoaoi/ii
iaeiie?aoiiai oiio?aaeaiey neiaa.

Iiaoi?u ia?aaeatho cia/eoaeueioth aeiiieieoaeueioth eioi?iaoeeth
yiioeeiiaeueiinoe, yeni?anneaiinoe e noeeecaoeee e, e?iia oiai, /anoi
neoaeao aaaeiui n?aaenoaii nayce iaaeaeo i?aaeeiaeaieyie.

Iiiaiia?acea i?enoueo iiaoi?o ooieoeee iniaaiii neeueii au?aaeaii a
iiycee. Iaeioi?ua aaoi?u aeaaea n/eoatho iiaoi?u noeeenoe/aneei
i?eciaeii iiycee, ioee/athuei a? io i?icu.

Iu ?anniio?ei oa aeaeu iiaoi?ia, eioi?ua yaeythony iaueie aeey iiycee e
i?icu. ?anniio?aiea iiaoi?a a neioaene/aneie noeeenoeea ianeieueei
oneiaii, oae eae iiaoi?youeny iiaoo yeaiaiou ?aciuo o?iaiae, e
eeanneoeoee?othony iiaoi?u a caaeneiinoe io oiai, eaeea yeaiaiou
iiaoi?ythony.

Niaeanii E.?. Aaeueia?eio, neioaene/aneia iiaoi?aiea aeeth/aao a naay
aiaoi?o, yieoi?o, aiaaeeieinen, ?aii/ioth eiino?oeoeeth e iieeneiaeaoii.
[Aaeueia?ei 1981: 23-48]

1. Aiaoi?a – noeeenoe/aneay oeao?a, iiaoi?aiea ia/aeueiuo /anoae
(caoeia, neia, neioaene/aneeo eee ?eoie/aneeo iino?iaiee) niaaeiuo
io?aceia ?a/e (neia, no?ie, no?io, o?ac). Ano?a/aaony a i?ica e a
iiycee. I?icae/aneay aiaoi?a i?eaeaao oaenoo iniaue ?eoi, naeeaeay aai n
iiyceae. Aa ooieoeee:

1) yiioeeiiaeueiia auaeaeaiea eaeie-ieaoaeue /anoe auneacuaaiey;

2) nicaeaiea yooaeoa /a?aaeothueony niauoee;

3) nicaeaiea yooaeoa eoeueieiaoeee;

He shook his curls; he smiled and went easily through the seven motions
for acquiring grace in your own room before an open window ten minutes
each day. He danced like a faun; he introduced manner and style and
atmosphere (O. Henry). – [Ii ano?yoeaae eoae?yie, aea?ee oeuaee e n
eaaeiiuneaiiinoueth i?iaeaeuaae ana oa naiue oaeiaeaeaeaiee, ia eioi?ua
au aaeaaeiaaii o?aoeoa aeanyoue ieioo o naay a eiiiaoa ia?aae ioe?uouie
ieiii aeey i?eia?aoaiey aeaeinoe e ecyuanoaa. Ii oaioeaaae, eae oaai. Ii
nicaeaaae aie?oa naay aoiinoa?o ethaaciinoe e oiieiai ia?auaiey (caeanue
e aeaeaa ia?aaiae aaoi?a ?aaiou)]

Perhaps he suffered, perhaps he hated, perhaps he loved by cruelty alone
(J. Galsworthy). – [Aiciiaeii, ii no?aaeae, aiciiaeii, ii iaiaaeaeae,
aiciiaeii, ii ethaee ec iaeiie eeoue aeanoieinoe]

2. Yieoi?a – iiaoi? eiia/iiai yeaiaioa a ianeieueeeo auneacuaaieyo.
Yieoi?a a aieueoae noaiaie, /ai aiaoi?a, niinianoaoao nicaeaieth ?eoia a
i?ica, aeaaiaea?y eaeaioe/iinoe caaa?oathueo /anoae i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Auiieiyao neaaeothuea ooieoeee:

1) iiaeao i?eaeaaaoue /anoe auneacuaaiey yioaoe/aneia oaea?aiea;

2) iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue nicaeaieth yooaeoa eoeueieiaoeee

3) yooaeoa i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueiinoe,

For Mrs. Carlton it had been years, for Linda it had been years (F.
Norris). – [Aeey iennen Ea?eaoii yoi aeeeeinue aiaeaie, aeey Eeiaeu yoi
aeeeeinue aiaeaie].

Mr. Smith was happier than he had been for some time…he was happier than
he had been for some time (C. Dickens). – [Ienoa? Nieo aue n/anoeeaaa,
/ai ii aue ia i?ioyaeaiee iaeioi?iai a?aiaie… ii aue n/anoeeaaa, /ai ii
aue ia i?ioyaeaiee iaeioi?iai a?aiaie].

3. ?aii/iay eiino?oeoeey (ia?aieaiea, framing) – yeaiaio a ia/aea
?a/aaiai io?acea iiaoi?yaony a eiioea.

As good habits are said to be better than good principles, so, perhaps,
good manners are better than good habits. (O. Henry) – [Aiai?yo, /oi
oi?ioea i?eau/ee eo/oa oi?ioeo i?eioeeiia. Aiciiaeii, oi?ioea iaia?u
eo/oa oi?ioeo i?eau/ae.]

4. Iiaeoaao (aiaaeeieinen, anadiplosis) – iiaoi? neia eee a?oiia neia,
caeai/eaathueo io?acie ?a/e, iiaoi?yaony a ia/aea neaaeothuaai io?acea
?a/e.

Now he understood. He understood many things (J. Galsworthy). – [Oaia?ue
ii iiiye. Ii iiiye iiiaia].

Iiaeoaao iieacuaaao naycue iaaeaeo aeaoiy eaeayie, oaaee/eaaao ia
oieueei yeni?anneaiinoue, ii e ?eoie/iinoue.

5. Oeaci ninoieo a oii, /oi a aeaoo ninaaeieo neiaini/aoaieyo (eee
i?aaeeiaeaieyo), iino?iaiiuo ia ia?aeeaeecia, aoi?ia no?ieony a ia?aoiie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, oae /oi iieo/aaony ia?ae?anoiia ?aniieiaeaiea
iaeeiaeiauo /eaiia aeaoo niaaeiuo eiino?oeoeee;

Aianoi ia?aeeaeecia, iai?eia?, “*oi iaoioy caiiieiaaoue, oi ioioii
caauaaaoue”, i?aaeeaaaaony eiino?oeoeey – “*oi iaoioy caiiieiaaoue, oi
caauaaaoue ioioii”.

I?eia?: All for one, one for all. – [Iaeei ca anao, ana ca iaeiiai].

Aai ooieoeee aeeth/atho a naay:

1) auaeaeaiea yioaoe/aneie /anoe auneacuaaiey aeaaiaea?y iaiaeeaeaiiie
iaoca ia?aae iae,

2) iiaeao neoaeeoue aeey nicaeaiey thii?enoe/aneiai, e?iie/aneiai
yooaeoa.

“May I take so bald”, he said with a smile that was like a frown, and
with a frown that was like a smile (C. Dickens). – [Iiao y neacaoue yoi
i?yii, – i?iecian ii n oeuaeie, iioiaeae ia a?eiano, e n a?eianie,
iioiaeae ia oeuaeo].

6. Iieeneiaeaoii – iiaoi?aiea nithcia, oaeia iino?iaiea i?aaeeiaeaiey,
eiaaea ana (eee ii/oe ana) iaeii?iaeiua /eaiu naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie
iaeiei e oai aea nithcii.

And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles, and
I want my own tea, and I want it to be strong and I want to brush my
hair out in front a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new
clothes (C. Dickens). – [ss oi/o anoue ca noieii iieie nianoaaiiui
noieiaui na?aa?ii, e y oi/o naa/ae, e y oi/o iie nianoaaiiue /ae, e y
oi/o, /oia ii aue e?aieee, e y oi/o ?an/anuaaoueny ia?aae ca?eaeii, e y
oi/o eioeo, e y oi/o iiaoth iaeaaeaeo].

Iieeneiaeaoii, iaiai?io, niya/aao ia?aoiae io iaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey e
ae?oaiio. Aai iniiaiay ooieoeey – iauaaeeiaiea. Iaeaieaa /anoi a
iieeneiaeaoiia o/anoaoao nithc and, naiue /anoioiue nithc anao
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo e iaooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oaenoia.

E neioaene/aneei iiaoi?ai i?eiueaao oaeia yaeaiea eae neioaene/aneee
ia?aeeaeeci (Iineaei, 2001, n. 81–85).

I.I. ?aceieeia ii?aaeaeyao neioaene/aneee ia?aeeaeeci eae
«naiaioeei-no?oeoo?iia aaeeinoai, ninoiyuaa ieieiaeueii ec aeaoo
eiiiiiaioia (ninoaaeythueo), eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecothony neioaene/aneie
oiaeaeanoaaiiinoueth e eiaeei-niuneiaie iauiinoueth» [?aceieeia, 1989,
n. 195].

Neioaene/aneee ia?aeeaeeci iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny e eae io?acie ?a/e,
ninoiyuee ec neioaene/anee iaeiioeiiuo eiino?oeoeee, iauaaeeiaiiuo iauae
iuneueth. Oaeie io?acie ?a/e iiaeao eiaoue ?acioth aaee/eio: iaeua oi?iu
(iee?iia?aeeaeeci), o. a. eaeie-oi iaeei /eai i?aaeeiaeaiey, e e?oiiua
oi?iu (iae?iia?aeeaeeci), o. a. ianeieueei naiinoiyoaeueiuo eee aea
i?eaeaoi/iuo i?aaeeiaeaiee.

Ii neoaeeo aeey onoaiiaeaiey niioaaonoaee iaaeaeo i?aaeiaoaie e aeey
nicaeaiey ?a/aaie o?aaiiaaoaiiinoe e ?eoie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee oaenoa. A
ia?aeeaeueiua eiino?oeoeee iiaoo aeeth/aoueny ?aciua /eaiu i?aaeeiaeaiey
eee oeaeua o?acu:

From one she would copy and practice a gesture, from another an eloquent
lifting of an eyebrow, from others, a manner of walking, of carrying a
purse, of smiling, of greeting a friend, of addressing “inferiors in
station.” (O. Henry) – [O iaeiie iia eiie?iaaea aeano, o ae?oaie –
e?anii?a/eaia aeaeaeaiea a?iaae, o o?aoueae – iioiaeeo, iaia?o
aea?aeaoue noii/eo, oeuaaoueny, caei?iaaoueny n ae?ocueyie, ia?auaoueny
n «iecoeie»].

Dempsey had, perhaps, ten pounds of weight to give away. The O’Sullivan
had breadth with quickness. Dempsey had a glacial eye, a dominating slit
of a mouth, an indestructible jaw, a complexion like a belle’s and the
coolness of a champion. (O. Henry) – [Aeaiine, aiciiaeii, ia iaoaei au
na?ineoue ooioia aeanyoue aana. I’Naeeeaai ioee/aeny iaeioi?ie
ianaea?aeaiiinoueth aeaeaeaiee. O Aeaiine aue eaaeyiie acaeyae, aeanoiay
eeiey ?oa, ianie?ooeiua /aethnoe, oeaao eeoea thiie e?anioee e
oeaaeiie?iaea /aiieiia]

Ca/anooth neioaene/aneee iiaoi? naycai n iiaoi?ii eaene/aneei, /oi
iicaieyao aiai?eoue i eaeneei-neioaene/aneii iiaoi?a.

Iineaaeiee iiaeao auoue iieiui e /anoe/iui.

Iieiue eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ni/aoaiea
aaniethoiiai neioaene/aneiai ia?aeeaeecia e eaene/aneiai iiaoi?a. «Iauay
eaeay», iauaaeeiythuay i?aaeeeaoeaiua aaeeieoeu aeaiiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee,
/anoi iienuaaaony naiaioe/anee aeeceeie eee oiaeaeanoaaiiuie neiaaie.
Neioaene/anee ia?aeeaeueiua i?aaeeeaoeaiua /anoe i?eaeatho aeaiiui
eiino?oeoeeyi aieueooth /?oeinoue e au?aceoaeueiinoue. Those evening
bells! Those evening bells! (T. Moore) [Aa/a?iua eieieiea! Aa/a?iea
eieieiea!]

Iieiue neioaene/aneee ia?aeeaeeci iiaeao niaaeeiyoueny n eaene/aneei
iiaoi?ii neaaeothueo /eaiia i?aaeeiaeaiey:

1. Iiaoi? i?aaeeeaoeaiie iniiau: What has my life been? Fag and grind,
fag and grind. Turn the wheel, turn the wheel. (Ch. Dickens) – [*ai auea
iiy aeeciue? Aeaeuaae e iieioe, aeaeuaae e iieioe. E?ooe eieani, e?ooe
eieani].

Ia?aay i?aaeeeaoeaiay /anoue aeaiiuo i?aaeeeaoeaiuo eiino?oeoeee
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiinoaoaoeeth oaeoa eee niauoey, a aoi?ay –
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea e oneeaiea ia?aie. Iiaeiaiua eiino?oeoeee
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iniaue oei ?aaeoieeeaoeee (?aaeoieeeaoeey ia
neioaene/aneii o?iaia). Aacie ia?aciaaiey ?aaeoieeeaoeee yaeythony
oaeaiaiiua aaeeieoeu, i?e yoii oaeaiaiea aeieaeii auoue iieiui, aac
aa?eaoeee: enoiaeiue yeaiaio (?aaeoieeeao) ?aaai iiaoi?aiiiio
(?aaeoieeeaoi?o). Neioaene/aneay ?aaeoieeeaoeey naycaia n
yiioeeiiaeueiui ieaiii auneacuaaiey, iineaaeiaa iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony
aineeeoeaoaeueiie eioiiaoeeae.

2. Iiaoi? iiaeeaaeauaai iaaethaeaaony a iaeiinoauaeoiuo, ii
?aciii?aaeeeaoiuo i?aaeeiaeaieyo, iiaeeaaeauaa iiaeao auoue
i?aaenoaaeaii eiaiai nouanoaeoaeueiui, ee/iui, iaii?aaeae?iii-ee/iui,
io?eoeaoaeueiui, ii?aaeaeeoaeueiui ianoieiaieyie: You’ve never turned
the wrong to right, You’ve been a coward in the fight. (Ch. Mackay)

Iiaoi? iiaeeaaeauaai, eae i?aaeei, iineo aiaoi?e/aneee oa?aeoa?, /oi
naycaii n iniaaiiinoyie aeooaeueiiai /eaiaiey i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Oiaeaeanoaaiiua iiaeeaaeauea au?aaeatho oiaeaeanoaaiioth oaio, iiyoiio
caieiatho i?aiiceoeaiia iieiaeaiea. A oii neo/aa, anee oaia au?aaeaaony
oiaeaeanoaaiiuie neacoaiuie, iineaaeiea iaoiaeyony a i?aiiceoeee. I?e
aiaoi?e/aneii iiaoi?a iiaeeaaeauaai aeooaeueiia /eaiaiea niaiaaeaao n
a?aiiaoe/aneei, i?e aiaoi?e/aneii iiaoi?a i?aaeeeaoa ia niaiaaeaao.

Oiaeaeanoai iiaeeaaeaueo /anoi nii?iaiaeaeaaony eiuie /eaiaie
i?aaeeiaeaiey, au?aaeaiiuie neiaaie ?aciie noaiaie naiaioe/aneie
aeecinoe. A ?yaea neo/aaa oiaeaeanoai iiaeeaaeaueo e aeiiieiaiee
nii?iaiaeaeaaony naiaioe/aneie aeecinoueth neacoaiuo, au?aaeaiiuo
aeaaieaie iaeiiai naiaioe/aneiai eeanna: You’ve hit no traitor on the
hip ,You’ve dashed no cup from perjured lip… (J. Mackay)

A aeaiiii i?eia?a ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiay ?acee/iia a?aiiaoe/aneia
au?aaeaiea, ianoo oiaeaeanoaaiioth naiaioe/aneoth iaa?oceo, ooi/iytho
aeaenoaea ii a?aiaie; aeaaieu hit e dash eiatho iauoth naio iaianaiey
oaea?a. Naiaioe/aneay aeecinoue neacoaiuo, nii?iaiaeaeathueo
oiaeaeanoaaiiua iiaeeaaeauea, iaaethaeaaony ai iiiaeo neiaeiuo
i?aaeeiaeaieyo.

3. Iiaoi? neacoaiiai nii?iaiaeaeaaony eciaiaieai noauaeoa aeaenoaey: *I
love you and you love me.

Ia?aaeei iiaoi?yaony aeaaie-naycea ninoaaiiai eiaiiiai neacoaiiai eee
aniiiiaaoaeueiue aeaaie ninoaaiiai aeaaieueiiai neacoaiiai:

They were all three from Milan and one of them was to be a lawyer, and
one was to be a painter… ” (E. Hemingway) – [Ana iie o?ia auee ec
Ieeaia, e iaeei oioae noaoue aaeaieaoii, a ae?oaie – ooaeiaeieeii]

Iiaoi? a auoaia?a/eneaiiuo i?eia?ao iineo y?ei au?aaeaiiue eiiieaeniue
oa?aeoa?, /oi i?iyaeyaony a iaeiia?aiaiiii iaee/ee neaaeothueo
i?eciaeia: aaniethoii oi/iia aini?iecaaaeaiea neiaioi?iu (eaene/aneee
iiaoi?); no?oeoo?iia oiaeaeanoai neioaene/aneeo eiino?oeoeee;
aeenoaioiue oa?aeoa? iiaoi?a; aiaoi?a (aaeeiiia/aoea) a aieueoeinoaa
i?eia?ia; ii ioiioaieth e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe i?aaeeeaoeaiua aaeeieoeu
aeaiiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee eiatho oiaeaeanoaaiioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo (eee
ooaa?aeeoaeueiua, eee io?eoeaoaeueiua); eaeaioe/iinoue i?aaeeeaoeaiuo
eiino?oeoeee a ieaia oeaeaonoaiiaee e yiioeeiiaeueiie ie?anee.

Eiiieaeniue oa?aeoa? eiaao iiaoi? e aoi?inoaiaiiuo /eaiia i?aaeeiaeaiey.
I?e yoii a neioaene/anee ia?aeeaeueiuo eiiiiiaioao ia?a/eneeoaeueiuo
i?aaeeiaeaiee aini?iecaiaeyony oiaeaeanoaaiiua neiaioi?iu, auiieiythuea
ooieoeeth aeiiieiaiey, ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ii?aaeaeaiey. Eniieuecoy i?e?i
iiaoi?aiey eaeiai-eeai aoi?inoaiaiiiai /eaia, aaoi? aeoeaioe?oao aai
aaaeiinoue aeey naiaioeee i?aaeeiaeaiey, iiaoi? auiieiyao i?e yoii
auaeaeeoaeueioth ooieoeeth:

Iieiue eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? iiaeao iaeiia?aiaiii ioaaouaaoue
eae aeaaiua, oae e aoi?inoaiaiiua /eaiu i?aaeeiaeaiey:

She was a good servant, she walked softly… she was a determined woman,
she walked precisely.” (G. Greene) – [Iia auea oi?ioae neoaeaieie a
oiaeeea oeoi… iia auea ?aoeoaeueiie aeaiueiie e oiaeeea oaa?aiiie
iioiaeeie].

Is life vain, beauty vain, hope vain, happiness vain? (J. Galsworthy) –
[Iai?ania ee aeeciue, iai?ania ee e?anioa, iai?ania ee iaaeaaeaea,
iai?anii ee n/anouea?]

“I love your hills, and I love your dales. And I love your flocks
a-bleating.” (J. Keats)

I?e?i iiaoi?aiey a eaaeaeie i?aaeeeaoeaiie aaeeieoea
iaeiiooieoeeiiaeueiuo /eaiia iiae/??eeaaao neiiao?e/iinoue no?oeoo?u
i?aaeeiaeaiey, ?eoie/iinoue oaiia ?a/e, ia?a/eneeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?
eioiiaoeee.

*anoe/iue eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? i?aaeiieaaaao iaee/ea a
i?aaeeeaoeaiuo aaeeieoeao ia?a/eneeoaeueiuo oiaeaeanoaaiiuo neiaioi?i e
iaiieiiai no?oeoo?iiai ia?aeeaeecia eiiiiiaioia. A caaeneiinoe io
no?oeoo?iiai niioiioaiey ia?aeeaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee e neioaene/aneeo
ooieoeee iiaoi?yaiuo /eaiia iiaeii auaeaeeoue ianeieueei ?aciiaeaeiinoae
aeaiiiai oeia iiaoi?a.

1. *anoe/iue eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? n ?ani?ino?aiaieai
iineaaeothuae i?aaeeeaoeaiie aaeeieoeu, iiaoi?yaiia neiai i?e yoii
iiaeao aunooiaoue a ooieoeee iiaeeaaeauaai, i?aaeeeaoa, ethauo
aoi?inoaiaiiuo /eaiia: Two years of married life… had added a little
more decision to her quick lips, a little more allurement to her
white-lidded, dark-lashed hazel eyes, a little more poise and swing to
her carriage, a little more chest and hip measurement (J. Galsworthy) –
[Aeaa aiaea caioaeanoaa… aeiaaaeee iaiiiai ?aoeoaeueiinoe eeiee aa aoa,
iaiiiai iaieueuaiey aa ea?ei aeacai n oaiiuie ?anieoeaie, iaiiiai
oaa?aiiinoe aa inaiea…]

I?e?i neioaene/aneiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?aeeaeueiuo eiino?oeoeee
oa?aeoa?ai e aeey iiiaieiiiiiaioiuo neiaeiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee. I?e yoii
?ani?ino?aiaiea eae?o ii ia?anoathuae eeiee, eaaeaeay iineaaeothuay
/anoue i?aaenoaaeaia aieueoei eiee/anoaii neioaene/aneeo /eaiia, /ai
i?aaeuaeouay.

2. *anoe/iue eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? n ona/aieai iineaaeothuae
i?aaeeeaoeaiie aaeeieoeu, eioi?ia i?ienoiaeeo, a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa,
ca n/?o aoi?inoaiaiiuo /eaiia i?aaeeiaeaiey: There stood Dick, gazing
now at the green gown, now at the brown head-dress, now at the face…(C.
Dickens) – [Oai noiye Aeee, aeyaey ia caeaioth iaioeth, ia ei?e/iaaue
aieiaiie oai?, ia eeoei e ia auno?ia ia?i a ninoiyiee aeoiie
?anoa?yiiinoe.]

Eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? iineo eiiieaeniue oa?aeoa?, eioi?ue
au?aaeaaony a neaaeothueo i?eciaeao: iaycaoaeueiia iaee/ea
oiaeaeanoaaiiuo neiaioi?i (eaene/aneee iiaoi?); /anoe/iue no?oeoo?iue
ia?aeeaeeci neioaene/aneeo eiino?oeoeee; aeenoaioiue oa?aeoa?
eaene/aneiai iiaoi?a; /anoia eniieueciaaiea aiaoi?u; iaee/ea eee
aiciiaeiay iiaenoaiiaea aeaoa?ieiaioa; eaeaioe/iinoue i?aaeeeaoeaiuo
eiino?oeoeee a ieaia oeaeaonoaiiaee, yiioeeiiaeueiie ie?anee,
oa?aeoa?enoeee ii ioiioaieth e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.

Eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? auiieiyao noeeenoe/aneoth ooieoeeth, ii
auaeaeyao, iiae/a?eeaaao aaaeiia aeey auneacuaaiey neiai, aeoeaioe?oao
ia iai aieiaiea. Naiaioe/aneay ooieoeey eaeneei-neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a
i?iyaeyaony a nicaeaiee aaeeiiai niuneiaiai noa?aeiy auneacuaaiey,
«iauae eaeae» ia?a/eneeoaeueiiai ?yaea.

Naiaioe/aneay iaeiiieaiiainoue ia?a/eneeoaeueiuo aannithciuo neiaeiuo
i?aaeeiaeaiee i?iyaeyaony a iauae eiieeoeeoiie naiaioeea («iauae
eaeaa»), eioi?ay yaeyaony io?aaeaieai ia?iiiiai ?aciiia?acey ?aaeee
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Oai?aoe/anee /enei aiciiaeiuo eaeae, iauaaeeiythueo
i?aaeeeaoeaiua aaeeieoeu a ia?a/eneeoaeueiuo i?aaeeiaeaieyo, aaneiia/ii.

Eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? iiaeao noaiiaeoueny au?aceoaeai «iauae
eaeae» i?aaeeiaeaiey: I wake up and I’m alone, and I walk round Warlley
and I’m alone, and I talk with people and I’m alone.” (J. Braine) – [ss
i?inioeny e iiiye, /oi y iaeei; y i?ioae aie?oa Oi?ee e iiiye, /oi y
iaeei; y aiai?ee n ethaeueie e iiiye, /oi y iaeei].

Aaeeioth oaio aeaiiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue eae iienaiea
iaeeii/anoaa aa?iy, aieaa eiie?aoii – eae ionoonoaea eiioaeoa n
ie?oaeathueie aai ethaeueie. A i?aaeeiaeaiee «iauay eaeay»
yenieeoee?oaony eaene/aneei iiaoi?ii neiaioi?iu alone. Yieoi?e/aneee
oa?aeoa? iiaoi?yaiiai iiaeeaaeauaai aeoeaioe?oao aaeeioth oaio
i?aaeeiaeaiey.

Ana auoai?eaaae?iiua i?eia?u neoaeao aeieacaoaeuenoaii iaee/ey
naiaioe/aneie ooieoeee o eaeneei-neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a. Iauay eaeay a
ieo au?aaeaaony eee naiei eaeneei-neioaene/aneei iiaoi?ii, eee n aai
iaycaoaeueiui o/anoeai.

Iieiue e /anoe/iue eaeneei-neioaene/aneea iiaoi?u, eae i?aaeei, iinyo
eiiieaeniue oa?aeoa?, /oi iaieoanoe?oaony a iaee/ee oiaeaeanoaaiiuo
neiaioi?i (eaene/aneiai iiaoi?a), no?oeoo?iii ia?aeeaeecia
neioaene/aneeo eiino?oeoeee, aeenoaioiii oa?aeoa?a eaene/aneiai iiaoi?a,
/anoii eniieueciaaiee aiaoi?u, aaeeinoaa oeaeaonoaiiaee e
yiioeeiiaeueiie ie?anee i?aaeeeaoeaiuo eiino?oeoeee.
Eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? eiaao oaeoeueoaoeaiue oa?aeoa? n oi/ee
c?aiey ia?aaea/e iniiaiie i?aaeiaoii-eiae/aneie eioi?iaoeee,
caeeth/aiiie a auneacuaaiee. Ii auiieiyao naiaioe/aneoth e
noeeenoe/aneoth ooieoeee.

Eoae, neioaene/aneee iiaoi? iiaeao yaeoueny au?aceoaeai «iauae eaeae»,
iauaaeeiythuae eiiiiiaiou i?aaeeiaeaiey a aaeeiia oeaeia. A oii neo/aa,
anee neioaene/aneee iiaoi? ia iaieoanoe?oao /?oei aai «iauoth eaeath»,
ii aeoeaece?oao iiene aaeeiie oaiu niaianoii n ae?oaeie n?aaenoaaie.

2.2 I?eai neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a iiyoe/aneii oaenoa

Iineieueeo eiaiii aeey iiycee iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?ii oiio?aaeaiea i?eaia
iiaoi?a, neaaeoao ia/aoue iaoa i?aeoe/aneia enneaaeiaaiea n aiaeeca
neioaene/aneiai noeeenoe/aneiai iiaoi?a a iiyoe/aneii oaenoa.

Oae, a iaeioi?uo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo iiyoe/aneeo i?iecaaaeaieyo iiaoi?u
eniieuecothony a oeaeyo noeeecaoeee ia?iaeii-ianaiiie iiycee. Ecaanoii,
/oi onoiay ia?iaeiay iiycey oe?iei iieuecoaony iiaoi?aieai neia a oeaeyo
caiaaeeaiey iiaanoaiaaiey, i?eaeaiey ianaiiiai oa?aeoa?a neaco, e /anoi
aucuaaaony o?aaiaaieyie ?eoia. I?eia?u oaeie noeeecaoeee
oieueeei?ii-ianaiiuo iiaoi?aiee n iiiiuueth i?eaia aiaoi?u iu iaoiaeei,
iai?eia?, a neaaeothuai noeoioai?aiee ?. Aa?ina:

My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,

My heart’s in the Highlands a-chasing the deer.

Chasing the wild deer and following the roe,

My heart’s in the Highlands wherever I go.

Noeoioai?aiea Oiiana Aoaea “November” oaeaea oeaeeeii iino?iaii ia
neioaene/aneii i?eaia aiaoi?u, iniiaaiiie ia iiaoi?a io?eoeaoaeueiie
/anoeoeu “no”. Iiaoi?ythuaany a ia/aea eaaeaeiai i?aaeeiaeaiey
io?eoeaiea caaa?oaaony eaeaiao?ii. Neiai November aini?eieiaaony a oeaie
aiaoi? eae e ae?oaea ni/aoaiey n “no”:

No sun — no moon! No morn — no noon —

No dawn — no dusk — no proper time of day-

No sky — no earthly view-

No distance looking blue —

No road — no street — no “t’other side the way”

No end to any Row

No indications where the Crescents go —

No top to any steeple

No recognition of familiar people!

No warmth — no cheerfulness, no healthful ease,

No comfortable feel in any member;

No shade, no shine, no butterflies, no bees,

No fruits, no flowers, no leaves, no birds,

November!

(T. Hood)

Eaeneei-neioaene/aneee iiaoi? neiaini/aoaiey a neaaeothuai i?eia?a
ia?acoao ?aii/ioth eiino?oeoeeth, iaeaaeathuoth aieueoie au?aceoaeueiie
neeie:

How beautiful is the rain!

After the dust and heat,

In the broad and fiery street

In the narrow lane

How beautiful is the rain!

(H. W. Longfellow)

A neaaeothuai /aoaa?inoeouea iiaeii iaeoe oe?ieee niaeo? neioaene/aneeo
noeeenoe/aneeo i?eaiia:

Living is the art of loving

Loving is the art of caring

Caring is the art of sharing

Sharing is the art of living

(Proverb)

1. Neioaene/aneee ia?aeeaeeci

2. ?aii/ioth eiino?oeoeeth

3. Aiaaeeieinen

Ia?aieaoaiea ianeieueeeo aeaeia iiaoi?a aeaeaao iacaauaaaiuie iineaaeiea
no?iee XVIII niiaoa Oaenie?a. Caeanue aiieiuaia iaeia ec eeth/aauo oai
Oaenie?a – oaia aacaeaeinoiiai a?aiaie e aaeeiiai?noaa n iae iiycee,
aeaaiaea?y eioi?ie e?anioa noaiiaeony aannia?oiie. Aaaeiinoue oaiu
aucuaaao eiiaa?aaioeeth, oi anoue neiieaiea noeeenoe/aneeo i?e?iia i?e
ia?aaea/a iaeiiai iauaai niaea?aeaiey.

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see

So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

(W. Shakespeare)

Eiiaa?aaioeey iicaieyao ?acee/eoue a yoeo aeaoo no?ieao ianeieueei
?aciuo aeaeia iiaoi?a:

1) iiaoi? o?ac – so long … so long, a aeaiiii neo/aa iiaoi? yaeyaony
aiaoi?e/aneei, oae eae iiaoi?ythueany yeaiaiou ?aniieiaeaiu a ia/aea
no?iee.

2) neioaene/aneee ia?aeeaeeci – ia?aeeaeueiua eiino?oeoeee men can
brathe e eyes can see neioaene/anee iino?iaiu iaeeiaeiai;

3) aoi?ie i?eia? ia?aeeaeecia lives this and this gives … yaeyaony
oeaciii.

4) a aeaiiii i?eia?a, iaeiaei, oeaci neiaeai oai, /oi neioaene/anee
iaeeiaeiaua yeaiaiou this … this au?aaeaiu oiaeaeanoaaiiuie neiaaie.
Oaeei ia?acii, caeanue i?enoonoaoao e iiaeoaao (aiaaeeieinen) – oeao?a,
ninoiyuay a iiaoi?aiee neiaa ia nouea aeaoo eiino?oeoeee.

Eoae, aeaa no?iee Oaenie?a aeatho iai oeaeue ?yae iiaoi?ia, iicaieyy
naeaeaoue auaiae i niaoeeoeea eo ?aaeecaoeee a iiyoe/aneii oaenoa,
eioi?ay naycaia n /anoie eiiaa?aaioeeae iiaoi?ia ?acee/iiai oeia.

Ae?oaia noeoioai?aiea aeaao iai y?eee i?eia? iniiaiie ooieoeee
neioaene/aneeo iiaoi?ia a iiycee, a eiaiii ooieoeee ?eoie/aneie.

Iai?eia?, ?aciiia?aciua iiaoi?u a “The Song of the Shirt” Oiiana Aoaea
nicaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiue ?eoi anaai noeoioai?aiey:

Work — work — work!

Till the brain begins to swim! Work — work — work!

Till the eyes are heavy and dim! Seam, and gusset, and band,

Band and gusset, and seam, — Till over the buttons I fall asleep,

And sew them on in a dream!

(T. Hood)

Ooiieoaeueiia iaeiiia?acea e iiiioiiiinoue aeaenoaee au?aaeaia ?aciuie
n?aaenoaaie. Aaaeiaeoei, eiia/ii, yaeyaony naii cia/aiea iai?ioia Till
the brain begins to swim! e Till the eyes are heavy and dim! Ii
eaene/anee ia?aaeaiiia ooiieaiea, aucaaiiia ?aaioie, aua ia oeacuaaao ia
iaeiiia?acea, iiiioiiiinoue naiie ?aaiou. Yoi ia?aaeaaony iiaoi?aie neia
work e seam, and gusset, and band.

Eiiaaea a noeoioai?aieyo iiaoi? i?eia?aoaao ooieoeeth niya/aiey ?aceinoe
ia?aoiaea io iaeiiai ieaia auneacuaaiey e ae?oaiio. Oae, iai?eia?, a
neaaeothuae no?ioa ec iiyiu Aae?iia “Don Juan” iiaoi?aiea neia and then
neoaeeo oeaeyi oaeiai niya/aiey ia?aoiaea:

For then their eloquence grows quite profuse:

And when at length they’re out of breath, they sigh,

And cast their languid eyes down, and let loose

A tear or two, and then we make it up:

And then — and then — and then — sit down and sup.

Oaeei ia?acii, a oaenoa aiaeiycu/iie iiycee iaoiaeeo ianoi oe?ieee
niaeo? i?eaiia, iniiaaiiuo ia neioaene/aneie iiaoi?yaiinoue, eae
i?aaeei, anooiathueo a ioiioaiey eiiaa?aaioeee e neoaeaueo, i?aaeaea
anaai, aeey ?eoiiia?aciaaiey.

2.3 I?eai neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a a oaenoa ooaeiaeanoaaiiie

i?icu

Oaia?ue ?anniio?ei ?aaeecaoeeth neioaene/aneeo iiaoi?ia a oaenoa
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie i?icu, ia?auay ioaeaeueiia aieiaiea ia eo ooieoeee.

Eae iu oaea ?anniao?eaaee a oai?aoe/aneie /anoe, e iniiaiui ooieoeeyi
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a eae noeeenoe/aneiai i?eaia ioiinyony
neaaeothuea:

1) Ooieoeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe (yioacu)

2) Ooieoeey iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee

3) Ooieoeey au?aaeaiey iiiaie?aoiinoe eee aeeeoaeueiinoe aeaenoaey

4) Ooieoeey ia?anoaiey

5) Ooieoeey auaeaeaiey iaiiaoi?ythuaainy yeaiaioa

6) Ooieoeey nicaeaiey ?eoia oaenoa

7) Ooieoeey i?eaeaiey yniinoe oaenoo /a?ac ecauoi/iinoue (oaaoieiaeth)

8) Ooieoeey noeeecaoeee ?acaiai?iie yiioeeiiaeueiie ?a/e

?anniio?ei eaaeaeoth ec ieo aieaa iiae?iaii, i?ieeethno?e?iaaa ooieoeeth
i?eia?aie ec ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.

1) Ooieoeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe yaeyaony iaeaieaa iauae ooieoeeae
iiaoi?a.

Aeey aa ?aaeecaoeee iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny ethaua noeeenoe/aneea i?eaiu,
iniiaaiiua ia neioaene/aneii iiaoi?aiee.

Iiaoi?u, ianouea ooieoeeth oneeaiey, iau/ii a eiiiiceoeeiiiii ioiioaiee
i?inou: iiaoi?ythueany neiaa eee neiaini/aoaiey noiyo ?yaeii ae?oa n
ae?oaii, o.a. i?aaenoaaeyoue niaie eaeaioe/iue iiaoi?:

You cannot, sir, take from me anything I will more willingly part withal
except my life, except my life, except my life.” (W. Shakespeare) – [Au
ie/aai ia ioaa?aoa o iaiy, noaea?ue, e?iia iiae aeecie…]

Iiaoi?aiea iiaeao auoue aiaoi?e/aneei, oi anoue cao?aaeaathuei ia?aia
neiai eee neiaini/aoaiea a iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo neioaaiao:

“I knew it, Dempsey,” she said, as her eyes grew dull even in their
tears. “I knew he was a Guinea. (O. Henry) – [ss ciaea yoi, Aeaiine, –
neacaea iia, e aeaca aa iiooneiaee aeaaea a iioieao neac. – ss ciaea,
/oi ii eoaeueyoea.]

For that was it! Ignorant of the long and stealthy march of passion, and
of the state to which it had reduced Fleur; ignorant of how Soames had
watched her, seen that beloved young part of his very self fair, reach
the edge of things and stand there balancing; ignorant of Fleur’s
reckless desperation beneath that falling picture, and her father’s
knowledge there of — ignorant of all this everybody felt aggrieved. (J.
Galsworthy.)

[Eai yoi auei oae. Ia ciay i aeieaii e ne?uoiii ?acaeoee no?anoe e i
ninoiyiee, aei eioi?iai iia aeiaaea Oea?, ia ciay i oii, eae Niin
iaaethaeae ca iae, ia ciay i ai?ueeii io/ayiee Oea? ec-ca oiai, /oi any
ea?oeia ?ooeeanue, e aa ioaoe ana ciae – ia ciay ie i /ai, /oi
canoaaeyei anao ia/aeeoueny].

A aeaiiii i?eia?a ?aaeecoaony i?eai aiaoi?u, neoaeauee oeaee oneeaiey
au?aceoaeueiinoe yieoaoa “ignorant”.

Aiaoi?e/aneia iiaoi?aiea iiaeao eiaoue e neiaeioth no?oeoo?o, iai?eia?,
aoaeo/e ?ani?ino?aiaiiui iaeii?iaeiuie /eaiaie i?aaeeiaeaiey:

“Justice waited behind a wooden counter in a high stool; it wore a heavy
moustache; it was kindly and had six children…” (G. Greene) –
[I?aainoaeea iaeeaeaei eo ia aunieii nooea ca aea?aayiiie eiioi?eie; iii
iineei aonoua onu, iii auei aeia?ui, e o iaai auei oanoa?i aeaoae]

A neaaeothuai io?uaea ec ?iiaia Aeeeeaina “Bleak House” iiaoi? oeaeiai
neiaini/aoaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie yieoi?o:

“I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position, in such a
case as that. I am above the rest of mankind, in such a case as that. I
can act with philosophy, in such a case as that. (Ch. Dickens)” – [ss
eiaiii oio /aeiaae, eioi?iai ioaeii auei iinoaaeoue ia ?oeiaiaeyuoth
aeieaeiinoue – a oaeii neo/aa, eae yoio. ss noith auoa inoaeueiiai
/aeiaa/anoaa, a oaeii neo/aa eae yoio. ss iiao aeaenoaiaaoue niieieii, a
oaeii neo/aa eae yoio].

Aa cia/aiea: oneeaiea au?aceoaeueiinoe (iiae/a?eeaaaony aaaeiinoue
eiaiii yoiai eiie?aoiiai neo/ay).

Oaeaea a i?aaeaeao neioaaiu iiaeao eiaoue ianoi eiaa?ney, noaayuay a
neeueioth iiceoeeth ae?oaie yeaiaio i?aaeeiaeaiey aeey ia?aianaiey
aeoeaioa ia iaai, e oiaaea iu iiaeai aiai?eoue i i?eaia oeacia:

Ask not what the country can do for you, ask what you can do for the
country. (Proverb) – [Ia ni?aoeaae, /oi iiaeao naeaeaoue no?aia aeey
oaay, ni?ine, /oi iiaeaoue naeaeaoue ou aeey no?aiu].

Aeey yoie oeaee, ia?acoy onoie/eaoth eiae/aneoth naycue iaaeaeo aeaoiy
/anoyie auneacuaaiey, /anoi eniieuecoaony i?eai iiaeoaaoa:

“…in the days of old men made the manners; manners now make men.” (G.
Byron.) – [A aueua a?aiaia ethaee nicaeaaaee i?aaeea i?eee/ey, naaiaeiy
i?aaeea i?eee/ey nicaeatho ethaeae].

If you live in an atmosphere of luxury, luxury is yours whether your
money pays for it, or another’s (O. Henry). – [Anee au aeeaaoa a
aoiinoa?a ?ineioe, ?ineioue aaoa, e ia aaaeii, ieaoeoa ca iaa au eee
eoi-oi ae?oaie].

“Freeman and slave . carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open
fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary
re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the
contending classes. (K. Marx)” – [Naiaiaeiue e ?aa… aaee iai?a?uaioth,
ne?uooth e yaioth ai?ueao, ai?ueao, eioi?ay eaaeaeue ?ac caeai/eaaeanue,
eeai ?aaiethoeeiiiui ia?aono?ienoaii iauanoaa a oeaeii, eeai iauei
ii?aaeaieai i?ioeaiai?noaothueo eeannia].

Ca n/ao oaeiai iiaoi?a oaeaea aeinoeaaaony yooaeo oneeaiey
au?aceoaeueiinoe e auaeaeaiey eeth/aaiai niuneiaiai yeaiaioa neioaaiu (a
aeaiiii neo/aa – fight, ai?ueaa).

It was the work of an architect whose dream was a new house perfectly
old, and an old house perfectly new (J. Galsworthy). – [Yoi auea ?aaioa
a?oeoaeoi?a, eioi?ue ia/oae i iiaii aeiia, eioi?ue auaeyaeeo eae noa?ue,
e i noa?ii aeiia, eioi?ue auaeyaeeo eae iiaue]

Eiiaaea a ninoaaa iaeiiai auneacuaaiey aeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe
eniieuecoaony oeaiue iiaeoaaoia. Oaeea iiaoi?u iinyo iacaaiea oeaiiuo
iiaoi?ia.

“A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face: a smile extended into a
laugh: the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general.” (C. Dickens)
– [Oeuaea iiyaeony ia eeoea ienoa?a Ieeaeea: oeuaea ia?aeaeao a niao:
niao a ?aa, a ?aa noaiao anaiauei].

Principles were pocket …Pocket in the deep sense of that word, of
course, self interest as a member of a definite community. And how the
devil was the definite community, the English nation to exist, when all
its land was going out of cultivation, and all its ships and docks in
danger of destruction by aeroplanes? (J. Galsworthy) – [I?eioeeiu auee
ea?iaiii. Ea?iaiii a oe?ieii niunea yoiai neiaa, eiia/ii, oaiei ee/iui
eioa?anii eae /eaia ii?aaeaeaiiiai niiauanoaa. E eae, /a?o aicueie, yoi
ii?aaeaeaiiia niiauanoai, aiaeeeneee ia?iae, iiaei nouanoaiaaoue, anee
any aai caiey ia ia?aaaouaaeanue, a ana aai ei?aaee e aeiee iaoiaeeeenue
a iinoiyiiie iianiinoe auoue oie/oiaeaiiuie a?aaeaneeie ay?iieaiaie?]

Never wonder. By means of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, settle everything somehow, and never wonder. (G. Greene) –
[Ieeiaaea ia oaeeaeyeny. N iiiiuueth neiaeaiey, au/eoaiey, oiiiaeaiey e
aeaeaiey eae-ieaoaeue i?eaaaee ana a ii?yaeie, e ieeiaaea ia
oaeeaeyeny].

Ia?aieaiea a aeaiiii neo/aa nicaeaao yooaeo eiae/aneie e niuneiaie
caaa?oaiiinoe i?aaeeiaeaiey.

No eye at all is better than an evil eye. (C. Dickens.) – [Eo/oa
ieeaeiai aeaca, /ai aeo?iie aeac].

Ii oi?ia e ii oa?aeoa?o auneacaiiie iunee naioaioeey Aeeeeaina
iaiiieiaao ia?iaeioth iineiaeoeo.

”Poor doll’s dressmaker! How often so dragged down by hands that should
have raised her up; how often so misdirected when losing her way on the
eternal road and asking guidance! Poor, little doll’s dressmaker!” (Ch.
Dickens.) – [Aaaeiay oaay eoeieueiuo ieaoueeoe! Eae /anoi ?oee, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu auee iiaeieiaoue aa, oyioee aa aiec; eae /anoi aa oeacuaaee
iaaa?iia iai?aaeaiea, eiaaea iia naeaaeanue n aei?iae ia aa/iii iooe e
eneaea iiiiue! Aaaeiay oaay eoeieueiuo ieaoueeoe!]

Ia?aieaiea i?ecaaii i?eaea/ue aieiaiea /eoaoaey e ia?niiaaeo.

I?eai iieeneiaeaoiia aianoa n eiae/aneei oneeaieai nicaeaao iniaue ?eoi
oaenoa:

The Dog was wild, and the Horse wild, and the Cow was wild, and the
Sheep was wild, and the Pig was wild, – as wild as wild could be (R.
Kipling). [Niaaea auea aeeeie, e eioaaeue auea aeeeie, e ei?iaa auea
aeeeie, e iaoea auea aeeeie, e naeiuey auea aeeeie – ianoieueei aeeeie,
ianeieueei yoi aiciiaeii].

A i?eaaaeaiiii ieaea i?eia?a iieeneiaeaoii ni/aoaaony n eaeaioe/iui
iiaoi?ii:

“I wouldn’t mind him if he wasn’t so conceited and didn’t bore me, and
bore me, and bore me.” (E. Hemingway) – [ss aue au ia i?ioea
ano?aoeoueny n iei, anee au ii ia aue oaeei naiiaeiaieueiui e ia aucuaae
o iaiy neoeo, neoeo, neoeo]

2) Iiaoi? oaeaea iiaeao auiieiyoue ooieoeeth iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe
ia?aaea/e eii?iaoeee. Iai?eia?, a neaaeothuai io?uaea ec ?iiaia *.
Aeeeeaina “Our Mutual Friend” oaeoth ?ieue ea?aao yieoi?e/aneee iiaoi?
neacoaiiai.

“At this time the two innocents, with their brains at that apparent
danger, laughed, and Mrs Hidgen laughed and the orphan laughed and then
the visitors laughed.” (N. Dickens) – [A yoi a?aiy aeaa i?inoaea, /ae
?acoi yaii iaoiaeeeny a iianiinoe, ?anniayeenue, e iennee Oeaeaeai
?anniayeanue, e ne?ioa ?anniayeanue, e iinaoeoaee ?anniayeenue].

Iiaoi?aiea neiaa laughed, oneeaiiia iiiainithceai, neoaeeo oeaeyi ia
ia?aciiai aini?iecaaaeaiey iienuaaaiie noeaiu, a oeacaiey ia a?aiaiioth
niioianaiiinoue aeaenoaee.

Aiaoi?a /anoi eniieuecoaony a naycothuae, iauaaeeiythuae ooieoeee,
oaeaea naycaiiie n nicaeaiea yooaeoa iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe aeaenoaee.
Oae, a ieaeai?eaaaeaiiii i?eia?a iuneue ienaoaey naycaoue, iauaaeeieoue
?ac?iciaiiua iauaeou iaaethaeaiey naiaai aa?iy a iaeii oeaeia
inouanoaeyaony i?e iiiiue iiaoi?a neiaa now.

There stood Dick, gazing now at the green gown, now at the brown
head-dress, now at the face, and now at the rapid pen in a state of
stupid perplexity. (C. Dickens.) – [Oai noiye Aeee, aeyaey ia caeaioth
iaioeth, ia ei?e/iaaue aieiaiie oai?, ia eeoei e ia auno?ia ia?i a
ninoiyiee aeoiie ?anoa?yiiinoe].

3) A ?yaea neo/aaa iiaoi? neoaeeo aeey au?aaeaiey iiiaie?aoiinoe eee
aeeeoaeueiinoe aeaenoaey. A yoie ooieoeee iiaoi? yaeyaony oeiecaoeeae
oieueeei?iuo iiaoi?ia. Iai?eia?: Fledgeby knocked and rang, and Fledgeby
rang and knocked, but no one came (Ch. Dickens). – Oeaaeaeae noo/ae e
caiiee, Oeaaeaeae caiiee e noo/ae, ii ieeoi ia auoae (oeaci).

There are bathing and fiestas and bull fights and scandal. (O. Henry) –
[Caeanue auei e eoiaiea, e oeanoa, e aie aueia, e neaiaeaeu]
(iieeneiaeaoii)

A ooieoeee iiiaie?aoiinoe aeaenoaey iniaaiii /anoi iiaoi?ythony ia?a/ey,
?acaeaeaiiua nithcii and. Iai?eia?: *Ia played the unhappy tune over and
over again. – [Ii ea?ae yoo a?onoioth iaeiaeeth niiaa e niiaa].

*anoi iiiaie?aoiinoue aeaenoaey eee aeeeoaeueiinoue aeaenoaey
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony e cia/aieai iiynieoaeueiuo neia e neiaini/aoaiee.

Iai?eia?: I sat working and working in a desperate manner, and I talked
and talked morning, noon and night (C. Dickens). – [ss io/ayiii ?aaioae,
e ?aaioae, e aiai?ee, e aiai?ee oo?ii, aeiai e ii/ueth].

Caeanue aeeeoaeueiinoue au?aaeaia oi?iie aeaaiea, iiaoi?ii aeaaieia
working e talked, a oaeaea neiaini/aoaieai noon and night.

“What has my life been? Fag and grind, fag and grind. Turn the wheel,
turn the wheel.” (C. Dickens) – [*ai auea iiy aeeciue? Aeaeuaae e
iieioe, aeaeuaae e iieioe. E?ooe eieani, e?ooe eieani].

Iiaoi? caeanue eniieueciaai aeey ia?aaea/e iiiioiiiinoe e iaeiiia?acey
aeaenoaee. Yoa ooieoeey ?aaeecoaony aeaaiui ia?acii ?eoiii, eioi?ue
ia?acoaony ec-ca iiaoi?aiey neia e neiaini/aoaiee.

4) Ae?oaay ooieoeey, eioi?ay aeiaieueii /anoi ?aaeecoaony iiaoi?ii, —
yoi ooieoeey ia?anoaiey. Iiaoi?aiea neia niinianoaoao aieueoae neea
auneacuaaiey, aieueoae iai?yaeaiiinoe iiaanoaiaaiey. Yoa ooieoeey
?iaenoaaiia ia?aie ooieoeee, oeacaiiie auoa. ?acieoea ninoieo a oii, /oi
ia?anoaiea au?aaeaao iinoaiaiiinoue oaaee/aiey neeu yiioeee. Iai?eia?:

. . .I answer to all these questions — Quilp — Quilp, who deludes me
into his infernal den, and takes a delight in looking on and chuckling
while I scorch, and burn, and bruise, and maim myself — Quilp, who never
once, no, never once, in all our communications together, has treated
me, otherwise than as a dog — Quilp, whom I have always hated with my
whole heart, but never so much as lately. (Ch. Dickens)

[ss ioaa/ath ia ana yoe aii?inu – Eaeei, Eaeei, eioi?ue caiaiee iaiy a
yoi aeueyaieueneia eiaiai, e iieo/ee oaeiaieuenoaea, iaaethaeay e
oeoeeay, iiea y ai?ae e iueae, e enoycae, e io/ee naay – Eaeei, eioi?ue
ie ?aco ca ana a?aiy iaoaai niaianoiiai iauaiey, ia ioiineeny ei iia
eia/a, /ai eae e niaaea – Eaeei, eioi?ai y anaaaea iaiaaeaeae anai
na?aeoeai, ii ieeiaaea oae, eae a iineaaeiaa a?aiy].

Aiaoi?e/aneia iiaoi?aiea eiaie Quilp aeaao yooaeo ia?anoaiey
iai?yaeaiiinoe auneacuaaiey. Oaeie iiaoi? ianoiyoaeueii o?aaoao
eioiiaoeeiiiiai oneeaiey (iiauoaiey oiia).

5) Auaeaeaiea iaiiaoi?ythuaainy yeaiaioa. Auaatho neo/ae, eiaaea
iiaoi?ythueany aaeeieoeu, neiaa e neiaini/aoaiey neoaeao eeoue oiiii, ia
eioi?ii ?acei auaeaeythony ae?oaea, iaiiaoi?ythueany aaeeieoeu
auneacuaaiey.

Oae a neaaeothueo i?eia?ao iiaoi?ythueany neiaa ia yaeythony oai
yeaiaioii auneacuaaiey, eioi?ue aeieaeai auoue auaeaeai,

“I am attached to you. But I can’t consent and I won’t consent and I
never did consent and I never will consent to be lost in you.”
(Dickens.) – [ss i?eaycai e aai. Ii y ia niaeanai, ia aue niaeanai e ia
aoaeo niaeanai iioa?youe aieiao io aan].

eee:

At last I hope you got your wishes realised — by your Boffins. You’ll be
rich enough — with your Boffins. You can have as much flirting as you
like — at your Boffins. But you won’t take me to your Boffins. I can
tell you — you and your Boffins too! (Dickens.) – [Ii e?aeiae ia?a y
iaaeathnue, /oi oaie ia/ou naoaeoony – n iiiiuueth oaiaai Aiooeica. Ou
aoaeaoue aeinoaoi/ii aiaaoa – ni naiei Aiooeicii. Ii ou ia caoaueoue
iaiy e naiaio Aiooeico. Yoi y iiao neacaoue oaaa – oaaa e oaiaio
Aiooeico oiaea!]

6) Iniai ioaeii ioiaoeoue ooieoeeth, eioi?ay yaeyaony a i?icae/aneeo
oaenoao aoi?inoaiaiiie, ii nii?iaiaeaeaao a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
ae?oaea, auoaoeacaiiua ooieoeee iiaoi?a. Yoi ooieoeey ?eoie/aneay.
Iiaoi?aiea iaeieo e oao aea aaeeieoe (neia, neiaini/aoaiee e oeaeuo
i?aaeeiaeaiee), eae e a iiycee, niinianoaoao aieaa /aoeie ?eoie/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee i?aaeeiaeaiey, /anoi i?eaeeaeathuae oaeoth ?eoie/aneoth
i?aaiecaoeeth e noeoioai?iiio ?acia?o.

The tent is soaked and heavy, and it flops about, and tumbles down on
you, and clings round your head, and makes you mad. (C. Dickens) –
[Iaeaoea iaiieaao e oyaeaeaao, e iia iaaeaao ia oaay, e oeaieyaony oaaa
ca aieiao, e canoaaeyao oaay nae?aiaoue].

Iieeneiaeaoii ia?aaeaao ?eoi ioaeiie ?aaiou e aioo?aiiaa ?acae?aaeaiea
aa?iy.

And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and
beat upon the house… (O. Henry) – [E iioae aeiaeaeue, e i?eoae iioii,
e aao?u caaeoee, e aeeenue a aeii…]

Iieeneiaeaoii nicaeaao oi?aeanoaaiiue ?eoi, iioiaeee ia ?eoi aeaeaeneiai
oaenoa.

7) Iiaoi? iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai ia oieueei a noeeenoe/aneeo oeaeyo,
ii iiaeao auoue e n?aaenoaii i?eaeaiey yniinoe auneacuaaieth /a?ac
ecauoi/iinoue, iiiiaathuoth ecaaaeaoue ooiaiiinoe eceiaeaiey. ?anniio?ei
i?eia? ec «Caienie Ieeaeeneiai eeoaa» *. Aeeeeaina:

“A casual observer, adds the secretary to whose notes we are indebted
for the following account, a casual observer might have noticed nothing
extraordinary in the bald head of Mr. Pickwick …” – [Neo/aeiue
iaaethaeaoaeue, aeiaaaee nae?aoa?ue e oai caienyi, eioi?ua iu inoaaeee
ii aeaiiiio aeaeo, neo/aeiue iaaethaeaoaeueii iia au ia caiaoeoue ie/aai
iaiau/iiai a eunie aieiaa ienoa?a Ieeaeea].

Iiaoi?ythuaany ni/aoaiea a casual observer neoaeeo ia oeaeyi yioacu, a
eniieuecoaony aeey i?eaeaiey yniinoe eceiaeaieth. Oaeea iiaoi?aiey
iau/ii iiyaeythony a neiaeiiiiae/eiaiiuo i?aaeeiaeaieyo, niaea?aeaueo
oeaiue i?eaeaoi/iuo ii?aaeaeeoaeueiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee, eee i?e iaee/ee
?acaa?iooie aaoi?neie ?aia?ee.

Iiaoi?, eioi?ue ie/aai e niaea?aeaieth auneacuaaiey ia aeiaaaeyao,
i?eiyoi iacuaaoue oaaoieiaeae. Yoi ioiineony oieueei e eiae/aneiio
niaea?aeaieth niiauaiey. Eiiiioaoeaiue ieai auneacuaaiey oaaoieiaey
ia?aaea?o aeinoaoi/ii yooaeoii. Iia iiaeao, iai?eia?, eniieueciaaoueny
aeey ?a/aaie oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?niiaaeae.

8) Io iiaoi?a eae n?aaenoaa oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe neaaeoao ioee/aoue
iiaoi? eae n?aaenoai noeeecaoeee ?acaiai?iie yiioeeiiaeueiie ?a/e.

Ecaanoii, /oi aicaoaeaeaiiay, yeni?anneaii-ie?aoaiiay ?a/ue
oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia oieueei o?aaiaioa?iinoueth e iaeioi?ie aeiae/iinoueth
iino?iaiey, ii e iiaoi?aieai ioaeaeueiuo /anoae auneacuaaiey. Oaeia
iiaoi?aiea neia e oeaeuo ni/aoaiee a yiioeeiiaeueiie, aicaoaeaeaiiie
?a/e yaeyaony caeiiiia?iinoueth. Iai?eia?:

“By the Lord,” he suddenly cried, “you’re pale. You — you, Hilma, do you
feel well?”

Eee:

“No,” said Hilma, at length. “I — I — I can say it for myself. I — ” All
at once she turned to him and put her arms around his neck. (F. Norris.)

A yoeo i?eia?ao iiaoi?aiea ianoieiaiey ioaeii ia aeey oneeaiey
au?aceoaeueiinoe, a aeey ia?aaea/e yiioeeiiaeueii-aicaoaeaeaiiiai
ninoiyiey aiai?yuaai.

Mrs. Conant paused, with streaming eyes. “I must, I _must_ see him once
before I go,” she murmured in anguish. (O. Henry) – [ss aeieaeia, y
aeieaeia oaeaeaoue aai aua ?ac ia?aae iouacaeii, – i?ioaioaea iia, eiiay
?oee].

Aiaeiae/ii, a aeaiiii i?aaeeiaeaiee iiaoi?aiea iiaeaeueiiai aeaaiea must
neoaeeo ia oeaeyi oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe, a oeaeyi ?a/aaie
oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?niiaaea.

Oaeei ia?acii, a ioee/ea io iiyoe/aneie ?a/e, aeey i?icu oa?aeoa?ai
aieaa oe?ieee niaeo? cia/aiee neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a e iaiueoay eo
eiiaa?aaioeey a ?aieao caeii/aiiiai ii niuneo io?acea oaenoa.

Auaiaeu ii aeaaa 2

Ia iniiaa ?anniio?aiey i?aeoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea iiaeii naeaeaoue
neaaeothuea auaiaeu:

Aeey ycuea ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u oa?aeoa?ii eniieueciaaiea
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a eae aeoeaioe?othuaai, yeni?anneaiiai n?aaenoaa,
caeeth/athuaai a naaa y?eee, oneeeoaeueii-a?aaeaoeeiiiue yooaeo.

N?aaee iniiaiuo noeeenoe/aneeo i?eaiia, iniiaaiiuo ia neioaene/aneii
iiaoi?aiee iiaeii iacaaoue aiaoi?o, yieoi?o, oeaci, iiaeoaao,
oeaii/a/ioth eiino?oeoeeth e ia?aieaiea. I?eiueaao e iaio neioaene/aneee
ia?aeeaeeci e iieeneiaeaoii.

Naiaioeea eioaineaiinoe a ?anniio?aiiuo aeaeao iiaoi?a aeoeaioe?oaony ca
n/ao yeni?anneaiuo iiaeeoeeaoeee enoiaeiie iiaeaee (iiaoi?a,
ia?oeaeeyoeee, ona/aiiie eiino?oeoeee e yeeeinena), a oaeaea oiai, /oi
enneaaeoaiua neioaene/aneea no?oeoo?u aae?atho a naay o?acaieiae/aneea
aaeeieoeu ?aciiai noaoona. Yoi iicaieyao aiai?eoue i no?aieaiee iiaeaee
e aunieie yeni?anneaii-yiioeeiiaeueiie ie?aoaiiinoe.

Iiaoi?, yaeyynue iaeiei ec i?eaiia aicaeaenoaothuae eiiioieeaoeee, a
enneaaeoaiuo iaie i?aaeeiaeaieyo aeoeaioe?oao aieiaiea ia eaeii-eeai
ioaeaeueiii niuneiaii yeaiaioa auneacuaaiey, eeai ia anai auneacuaaiee

Neioaene/aneee iiaoi? eae noeeenoe/aneee i?eai iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
oeiece?iaaiiia iaiauaiea eiathuaainy a ycuea n?aaenoaa yiioeeiiaeueiiai
au?aaeaiey. ?a/ue iiaeao auoue aicauoaiiie, iaoaoe/aneie, ia?aiie,
oieeaiiie, e o.ae. Aicaoaeaeaiiay ?a/ue ioee/aaony o?aaiaioa?iinoueth,
aeiae/iinoueth e iiaoi?aieai ioaeaeueiuo /anoae auneacuaaiey. Aieaa
oiai, iiaoi?u neia e neiaini/aoaiee a yiioeeiiaeueii-aicaoaeaeaiiie ?a/e
yaeythony caeiiiia?iinoueth.

Ii ?acoeueoaoai ?aaiou iu onoaiiaeee, /oi e iniiaiui ooieoeeyi
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a eae noeeenoe/aneiai i?eaia ioiinyony
neaaeothuea:

– Ooieoeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe (yioacu)

– Ooieoeey iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee

– Ooieoeey au?aaeaiey iiiaie?aoiinoe eee aeeeoaeueiinoe aeaenoaey

– Ooieoeey ia?anoaiey

– Ooieoeey auaeaeaiey iaiiaoi?ythuaainy yeaiaioa

– Ooieoeey nicaeaiey ?eoia oaenoa

– Ooieoeey i?eaeaiey yniinoe oaenoo /a?ac ecauoi/iinoue (oaaoieiaeth)

– Ooieoeey noeeecaoeee ?acaiai?iie yiioeeiiaeueiie ?a/e

Caeeth/aiea

A aeaiiie aeeieiiiie ?aaioa iu i?iaaee enneaaeiaaiey aiciiaeiinoae
neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a eae noeeenoe/aneiai n?aaenoaa ecia?aceoaeueiinoe
a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa.

Neioaene/aneee iiaoi? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oieaa?naeueiia yaeaiea,
naienoaaiiia ?aciui oeiai aeeneo?na ia anao ycueao. Neioaene/aneia
iiaoi?aiea aeeth/aao a naay aiaoi?o, yieoi?o, aiaaeeieinen, ?aii/ioth
eiino?oeoeeth e iieeneiaeaoii. A oiaea ?aaiou iu i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi
aeaiiua iiaoi?u iiaoo auiieiyoue a oaenoa ooieoeeth oneeaiey
au?aceoaeueiinoe, ia?aaeaaaoue cia/aiea iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe,
aeeeoaeueiinoe eee iiiioiiiinoe aeaenoaee, nicaeaaaoue yooaeo
ia?anoaiey. Iiieii yoiai iie iiaoo ooi/iyoue neacaiiia (oaaoieiae/aneee
iiaoi?); yaeyoueny n?aaenoaii noeeecaoeee, ?a/aaie oa?aeoa?enoeee
ia?niiaaea e auiieiyoue ?eoiiia?acothuoth ooieoeeth.

I?e yoii eeth/aaie yaeyaony eiaiii ooieoeey oneeaiey au?aceoaeueiinoe,
eioi?ay yaeyaony ?iaeiaie aeey anao auoaia?a/eneaiiuo e a eioi?ie iiaoo
oiio?aaeyoueny neioaene/aneea noeeenoe/aneea i?eaiu ethaiai oeia. Nai
aea i?eioeei iiaoi?a, i?iyaeythueeny ia anao o?iaiyo oaenoiaie
i?aaiecaoeee, aunooiaao eae iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo i?eioeeiia,
iaania/eaathueo no?oeoo?ii-niuneiaia aaeeinoai, oeaeinoiinoue oaenoiaiai
i?ino?ainoaa.

I?eioeei neioaene/aneiai iiaoi?a oa?aeoa?ai eae aeey iiycee, oae e aeey
i?icu, ii anee a iiycee aai aeaaiie ooieoeeae yaeyaony ia?aciaaiea
?eoia, oi a i?ica ia ia?aia ianoi auoiaeyo ooieoeee yiioeeiiaeueiie
yeni?anneaiinoe, ia?anoaiey e ?a/aaie oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?niiaaea.

?anniio?aiiua a i?aeoe/aneie /anoe ?aaiou ooieoeee neioaene/aneiai
iiaoi?a ie a eaeie noaiaie ia ia?aie/eaatho iioaioeeaeueiuo
aiciiaeiinoae yoiai noeeenoe/aneiai i?eaia. Eae e anyeia n?aaenoai,
?ann/eoaiiia ia yiioeeiiaeueiue yooaeo, yoi n?aaenoai
iieeooieoeeiiaeueii, e aai eniieueciaaiea a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaenoa
caaeneo io aeai?iauo iniaaiiinoae, aaoi?neiai noeey e aeiioneaao
ii?aaeaeaiiua aa?eaoeee e iiaiaaaaeaiey.

Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:

1. Ai?anyi TH. Ae. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu. O. II. Eioaa?aeueiia iienaiea ycuea
e nenoaiiay eaeneeia?aoey. I. 1995. N. 178–197.

2. Ai?anyi TH. Ae. Oeiu eaeneeia?aoe/aneie eioi?iaoeee ia icia/athuai
eaenaiu // Oeiieiaey e a?aiiaoeea. I., 1990.

3. A?iieueae E. A. Noeeenoeea. Nia?aiaiiue aiaeeeneee ycue: O/aaiee aeey
aocia. -5-a ecaeaiea., eni?,aeiiie.-I.: Oeeioa: Iaoea, 2002,-384n

4. A?oothiiaa I.Ae. Oaiiiai aoi?ie ?aieeee, eee i iieueca nii?a //
Eiae/aneee aiaeec ycuea: I?ioeai?a/eainoue e aiiiaeueiinoue oaenoa. I.,
1990.

5. A?oothiiaa I.Ae. sscue e ie? /aeiaaea. I.: sscuee ?onneie eoeueoo?u,
1998.

6. Aaeeineee A. A. Nia?. ni/. a o?ao oiiao, o. I. Ain. ecae. ooae.
eeo-?u, I., 1948, no?. 634.

7. Aaeueoeaeue I. Nouiinoue iiyoe/aneiai i?iecaaaeaiey. Na. «I?iaeaiu
eeoa?aoo?iie oi?iu». Academia, E., 1928 a., no?. 3.

8. Aeiia?aaeia A.A. Iaeioi?ua aii?inu niaaoneiai eeoa?aoo?iaaaeaiey
«Eeoa?aoo?iay aacaoa», ? 59, 19 iay 1951 a.

9. Aaeueia?ei A.E. “I/a?ee ii noeeenoeea aiaeeeneiai ycuea”, I., 1981.

10. Aania?ia A.I. sscue, iaiyoue, ia?ac. Eeiaaenoeea ycueiaiai
nouanoaiaaiey. I.: «Iiaia eeoa?aoo?iia iaic?aiea», 1996.

11. A?aen A.I. Eiaeea e ?a/aaia iauaiea // Iiaia a ca?oaaaeiie
eeiaaenoeea. Aui. 16: Eeiaaenoe/aneay i?aaiaoeea. I., 1985.

12. Aona?iaa I.Ae. Aa?eaoeaiue eaene/aneee iiaoi? a ycuea naaa?ii?onneeo
aueei: Aaoi?ao. aeen… eaiae. oeeie. iaoe. E., 1986

13. Aethaoa AE., Yaeaeei O., Eeeieaiaa?a AE.I. e ae?. Iauay ?eoi?eea.
I., 1986.

14. AEe?ioineee A. I. Oai?ey eeoa?aoo?u. Iiyoeea. Noeeenoeea. – E., 1977

15. Caaa?eia E.I. Iiaoi? – oieaa?naeueiia n?aaenoai nicaeaiey ?a/aaie
yeni?annee // N?aaenoaa ycuea e ?a/e: no?oeoo?a, naiaioeea, ooieoeey,
eco/aiea. – Ooea, 1995. – N. 117-134.

16. Coaiaa E.A. Nia?aiaiiay ?onneay iiycey a eiioaenoa enoi?ee ycuea,
I., 2000.

17. Eana?an X. Aaaaeaiea a nia?aiaiioth eaeneeia?aoeth / ?onneee ia?.
I.,1959.

18. Ei?iaaeieeiaa, I.TH. sscueiaay yeaeaaeaioiinoue eae oaeoi?
i?aaiecaoeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaenoa : Aeen. eaiae. oeeie. iaoe, NIa.,
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19. Ei?ieueeia A.E. E oai?ee oeao? // Na. iao/. o?oaeia Iine. ain. iaae.
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Ooaeiaeanoaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a:

1. Nai?iee «Modern English Short Stories» iiae ?aae. A. Ieeietheeia, I.,
1961,-559n

2. Aeaeeioaea ca?oaaaeiie eeanneee «J. Galsworthy: iiaaeeu», I.,
«I?aaaea», 1981, 480n

?ano?nu naoe Eioa?iao:

http://www.literaturecollection.com/ – ii-eaei aeaeeioaea aiaeiycu/iie
eeoa?aoo?u

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