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Contents

Introduction 2

Russia 3

History of Russia 3

Hymn, flag, emblem 3

Geographic Landmarks 4

The Russians 5

The tourism and rate in Russia 8

Conclusion 11

Literature 12

Introduction

Russia is situated in the North part of Eurasian continent and has the
area of 17,1 million square kilometres. About 1/3 of the Russian
territory is situated in Europe, and occupies the main part of the
Russian (East-Europe) plain, and also Ural, Pre-Caucasus and north slope
of the Big Caucasus. The Asiatic part of Russia is 2/3 of the territory
and it includes Siberia and Far East. Russia has outlets to the seas of
the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans.

The west extremity of Russia is near Kaliningrad city (in longitude
19’38» West), and the east extremity is in the Bering Sea, Ratmanov
Island (east boundary of Russia with the USA). Because of the huge
length of the country by longitude, there is the great difference in
time between the west and east parts of the country (there are 11 time
zones there). The north extremity is on the Rudolf island in Frans-Iosif
land archipelago (in latitude 81’49» North), and the south extremity in
on the ridge of the Main Caucasus Ridge (in latitude 41’12» South). And
the highest point of Russia is also situated on Caucasus Elbrus Mountain
(5642 metres).

Russia has the origin in Kiev Russia, which many lands of Northwest and
Central Russia belonged to. Moscow principality arose in XIII XV
centuries, which was the first core of forming the new state, the
territory of which was from Baltic Sea to the Pacific to the beginning
of XVIII century. In the middle of XIII century Russia was under the
Mongol-Tatar yoke, and Russia was fighting for its overthrow for 250
years. In XVI–XVII centuries Russia started to be multinational: nations
of Volga region, Ural, Siberia became the part of it. During XVII–XVIII
centuries Russia tried to return lands, which were lost before and got
the outlet to the Baltic Sea and secured its south boundaries. In 1654
Russia was consolidated with Ukraine.

Russia

History of Russia

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union there has been an enormous
resurgence of interest in Russia’s pre-Soviet past, as well as a great
deal of debate and reconsideration of the Soviet era itself. This shift
has not resulted in a simple vilification of everything Soviet or a
naive embrace of all that preceded it, but it has spurred an
unprecedented effort to regain the ancient Russian national heritage.
Churches are being restored all across the country, great Russian
writers and artists whose works were banned are once again being
honored, and the individual character of ancient cities and communities
is once again becoming established. Next year, the city of Moscow is
celebrating its 850th Anniversary, a celebration that will mark the
recovery, as well as the commemoration, of its glorious past.

For most western visitors, the bulk of Russia’s history is nothing more
than a compendium of hazy legends and sensationalist rumours–from
scurrilous stories about Catherine the Great to tabloid television
reports of the miraculous survival of the children of Nicholas II.
However, the factual history of the country is no less compelling than
its fabulous history, and even a brief introduction to the great and
not-so-great figures of its past make a visit far more rewarding.

Hymn, flag, emblem

The State Emblem of Russian Empire since XV century had been a double
eagle. Its shape changed lots of times & the last variant (1883) was
close to the Russian Federation Emblem that is in force nowadays (with
significant difference – there were emblems of provinces on the eagle’s
wings).

At the time of Provisional Government (from March till November of 1917)
the Emblem had been a double eagle without the symbols of royal power
(now it is on the coins of 1, 2 & 5 rubles value). The State Emblem of
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (picture of golden Sickle &
Hummer crisscross, their shafts down, in the red background, in the sun
rays, in the setting of ears, with the legend ‘RSFSR’ & ‘Proletarians of
all countries unite!’, with the five-point star on the top of the
Emblem) was confirmed by the Constitution of RSFSR accepted on the 10th
of July, 1918, that came into force on the 19th of July, 1918; then it
was described in the RSFSR Constitutions of 1937 & 1978 (the ‘RSFSR’
legend was changed to ‘Russian Federation’ by the amendments to the
Constitution of the 21st of April, 1992).

In fact, since the 3rd of December, 1993 the Emblem (the golden double
eagle on the red shield, topped with three crowns, with the scepter &
orb in its clutches, with the horseman striking the dragon, on the red
shield on his breast), confirmed by the B.N. Yeltsin decree N2050 of the
30th of November, 1993 (in the period of ‘step-by-step constitutional
reform’). The shield with the double eagle (in force since 1993) was
confirmed by the federal constitutional law ‘About State Emblem of
Russian Federation’ of the 27th of December, 2000; it was published &
came into force on the 27th of December, 2000.

Geographic Landmarks

As the world’s largest country, Russian has a very diverse geography.

Northern Russian extends into the Arctic Circle. This area is primarily
tundra and forests, with thousands of lakes.

Russia has many mountain areas. The Ural mountains cover 2,500 miles of
eastern Russia. The Caucasus mountains cross the southern part of
Russia, from the Black Sea to the Caspia Sea.

From the western boarder to the Ural mountains is the North European
Plain. This is a large rolling plain with rich soil and grasslands.

Three quarters of the Russian population lives in the cities and towns
of western Russia. About 25% of the population still live in rural
areas.

The Russians

Russian nation is the basic population of the Russian Federation
(119865,9 thousand people), the most numerous of Slavic tribes. Outside
the Russian Federation they live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Byelorussia, Kirghizia, Latvia, Moldova, Estonia, Azerbaijan,
Tajikistan, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Armenia, and also in USA,
Canada, the countries of the Western Europe etc. The Russian Language is
of east group of Slavic languages of Indo-European family of languages.
Writing is on the basis of the Russian alphabet which is going back to
Cyrillic. Religion is basically orthodox.

The history of the Russians is very much a history of territorial and
ethnic expansion.

In the pre-Christian era, the region that is today called Russia, was
inhabited by a variety of nomadic tribes. The Slavic tribes resided in
the north. In the 6th c., they started migrating. Gradually they evolved
into three basic groups, from which with time different with sub-groups
would evolve; the western Slavs (Poles, Slovaks, Czechs), southern Slavs
(Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bulgars) and eastern Slavs (Belarusians,
Russians, Ukrainians). The eastern Slavs expanded easily from the Baltic
to the Black Sea, with Kiev and Novgorod as the most important centres.

According to Russian tradition, the first Russian dynasty began as
warring Slavic tribes in 862 invited Rurik, a Scandinavian leader, to
rule over them. Under the Rurik dynasty, Russia expanded northeast and
northwest. Kiev soon became the centre of what is known as Kievan Rus’,
which reached its imperial peak in the middle of the 11th c. In 988,
Prince Vladimir of the Kievan Rus’ had decided to convert the empire to
Byzantine Orthodox Christianity instead of Roman Catholisism. This
contributed to isolate Russia from the West. This isolation was
furthered by the Mongol invasion which began in 1223. The Mongols
controlled Russia during the two centuries when the Renaissance, the
Reformation and the commercial revolution spread across Western Europe.
Mongol rule also made the westernmost Russians flee farther to the West
to escape. These people eventually became known as Belarusians. The
people of Kiev also developed a separate culture and evolved into
Ukrainians.

Russian, as well as Ukrainians and Byelorussians, came from the ancient
Russian nationality (9–13 centuries), existent from East Slavic tribes
during the period of disintegration of tribe relations and creation of
the ancient Russian state around Kiev. In opinion of many researchers,
the name ‘Russian’ goes back to the name of one of Slavic tribe – Rodii,
Rossy, or Rusy. Alongside with the ancient self-name in 19 – beginning
of 20 centuries the name Velikorusy or Velikorossy was used.

Formation of Russian, or Great Russian, nationality took place in severe
struggle against the hardest Tatar yoke and during the creation of the
Russian centralized state around Moscow in 14–15 centuries. In 16–17
centuries borders of Russian state considerably extended; at this time
Russians began to occupy the Lower Volga region, Ural, Northern Caucasus
and Siberia. In 18–19 centuries the further expansion of borders of the
state was accompanied by moving Russian into the Baltic, Black Sea
region, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Far East. Russians came
into close contact with peoples living here, influenced them
economically and culturally and perceived achievements of their culture
and skills of economy.

The Russian empire had now stretched beyond the original «Russian» areas
and included many other nationalities. This triggered a series of
Russification campaigns under Nicholas I and his successor Alexander II
with the slogan «Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality». In 1839 the
Uniate church of Ukraine and Belorussia was suppressed, and in the
1860s, the state ordered that all teaching in public schools be
conducted in Russian and prohibited non-Russian newspapers and
magazines. In the second half of the century, Russian expansion in
Caucasus and Central Asia began again. By the mid1860s, the Caucasians
were defeated, and 20 years later the Russians also controlled Central
Asia.

In the Far East, the city of Vladivostok was established in 1860 on the
coast near the Korean border, after Russia gained the territory between
the Amur river and the Korean border through the Treaty of Beijing the
same year. The cost of these operations led the tsar to sell Alaska to
the USA for a ridiculously low amount of money.

With World War I and the Bolshevik revolution, Russia lost control of
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Ukraine, and parts of the
Caucasus, as established in the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. As the
Bolsheviks gained the upper hand in 1919, they by force established
Soviet republics in Belarus, Ukraine (both in 1919), Azerbaijan, Armenia
(1920) and Georgia (1921). With World War II, the Soviet Union regained
most of the lost territories and pushed its sphere of influence further
west than ever before.

In the beginning of 20 century on fragments of Russian Empire, the new
state Soviet Union, united set of various nationalities, was created.
The most numerous nation, however, remained Russians. In 1991 the USSR
ceased its existence.

By virtue of specific conditions of development in different areas of
the country, in the middle of 19 century there was a number of
ethnographic groups among Russians. Largest of them, differing in
dialects of language and features in buildings, clothes, some ceremonies
etc., – northern and southern Velikorussy. A link between them – middle
great Russian group occupying the central area – part of the Volga-Oka
rivers land (including Moscow) and the Volga region; it had in its
language and culture both north and south great Russian features.
Smaller ethnographic groups of Russians – Pomors (on the coast of the
White sea), Meshera (in the northern part of Ryazanskaya oblast),
various groups of Cossacks and their descendants (on the rivers of Don,
Kuban, Ural, Terek, and also in Siberia); old believe groups – «Polyaks»
(in Altai), Semeyskiye (in Transbaikalia), «Kamenshiki» (on the river
Buhtarma in Kazakhstan); Russians make up special groups in Far North
(on the rivers Anadyrs, Indigirka, Kolyma), apprehending many features
of environmental peoples. Now these ethnographic groups in many respects
have lost the unique features, because of a number of historic and
political reasons.

The tourism and rate in Russia

The man never stay at one place. At all times there were travellers that
discovered new lands, animals, minerals. They studied our planet for
their descendants to know all about it.

As known from historic sources, in the antiquity our ancestors travelled
to other countries. So, groups of Krivichi (in the structure of teams of
the Kiev princes) went to Tsargrad, i.e. to the Byzantian empire; this
reflected in the annals.

Peculiarities of Russian tourism development.

The aspiration to «enlargement of horizon» was initially peculiar to
inhabitants of Russia. «The desire to change of places» as a feature of
Russian national character was inherent to representatives of different
layers of the society.

Because of prevalence of agricultural population over Russia, for a long
time there were no conditions for development of mass cognitive tourism.
Practically the only kind of travels remained pilgrimage.

Only since Peter’s I time it is possible to speak about formation of the
all-European tradition of travels in Russia. It is considered, that
exactly Peter I, having visited with the purpose of treatment mineral
sources of Spa in Belgium, became the first Russian health-resort
visitor.

During the reign of Catherine the Great each nobleman had the right to
go abroad and return at any time.

From the beginning of XIX century, it is possible to speak about travels
abroad as about the usual form of leisure of aristocracy. At this time
Russian cultural tradition of travels responded to all leading
ideological currents of Europe. Close communications with Germany
(because of geographical affinity and traditions) were characteristic.
Many figures of Russian culture studied at German universities.

Dynastic communications of Russian imperial family with German ruling
houses played the great role in tourist preferences of aristocracy.

Trip abroad was perceived, first of all, by nobiliary youth as a way to
escape from class norms and decencies. It was not simple to go abroad at
that time. One of memoirists of that time wrote: «Passport for travel
abroad costs 500 roubles in silver, it was permitted to go abroad only
on business or with the purpose of medical treatment, and in the first
case the guarantee of trading firms in reliability of the traveller was
required».

To go to travel was possible only under the special sanction of the
Emperor, i.e. travel became a symbol of freedom. The German innkeeper
from frontier city noticed, that Russians, leaving Russia, are happy «as
schoolboys sent on vacation, and coming back, they are sad as people
which had a misfortune».

From the beginning of Alexander II reign, to go abroad became much
easier, and resort tourism ceased to be the privilege of aristocracy.
Travels abroad were included in culture of leisure of the educated and
solvent public.

In the whole scale of the international tourism in Russia was
significant. At the end of XIX – the beginning of XX century Russians
made a considerable part of having a rest on the French sea resorts. The
prices there were at that time quite accessible to the average-income
person. The same as now, rest abroad frequently was cheaper, than in
Yalta. Local tourist business was guided by Russian tourists. In Nice a
newspaper in Russian was issued.

Trips abroad were more distributed, than travels over Russia and were
more comfortable.

In Russia the first tourist organization appeared in St. Petersburg in
1885. It was «Enterprise for Public Travels to All World Countries»
which acquainted compatriots with European countries. It had commercial
character and was engaged in the organization of collective trips
abroad, creation of hotels for tourists.

The most mass tourist organization in pre-revolutionary Russia became
Russian Touring-Club in St. Petersburg, based in 1895 and later
transformed in the Russian Society of Tourists. The organization was a
member of the international tourist league and united about 5 thousand
persons. Magazine «Russian tourist» was issued.

After the first Russian revolution, in the country the period of
relatively political stability and economic growth came. The public
organizations engaged in socially focused tourism appeared.

After 1917 tourist and excursion activity in the country was continued,
but its submission to the purposes and problems of the state became a
characteristic feature of Russian tourism. Up to the end of 80th years
the distributive system of trips abroad (at which people did not have
free choice) operated.

«Shopping-tourism» – old tradition.

The opportunity (which has appeared in the last years) of free choice of
route forms usual for the majority of the European countries culture of
mass tourism which assumes variety of kinds of tourism on purposes,
functions and motives. The increasing number of people get the
opportunity of choice of travels to their taste. Influence of tourism on
people, economy and environment has got such scales, that it is possible
to speak about tourist revolution.

Conclusion

Russian has a rich history. It has a wealth of natural resources
including oil, natural gas, minerals and timber. Moscow is the center
for many manufacturing industries including cars, steel and other heavy
manufacturing.

The southwest has rich farm land. Crops include wheat, barley, oats,
potatoes and sunflowers. Some areas include cattle farming. Russia also
has a large ocean fishing fleet. Many of these ships have full
capabilities to clean, freeze and process the catch.

From the 1500s, Russia was under control of Tsars. In 1917, communist
revolutionaries overthrew the Tsar to establish the Soviet Union. Russia
was the largest republic in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union went
through considerable political turmoil, and in 1991 abandoned communism
for a capitalist style of government. Old state industries were replaced
by private enterprise.

The majority of Russians live in the area between St. Petersburg and
Moscow. Southeast Russia is also heavily populated.

Russia has a broad mix of ethnic groups.

Russia’s large geographical territory gives it a very diverse climate.
Its northern coastline borders on the Arctic Ocean, which gives it
severe winters. In the south, Russia has hot desert areas.

Literature

1. Rybkin I. Consent in Chechnya. Consent in Russia. – Б. м.: Б. и.,
1998

2. Lissin V.S. Economic Reforms in Russia: In Search of a New
Strategy/Ed.: R. Edgington.-Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1999

3. Moudrykh V. Russian Contract Law: A Comparative Study. – Moscow: RDL,
2004

4. Russia after the Fall/Ed. by A.C. Kuchins. – Washington: Carnegia
Endowment, 2007

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