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41

1.1 П??ы и ???? ????о-???????? ???ия

?????? я?? в ??н? ??е.

У???? ???ия я?я?ся ?????? и ???и?? ??? ??о ??????о ????. С??? ?????я в
э?м ??? ? ??ю??е. И?????? ????, ???няю?е ????, ???? и ????? ???????
????, в ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????о ???? ???? ?н???я ??ы, ???ы ?????я в ??м.

М?? ???ь, ?о ??????е ???? в ?????и, ???е?е ???? ? ????? я?яю?я ???????ю
в ???? ?????? ?????я, ???й и ????? ????? в ?о ?????. С????о в ?я? с э?й
????? ??о ?????ь ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????о ???ения ????? и ??ы, ???й
я?я?ся ?????й ??е???ю ?????й ?????.

За ????й ?? ????? ????ся ?с ?????? ??????, ???? ???е?? ???е ?????я. В???
?????? ???о э?? ??у ??? и н?? ?????я ?к ?????и, ?к и ???????и ?????я? в
????и ???ы о????ия и ? ????х ???. В ??оя?е ??я ??е ?????и ?????уют ?в?
???? ?????? ??и, ?я??? в ??ую ???ь с ???-????ким ?????, ?????и ?????
??????и, ? ?? ??????ью ???я ?к ??ри ???????х ?к ???х ????о-э?????? и
??????? ??ч. В? э? ??у? ????ия ????ия, ???? ???ия и ????ия ? ?? ???ях
?????? ?????я.

Д??????я ???, ? ???? ??? ?ся?, а ? и пя? ?т ???ят к ??????и ?лю?? в
????? ???в?ия ???й ?????? и ??????й ?т??л. Но в ?? ??????? ???и ???ия
??ёт, ????, ???? ??? ???, ?????х и ?????х ?я ??о??и ?????? ?????а. Э?
?????? ??у ????аю??я и ??? ???, ??? и ????и ???-???????о ???? ????т ?? ?
????х ???м ?????й д????: ???? ???? о????ия и ?о я?а – ????? ???? ???.
Р??а ? ??? ???? ????а и ?о ????ию – ?? ? ????? ??????х ????в в ?????м
?????и. В ?ою ???ь ????е ?????ия ???ляют и??ь ??е э???? и э????? ???
???ия в ????и с ?? с???ую??. И ??ь ??е ??????. Р?в?? ???? ???т ?????
????, а э? ?????? ????? ???? ?ею?хся ???. В ?? ??я ??о ????. Ч? ??чаю?е
э?? ???? ????? ???? ???т ???й ???ы ?е??, ?м ?ъя????о-?лю????? ???,
???ю?е ??ия в ???м ??. Т?? ?о????е ??е ?????? ??к ??х ???? к ?о ????ию.
В ????? ??аю?я ?е ??? ??и ???—???????о ????, ???????е ??ы, ???е ??и в
?????? ? ?????и ?????? ??и. [ 16, с. 18- 19].

Д?и в ???? ???ия ??? ?????ь ?бя ???? и ?????о, ?? ???и и ??????н??. По
??? К.Д.У????, ??? ??о ???я? ???? в????ся, ?? – б??? в ?х ????, ???е ?я
??? ??ия. Мё??я ??? ? ??е ? ????а. У??? ??т ???? ???ы, ????ь ?ою ??у
??ия, ????ь ???аю?е с???и. О??? ???? ???я ??? ??ь ??????? ??ог с ????й
????? ?тям.

Ц?? ?ся???я в ???ке ????? “???н” ???п ???????, ? ? ???? ??????ся, ?о
???и ??? ??????о ???ия ???? ????а ????ают ??????? ??? ? ??, ???и и т.д.
?и ??? ?о не ?ают. Ре???ия ???? ????? ??и?я, ?к ???о, к ??, ?о ??? ???н
в ?м ???, ?? ?о ????? ???ь. М?? б?о ? ???? и ??? ???ы, ??????ую?е о ?м,
?о ?????е в ???? ?????? я?? ???? ???ия ??ют ?? ?? ????х ?????? ???и?в ?и
??? ????ия и ?о ??? ???ся. Их ???в ???ня? ?? — ???????ая ????ия ? ???с
???ия с ??и ??ия ???а????? ?я????и ???я и в ???й ???и — ? ????у ?я????и
???а ? ?в??ю ????? я??, а ?к? ??????е ?и ????? ?????й ???? ???? ??ения
????н?о я?? ?к ???? ??????ия (???я) ?о ????в. И ?? ? ??м, ??ы ???с ???ия
ИЯ ?и???ся ? ?о? ???? ????? к ???? ????я я??м в ????н?й я???й ????, ? ??
?л ? в ??ом ??? ???и????, ? ? “…??в?ы ???ь в ????и ???? ???ю?й ?с ??и
? ??и ????и, ?????е??и ????я? и ?????????ю в ?а????м ??????и я??” ([11],
с. 24). Э? ???т ?????с? ??????ь ???ый ???й ???с ?к “??? ???м ???????
???е ?и ??ую ??????ь ???я”, ??? ???? ???? ????т ?????? ????й??я ???я и
???ся, ???ся ?? с ???. П? э?м ???й ???с ?? ???с ??????ия, ? ?? ?о??
????? ??????й ?я????и ?о ????в. Р????? ??? ??????ия я?я?ся ???? ??и?ся
???? ??а в ??м ?я ?х я?? и ????? с ?о ???ю к ??й ???? и ???а??м ???иям в
? ????л?? ? ??м ?????? и ???м ??? в ??? я??. Э? ?? ????е ?и ?????и
???????й ???ия (?????ия и ?у??я) ?????? я??(ИЯ) ???????я ?к ? о?ую
???????ю ????ю, в ??? ???й ????я ?ч??ь ???а, а в ???ях ???ия ?????? я??
— ????я я???я ?ч??ь, ?к и ? ??е ??????? ???ия ею (????ю) ИЯ в ???ях
??????ия с ????? ???? ????.

С???? ???????й ??ы ? ??? ???ля?ся ????о-э?????? и ?????? ?????, в ???м
??ая ??а ??????т, ? и ???? ? ????к? ?н???, ??я?й в ????. Г????ую?я в
???? ????а ????й “????т? — ????” ???ля? ????е к ?ч?сти в ???????й ??е в
??м.

К? ????, ??? ??я ???? в ??м ????, а ??о???? и в ?????и, ???я? ?? ????
????ия “??? ??й” и ???????ь ?к ? “…?о ??о ???????”, ????ь ? ????? ???
и ????.

Э?м ??о ?ъя??ь ????? в ??? ????? ?ся???й в ??????м ?????и в ??м и в ????
???ия ИЯ, в ????и, ?? “?????и” ??ия, в ?????? с ???й в ??? ???? ????
????? ? ????, а ?о??, ?????й в ????? ????ия ? ?я????и ? ????ю ??ия?,
???? и ??ия?. И????? ???ся ??з????? ????, ???????й ? ???? и ?????е
??????о ??? ??й и ?????й ???ац?, ????е ???й и ?????? ?т ?и ??
????о-???????? ??? ????. [4,с74-75]

Т?? ???м, ????л ???с ???н??? ?????я, ?? ко??й ?оя?я?ся в
??ую?м :

-в ????? ??????? ????я, п? ????? ???ия е? ?????й ?????;

-в ?????и ???ия в ?????????й «???????» ???с, в ???м ??? ?????ся ?????
????е ?????и ???? ? ??? п?????й ????е

-в я?? ?е????и ???????о – ????х ???в ?д

– ????????;

– в ???????и ??и ???ся ?????????о ??????а, ????? ????ия « ??? » ????
????и” и ?????о п????я «???? ??и?в “???и”;

-в ???и п??с?ю?? ????я ?о ???й ????? ?????ь ???я? со ????и ??а ?зя? ???
и ???????ь ? ? ??? и ?.

С??????, ?? ?? о ?м, ?о ??ая ???????я ????я ??лю????? и ????и???? ??
з??й и ????? ????? к ????ю ?а??ся, ??дя ????? ????ю (? ????ю к ???ю) ??
????я, ??ю??ля, ????ля ???.

П?? ???????? ?????я ???т в ?м, ?о ?о ????? в ???е ????, ???е ?я???ся с
?о ?????? ??ия?, ?????й ?????ю, с ???м, а ? ??? ???????о.

В ??оя?е ??я ???? ? ???????ях ??у ?????? и ????ю я?я?ся ????е ????й ?к
???? ???и, ????о ?я?ля. О??т? ??????? ????а?? ??????? с?? ???н ?к ????в
????? ???ея????и. Н?ая ????а ????й ??у г?????м и ????ю ??????т ????е ??й
????и ?????я, ??ую?й, в ?ою ???ь, ??е??я ??й ???????й ???? (4 с.83).

В ?????? с э?й ????? ??с?о ?????? ?????я ???ля?ся ? ??? ??м ???м ???, ?
и ??ы? ?????и ????????, ??ю?? ???? ????м к ??оя??у ??????ю ??????? ???а
с ???ю?й ?о ????? ???, ????м и ????м в ??х ????х, ??????м ? ?????е ???я.
И?? ?о??, на ??у ????? 60—70-х ??в ?к ??е о ???п????м ?????и ??аю?? ?
о????о с ??ю ?у??я и ????ия ????? ??? ??я, ????о-о??????ая ????я ?????я.
В ?????? с ??? ????? ?????е ? ???а ?????я ???да ??? ?? ???????? в ????
???ия ????, ?р????я ??? ?? и ???? в ?м (4[83]).

Н?я? с ???????? ?????я, ?к ??й ? ???ляю?й ? ??о ????а ?р ?????и, в ????
??? ???? ??й ? ???????о ??????е ??о ??????ь ??ую?е ????ния:

1) В???? ?? ??ь ???????? ???? ????о-?я???? ???а, ?е???аю??
????е ??ы у???о ??????ия, р?и ??????я ? ????ю О????о ?б??а,
???????ию ???? ???ия.

2)О?????? ????й ????ы ?????ия ??? ??????о ?????а ????х,
?????м ???????й ??? ?д ??? ?о ??????, ?к ???о ??? ??????; ???о
???л???и к ???? ?????.

3. О????? ?????-???? ?????и ?????,?к ???? и ???й ???с????й ?я????и,
?аю?? ?? ?????е ??а, ?ею?? ? ???? и ?????.

4.С???е в ???????х ????иях ???й, ?????ю?х ????о-???????ю ??? ?????,
???ям, ??????ям, ????м и ???лям.(16

К????е ?? р????и ?????и ?????я в ??? ??х ???х ????й ??? ?дят в
??ую?м:

1 Г????ия ??й ?????я- ?????? ?????, ????о ?????????о, ????и ????о, ????о
???о ??в?а

2. Г????ия ????? ?????я- ?а???я ???? ????а, ??з э?лю?и ?????? ??? о
???е, ???? и ???? ?лю??е в ????? ?????я* эт?? ?????я и ???ия ??????с?х
????й, ???????х ??я?в ????ей и ??? в ???? ???? ???? ??о ??????.

3. Г????ия ???в ???ия – ???????й ??? к о????? ???-???????
?я?л??? ???ся, ?к ???? ???? ????. Р????а ????о-???????й ????? ???ия и
????ия в ????? ????иях, в ???х и в??х ???х ????ях. В??? ???? ???а, ?к
??????о ??а ???? ? ??? о?????? ?ля?, ?????я? и ?????.

4. Г??????и – о??????? ??? к ?????ю ???????х ?? ???х ?ня?й, к ????, ??у
и ??? ???, ??? ????х.

5. Г??????? ??? к ??????ию ??е?? ??? ?????в ?????я.

О??е ??а ????, ???????, ?????? и ???????х ????? в ??м.[16с.37]

Л????-???????я ???????я ????я ??оля? ???и? в ??р ???????й ???ы
???а, ???? ?о ???ия, ????? ????ы ???ия.

На ????и ????? ??о ???ь ??д о ?м, ?о ??е? ?????я, ???я? ? ????о-???????й
????и, ?ц??а ? ? ?????? ???? ????? в “??н?м ??е” (?к э? ????ь ??е), а ?
???? ???й, в ??р? ????й ????т ??т??ую ??????ю ?щ??ь,

?? ????е ??.

Ч?? ?????и ???ю??р??ь э? ????е, ??е?м в ???? ???а ????? ??????
J.Lompscher ?а?? ?? ????х ???????х ????: ???? ?к “???? ???, ???в и ???”
и ????, ????? ? “????е ????е ????”

С??? ???м и ????ю ?????я с А.А.Л????м в ?м, ?о ????о-???????я ???????
???в?ия ???? ???м ?ня? ?о (?????я) ?????, ???е

???:

-??????? ???ию ???ся ?????о ??а, ? ?????, ???в и ???, ???е ???д?ы ?у ?я
???ь?й ???ея????и в ????, ????? ???е;

??????ь ?????ь ????а к ?о???у и ?????у ???ию;

-?????ь у ????а ??????е, ????ь ????ю к??? ??;

-????ь у??е ????о ?????ь ?? ????, ???? ???? ????? и ???оя??? ???я;

— ????ь в ????м ???у ????? ???в и ???в, ?????ю?х ?о ?????ию: ????ю,
????ю,-????е ??ия ?к ???? ???ля ???????? ?рт?ы ?? и ?.

П???? ???а ???ия ИЯ ?? ?ин ? э???? ??й ???ы ?????я, ? ?е ?? ????е ??т
????е и к ?й. С??????, ??в?м ????м ???ия ИЯ я?я?ся ?о (???ия)
????о-???????я ???????, ??????? ? я???ю ???? ????го. В ?я? с э?м ?е ?з
??????, ?о ????? ???? я???й ??о?и/????й я???й ???? в ???? ??????ую??
???а ?????й ?????? ??? и ?а??и п????я?ся ??? ????? и ????м ?????????й
????и. Я???я ???? ?????ся и ????т ?к ?????и ?у????ая ?????????ь к ???ию
и м??у????ю ????и ????и, ?к “??????” ???ят я?? с ???й ??ы. В ??м ????и
я???я ???? ?? ?????? и ????????й ??р я???х ??????, ???, ??в??и к
???т??ию ???х ????в ??? ???и ??но?и, ????в, ?лю?ю?х ?я??? и ??????? ???в
и ??й, ???? ????м ????, ? ?????, ???яю?х ? ?????????м и в ???? ??е
?р??яю?х ???ию ???в и ????й в я?? ??? ??.

П??? ????? ???ия ?????? я?? ? ?????? в ????м ?? ????й я???й ???? ??м
?????? ???м ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ???ь ???а ??и ?бя (с ???ю ИЯ) ?к ????
????? я??, ? и ???ь у ???а ?????ь и ????? ????ля? ?к??ую ?я????ь ? ????м
я??, с????? к ?????у ?а?????ю с ??????я? ?? ???р и ???? (? ?з?х у
??ях).С????о ????, ?о ?????ь э? ????е ???? ?? в ?м ???, ?? ???а ???ия
???? ??т ??и??? ?ие????а на ???? ?????, ?о ???? ????с? и ???, ???????е и
??????? ???м? ???ия. Поэ?? в ???? п?????о ? ????? ?? ???? ??т ?? ??ую?е:
????? ???? ???? ??? ????ля?ся не с ???и ??? и ?????и ???та ???ия, а с
??и ??ия ??? ???ия ???? ??н?, ?о ??????о ?????о ??оя?я, ?о ??????? ????ы
???ия ????? я??. П? э?м ?я ????о ???ия ИЯ ?ж? ? ????? и ?????, а ?оя???
???? ?????й ?????, ???ь и ?????? ? ???я ????в ?е??о ???? ?? с ???, ? ??о
??, ?м ????? ????ся ? ???.

Т?? ???м, ????о-???????й ???? ???ия ИЯ д??? ??????ь п??????? ?к ??аю?ю
?я????ь ???я, ?к и ?я????ь и ???ю ????я ? ???ию я??. У??к ????ся ???м
????м ???? ??е?а. У??? ????т ? ??? в ?? ?????, ??аю?? ???ы, ???аю?е ???а
к ???ию ????ия ???ия, — ? я?я?ся ????? и ??????м о??ия ? ????м я?? и с
?о (я??) ???ю. У??? ???с ???ся ? с ??и ??ия ?????в ???? ????а: ????
я?я?ся ??? ?к ???т ???-???????о ?о??а. Ч?? ?????ь э? ????е, ????? ??ря?
в ???? и ????о-?????? ?????, “??ю ???х (? ?? э??х ???ия) я?я?ся ? ?????
???, ?е?й, а ??оя?? ????? ??? ???ст?, ?????? ????а ???????и и ???????
???ти ???о ?е??”[4, с. 78]. И?? ???и, ?? ?? о ??? ??? ? ??е ??и я???х
???? ???ия ИЯ в ???ь ???т?х ????й и ??р?? ????в ???????о п???а.

П???? и ?????а, и ???????ка ?????ают я?к ? ?к ?????ую ???у я???х ???в, а
?к ?? ? ???? ?????? ?я????и — ????? (???я ?я????ь ?? ????ая и ????ая
?я????ь), ? ??е?е ?????? я??, ????? ? ?????? у ????х ?? ????й я???й
????, п????я? ??й ?????? (?????й) и ????? ???с, а ? “?????????е ????е”.

К??????, ? ??????у ????ю А.А.Л??ь?а, ?я?? с ?м, ?о ??? ? ??? ????? ?е
??м ????м ???я. П???? я?к ?м ? ?? ? ???? ???х ???в, ????ю?х ?з???о ?
??????? ?с?м, ? ???? я?? ?? ? ??? и ? ???о ????е ???? ?????я ????в, ???о
?????ия ???ы ?? ????я, ??оя?й, ?к ? ?е ????, ?к из ?????, ?к и ?????
з???й ([4], с.79). Поэ?? ИЯ ? ??? ??о?в??я ?к “????ая ???а”.

О??? я?? — ??? ???ь ??т?е, ?ея в ?? ????я??? ??у????? и ???????е ????
??е?ся. У???е я?? ?? ???? ?????ую?х ???? в ?? — ??????? ??ем. Ч? ???ся
я???х ???в, ? ??д?? ?и ??? ???ь ??, ??ы ??ик ????о ?г ???я? ????м ???
?????ую?х ???в в ?? ???я и ????м ???????о ???ия яз?а.

В ?я? ? ????м ?? ??ую з????ь ?????т ?о??а ??????и ?п??????й с ???ю я??
“??и? ??”. П??? ???ия ИЯ ??? ???ься ? ?????й ????й ??т ?к ???у ??????
(???т ?к??? ?я????и), в ???м ?????? ???? ??? (?оя???) я???й ????. П? э?м
?? ??? ?? о ????о ????, ????л???? ??????й ???а?и, ?л??ая ???й ????й ??т
?????я ? ?????? ??? к ????????м ?р?????? ????и?ля ?? э??????й о???и и,
??????я ?о ????ю ?я?л???, ??е ????? ?ою ро?ую ????.

П???? ???я ?я????ь я?я?ся в ???? ???м ????м и я?к ?я ???ся ?? ???? ????я
?б???? ????й, ? ??е ??????е я?? я?я?ся ?????, а ? ?????? и о???е я?? ???
?? ?я?? с ????м ?????о ???ия и ???? ????х.Н??? ????и ?????ся я??м м??
??? в ?? ????о ???я (??????ия) ???ся ? э?м я??. Поэ?? ???ы ???ия, ??????
в ??ую ?е?? ? ???? ???ы я??, ?л?ы ?? ???? ???, ???к???и ???и ???ия,
???няю?? ???ся — ??ек?в ???? ???? и ??аю?? ???? ???ия ???? ?я?????й
????.

Дея?????я ??? ???ия ???? — ?е ?? ???п ???а??я и ???ия ИЯ — ????ся ? ???й
и ????? (?????) ????? ????я. Э? ???, ?о ?а????я ?????я ???, ?и ???й ???ю
????? ?оя?я? ???ь, а ???и ???ы ??? в т? ???, ?? ? ????ют, ??а??ся в ???
???оя???х, ????х и ?????? ?? ???ия. П???а ?????, ?о, к ????ю, ???о ???ся
????т “?к ????й ??ю???, ???о ???ую?й ????я?е ?и ??дя??я ??уг ?? (??а ?
??? э? ? ?л??, а с ???й, э? ?е ????я ?????? ?????м)” ([4], с.80). Э? ?
?????? ????? ???ия я??. П???яя в ??? ?? ???т ? ??, ???? ? ?я??н?? ?
????ю я??м у ???а ??????е к ?й ????е и ????ю?я ? в ???м ???? ????, в
?т?? ??аю??я ????т ???оя???.

П???? ??? ????ся ?к ????т???й (??я?й) и ????о (???оя???) ???ую?й ????м,
?о ???я ?я????ь (???м, ?к и ???ие я??) ?х??ся ?д ?ия?? ?о ???, ??оя?о
??няю??ся ???? ?ы? (в ?м ??е и в ??? я??), а ??е ??????о? ??а в ???? я??
и ???и на э?м я??. Е?и э? ?к, ? ???й ???с ??? ??????? ?ею??я у ???о ?е??
???????? ?????и, ??ия и ???й ??, ?о э??и и ????ия и ????ь э? ?????
????ы.

Поэ?? ??о ???ь ??н? ???с ??м ???м, ??ы ????й, ??я ? ?и ?? ???????е ???,
????л ?????ь и ?? ?????ь ?????ь ?????е ????я, ? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????
??. П? э?м ???с ???ия ИЯ ??? ?? ????н ? ? ???о??е ????? ?? (?? ??о ? ???
????о ???а) и ???ие у ???ся ??? “???? ?????ия и ???? ??????ия к ???????й
???? (? ??? ???? ????я). [4,с.81] В ??? ???ия д??о ????ся ?у??е ?????и
????ь и ???? ?????ия в ??? ???и?? ???? ? ??? ????й ?ят????.

К? ?? ???? ??, ???с ???ия ИЯ в ???й ?? ???т ? ??в????х ?????к ???ия и ?
???й ???ия, ??? ? ???ы ??у ???а? ???о и ??т???о я??в. С??????, ??????
??? ? ???????ь ?? ??? я?? ???т ?????? в ??? ??р??я и ????? ???ия,
?????ю?х ???ию у ????? ???ы и ????????. У???я ??? ???? ???и ????я? и
????и ????я ??м и ???я ? э?м я??: ? ??ия ???я ? ??ия ??и ? ???? ????я с
??????? ?????х я???х ???в. Д??й ??с ?? ????? ????е ?е ??е ???????о?
????я ??????? к ????м ????о? ????в?ия я?? в ????ом ????е.

Т?? ???м, ???с ????я ????я ?????? я?? в ???х ???ях ??т ???ым ?и ???и, ??
?:

–????н ? ???? ???а, ?о ???ые ?????и и ???, ???????е, ??????? ?о???
р???я;

???н ????? ?к ??????? ?о??, ??ся?й

в ??ую ???ь ? ?х ??х;

–????н ??ия? ???я/??????я ?я?я? ????ю к ???ию у ???о о??ю??ся и ???ля?
? ? ???? ????е я??м;

??т дея?????й, ?????й, ??ч??й ????;

— ?????? ? ? ??? и ?????ь ???? ???ия,а ? ??? ???ия ???? ???а, ?о ??????о
?????о ??оя?я;

— ?????т ?оя??? ?????й ???о?и ???ся, ???и и ?????ия ? о??ия ?? с ???, ?
??о ??, ?м ????? ????ся ? ???;

— ????т ??? ??о ??????? ?????и ?у??я и ???й ???ия, а ? ???ия ??у ????
???о и ?????? я??в.

С???? ?? п??ля? р???? ?????й ???с ???ния ?????м я??м в ???ях ??е?я ?к
?????й, ????? и «????» ???с, ??ю?ю?й ??????ь ? ???ы ???я и ??ият? ????ия
???ия ????.

П??????е ???е ???т?-???????й ???????й ????? ? ?????? «??? ???????й »

( Г. Ф К???) ???т в ?м, ?о ???????-???аю?й э??т ??ь ? ??т ?? ????т ??? ?
?? ?лю??я ????х в ????ую ?я????ь, ?к э? ????? в ????иях ???ия, ????? ?
????ях ?э???о ?????ия ????? ???? (П. Я. Г????, Н. Ф Т???а), ???????о
????я (В.В.Д???), ????ия ??????й ???ы (П.Э???) и ???. О????? ? ??ос??
??? э? ?????? ???я?е ?????, и ???я ????ая ?я????ь ? ?????т ?????я ?????
???. Поэ?? ???? з?? о ????иях ?????я ? ???? ??о ?? с ???й ??й ?????,
?????ая ?и э?м ?, ?о ???? ??? ????т ???ую?м ??м, ??????, а ? и ?????м
лю?? ???? ??? ?????я. Т?????? ???? ?? ????о-???????? ???ия ???я в ????и
???ы и ???й ????? ????о-???аю?х ф??? ???????? ????, в ?????и
???х,??????? и ??????? ??????к ???ы ?р???ия. П? э?м ????? ????я ?
???????е ??????е ?????ия, ????ю?е ???у п??????? з??я. В.В.К?е?к?),
?????ь ???????? ???? В.С.И??,.Я.Л??р, М.Н.С???), ????о ???аю?е ???и
???ия Е.В.Б?????я,

Н.В.Б???, З.И.В????, В.В.Г?ш??,Г.Н.М????ая, А.Я.Тря???), ???? ???????
?я????и (В Н. З?вя???й, И. .К????? ,В.А.С???ин,Н.Д.Х??).[16,с40-41] В
??????? ?????х ?????, в ?ъя????? ???? к ???? ?????? ???я??, ?о ??е?е
???? ????т ??ия, ??ия, ???а? ???? ?????. О??о н? ??ы ?????, ?о и ?????
?????я, и ???? ??? ?о ???я, и ??а ???????ия в ???? ???м ???? в ?м ??, в
???м ?и ?????? и ????? ???я, м?о ?????уют ????? ?????о ???ия. А ???
????о ???аю?я ???я ??? ??????я, ?м ???о ???я?ся ????ю?м ???м ????м. Э? ?
о???т, ?о в ???????м ???? ? ?????я ???? ?????. П??о ?о ??д в э? ??у
???к. Не э?м ? ?ъя?я?ся ?, ?о ???? и ??л ???й ?я????и в ????? ???????и
?????х ???х лю?й ??ют ? ??ь ? ???ю ???

З?? ? ??у ??ию, ??о ??е ??????е о ?? ?????я в ???? ?????ия ????. Т?????
?а ??с??я?сь, ?к ??я ??? ????, ???ю?я з?? ???а и ?ею?я ??у ????а ???????
и ????я. Поэ?? ?????м ??т ?? ? ?????е, ???я ?????? ???ию ???????х ?????
и ?????о ?????аю?? ?ч?а. М?? о ??????и ?лю??я в ?????, ??е ??в??х ? ?е
?????х к?????, ?е и э??о???-?????, ????? эл???, ???е ????ы ? ??? ????
???ия с ?и??м ?у ??????м ????, ?????? в ?з??? ????ях ?р???ия. Р???я э?
????е, В.В С??? ????, ?о ????е, ???о ????ляю?е ??д ????м ????? ?????я,
?????ся ? ?? э????:

1) ??????й ???????о ????о-?????о ??а, ????ю?? до и ????? ? ???? ???ия в
?? ???-?????х ????? (об??????й ????);

2)?????о ??а, ????а??о ? ??? ???т – ?????о ???я и ??????х ? ?т??й,
?оя?яю??ся в ?р? ?????я, ?ыс??????, ?????ия, [16,с.41].

Л????-??????? ????? ? ??т ????ся в ??? ? ??????? ??ы ????в?ия, ???й ????
??о ??? ???ю ???ию. К?????а?е ???й ???? ???? ????х ??????, ??????
??????е ??ую?х ??в ?????:

Д?? ???ю ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??в ?????.

У??? ??? ??о ???ь с?????? ??м ?????, ди?????ь ? ??? ИЯ ????т ?к ?? ?
с????х ??????к ???? ????, ?к ???? -?????о ??а, ??? ?т????и
??????ю?й, ??????, ?????й и ??? ???й ????.

П?я?о, ?о ?? ??????? ???я ??????я у ???ся ?????, ?э?? ? ????х э??х ?
????о ?лю?? э???ы ????? ?????и: ??ж?? ???ия, ??????е ??й и т.д.

Поэ?? ????т ??????ь ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???а:

– ??? ????????е ????е ???м?о к ????? ???м;

-??н ?????? ??ия? и ?????ия?;

-???????, ???????е, ????? к ??????ю;

-????? к ????ю ???о, к ??? ??й ???. ???е в ???? ???а ?????? ??????е
??ую?х э???? ?????:

– ?????а ????? ??аю??я к ??????? ???ю, т.е. ?????е ???х ???, ????????
??а, ????и ? с?????? и ???я?е ?? ??к ??ия;

– ??к ???х ???в, т.е. ?х ??ую?х ???ся ???ов и ???м, ????я ???м ??т
э????о ??????я ?????й ??л ????? ????а;

– ?????а ????? ????а в ??е? ????о ?????х???? и ??ч, ?о ?????? ?????
???е?е ????, ????? ? ? «???» ?????? ???м;

?????? ????х ???т? ???ия сю??? ??й ???;

??????? ???? ??????ия ????? ????и, ? ????х ??й и ???й ? ??я?я ????я;

??????? ?я??? ?н ??????, т. е. ??х ???? ???а, ?я ???х ??? ???е ??????ь
????е ?о ?????.

О??я ?? ?????т ?????о-???м ???иям ? ??? ИЯ. В ?????? ???? ????ю?я
??о ???е ??-????ь, ??и ?ня?, ????. А ?? ??а ??й ?????, ??? ?????,
э??????, ?????м ??оя?? ????, ?к ?к ?я?я ?? ??

П??е ??о, и в ??ую ???ь, с???ая ?я????ь. « И?а ? ???у-?е ??? ?
??»[17с17]. И?а ??е??о ???? ?????? и ????, ??я?е ?? и э????ю ??? ?????.
Э? ? ??? ??? ??и. О? в ????й ???и ?? ????й ??и, ????у ??? я?ы? ? ???е
???ы, ???я? ??оя?е ??я?????и, в ?м ??е и с ??м ??й. [16,с42-43]

К? ? ??м ? ?? ????? ?о, ???? ?????? я?? ???т ????о-???????? ???а в ???й
???и, ?м ??й-?? ??? ???й ???т, т.к. ???????, ??? ??о, я?я?ся ?? ???а.
И д??????, ?? ???а – э? ???? ????я ?о ??? ??????? ???, э??й, ??я?в и
т.д. М?? ??????? ??ую?е ???о: лю?е ?????? ???а ??? ?? ? ?????и ?????о
???????, т.е. ???? ?к ? ? ?????о «я». Для ????ия ??й ???ия, ????? ?????й
?????, ?я ???ия ???????й ?????и ???ся ?????, ??? ??о, ???е.

С????? ??? – э? ????, ???й ?ё ????о. Е? ???я ??ь о ???? ??? ??н, ? ??о
?????ет и ???ся, ????я ?? ?????е р???м, а, ??????о, ??? ???? ??? к
????? ???тям ??й ?я ?? ???, ???яя ?? ????.

В ?????х ???ях ???????я ????я ????ния ?????я с ???ю ??????х ?????, ??ю
???х я?я?ся ? ??? ???я?я ???, а ?я?е?е, ????, ?? ????? ????в и ??????
???о ???а, ??????? ?о ???оя???й ?о????й ???й ?я????и. Од?? ? ??х ?????
я?яю?я ???? в ??????? и ???е ?????

1.2 О???я в ??????? ?к ???? ????я ??с?а ???ия ?????? я??

О???? ??????и ???ия ?тя ? ??м ?????м я??м ??ло в ?? ????. Лю?? ?????у,
?? ? ??т ????ь в ??й ???и, ??? ?????? я?? ???? ??о. Поэ?? ????я к ???ию
?????х я??в ??о ????. О??о ????? ? ?? ????я ?????м я??м, ???? в ?с??й
??е, ? ????ь. По-???? ????и ????я? я?яю?я н????к ???? ??? ???? в ???е ?
???о ???а ???, ????? ?о???? ???????? и ??????? ??е?я.

Ц?ь ???ия ?????? я?? в ?о?х ?з?х ??в – ????е ???????й ??????, т.е.
????????я ???? ? ???о ???е я?? (???????й к?????), ???о ?????? ????е
?????м я??м. П??а, ?и э?м ? ???т ???? ?е ?? ??????? ?то??: ???ь ???т ??м
???м, ??ы в ???? ????я ?оя??? ???й ?я????ью в ???? ????я ????а?? ???а
я?? (В.В. К????). К ????ю, ?????и ?е ???? ?????? яз?а ? ???ают э? ?????и
??ме? и ?????аю?я в ???е ? ???о ???? ???а. К??????ь э?т ????? ??о и ??о
? ?? ?п????х ???в, ???в ???ия, ????? ???ия. Поэ?? ? ??о ????а ??????х в
???? ????, ???в ??т ??ма? о ?м, ??ы ????, ??????? ??????ь ??е, ???е ??и
? ?????? ?????ь ??? ???? ???у ???у ? ??е ? ??е 15-20 ??т. П? э?м ??о
????? ?????ь ???????? и ??????? ???ия с ??ом ?????? ??й.

Т?? ??? ????ю ???? и ????е ??? ????. Е?и ? ???м ?а????? ???ию ?? ?и ??у
?? р??? ?я????и, ? ???ь э?? ??о ?? ??з ???? в э?м ?? ?я?л???. Д??? ???и,
? ??е ??шую ??ь ???и ??? ??????ся ???ся, а ? ???ь, ?к э? ??? ???. Э?
???? ?????и ??????? ?я????и ???ся ? ??е.

Моя ??? ???? ???? ????? в ??х ???ях ???ы ????? ???о ???а ? ??? ??????
я??. С????? ???е ???я ? ??????? ????? (Guy R.Lefrancois “Psychology for
Teaching”, 1991; Earnst T.Goetz, Patricia A Alexander, Michael J.Ash
“Educational Psychology. A classroom Perspective.”, 1992) ??сят к
???????? ?????ю в ???? ?и ??????е ???ы: ?к ?????, ???? ??ы (open
education or open classrooms), ??????? ??ь ???ия (The Learning-Styles
Approach) и ???? в ??????? (cooperative learning). В В??????и, А????,
США ?? ?? ?у??я ???ся ? ??????? ???, в ????т?и с ??????? ??? ???ия, ?. В
США и ??? ??о ??и ??? ???? ??. П????, в ????, ?????ю?я ????м э??м ???ия.
У???я в ??х ??? ??аю?я ? ??????? ??? (worksheets), ???е ?и ???ляют ?ач?а
?д ?????? ???я, а ??м ????? ????? ???оя??? на ??, ??лю, ?сяц и т.д.
И??????й ??ь ???ия ?????? ?? ?? ??????х ??? ???а (?????” ??аю?я с ??,
??? – ? ??ую ???? ?я). В эт? ???? ??о ?????о и, ?????, ??????о, ? ?я ???
?????? ???й э????о ?????я. Вряд ? ??о ???з ???? ? ??????и ??х ??????х
??? ?я ????о ???ия, ???? ??????о к ??й ???р?й ???? в ?????, ???? ????, в
???е ??? и ??? ?ся???й ????? ? ??р???й ??ь ???ия. П???а ?????? ??? э?т
??д.[18c14-15]

В? ??? ?е ????ля?ся ???? ????? ?я ???? ??ы ?? ???ия в ??????? ?к
???????к? ??????? ???. О???о, ?? ??ть ?т ??, ?о э? ????? ??? ????о
???аю?я в ???о-???ю ???у, ? ????ают ????? ?????я. Э? ?????, ???е ???яют
???? э????о ????ь ??????? ?????в о???я и ????? ??????е ?????и ???о ???а.
У???я ????у ???? ?????? я??, э? ????? ??т ????? ?????е ???я ?я ?????и
??????? и ???й дея????и ???о ???а ???, ?????яя ???у ???у ?????ь ????,
????ь ??й я???й ????, ???? ?????ю ?т?ю ???? ?я ?????ия ?????х ?в?? и
???.

О???е в ??????? (cooperative learning), о??н? в ??х ???х ????я к ????иям
???????? ?????я в ?????. О???я ?ея э?й ????? – ???ь ???я ?я ???? ?????
???й ?я????и ???ся в ??? ???х ???иях. У??? ??? – ?? ??? ??ат?аю? ?е
?ъя??ия ???я, ??о ????ют ?????м ?????, ???????? ??ия?, ??? ????я ? ???
?????о б??е ???и ? ????? ????а, ? и ??????? ???ы, ??я??ия. Т?? р?я?, ?к
???о, ??няются ??в?ь ???ы ?и ?? ???, а ??? ??? и ? ???ют, ?о ????о ?и ?
???ют, ? ??т ??????? ????о ???. Е?и в ??х ??аях ????ть ?бят в ????е ???
(? 3-4 ????) и ?? ? ?? ??е ???е, ???? ?ль ???о ???а ??? в ????? э??
???я, ? ????т ???ия, в ???й ??? ???? ? ??? ? ????т ??й ??? (?о ??о ???я?
?о ?????м), ?, ?о ???? ??о, ? ????т ?? ???. Поэ?? ??? ???и ??аю?я ?я??ь
у ???х ?е ??ня?е ?и ???ы, а ???е ???и ??????? в ?м, ??ы ?е ??ы ???, в
??ую ???ь, ??? ??? ?????о ?????ь в ????е, а ??? и ?л?? ??? ??т ?????ь
????ь ??т??? ??ма?е ???а, ??и ? ??й ??. Т?? ???м, ?????и ??ия? ????ую?я
???ы. Э? ??я ?ея ???ия в ???????. П????? ??, ?о ? ????е ?бят с ??м
??м????м ?????. В??? ? ?ъя??? о???ся ? ?к ? ?о?. П? э?м ??ь ??о, ??ы ??е
??????ое я??? ?? ????о ????о, ?о ? э?? ? ??? ???т ????? ??д?? ???м. З??т
????? ?????? ???? ? ?????ию ???????й ??? ???? (ООД). Т?ая ???ка, у??я ?и
????ая, ????я ???у ??и? ???. Е?и ?бя? ??т ???? ?????, ? ??? ???и ??уют
?к и ? ?ня?, ??? ??о ???я? ???я ?к, а ? ??е. Е?и ??? ??т о?????а
??????о, ? ?м ??е ??ые ???и ? ??? ???оя??? ?????я в ??м ????е. В ??х ?
???х, ?????? ?к, ??ы в ??? ???, ??оя?й ? 3-4 ???к, ?я???? ?л ???й ???,
???й и ???, ?и ????? ??? ???я ? ???, ?а??я ??я?я ???? в ??е ???я, ?и
???х ??х ?и ???х ??? ????ся ? ?????х ?? ???. О??а ? ????? э?? ??? ???я
???ся ??е ОДНА ? ???. Э? не ?я???? ???а (в ???). Э? ??т ?? ??? ?? ????я,
??? ?я????и ГРУППЫ. О???я ????я ???ия в ?т?????е ?? ???? ?????а ??я
г???и ?????? ????в ? ?????? Д?? Х???а (Р.С??н), ?????? ??а М???? ( Р??р
Д??? и Дэ?д Д???), ??п? Дж. А???а, ?????т ??а К??о?ия.

С ?х ?р, ????ся, ?? ???ия в ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??ия? ??? ????в ? ???
???х ??, ?о ?? ?ея ???ия в ??????? ?????о ???а ? ??й ??й ??, а, ??о????,
?????а, ?тя и ??т ???? ???ия в ????х в ??? ???х.

П???а ?????, ?о ??? ???я ? ??? ??е и ?????, ? и ?????о э?????. П??м ??о,
?о э? э?????? ???ся ? ??? ?????к? ?п?? ????, ? ????????о ???ия, ? и
??????о. П??ь ??у, ??? ??? лю?е ????, ????ь ???ь ??? ?и ??? ???и – ??е
?????о, ?к ?ея?ся, ??, ????ся ?з?.

Г??ая ?ея ???ия в ??????? – ???я ???, а ? ??? ?о-? ???я? ???!

С????т ??о ??????х ????в ???ия в ???????. У??? в ??й ???? ??т ??????ь и
э? ???ты ??м ?????м, ??????о к ??м ????, ? ?и ??м ?????м у??? – ?и ???
??ю??и ???? ????в ???ия в ???????:

??? ???ся ???ую?я ???? ? ??а, ????ся, с ??? ???????й ??????и ??й. П? э?м
в ??? ?у?е ??? ?? ???й ???, ???й и ??? (?ли ??? ???т ? ?ех ???ся), ???и
и ????. Е?и ??па ? ??я??и ря? ??? ???? ????, ???, ?т ??????и ?ня? ? ???
(э?, ?к ?????, ???е ???). Е?и ??? ? ??м-? ???? ? ?е? ???я, ??? ?у?ы ??о
?ня? ? ??а к ??у; ??? ??ся ?? ??н?, ? ?и ?о ????? ????????я ??????е ??й
??у ?????и ??? (?? ??? ????ляю?я ??? ????и, ? в ????х ??аях ???ь ??т д?ь
??????);?????я ??? ? ??? ???а, а ?? ??? (т.е. ??ка ???ся ?? ? ?ю ???);
??о, ?о ???аю?я ? ??? и ??? ? ???о ??ия, ???о ??ия ???ся (у ???о ?оя
????). П? э?м в ряде ???в ??о ?????? ???ся ?м? ????ь ????? (????
??????е) ??? ??а;

???ь ?м ???? ???а ???, к??? ??? ????ся ? ???е. В ряде ???в э? ??? ???
??? (в ??м ???? э? ???ся, ???м ???м, ???????х ???, ??м????х, ?????х и
ООД). Е?и ??? ??? в ??оя?и ??оя??? ???? ????? ??е??й ??? ???, ???? ?
???ы д??х ??п, ???, ?? ????? и ?у?а ????? с ????, ?о ?? лю?? ???я – ?
????? ?о в????е (?????/?????? ???е), а ????е ????? ??? ???? ???.

Т??ь ????? ?? ???? ??а, ? ???м ?????ся ??ая ????ия. Ит?, ?????? ??????.
К??й ??? д??я ?? ???е ? ?????е ??? ????а. П??м э? ???е ???????ся ? э??м:
???а ??ся ???е ??ко ? ???? ????я, ????ия ??? ???а. П? ????? э?? ???я ??у
?я?я?ся, ?о ? ??? ????, а ??т ??, и ???х ? ?нял ??й м???л. Он ?я????
????я к ???? ???у ???, ?к ?к ??т, ?о ??е ????т ряд ?????, ?? ???? ? ???.
Э? ????ия ? ?????? ???????о ???. О? ??т ???я?ся в ??? ???и ????и. В ??х
??аях ??? ??? ??т ???я? ??, ?????? ???м ??? ?я ?? ???е, и ??м ?е ??ния
???яю?я и ???аю?я ?? ???й. В ??? ??аях ??? ??т ????ся ? ?? (?? ?а ??оя?
? ???х ???к), и ????? ??т ?по?я?ся в ??х (в э?м ??? ???? ??????е ?????х
????? ?я ??ты в ??х с ?ю?м, т.е. ????? ?р??? ??? в ???? ?????ю?? ???а),
? ?е ??о в ??? ???й ?у?ы. П?? ??? в ??х ??е ??о ????я к ??? в ???й ??? и
?? ?????ь ?е ?з ???? ????? ??? ???о. К?? ??? ?к???, ???ь ??? лю?? ???а ?
лю?й ??? ???? ????? ??? и ?я???? ?я??ь, ??? ????о ??? ?к, а ? ??е. Т?им
???м, лю?й ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??в ???? ???? и ???????о ? ?????м ?????
?я????и ???. З??ия, ????ся, ??т ?? ? ??? ???????о ????а. Э? ??т ?? з??ия
? ???? ????о ?д?ия, ??? ?д ???м ?я ??ия, ???о?а к ??у ?и ?????й ???,
????ая ??? ? ???у, ? ????е ??г????? ???в, ??? ?д ????, ?.[10,с5]

И?к, ???у ????е ???? ???ия в ????ч??е.

1. Student Team Learning (STL, ???? в ???е).

Э?т ??д ??я? ??? ???? “????м ?лям” (team goals) и ??? ?? ??? (team
success), ???й ??т ?? ????т ??? в ????? ???оя???й ??? ???о ??а ???
(???ы) в ??оя?? ????й??и с ???и ???и э?й ? ??? ?и ??? ?д ??й/????й/????,
?????и ???ию. Т?? ???м, ??? ???о ???а ???т в ?м, ??ы ??? ???? ???ы ???л
?????? ??ия?, ?????л ??? ??? и ?и э?м, ??ы ?я ???а ??а, ?? ??? КАЖДЫЙ.

В??? STL ???ся к ?? ???? ????м:

а) “???ы” (team rewards) – ???ы/??? ???ют ОДНУ ? ?? в ?? ???? ???, ???-?
?????а, ??? ???я, ???ы, ??? ??в ??? ? ????? дея????и. Г??ы ? ???ую?я ??
с ???, ?к ?к ?е ???ы ?еют ??ую ” ???” и ??я ? ? ?????;

б) “??????ая” (?????ая) ???????ь ???о ???а ????, ?о ??х ?и ???х ?? ???
???т ? ?? ?и ??? ???о ? ??а. Э? ?????т ?? ??? ???ы ???ь ? ???? ?? ??а и
?? ???? ???и? ? ??? ??? ???? в ????, ????и ????а ?к, ??ы ??? ??т??л ?бя
э???? ? ??? ????;

в) р??е ?????и ?я ????ия ??? ???ют, ?о ??? ???ся ?и??т ?? ??й ???, ???е
? ?????? ??м ????я ??х ?????х ????? ?????в. С????, ??м ???м, п????я ? с
?????? ??? ???? э?й ?и ??? ??п, а с СОБСТВЕННЫМИ, ??е ?????? ??????. Э?
?? ?????м, ???м и ??аю?м ?е??м РАВНЫЕ ?????и в ????и ??в ?я ??й ???ы, ?к
?к, ??ая? ?о ?? ?л ???? ????? ?????о ???, ???, э???а (и ???я ?), и ???й,
и ??? ???и ??т ???? ??й ???е ??? ????? ???, ?о (?к ???? ?????ия) ???я? ?
?????ь ?бя ??????и ??а? ???ы и ?????т ???е ????ь ?? ?ою ?????ую “п??у”.

П???? ?????е ???т ????? ?я??ия. П?я?о, ?о ?????и к ????ю ?????м я??м у
??й ???. О?и ??о ????ют ????? и ?????ую?? ???? ??ия?. Д??м, ???ря ? ???е
??ия с ? ???ы, ? у??ся ???ся ?х ? ?????в, ?к ? ?и ? ????ь. Е?и ?и ??? в
??? ??т ?????я ???? ????? ???о, ? ??о ? ???т ???? в??е ? ??? ????, ? и ?
??ь ??о ???????”. Поэ?? ??ь ??о ? ??? ??????ия ???ся в ???х ????ь ? ???о
???? р????ы ???о ???а, ???о ??ия, ?т?? ? ?????т ? ????? ?????х ?????в.
Э? ?????я ??ь ???. В ??? ?у ??ся ??е ???е ???е ?я ????ия, ?? ???е по
???. Но ? ??? ?я???? ???ся ???о ????ия э?? ????а.

A. Write a postcard to a friend, telling them about your holiday.

  

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B Fill in the gaps or circle the word you want to use:

 

Dear ________,

I am having a great / fine / terrible time here in ____. The weather is
sunny / rainy /snowy. Everyday I go swimming / jogging / skiing. The
food is terrible / ok / great. Yesterday I went to a circus / museum /
zoo. It was _______.

Best wishes,

  

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[14,с 23] З?? ??? ???х ?? ? ??т. Л?? ??? ??? ?о ??оя?о в ?? ??ия и ????
? ?? ??????и, ? ? в ?? ??? ? ???я? ? ?? ??? и ? ?? ???й ???т. Е? ??? –
??? ?з ?ъя??ь. Ес? ??е ????????я ?? ? ?о??у ????я ??? ????а ?и ? э??????
?????ия ?? ?и ??о ???, ? ???ь ?к ? ??? ??????в?ь ????ь и ??м ???я в
????с? ? ??ня ?????и ???ся. Е?и ???? ???у, к ??еру, ??ы ???? ???ую ???у,
????? ????ь 10 ???й, ? ????, ???, 8, а ???у 6. В? ??ы ???ую?я, и ???
???ля?ся ???й ?? ? ??? ??. Т??, с ??й ???ы, лю?й ??? в ???т??и с ?о
???????и во????я? ??т ???? ???е ????? ?л???о ??в, и ? ??т ???ь ?бя ???.
А с ??? ???ы, ??? ?? ??? ??????н в ??? ????? к ??у, в ??? ????и ?????.
Э? и ?? ???? ???п ??? ?????: ??м ???????ь ? ?бя! К??й ???? ? ??? ? ??
???, ? и ? ??? ????й ? ???е. В ?х ? ??аях, ??а ??? ? ??е ???я ? в ???х,
а ????а?? ?и ????? и ???? ???ь ???ия ????м ???? ?м или ?? ??м ???й
?я????и, ???ь ??т ????ь ???? ????? ???ся.В?и??? ??? ???а к ?????и ???ия
в ??????? ??о ??????ь ???д???-????ю ???.(Student-Teams – Achievement
Divisions – STAD) и ко???-???ю (Teams-Games-Tournament – TGT).

В ??? ??? ???и ???аю?я ? ??? в ??? ???? (?я???? ?з?е ? ??ню ?????и, ???и
и ??ч?и). У??? ?ъя?я? ??й ????, а з?? ????? ???? в ???х ?о ??е??, ?????я
?????я, ?ня? ?е ???. Г??я ???????м я??м, ??н???я ??? ? ?????ию ???????й
??? ???? (? ?я ???о ???а). З??? ???я?ся, ?к и в ????? ???, ?? ? ??ям
(??? ??? ?п?ня? ?ою ??ь), ?? ? “?р??е” (??? ???ую?е ???е ???я?ся ??ую?м
????, ???? ??т ?? ?л?? ???, ?? ???). П? э?м ???е?е ???о ???я ?ъя?я?ся
??? ???? и ??????ся ?? ???й.

П?? ????ия ???й ??и ?у??и, ???ь ?? ?? ? ???? ??м?ия ??? ????а. З??ия ??а
???ся ???яют ??????о, ?е ???. П? э?м ???ь, ???о, ?? ??????? ?о??? ???й
?я ???х и ??? ??и?в ? ????и и ???. Но в ???е ? ?????о ??ая ??? ?е?к
?????я ?????о и ?о ???а ? ?ия? ? ????? ???.

Р??????ю ??й ??? ??т ???ь, ????, ??????ая ??? в ???е (Team Assisted
Individualization – TAI). Уч??ся ???ют ??????? ???е ? ?????м ?????? ??е
?????ия и ??е ??аю?я в ?????м ??е, ??????о, ? в ??? ???ы. В ???? ???
???ы ??т ???? ?д ???и ???я?. Ч?? ???ы ???ют ?? ?у? ?и ????? ??х ???????
???й, ???я в ???л?? ???е ??? и ?????е ???о ??а ???ы. И???е ??ы ???я?я
??е ??????о, ?е ??? и ???аю?я ??? ????и (????? ?????и в ??? ?????). К??ю
??лю ???ь ???? ????? ?м, ???й ? ???м? и ??? ???, ?????х ??? ?м??й, ?????
? ????ия в ??? и ?? (???? ???я), ??о ???я ?и??е ??ю??я ??? ??п. Э? ??ь
х??? ?д ?я???с? ?и ??? ?д ???? ???м. Т?? ???м, ???я э???? ?????? ??я ?
??е, ?? ??ся?я ?? ? ????? ???ы, ?я??? с ?????м ???м. П???? ???ся
???оя??? ??ят ? ?????ю ???ия ??? ????а ??? у???м ???, у ???я ??????ся
??я ? ??????ую ??? с ????? г???и ?и ????и, ??аю??ся в ?о ???.

Р??????ю ??й ?????и ????й ?я????и я?я?ся ????-???я ?я????ь. У??? ?к ?,
?к и в ???у?м ??? ?ъя?я? ??й ????, ????? ????ю ??? ?я ?????ия ??????, ?
??? ???????о ?????ия ????? ??ую ??лю ???????? ???ы ??у ????и. Для э??
????ю?я “????е ??ы” ? ?и ???а за ??? ???, ??? ? ??ню ?????и (??? ? ???и,
???е с ????). З??ия ?ю?я ?я? ? ????????? ? ????и и ???. П????ь ???о ??а
???? ??й ???е ОДИНАКОВОЕ ????? ??? ???си? ? “???” ??а. Э? ????, ?о ???
??и?, ???уя? с ???и ? ? ??м у????, ?еют РАВНЫЕ ??ы ? ??х ?я ??й ???ы. Та
???а, ???я ???? ???е ????? ???, ?ъя?я?ся ?б???? ???а с ?????ую?м
?г????м. На ??? ?????? я?? э? ??т ?? ??е ??????е ?? ????? ??т ???ся:
??ы, ??????ие, ?????е; ????е ????ы ?????х ???в; ????я, ?. М?? ?? и ???
?? ??т, ?? ???? ???я в я???й ?????и, ?е ??о ?п??ь ? ?? ???и ????? ?????
??а.

2. Д??й ??? в ?????и ???ия в ??????? (cooperative learning) ?л ?????
??. Elliot Aronson в 1978 г. и ??? Jigsaw (в ????м ???? с ?????о – ?у?ая
??, ???ая ???а). В ??????? ???? ??й ??? ????я ????? “??”. У???я ????ю?я
в ??? ? 4-6 ???к ?я ??? ?д ???м ?????, ???й ??? ? ????ы (????? ?и ????е
??и). Та?я ??та ? ??? ?????? я?? ?????ся ? э?? ?????о ????ия я????
????а. Н???р, ?и ??? ?д ??й ??????” ??о ???? ????е ???ы: ?????е ? ?рю, в
????, в ???, ???, ? ???. М?? ?д??ь ???ы ? ??? ????м, ?яв ? ??? ?? ?д
?????я ?я ?? ???: ??р ????, ??з ???в, ?? ???, ??з ????ы, ?. К??й ?? ???
???т ???? ? ??й ??и. З?? ???ся, ??аю?е ?? и ?т ? ???, ? ??оя?е в ???
???х, ???аю?я и ????ю?я ?????й ?к э???ы ? ???у ???у. Э? ????ся ”
ВСТРЕЧЕЙ ЭКСПЕРТОВ”. З?? ?и ????ю?я в ?? ??? и ??ают ??у ???, ?о ??? ??,
??? ??? г??ы. Те, в ?ою ???ь, ????ают о ??й ??и ???я (?к ??ы о?? ??).
Р????я, ?е ???е ???я ? ?????м я??. Т? ?к ?????? ?? ???ь ???? ?? ????? и
??м ???м ?????ь ?????е – э? ?????о ???ь ??х ????в по ???е и ??? ??? в
???ях, ???х ??????? ??? ? ???ы ???я ? ????я. У???я ??? ?и?????ы, ??ы ?
???? ??????о ????и ?ою ???, ?к ?к э? ??т ????ся ? ? ???? ???. О?????я ?
?? ?? ??? в ?д???? и ?я ???а в ??м. На ?клю????м э??, ???й ????ся ?????,
???ь ??т ????ь ЛЮБОГО ???а к??? ???? ? ЛЮБОЙ ??? ? ??? ??. П??м ???ы ???
? ??? и ?? ? ???о ???ь, ???о ??ы ??? ??п. У??? ??й ??? ??? ???я? ??т ???
???? ?к, ?к ??ают ???. Д????я ???аю?я в ??й ??т. Но и ???ы ??? ?у? ??е
?? в ??т э?м ???м. Пр?? ???ь ??т ?? ???, ?ъя?яя ли? ???? ????т, ??ы ?
????? ?? ?????, ????ю в ?о?б ??????я ???. Э? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????,
??????е ?и??м ?? в ???х ??аях, ??а э? ? ???я ???ь ??м ???ся.

В 1986 г. R.Slavin р????л ?????ю э?? ??? “П?а -2″(Jigsaw-2), к???
??????? ??? ???ся ???? в 4-5 ???к. В??о ??, ??ы ??? ?? ??? ???л ????ю
??ь ??й р??ы, ?я ???а ???? ?д ОДНИМ и ?м ? ????? (?пр??, ?????ь с ???м
???м ? ?? ???е??? ???? ?и ????). Но ?и э?м ??? ?? ??? ???л ?ою ???у,
???ю ?????? ???? ????о и ????ся в ?й э????. В??? э???? ? ??? ??п ?????.
В ?н? ??а ?е ???ся ????и ??в????й ?????й ??, ???й и ???а?я. Р????ы ???ся
??????ь. К???, ???ая ???ь ????й ??ы ???, ??????.[14,с23-24]

3. Learning Together ( У??я ???) ????? в ?????те ??а М???? в 1987 ??
(David Johnson, Roger Johnson). К?? р????ся ? ????? (? ??ню ????с?) ???
в 3-4 ????. К??я ??? ???? ОДНО ???е, ???е я?я?ся ????и? ??й-?? ???й ??,
?д ???й ???? ВЕСЬ КЛАСС. Н???р, ?? ?а? (т.е. я???я ???) ???? ?д ?й ? ??й
??????”. В? ??? ?????ют ???т и ?д ?????я. Т?? ??? ??? ??ся ???е ?????ь
?ою ??ь: ?????ь ????у ????ия ??? ???? ?и ?????й ????и в ???? ??е ????;
???? ??? ?я ?? ???, ????у; ?????ь б?? и т.д. В ????? ????? ??? ????х ??п
и ?? ??п в ??м ?????я ???? ВСЕГО ????а. По ?? ??? ??? ??ются ??у ??й в
???? ??????о ????ия, ??няя ???, ????я ?? ????, ???я ?? ??у ???ы. Н?о ??ь
в ??, ?о ?я ???а, ?????я ? ??, ???а в ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ???. Поэ?? ?
??? ??е ?ет ??о ???я ????, ???????я ?я????ь. О???е ????: ???ы – ?? ???е,
??????? ???, ??? ?????и – ???ют и ??ь.

Г??а ???? ???ы в ?????и ? ????? ???о ???а. Поэ?? и в э?м ??? ???я в ???х
?ф????ую?я ? ????и и ???. Обя??л?? ???ся ????? ????о ???я ???о ??а ??? в
??й ???, ? в ?????? ? ??? ?????я?. По ??ию ??????в ???о ???, ???е ????
??? ?? ???о ???ем ???у ?????? ??п (с ??? ?д?????х и ???????х ?????? ??о?
??а) и ????? ??ч ?я ??? ????? ???.[18,c26]

В??и ??? ???ся ???оя??? ?р??яют ?? ???о ??а ??? ? ??? ?я ????ия ???
???я, ? и ?я ?????и ??????й, ???? ?б?ы ?? ???: ?????ия, ?????а ?т???и
???о ??а ??? в ???и ??й ???, ???? ???я ??? ???; ???? ?????в ??????х и
???ых; ????ия э?х ?????в, ? ??????ия, ?. Т?? ???м, с ??? ??? ??? ??т ?к
? ???ю ?д?у: с ??й ???ы, ??????ю – ????? ??й-? ???????, ????? ??, а с
???, ????ую ?и ???, ????о-п?х?????ю – ??????е в ?? ????ия ???я ??????
???? ??ния. И ?, и ??? ????о ???о. У??? ??е ?я???? ?????т ? ??ко ?????
????ия ??????? ???я ???? ???ся, ? и ??? ? ??ния ме?у ??й (????ся, ?
и????? я??), ??? ???ия ?????й ??? ?? ??у.

И??????я ???оя???я ??? ?и ?????и ???й ?я????и ? ????? ??????? ????ся ?к
? ????, э?????й ???? ???оят??? ???т??й ???. А ? ????т, с ??й с???, ?ия?
? ????т ????й и ?????? ???, а с ???, ???т в ?бя ????? ??? ??? ??? ??пы,
??о ?????. К??й ???ся ????ся ??????, ?к ????й ра?ты, ?к и ??????, ? ?е ?
??ую?м ??е, ?и ????и ?????в, ? о????и и ??я?и ??? ???я, ?? ?е ?и ??? ?д
??ую?м, ??м ????/????/????й, ??а ???ся ???зуют ??ия, ????? и ??????
??ия? ?? ???.

С??? ????, ?о ?????? ???р??ь ??? и ?? ? ?????ую?е ???е. С?ь ?к ?з и ???т
в ?м, ??ы ???ся ???л САМ ?????ь ?а?я. З??е ????е ????е ????: “Я ?? ????
??лю? к ???ю, ? ? ?? ????ь ?о ???ся!” Поэ?? ???? ????и ???оя???й ???й
дея????и ???ся ? ??е, а ??т ?ть и ??е ??а, ?м ??? ?????и, ???я и ????
??? ?д ????. Но ????ая ??? ?к ?з и ?? пр???? ??? ?я ??????? ?я????и, ?я
??????, ????у в э?м ??? ??? ??о ?????? ? ??? ? ???ы ????й. У??? ??т ???ь
?????о ??? ???ия ????м ????, ????у ?е ?ня? ??м.

О???е ??, ???? ?? ????м ??ь ????м – ???? ?? и ??ч, ??????ая ???????ь и
??? ?з???? ??? ?ют ?????ь ???????я ? ???о ???а. Э? и ?? ????о-???????й
??? в ???ях ???о-???й си??ы. О?н ? ????х ???? ?о ?????.

П?????, э? ???? в ???? о??ия, ???я ???ся ?? с ???, ?к ?е ????? ??,
?я???? ? ?????м я??; ???ся с ????, в ????? ???? и ????т ??ь ?????й ???т.
Э? ????? ???е, ????у в ?? ???я ???ся ????? ???яют ??? ????? ?? – ???,
и????ля, ??????, ?????, э???а, ?с????ля и т.д. К???, ?и ??????и ???ия в
??????? ? ??ах ?????? я?? ??е ???е – ???ся, ??ы ???ся в ??х ???х ???? ?
?????м я?? (? ??ю??е ?х ???в, ??а ???е ????? ? ?????? ООД, ???? в ????и
??? ???????о ????а). Но ???? ??зы??, ?о ?и ????? ?????м ???? ? ???ы
???я, ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???е ??? ? ??? я??, э? ????? ???я?ся ???а с
???, а ????? с я?ым ??????м.

Д???я, ?е ????е ?????? ?? ??ь о ?м, ?о о???е в ???????, ???е ? ??????м
?к ?? ? ??????? ????о-???????? ???а в ?????? ?????? я??, ???я? ??? ????е
в ??? ????. В ????? ???????й и ???????? (????ся, ??? п????? и
п??????й)??? в ??????? ???я ?????о ????ь ??я ??? и ???й ???? ?я ???о
?е?? ? ??е, ?? ?? ???у ???у ?????? в ??м ???? ???у ????? я??. Э? ????
????т ? ????????о ????я я??м.

У??? ?????т ??ю, ????о ? ??е ??ую ?я ???? ???? ?? – ?? ?????? ???оя???й
???-????е??й, ???????й, ????? ?я????и ???ся. У ?? поя?я?ся ?????о ???
?????? ???????? ???с ???ия, ?????? ?????и ??????й ?????? ???ся в ???? ?
????? ?я????и ?я ????????я ???х ???. В?? и ???. В ?????м ?????и ?е ???
??? ???ся ? ??? с ?????й. У???м ????ся ?е ??е ??о ??ь ???оя??? ????
??????? ????, ????? ?????ь ????ую ????ию, ??ь ??? ???, ???????ь ?,
????ая ?????? фа??и, ??? ???аю?е ????. Р??а с ?????й ? ?????м я??, ????,
?? ??? ?????и, ???е ????т ????ая ?? И???т, ????ся ??? ?????. Э? ?????е
???????? ??ия, ???е ????аю?я ? то?? ? ??? ?????? я??. И ??ь ??? ???я ??т
??ю??ся в ??? и ?????н? в ??й ???? ???в, ???е ??н???? ??? ? ??е ??
?я????и. О???е в ??????? ???? ??? в ?????? ??х ??? и ??в???о ?????ь к
??е ???м ??м ?я????и с ?????й ?и ??????и ??ых ???в.

§2 П???н? ???х ????? ? ??? ?????о я??

?к ?? ? ??й ?????ия ???????о ???? ???ся.

А????й я?к ???? ??? ??о ??и ???? ????н. Я?яя? ???? ????????м я??м, ?????
???????ю ???? ???, ????в?т ? ?????ую ????, ????т ??ч??е ?????и ???ся, ?
??????е, т.е. ?????? ????ию ????????? ????, ?о я?я?ся ???? ??ю
о???я и ??т ?? ????? ??? ?и ???и, ?? в ???? ???ия ?????н ???с к ??иям,
И???е ?????го я?? – ???с ?????? и ?ит???. И ???ь, и ?е?к ?? ???ы э?????о
????а?я/???ия ???о?о ????? ????а, ?????ая ??ь ???? ????ся ? ??????
?????е ?????н?х ?? и ??????? ??. О???? к ???м ????м ?с? я?я?ся ??? э??м
э?? ???. М??е ?????ия, ??я??? ?? ?к ??е ???ия ??, ????ют ? э???в??ь и ?и
???? ?????? я??. Р??ая ? ?????и, я ??? к ??й ??е ?е????я. В??? ?????я
?????м, э? ?ня?е ??т ?? ???????? и ???аю?м, ?и ???и ????? ??? ??р??я и
????? ?????и ??.

С?? ????а ??й ?????ия у ????? ???????о ???? ??м ? ???? э????? я?я?ся
?????я ???й ?я????и. С???? ?? ? ????е с????е и ???а ?????ют ???? э??????
??ы, ??оя?о ????ую?й ??????ую и ????ую ????? ???а, ???я, ?к ???? ????и,
??т ?оя?я?ся ?к э?????и, ?????е, ?к и ??оя?о, ??ь ????ю ???ь ?????? – ?
с???я???? ????ия ????х ???, ???? ????х ???? ???ия в ??ю ???ию ? ????и
??? ??????о ???я ???й ???. Н??? ??????? ????в у ш????в ?????? ??у ?
????? ? ???, ???? ???, ?????ию ???т??? ???в ??ия, ???? ????й ?з??, ?о в
?????? и ???? ????е э?????? ???? ???ия.

П?н????? ????м ???ют ??????ю ??????? ????, ????ую к ???и ?з??я, к ?
????? ???е и ??? ???? ????я ??ия?. С????? ???????о ???? ???т в ????и
????, ? ???ю??, ????ся в ?? ??????. С??????, ??????? ??р?ы ???ся к ИЯ
????ю?я ? ???са ?оя???о ???я в ?? ???я ?????? ???????й ???

П??????й ???с, ? ?? ??? ???ия ??? ???????я ???а???й
?????ю, ??? ?????. Н?? ???ь ???? ИЯ ?к, ??ы ??? ???л и ???? ??, ??????
????, ??ы ? ?л ???? ????? ????? (?х ??й- ????м ?я????и. В э?м ???
??????? ???с ???а ??т ????ь в ???м ???? ?к ?? ?у??я, ?к ???? в ??х ???я
и ??в ?я????и ???а, ?к ????т ?у??я. П??? а????и в ???? ???ия ИЯ и ?.
????н я?я?ся ???? в ???и?. Он ?????? ??е ???? ?я?л???, ???е ???????я
???м ???м ????и, ????й ?????ью в ???? ??? и ???, ????????ю ????т??
????? ???.

О???о ??о ????? ???ся ? ??я ????? ??. В ????м ?у?е ???ь ? ???т ????о
?????. С?а ? ?? ????? ????т ??о. О? я?я?ся ????? ???????? ???????
??????? ?????и, т. е. И?????й ??????? ?????. И??ая ????ия
???????я ?м, ?о ????, ??в??ую?е ?я????ь ???ся, ???ляют ??ную ? ?ею и
??? э?????? ???т??,

По ?????ю, ??- э? ?д ?я????и в ???ях ????, ?????х ? ?????е и ????
??????о ??а, в ???м ?????ся и ???????ся ??????? ????м.

П?????кая ?? ???? ?????? ????м ??о ?????? ??ю ???ия и ?????ую?м ?
??????? ?????м, ???е ??т ?? ?????, ???? в я?? ?? и ?????ую?я ???-???????
?п?????ью. П????е ???й ??ы ?ня?й ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? я?? ???х ???в
????, ???е ???ают и ????уют ??й к ???й ?я????и. В лю?й ?? ???? ??в???о
???? ??????? и ???????е в?????. О? ????т ???ю ??ю?????ь и ?????ь ????ь
????е ???? ????в, ?я?я? ? ?????? ????. Т?? ???м, ?? ???ают ???е ?ия?е ?
????? ??и?е ??й, ??????я ? ????, ????, ????? ?????и.

И?????? ???х ???в и ???? ? ??? ??? ???я?ся ??ую?м т????ям:

1. Д?????ая ?? ???ся ??д ????я в ??е ??в? ???.

2. У??ая ?я????ь ???я?ся ???? ??, а ???й ?т??л ?????ся в ???? ? ????.

3. В ???й ?я????и ?я???н э??? ?????ия, с ???ю ???? ??????я ??? ?????я в
???ю.

4. У???е в????е ??????? ???я ??? ?? обя???? с ???м ?????м.

5. И?а ??на ???? у ???ся ??? ??????е э??и ?????ь , ????????ь, ?? ?л?а
?? ?????, а ????? ????м).

6.Обя????й ?ёт ????? ?????? ???ся. И?а (??? о?????я ? ????м ????? и
???я????и. С???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????й ?? С???е ???й ????? ????:

????

????ю?й / ???й ????

Х? ??: «?????» ????? ???? в ? ???м ????? Д???я ???ся ? ???м ????,

??????е ???? сю??. П????е ??? ?? (????: ???т ??в ?ъя??? ???х ?????в).
С????а ???? ????? (в ????, ????ю?м ??е)

О????е ?? и ?????в ??, ???х ???? И ?????й ?????. А??з ???й (????ю?й)
????, ? ?????я с ?????ю.

У??о-??????? ??и ??.

П??????я ????ия ???? ???ия ??ю??ся в ?я????м ????? ??ую?х э??в ????ки и
п????я ??????й ??: ?????е ??; ????я; ??????? co???ия и ????я ??; ????
???й ?????и ??; ??? ?????в; ?????я ?????ля и ????? ??????й ??????? ??.

Р????м ??? эт? ????.

Ц?и ??а????й ?? ???ют ??????? и ?????? ??? ??а, с ?ё?м ??, ?о ?? ??т
???? ?? ?о ??ь. О??е ???? ???т ??я? ????? ??????? ???аю?х ??й, ?к ?к в
???? ???? ???ия ??о ??т ??о, ?оя?я?ся ?х ??????а,????й ??????, ???????и
??д ???? и т.д. Ц?и ????ия и ???ия ???ся ? ???ю?я, а ?? ???ия ? ??? ??о
????ся, ? и ??????ся ?я ??. Н????о,??ы ?и ??я? ? ?к ?ою ?????ю. М???ия,
для ?? ??ы ?? ???ия ?? ??я? ??и?ся, ????? ???ь у ?х ??е ???, ???е ???т
???е ????ля? ??????ую ?я????ь. От ??, ?к ???ь ??? ?????? ???т??ую ????ю,
?я??ую с ??ю ???оя?й ??, з??? ???а ?лю??я ???ся в ????? ??а. И?а ??????
???у ???, ?э?? ????ая ????я ??? э?? ???????. С????е и ????е ?? ?л?о
?????я? в?е п??и???м ????иям к ??????ю ???х п???. O???и ???й ?????и ??
?лю?? в ?бя ???? ?? ?????и ??? с ????я: ??????ая ?и ?????ая, в ?? ?и
?????е. В?? ???? ?д ?? – ???я, ???я, и?а-?????е, ??-?????? и т.д. Т??
???я ????ия, ????т. О??а ?????в ?ры ??ь ??а, ????у р???? ???й ?я????и
??т ???е ????. Для ???я ? ???????т о ???и ???ия ????я и о ?еп?и
????я ????? ???м. У???я же ????т ?? ???ь ??????ия ?б? и ??й
?я????ью. Р????ы ??????? ?? ??о ???ь с ???ю ??к???я, ??????ля, ???ля
жю?. В?? о??а ?????в ??м ????.Oн ?я???? ??? ????ь ?????й, ??а? ???ы ???
у???я. О????ия ?????ля и ????? ??????й ??????? ??. По ??ию Г.И.Щ???,
В.Ф. Б???а и ??? ????в ??зя ????ь ???ю ?я????ь л?ь ???й ?????в. Н????о
???????? ?ю ???. Е?и ???н ????л?? ????т, ? ??о ????ь ?о, ??????ь ??
?????ия ???о ?????. В ??? ???и ??о ??и ???, ????ь ?о ???????ь ????ую
???, ??ы ??ю?? ?я??? ???? ??? ??? .Для э?? и ?????я ?????я ?????ля
???ся. Т??я ???????о ???? ? ??ом э?? ?????? ???о?у ??????й ??, ???я
???????я в ????? ???.

О????? ??? ??.

С?????с?я ?????я ???й ??????? ?я????и ???я? ????ь ?????? ??у ??????
????ия? .????и в ?????и ???? ??ня ????и и ?????? ????й ?????и в ???? ???
и ??? и ??????и ???и ????ц? ???х ?ня?й, ?????? ? ???? ???х ???. Б????о,
лю?я ????ия ?лю?? в ?бя ?????? ????, ?????ю?е ?я????ь ???ся. Но ???я
?????? ?м, ?о э? ???? ?с??яют ? ???ю ?ею и ????т ??и??я ??????х ?????в.
Во ?ём ?????? ?????х ?? ?????ия ? ?р?м ??е в ?? ???ь-??? ????н ???ь: ?
????т ?? ???ия ???а, и ???? ??ди? и ???? ???ия и т. д. П????т ?к ?
??оя?? ???? ? ???? ???а. Бо?е ?????? в ??оя?е ??я ????о-???????е ????,
(??? ???ия ???го ????я ????ая ????, ??мя?яся

К ???????и, ??ы?я ?я ?с?ия?я ??? ??а, ????я ? ????? ??р. О?????аю?й ???й
????о-???????? ???ия я?я?ся ??ия ????? ???????. В ??оя?е ??я ??ая ??ия ?
????а в ????ую ??? ?к ????я ????ия. П????а ??????? ???????я ?к ??? ?п
«????аю???????. И?а- э? ?? ? ????аю?х ???в ????? ???????.

В?е ?? ???? , ?о ?????я ???й ?я????и я?я?ся ??м ? ???? э????? п??
???о??я ???????о ???? в ???? ?????? я??. Но ????? ??о ????, ?о ???????
???с- я??? ??????, ?э?му ? ???? ???ия и ????ия ? ?ия? ????? ??? ????и.
Ч?? в ??????ой ???? ??????? и??? ???????я ?к ???й ??? э?х ????в, ?к ????
?????и ???а???й ?я????и ???ся, э????? ????? ???я, ???яю?м ???ь ???с
?у??я ???????м, ??ля? в ???? им?? ? ???ы, ???е ??т ???? к ?? ???????
???? ????. О??о, ???е ???ы ??т ???ь ????е ??оя?е

????????? и ? ??? ?????? ?ия?я ? ?????? ?????о ????ия ???а ????? в ??о?ь
?у???о ????а. С??????, ??зя ‘???в?ь ??????? ???с ??? ???й ????
?о ?ия?я ? ????а, ???? ?о ??? ?к ???? ???ия. П??????й ???с ?к ???? ???ия
????ся ???? ??? ??а, ??а ? ?????ся в ???? ???в ???аю?? ???ия, ?????ю??
??? ??? в р???и ????, ???аю?? ?????ы ??ия. П? ??????и ???х ????? ?????
??е ????ь, ?о э???ы ???????и, ???? лю?й ??, ?????аю?я ?к ???? ?????я
???? к ???? ?и ???? ???ия, ???е ?????? ???? ???????о ??р?а ? ??? ???й
??????, ????н?о э??????о ????, ? ??ию ??е ?????о ???????о ????я, ?????
????ся в ???? ??????. Т?? э???ы ???й ?я????и ?к ??з?, ??????ь, ???????
???м ??????ям, ???ляю?е ???? ???????и, я?яю?я ?????и ????ля? ????ел??о
????, ???яю?? э?????о-??и???е ????, ???ляю?? ?????е ??т???ся в ???т,
??ю??, ?????ся, ?????, ?????, ??? в ?ею??я ??иях ?ъя??ия, ???? ??д ?
?????я ????.

Н???е ?щ????м ?оя???м ???????о ???? я?я?ся ?, ?о ???а? ?к ????й ??в ???й
?я????и и ??т ряд ?????в ??д ???и ????:

o ??????? ???с ??? ??? ????ся ?????и;

o ??е ??о ???? ????ю у??я;

o ??е ???? ?я ??ю??я;

o ?к ??в ???? ??т ???ю ?????ю ????н??;

????я?н с ???? ??а, ???????и, ????м??.П???? ?????? ????ь ???? ??о, ?к ?к
?????д?ия, с ???? ?????и и ???т??? ????, ????я? ???в ????т ????, а ???с
к ???ию, ???я ???????й ???й, ?????о ?ия? ? ??? ???. П??????й ???с ??т в
??? ??????? ??????? ???ти, ?оя??ия? ??р? я?яю?я ??е ???? ???? ?к ?????,
лю??а????ь, ????? и ????? к ??????? ?я????и, ??а ???.

Р????а и ????? ??????х ?р ?????? ?я?????ь ?ёт ????? ??????
???ся. У?? в ???? ?????? я?? ????? ???х ???в ??т ?? ????н ??й ??????
????, в ??? ???й ??т ???с ??й к ????, ??и ???? э????? ??о ???ь ???е ??ы
???й сю??о-???е ??, ??-д?????и,?? ? ???? ???в ???я,???, ??? и ??я???. А
?е э? ???? ???? ???? ???ия, ???ся ??? ?????в.

И?а ??ь ??а ?я ???а: ? ???т ?р, ??о ????т ????? ?ня?я. В ?? ????
??о и ??й ????? ?оя?яю?я ?????и ????, ???а в ?????и.

И?а ??? ?????? ??я?е ???я – ?к ????ь, ?о ???ь, ?к ????? Ж??? ??? э? ???ы
???яют ?с????ю ?я????ь ??ю?х. А ?? ??н? ??т ?и э?м ???? ? ?????м я??, ?
??ь ?я?я ???е ??аю?е ?????и. Для ??й ?? – ??? ??о ??????е ?ня?е. В ?? ?е
??ы. О? ???? ?? ??? ????. Б?? ??, ??? ? я???й ????ке ??? ??т ок???я ???
в ??: ?????? и ????????ь ??ь ????ся ??й ??е ???и, ?м ??? ????. Ч???
????а, ????а ?????? и ???и, ???? ?????и ???я – ?е э? ?? ?????ь ?бя?м
????? ??????с?, ??ю?ю ???? ????я? в ?? ??а ??? я??, и ?????о ?????я ?
???т?? ???ия. Н???? ?????я я???й ????, ????ся ??е ??ся.

П?????й ???т ????и??ся ?к ???й ???т ????ия. У п?р??? ?т ?й ?????????
?с?ия?я я??? ???ю?й ????????, ?к у ???? ????а, ????у ?о
?з?????й ?? ???, ??? и ???я? ??е ????я к ???тям ??и, ?????й ?я????и. Их
?з?????е ???? ?????ы, ?и ??т ????ся и в ????? ???????, и в ??? ???ия, и
в ??м, ????е. По ?т??? ????? ??о ????ь ? ????? ??мя?хся ????? в ???,
???ь ???ы, з??????и, ??? ???пы, и э????, тя??ю?х к ????м ?ъя??иям и
?????у ????у ??? и.т.д.

И?????? ? ??? ИЯ, ??????х сю??? ?р ???я? ????ь ??? ?????и ?????. В ???х
???х у ???ся ?я?я?ся ??? ???с к ????, ?о ??у в ??, ?о ????ям к ???с к
?????м ????м ????ия, ????м ???м лю?й. Поэ?? ???????? ?о??о ????ют ???е и
???е ??, в ?? ?т?? ?и ???ют ?????ь ???? ?ою ??у ??ия, ?оя?? ????????ю
???ю и ?и э?м ????ь в ?? ???ь?й ??: ????а ?и ????ля, ?ё??, , ?????, ??и
и т. д.

Н????? э??? ??о ???ся, ?? в ?? ????ля?ся ????? ???????. В??????ия ???? и
????я в ???? ?? ??? ?? ???н?и, ????????и. В ???й ??е ??? ? ??т ?? ????
?я?? ????вия ???я. З?? ?т ???й ??????и ????й, ??????? ???х ???й. У?н?
????т ?к ???? ??т?к, ???т ?????и ??.

Н??? ??а. С???? ???? ??????х ?р ? ?????у я?? с 7-? ? 11-? ???. С ?ё?м
?ею??ся ??а ?р ???ы ????я в ????у ??????о ?????ия. С???я??? ?????о ряд
????е?? ?р с ?????м ?????, ????о сю??? ?р с ???ю ??ью??? ????. П? ?????
и ????? ??? с э????и и?ы ???аю и ???о ????ю ????й ?? ???ся, ??????е ?я?.
Для ???ся 7-9-? ???в ?? ?уж? «З?????? ИЯ». Д??????е ??ия, ???е ?бя? ?е?
???ют, ?лю?ю?я в ?????, ?к ?????? ???, ?к и ???-?р.

Т?????ь. Лю?я ?? ??? ??????? ???ю ???? ???й ??? ??а- ?????ю ???, ???ию
???? р??? ??ч и т.д. Т??о в э?м ??ае ?а ??т я?я?ся ??аю?м э???? ??а. Но
????е ???????о и ???го э???? ??а ????ля? ??й -..???л??ю ????ь ?и ?????и
????? ??????й ??. В??ые ???ы в? ???? ???ся ??????? ? ???е ????. Н????о
?к ????ь ??, ??ы ???и ? ???о ?я ?бя ????? ?лю??я в ???с ???ия ???-??
????а. В?? ???ь ??е ???я, п? ???х ???с ???ся к ?? ?к к ??????? ?ня?ю
????? ???ю??я ? ???е ?ня?е. С??? ????, ?о ?я лю?й ?? ??ь ??? ????ь ???й
????, ???й ???л бы ?? ????иям, ??ъя?я?? к ????е?? ??м, и ????л ? ???с
?а??я в ???и ?? ??. В ???? ??? ???а ????ия ???? ???ия, а ??е ?????? ???
??л???ия ? ??? ????х ??в ?р. Бо??х ????х ??? ???т ?????я сю??? ?р (
???х, ???х)-?к ?и ??а??е ? ????ия, ?к и ?и н???????й ????? к ??у

Р???????ь. П? ???????м ??????и ? у??х ???х ????? ??ю?ю?я ??ую?е
?????:

o ?????я ??е ???? ???? ?к ????, ??????ь, ???т????, лю???????, ??м??е к
??????? ?я????и;

o ??????ся ??? ???оя??? ???? ??ия и ???я? ? ? ????;

o ????я ??????й ????-???????й ??? в к??е ?я ???ия ???? ???ся;

o ????ся ???ь ???ия ???????х ???в ??и?я;

o в ??? ??? ??ля?ся ??? ???ся, у к??? ??юд??я ???й
???ь ???????? ???и?й ????и ???ия; •

o ?????я ??ю?????ь, ??ия ??? ????е в ??? ??х.

Н??? ????ля? ?р ???я?я ?????аю?е ??. В ?? ???й ?я????и у ?х ?оя?я?ся
???? и ??????ь, ? ?? ? ????, ???х ? ? ???т ?я ???????й ????? ???? ???й.
Р?я? ? ???, с ???м я ??таю ?а с ????й ??, ??ля?о ?ают э???ы GDS ? ????м.
И э?т ??с ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???ся ???е ???????о ??вя?я к ??е
??????? э???а ? ??м?у, то ?? ???уют ?я?? ?ою ????ею ??ь с ????? я??м.
О ??????? ??? ??е ??????уют ????? ???? ????? ???? ???. В 7,8,-? ???х
??ю?ю?я ?? ???? ???.

200556% 50% 42,8% 50% 52,6%

200669% 57,3% 47% 65% 57%

В?ы ?р.

О?? ? ?????х ????, ???ю?х ????у ???ию ?????? я??, я?яю?я ???? ??ы ???. К
??м ??? ??ся?я: ??-?????я, ??с-к????ия, ??-???, ??-???р, ?? – ?о??
?????е, ?? ??? ????й и ?к ??е [8, 53].

У???? ??и ?лю?ю?я в ??й ?кл ???, ???я?я ? ???аю?м э?? ??? ?д ??й ?и
?????. Их ?? – ????????е ??е ??????х ????я ???в и ??? ??? ?? (????я и
???ия).

Р??? ??. О?? ? э????? ???? ???ия ????, ?????ю?й ???ю, а ??? ????ю, ?
?????м я?? ???ют ?? – ???ю ?? [8, 68].

О??ю?е ?????и ??а – ??в? ?? ??? и ??ю?ю?я в ??ую?м:

1. Р??ую ?? ??о ?????ь ?к ??ю ??ую ??? ???я, ?к ?к ??п???т ?????
???????? в ? ???? ?????? ???.

2. У?к – ???я ??, а ??е ???я ?? ?к ???? ??а, ???? ???? ?????я?
??????-??????? ??а.

3. Р??ая ?? ?????? ???? ?ч???й ??????? ? ??у ????я??.

4. Р??ая ?? ?????? ????ию а?????? ?? ?и ???? я???? ????а – э??и, ?я??? с
??????и ???и и ????й ??ают ????я?? ???я ?я ?????я.

5. Р??ая ?? ?????? ?????ию ???? ??????? и ?????а, ???ию ????и ?????
?я????и.

6. Р??ая ?? ??т ??????н? ????. Ф.М.Р????, а ??е Е.А.М???, П.К.Б???ая –
??? ?????й ??и ??????я ?????? я??” ???ют, ?о ???я ?? ???т ???? ???ю
???????ю ???????, ???я? ????ю ???ия ?????? я?? и ???? ???? ????я ?.

Р??ая ??-э? ????????й ????ь, в ???м ???уют ?е ???и ???. К??й ???к ????т
в ????? для ?? ???и. И??ую ?? ? ???я? ?з ???-?? ???? ?????я. О? ????ся
?я ??ю?? ????? ??????ью, а ???а ??- ?????и ????и ?я ??? ?бя . ??ю?ю?я
????? ???е ??ю?? к ??????у ?оя??ию ??? ???в и ?????? ?я ????ия ????? ??.
В ???? ??й ?? ????? ????е ?????, ???оя????и, ????? и ????? ??й. Р??ая ??
??ня? ???? ???? и ????я ???а. Р?е?е ?? ??т ?? ???и ?к ? ???м, ?к и ?
??????м ???м

Э? ??а ???? ????? ???с у???я.

У??-?????и ??т ?? ?????и, ??????и и ??????и. К????? ? ?????? я?? ???я?я
? ???? ???иям в ф?? ???й ?? (???ую?? ??? ???ают ???ся). К????? ??уют
????? ????? и ????о ???я в ?х ?? ????. У??? ???? ????? ???? с ???м ???м
?????и, ??р? ???ют ?у ???ля? ?? ????ия ?????и, ???ля? ???ы ?я ????ия.
У???я ??вят ??я?? ???я к ?о?, ???ают ?????, ????ют в???и ?? ? ????й ??.
П???ют ????? к ?????и, ????ют ??????? и ????е ??? с ?????и ??щ? ?????и.
У??? ???? ???? ?с??я? ?????й ?? ? ?????й, ??ля? ?но?? ????я ??????, ???
???е ??? ? ?х. К э?й ??? ????ю?я ??е ??????, ???е ????ляют ????е ???я
??у ???ми ????.

В???ы ??с-?????й ??т ?? ?????, ????, ????ь в ?? ???:

1) с ????????и;

2) с ??я? ?????? ??????;

3) с ?я?ля? ????а.

П?? ?????и ?????и ???ся ???я ???, ?а и ?? ???? ?????ают ???е ????е
?????. В ?? ??а – ??с-?????и ???и ???ую?я в ??????? ??, в ??? ???? ?????
???ы ??????? ????а, ???????о ???? ? ???ы. П?? ????ия ??а – ??с-?????и
???и ??т ????ся ??? ?????я? о ?й в ?????м ???е ???й, ра?о- ?и ?????. П?
????? ??? – ?????й-???ов ???т ??ь ?????о ???? ??. О? ??? ??? ??????й
????, з??? ??о, ??????о, ?к ?к ?? ???а – ?????? ??????о ??ия в ????? ?
?????й ????. П???? ????ия ? ??я ???а ??т ??ь ??ь ???? в ??й ??? и ?
???м, ??а, ?????, ????о, ??? в ??н? ????? я?? и в ??й ???.

У?к-??? (? ?т. ?????, ???ь) ??? ?????? ??, ?????? ????х ??к з??я. П????
???а ??? ?? ????, ???я ???? ???с ???ся, ???е ?????я.

Г?? ??у ???й, ?????? и ???? ????. Е?и ?т ???? ??а, а ?? ?? ?????я,
???яю?е и ??няю?е ? ?и ?? ??я?, ?т и ???а, а в ??? ??? — ???я ??? ?и
?????я. Д??т ??т ???и в ????ю ? ????ию ???? ????? ?я ???ся ????, ??р
???х ??о ???? с ???ю ??????я.

К?? ??а-?????и, ??а-???а к ???? ??????? ??? ???е?я ??а ??сят ??-э???ию
?и ?? – ???ю э???ию.

И?ы-?????я. Э? ?? ????ую?я ?я ???ся ??????о ???? . П??????е ?????ия
????ют, ?о ????е ????? к ??ию ???т ? ??, ????о ???ь ??????я в ?????и
??ия ? ? ???????е о?????. П????м ?????ы ????ия к ???оя????и, ????ю
?????м, тя? к ???????, ??????, ?о, ? ? ??ию, ????уют ? ???х ???? у??х.
У?т э?х ?????? ? ??? ?????т, ? и ????? ????? ??й ??ы ??а, ?к ?????е.
П??? ??. Для ???е?я ?? ?бя? ???аю?я ? ???ы(? ??е ??) и ???ляю?я в
???с??, ?? ???? ??? ????а и, ?????, ????о ?????. М?? ????и ?ъя?я?ся
?????? ? ???? ????? ??. В???а ?????я ??-?????е ?з ?????? ???, ? ??а
?я???? ????? ????т?? ??? ?????.[11c23-24]

З??? ???ся ??а ???, ? ???й ?????я ?е ??????е ??? ????ия. П???? ? ???а,
???я ???, ????в ?е ??я??ия, ????т к ???. А??з ????о-??????? и ??????
????? ???л, ?о ? ???? ????, ? ?????ия ??ия? ???ают ????, ???яю?е ???????
??р? [8, 12]. Э? ???я? ?м ??? к ??ю??ю, ?о ???е ???? ??ы ????ия ???
?????ют ????ю ???? ???ия, ??? ?????? ф?? ?????и ??? ????т ???ся в
??????е ??оя????”, ????т ???ю ???????” ???о ???а к ????ящ?у ? ??е, ???т
??й ??????й ?н к ?я????и, ?? ????? ???? с кн??, ?????? ?????а?и, ?оя??ию
??????, ???оя????и и, ??м ???м, ?????? ????ю ????и ???ия ?????? я??.

П????е.

8 ??с Ф??: У?к-?????е.

Т?а ??а “Our world is wonderful”.

З??и ??а:

П??????й ???:

•????е и ????а ??х ?????х ??? (НЛЕ) ? ?? «П?????»;п????е ??? и ????
с???ия ???а???х.

Р???ю?й ???:

???? ?мя? и ???ия, ??? р???ь в ???е;

???? н??? ?????я и ?е?я ??? ?д ????.

В??????й ???:

• ????? ???а ?????а, лю???????, ????ия ???? ?? ? ??а.

Н?ля?? ???я: ????я ??а, ???? с ???я? (?????й ????), «???? ??? с ??? ЛЕ,
????? ????и?.

Т????? ????: ??ью?р?е ?????я о ???? ?????я, ?? с ???ю ???? ??и.

О??????? ??? (?????е, ??ъя??? ??).

Teacher (T): Hello, my dear boys and girls! I am so happy to see you.
The theme of today’s lesson is “Our world is wonderful”. So, let’s
begin…

Your task for today was to learn a new song,

“My Bonny”.(З??т ??? ??и “My Bonny”, ? ??а ???.)

My teacher is at the table,

And my thoughts are over the sea.

We’re doing just what we are able.

Oh! Bring back my brains to me!

Chorus: Bring back, bring back,

Bring back my brains to me, to me.

Last lesson, I slept on my chair,

Last lesson, I slept all along,

Last lesson, I slept everywhere.

And I dreamed that my teacher had gone.

Chorus: Sweet dreams, sweet dreams

I hope that my dreams will come true!

T: Why are the words in this song so strange?

Pupil (P): We don’t like studying! It’s boring!

T: What would you like to do then?

Ps: We’d like to play!

We’d like to travel!

T: You like traveling! And what do you know about traveling?

У???я ??ют ??? ????х лю?й о ?????ях.

Travel makes a wise man better, and a fool worse. Thomas Fuller

I should like to spend the whole of my life in traveling abroad,

If I could anywhere borrow another life I will spend afterwards at home.
William Ha

A wise traveler never despises his country. Carlo Go.

Travel is ninety percent anticipation and ten percent recollection.
Edward Street

To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive. Robert Louis
Stevens

• T: Would you like to travel right now? Ps: Yes! Of course!

П???аю ?? ?????ю о ???? ?????й.

Т: Traveling is very important nowadays. Millions of people travel long
distances to go abroad. They use planes, trains, cars, and ships to
reach their destinations. We are going to go to visit Great Britain. Our
trip is beginning.

А??з (? ?? ?е??в ????ю ? ??е ????е ?? ????? и ?и э?м ???ю ??а?е ? ????).

В?д?? НЛЕ, ?я??? с ??о??? к ?????ю.

? э??е ????я ?б?? с ??? ЛЕ. У??? ??ъя?я? ???у с ???т?ия? и ????и:
???????, рю??, ?нт, ???, ???, ????е ??, ???ая ??а, ???а, ?????т, ???н?
???к, ???а).

В???е в ?? НЛЕ (?????а?е ? ???е).

– (?????е ? ???е с ??? ЛЕ ???о,???, ??х, ??. По ???е ?и?ля ??, ??я ?
?р???, ??дят ЛЕ и ???дят ??ы.

Example: У???: Н???м ?????е ? ??а trip. У??? ??ют ??е?? ??о: У??? ?????
????и, ??и?р, ??у «У ?ня ?т ????. И ??е ?? ??? с ????? ЛЕ.

Ф?????е ??? и ??р ?й ???ы, ???я ??? ??.

Д?ям ??аю?я «????? ??? с НЛЕ, ???? с ?????м ?? и ?????ся ????и ??а с
?????м, ???й н???ся ? ???е ????. Matching ?и ??о ???? ?? «Password» с
?????м ??.

С??ия . «З???м рю??».

К??й ?? ???ы ???? ???т, к??? м?? ???? в рю??, а ? ?м ??ую?й, ???яя э?
??о, ? д0??я? «?? ????. О???м ???? ? ???ую ??у: lamp-packet-tent-toys

Та ??? ???я ??? ????е ?о? ?????.

С??я story chain«shopping». Take turns to repeat what happened
yesterday, and add something new, including a verb. If the students
forget the sequence, that student is out of the game, e.g. T: yesterday
I bought a ticket for 100$

A: yesterday I bought a ticket for 100$ and found 10$

B: Yesterday I bought a ticket for 100$ and found 10$, I put it in my
pocket

Restart the activity when the sequence gets too long.

С??ия. «В????». У???я ?????ся ???е: ??и ???? к ???? ???ия.I will give
them worksheets. “Opposites”:

С??ия 5. «К???», З??ие: ???? ?????е ? ???е с ???и ??? ?????я, ????я
??????ю ???ь.

К??й ?? ???ы ???ля? ? ??? ?????ю, ????я ??е ???????, ?к comfortable,
rapid, agreeable, dangerous, lent, etc.

С??ия 6. «Т??т ». У???я ????ю?я ??ы, ?????е ???у.

The object of the game is for students carry out the instructions in the
order they appear on the streets. I will copy to each student an
appropriate information card for each of these students according their
role.

С??ия. «М??? (???ая ??я), ???????а. В? ??? с ???? ?ют ???ую ???у.

П????е ??? ??. Д?и ?????ют ??ы К??да ????? ???? ????ю ???у.

У??? ????? ??у : В??????и,

? с ?? ???и в ??? ???с?? я??, ??в ??о ?????х ?? для ?????я. (З??ь ??й
?к?? в ???и).

З??? ? ?м: Н??? ??а и ??д.

О??аю?й ??-?????я

What Helps You to Enjoy Yourselves?

11 ??с

П?н ??а-?????и

Ц?ь: ???? ???о-??????? ???? ? ?? “What Helps You to Enjoy Yourselves?”

З??и: 1) ??????? ???о-??????? ??? в ????? ?????ия-??ия, ?????ия-?с???ия,
?????ия-???ия;

2) ????ь ????в?ю ??, ??? ????я ??м, ??? с ??? ???????й ??ю;

3 ????ь ?????е, ??ч??ю ?????, ??? ???ь.

ХОД УРОКА

1.О??????? ??? (10 ?н.)

Teacher: Good morning! Glad to see you! Sit down, please.

У??? ??вя?я к ??у.

2. Ф?????я ?ря?а (2,5 ?н.)

Teacher: Look at the blackboard. Read the words written on it, (“Make
visible what, without you, might perhaps never have been seen.” – Robert
Bresson)

What comes to your mind? How can you explain these words?What does
Robert Bresson mean? In what situation might he say them? What
professions do these words describe best?

У??? ???ают, ????ают ??и.

3. В??? ??о(1 ?н.)

Teacher: Today at the lesson you’ll try to “make visible what, without
you, might perhaps never have been seen”. Actually it won’t be a lesson.
It’ll be a conference and you won’t be pupils. Some of you are going to
be the representatives of famous film companies while the others will be
very efficient independent experts.

You have been working in pairs. One of you has made a review and the
other a critical analysis of the same film. Do not forget to use the
expressions we’ve learnt and that you can speak under 3 minutes. Let’s
start.

У??? ??ают, ??вя?я к ?????и.

4. П???а ????о ???яК????ия (31 м?.)

Teacher: Dear colleagues! 1 greet you at our conference whose purpose is
to assess some films produced by your companies, the films which in
your point of view are worth speaking about. So let’s start!

1.With great pleasure I’d like to present…. from Paramount Pictures.

Thank you! And now we’ll listen to … your independent expert.

2.I’m happy to introduce United Artists and its representative …

The critic of … it’s time for you!

The next company doesn’t need any presentations – New Line Cinema. Their
expert…

And last but not least Miramax. …, you are welcome!

Unfortunately their independent critic isn’t here. So please make notes
to be able to speak about the film.

Thanks! Who wants to speak?Any ideas? I think that all the films which
have been mentioned today, are perfect. We are looking forward to seeing
new ones produced by the presented companies.

У??? ???ают с ???????и ?? ????я?.

5. В????? ??? (10 ?н.)

Teacher: And I must say that your speeches were perfect too. Thank you!
Your marks are…

.П???а ?????я (5 ?н.) П?????? (???)

Teacher: Millions of people all over the world admire the films we’ve
just discussed. They have become famous thanks to very hard work of very
talented directors and brilliant actors. You know that a very
competitive audition precedes the filming.

Let’s see a small performance about the audition, then please point out
the mistakes of the young actor and give him some advice. (The
performance)

У??? ????ают ???.

Teacher: Mistakes?

П???а ????я “giving advice”

Teacher: Your advice? (If I were you, I’d…, What about..,?, He
should/could/ought to, How about + Vmg, Why doesn’t he…?, I strongly
advise him, The best thing he could do is to…)

У??? ???ют ???. Дают ???.

7. З??? ? ?м (5 ?н.)

Teacher: Now about your homework. I’ll give you envelopes, please don’t
open them. There is your homework inside them.

You must write an article or a letter. Now we’ll discuss each task.

Task

You are Arnold (the young actor). Please, write a complaint letter to
your mother about today’s audition. You are the director. After today’s
audition you have decided to write a script about Arnold (the young
actor).

Write it in brief. You are a journalist. Write an article giving rules
to those who are going to an audition, and those who are going to be
actors.

You are a cameraman. Write a letter to your friend about your dull work,
about famous actors and about stupid young actors at auditions, who you
have to shoot. You are a journalist. Write a critical article about
auditions. You are a cleaner. Make a typical entry into your diaryabout
today’s audition.

You are a receptionist. Write an encouraging letter to Arnold (the young
actor). Give him some advice.

You are an actress (Susie). Write a gossip letter to your friend
describing Arnold (the young actor) and today’s audition.

Teacher; Now please open your envelops and read your task. Are you
satisfied? Does everybody understand the homework?У??? ???ают д???е
???е.

8. О???? ??а (10 ?н.)

Teacher: The lesson is over. Thank you! Good-bye!

У??? ??аю?я.

УРОК ПО ТЕМЕ

“HEALTH IS THE GREATEST WEALTH”

У?к ? ?? “Health is the greatest wealth” (???к ?????о я?? ?я VI ???, ???
В.П. К???в Н.М. Л?а, ?.).

О??????ая:То activate reading, speaking and writing skills on the topic
“Health is the greatest wealth”.

В???т??ая:?????? ????? ?ня?е о ???? ??? ??и.

Р???ю?я – ?????я ???с????й ?я????и и ????? ?о ????й ???ся.

?????и?ая- ?????? ?оя???о ???я в ?? ???я ?????? ???????й ???.

Plan of the lesson:

I. The beginning of the lesson. (Pupils greet their teacher.)

II. Teacher (T): Is there anything more important than health? I don’t
think so. You can’t be good at your studies or work well when you are
ill. So the topic of our lesson is “Does health depend on you?”.
Children, will you read the epigraph to our lesson?

Pupils (Ps): Health is the greatest wealth.

T; How do you understand it?

Ps ; З???е – ????? ????о

T: Of course, physical exercises are very important in this sense. Some
of you go in for sports. Please answer my questions: What kind of sports
do you go in for? What docs it give you?

T: Besides going in for sports every body must know simple rules about
keepingfit. Let’s see how to be fit.

On TV set I will show presentation with photos and questions. And
possible answer after students answer.(review of 4 types of questions)

-Do you do your morning exercises every

day?

How often do you clean your teeth?

Do you clean your teeth after a meal or before it?

Tell me how often we must visit a dentist.

What can you say about walking?

What rule do you know about getting up and going to bed?

What about washing hands?

What food must you eat to be healthy?

– Do you have medical checks very often? V T: I’m glad that you know
something

about the healthy way of life. But there are many other factors that
influence our health.

a) Read the text. (A teacher reviews home-reading.)

b) Strategy Tea party.

The steps in tea party.

Make the cards. I will make them cards with excerpts from a
informational book that students are reading.

Practice reading. Students practice reading the excerpts to themselves
several times until they can read them fluently.

Share excerpts. Students move around the classroom, stopping to read
their excerpts to other students. When students pair up, they take turns
reading their excerpts. After the first student reads, both students
discuss the text; then the other student reads and both students comment
on the second student’s text. Then students move apart and find other
classmates to their cards to.

Share excerpts with the class. students return to their desks after
10-15 minutes, and teachers invite several students to talk about what
they learned through the tea party activity.

Indoor pollution

People have known since ancient times that there is a link between
pollution and poor health. Many scientists believe our health is in
trouble, because we have had polluted land, air and water for too long.
But most citizens have the greatest contact with toxic pollutants not
outside but inside their homes, offices and cars. Many cities have air
filled with pollution called smog. This pollution is so bad that the sky
looks brown, not blue.

The main sources of indoor pollutants are right under people’s noses –
dry-cleaned clothes, dusty carpets, fumes from cooking and heating and
cigarette smoke. Of course this list is incomplete.

Indoor air and house dust are full of poisons that can be carried in on
people’s shoes. Carpets are most troublesome. They contain dangerous
pollutants and bacteria, even if people vacuum them regularly. Wiping
one’s feet on a door-mat reduces the amount of pollutants in a carpet by
a factor of six. But if you remove your shoes before entering it is even
more effective. These acts are very simple, but useful.

Now translate the words into English: ???й, ?я?, ??я???, ??? ?о??е, ???,
??? (????), в ????и, ??я?я?, ????, я???е.

Т: Find the names of seven illnesses, five accidents and nine parts of
the body in the crossword/

Keys:

1 illnesses: appendicitis, toothache, the flu, stomachache, cold,
headache, earache

5 accidents: cut, burn, hurt, electroshock, broken leg

9 parts of the body: arm, eye, ear, forehead, leg, foot, head, neck,
shoulder

VI. Т: How would you act in situations like this. Act out dialogues.

– Mother asks her son what the matter is. He’s got a headache. They are
talking about his temperature. Mother advises him to take some home
remedies.

– Brother says he won’t go to school tomorrow. Sister asks him about the
reasons. He’s got a temperature. He thinks it’s the flu. She asks him if
he has called the doctor. He answers that he’s waiting for the doctor
to visit. Daughter asks her mother where her insurance policy is. Mom
wonders what the matter is. She’s got an earache and needs to see the
doctor.

Two friends meet. One of them feels awful. The friend wonders what the
matter is with him. He feels sorry about that and gives advice about
consulting the doctor and home remedies.

7)Best advice.(will be given cards)e.g. The temperature outside gets
lower and lower and in winter people may suffer from hypothermia What
does it mean? It means a very low body temperature (below 35 degrees).
Will you give advice on how to treat people with hypothermia.

– move a victim to a dry place replace wet clothes with dry give a
warm (not hot)drink

– place a victim in a warm (not hot) bath if he is well enough

VIII Write a note for the teacher, explaining why you can’t come to
school.

There are different situations in life, give a piece of advice.

What should a person do if

I have a headache:

I have a cough;

I have a burn;

I can’t go to sleep;

I have a cut. Suggested answers.

If you’ve got a headache, you should drink herbal tea or just have a
rest.

If youVe got a cough, you should drink warm milk or take some honey.

If you have a burn, you should put the burn under cold water, but don’t
put ice on the burn.

If you can’t go to sleep, you should drink a large glass of warm milk.

If you have a cut, you should use a bandage.

You must/mustn’t

– try to get medical help – let the victim walk

– warm the victim by – rubbing his/her skin

– give the victim alcohol

– warm the victim by

– applying direct heat

XI. T: Finally we’ll discuss the question:

– How to keep fit?

Divide into two groups and think about your common opinion.

(During the discussion the teacher can turn on some nice energetic music
like “Hypodinamia” sung by V. Eeontyev.)

Then pupils present their projects.

С???й ???й ?? ? ?? “Cinema”

10 ??с. Form of the Game: Panel Discussion on TV

Subject of the Discussion: film “The Lord of the Rings”,

released by New Line Cinema

Ц?и ??:

– ???????я- ?????? ?оя???о ???я в ?? ???я ?????? ???и???? ???.

– ???????я – ????? ????а ???ся, ????? ????ия???????х ???;

– ??????ая – ????? ??е?я к ???? ??н ????? я?? и ?????? ???ия, ??????
???? ????????о ??а;

– ???аю?я – ?????я ???????? ?я????и и ????? ?о????й ???ся.

Characters:The host – H.Peter Jackson (Producer) – P.J. Viggo Mortensen
(Aragorn) – V.M. Elijah Wood (Frodo) – E.W. Orlando Bloom (Legolas) –
O.B* John Rhys-Davies (Gimli) – J.R.-D. Ian McKellen (Gandalf) – LM. Liv
Tyler (Arven) – L.T. Fans, journalists

Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome to our studio Today in our “Everything
about…” series we are going to talk about “The Lord of the Rings”
which is considered to be the film of the century! Meet the team which
presented us such a miracle!

В??? ????ля? ???.

H: We are waiting for questions from the audience and our viewers. Our
contact phone number is 55-66-00. My first question is for Peter
Jackson. How do you feel about the film?

P.J.: My idea about “The Lord of the Rings” is this: I’m sure that all
events of the book took place in real life. I mean this feeling appears
when you finish reading it. And that’s why I consider these films more
as historical then as fantasy ones. I wouldn’t have dared to create such
a film, if it weren’t “The Lord of the Rings”, The world of the book is
so wonderful, exciting and charming, that I think it is worth spending
3.5 years of my life on.

Н : Oh, we have a question from the audience.

J.: Peter, was it difficult for you to deal with young and inexperienced
actors?

PJ.: First of all, I can’t say they’re inexperienced. Elijah, for
example, has taken part in about 8 films and worked, with such masters
as Kevin Costner and Mel Gibson. I remember that several days after the
beginning we were shooting a scene where hobbits entered a city
inhabited by humans. These creatures, no taller than a meter, found
themselves among gigantic men and women. Elijah looked so frightened and
stunned that I really believed he was a creature twice as short as
normal people.

JE.W.1 Thanks, Peter. As for me, it was wonderful to work

Peter and the others. Peter was ready to listen to all Ideas and we had
meetings where we discussed scenes and characters. Our ideas were taken
into consideration and we felt a part of the process.

V.M.: I met a lot of friends here, and especially 1 found much in common
with Sean Beano, Orlando Bloom. The members of our Fellowship even made
a tattoo, it is an Elvish number “nine”, and we were supposed to keep it
secret, but someone let the cat from the bag. Actually, 1 suspect Frodo,
he’s a bit talkative.

E.W.: Oh, it wasn’t me! Don’t get at me, I’m a poor hobbit, and all
these tall people…

O.B.: Well, and every time like this! As for me, it was a great honor to
work together with such Masters as Sir Ian McKellen and Sir Ian Holm. It
was the time of fantastic non-stop nightmare, we all were charmed by the
book and turned into a crowd of Tolkien fans and it was wonderful.

Fan: My question is to Sir McKellen. You are considered to be a highbrow
actor. How did you come to Hollywood?

LIVL: Well, I’ve played a lot of parts in the theatre and on TV:
Macbeth, King Lear, Adolf Hitler, poet John Keats, even Russian tsar
Nicolas the Second, but Hollywood producers thought that I’m too great
for their films! (Laughs) But sometimes they turned for help when they
couldn’t do themselves, for example, I took part in “Gods and Monsters1’
and was even nominated for an Oscar! But they’ve spoilt me! Look, where
Т am filming now: the X-men! (Laughs)

Fan: Do you mean you regret that you’ve played the part of Gandalt?

UV1: Oh never, not at all! It was a chance to try something new. I’m
really fascinated with Gandalf’s character: wise, strong-willed, kind,
experienced.

J.: My question is to Orlando. Why did you decide to be an actor?

O.B.: I wanted to become an actor when Т was nine. At that time I was in
love with a very pretty girl and I dreamed to fly and rescue her from
something terrible. When I learned that Superman was an actor, my first
thought was: “It is for me!” So I can say that I became an actor because
of beautiful women.

H.: Well, about beautiful women. Peter, how did you manage to find your
Princess of Elves?

P.J.: Actually, it took us a long time to find an actress for this role.
I said to myself: “I need an actress more beautiful and perfect than an
ordinary woman”. When I saw Liv, I understood that my dream had come
true. I was looking for an actress with such a nature, who is able to
understand the princess who fell in love with a mortal man and refused
eternal life for the sake of love.

Fan: Liv, you are extremely beautiful!

UT.: Thanks!

Fan: You were the most popular girl at school, weren’t | you?

L.T.:Oh, strange as it may seems but no! was considered to be the
ugliest girl in my class. My classmates teased me and called ‘liver
sausage’. 1 often: cried and my grand says that I came home all in
tears.! All my family tried to console me but I was in despair.
Actually, I don’t like to remember my school life.

H.: Liv, you had to learn a lot of things for the film, didn’t | you?

L.T.: Yes, 1 learnt to ride a horse, speak Elvish and fight with swords.
It wasn’t easy, but it was extremely interesting!

H.: Did you have any problems with communicating with your partners? Did
you quarrel?

L.T.:Oh, of course, not! From this point of view the work was rather
easy. But all of us were very tired,

V.M.: 1 agree, I got tired so much that I had some sort of
hallucination. I really believed that Liv was the Princess of Elves.

J.R.-D.: As for me, 1 think we would have done nothing with the film, if
it weren’t lor two people – Peter and Viggo.

E.W.: Viggo was a real source of inspiration for all of us, and an
example of a real professional. Even when we had days off, he took a
horse and went practicing. ( V.M. looks very confused

V.M.: Thanks but actually I could have done nothing without you.

IL: John, and how do you feel about the film?

J.R.-D,: Well, it was great, but unfortunately, I had a lot of problems
with make-up, a false beard and all that stuff. I had some sort of
allergy and the skin on my face was badly hurt. I had to wait for 2-3
days before making the next shot.

H.: Unfortunately, dear guests, audience and viewers, the time of our
program is over. Thank you for having been with us. Next time we are
meeting with the Famous Three: Daniel Radcliff, Emma Watson and Rupert
Grant! Send your questions and welcome to our studio! Watch us on
Channel 5, on Saturday, 27, at 17.00. Bye and see you!

(Music sounds)

Д?н Л??н, Д??ж Х???н, Р?? С?р, П? М???? – ???? ? ???у ??м ???. (The
Beatles)

К? ??е “beefeaters”? (????и ?????о Т?э?)

О????ая ????ия ????? ????. (Б?????й ??ец)

А??? ??? ?????ия я?я?ся ????й ???с?й ???? Лью? Кэ??л? (“А?? в ??? ??с”,
“А?? в З????е “)

Ч? ??е “kilt”? (????я ?????я ю?а)

К? ???л К?? Д???й! (Р.К???)

Г? ??т Л????е ????? (?еро Л?-Н?с)

Д???я ???а США? (??? США)

Д???я ???а ВБ? (?? ?????)

Д???я ???а К??ы? (????й ???)

К? ???ют ??, ?е ???? ??? ? ??, а ????? ?????ают ? ? ??н? (???)

С??я ???? в Л???, ???я ??а-? ?? ???м,??м тю??й, ??? – ??й? (Т?эр)

П????е Л???, ?е ???я?я ????? ????е • ???ы? (У???н)

Ч? ???л Грэ?м Б?л? (???н)

Ч? ??о ??? в ?? Гая Ф?? ?з ???ия ?? ?????? (?? к??ы, ????? ????? и т.д.)

ЭТАП 3

DO YOU KNOW?

В??? ??ю?я ? ????? я?? с?? ??м ??н?м. О?? ?ё?я ? ???и ????и, а ??м
????ся ????? ??т. Б?? ?????ют ?и ?т ?е ???ы.

1. What is the symbol of the UK?

a) a thistle b) a red rose c) a daffodil

Who helps schoolchildren to cross the street near their school?a) a
policeman b) a lollipop man c) a fireman

What’s the name of the Queen of GB?

a) Maria b) Victoria c) Elizabeth

4. What’s the nickname of New York?

a) Big Apple b) Big Pie c) Big City

5. Who is the President of the USA?

a) G.W. Bush b) Kennedy c) Clinton

6. Where is the statue of admiral Nelson?

a) London b) Paris c) Washington

7. Who was the first W. Disney character?

a) Micky Mouse b) Oswald Bunny c) Donald Duck

8. What is the largest city of the USA?

a ) New Orleans b) New York c) Chicago

ЭТАП 4

ENGLISH LOTTO

На ??е ????ваю?я ???? ??? ?е?в, ?о ???? ??? ??? ???ов, ??и?р: ????? –
?????е ???ы, ??е -??????? ???ы, ??? – ???я ? ???д ?? и ????й…На ???й
???е ??? ???? – ????? ?л?в, ???е ??о ?????. Ч? ???е ???е – ?м ?? ??. В?
??н? ? ?т э?п ??? ?я? ??? ????? ???? ?????о ??а. Но ?ё ?????, ?? ??????
???? ??о ??ь ?р??и ? ???ю, ??а ???? ??? ??т ??ь ???? с ???м ???, а ?????
– с ???м, ? ????-? х??ся ??.

за??я ?????й ???: (5 ???)

Н???е…

1. ?ся?,I. ?и ???,5. ??и ??,1. ???ия ????,5. ?? ?????

3. ???? ????,1. ??ы ????а,I. ??а

З??ия ? ???д:

I. Д????? о ???? ??а “grapefruit”. (1 ??) I. Д????? о ???? ??а
“windsurfing”. (1 ??)

5. В???? ???? ??а “magazine”. (2 ??а) I. В???? ???? ??а “firework”. (2
??а) 5. П????е ф?? “Happy End”. (2 ??а) 5. П????е ??у “Milky Way”. (3
??а) ?. П????е ?????е “You should regularly

wash your face with cold water”. (3 ??а) 3. П????е ?????е “Sometimes we
quarrel

with each other at school”. (4 ??а)

З??ия ??????? ???.

I. Ч?о ? ???т в ?????и “Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle

lives in our town, she has dog Wag and a cat

Lightfoot”? (2 ??а) l. Ч?о ? ???т в ???ж?? “Mercy and her

mother good friends, because they understand each

other”? (3 ??а) 5. Н??? 2 ???. “Manx cat’s got four leg, and no

tail. It eats meat and drinks milk.” (4 ??а) . Н??? 2 ???. “Ted are very
honest and

straight. All classmates like her.” (4 ??а)

С???? ?????е “Prehistoric/woman/on/legs/ –
strong/walked/muscular/feet/flat/and”. (4 ??а)

С???? ?????е “If/have/you/a headache/
should/I/you/advise/drink/tea/herbal”. (5 б??в)

ЭТАП 5

ТВОРЧЕСКИЙ

К??я ???а ????ля? ?? ????? — ?????ию, ??и, ??и и т.п. Э?т э?п ??о, ? ?
?я???? ???а?. Но ??е, ???о, ????ь. В?ь ?? ????? ???е и ? ???и ? ?????,
???????и ??т ???? ??д ??. Жю? ??о?т ??и, ?ъя?я? ?????й, ???т ?п??.

К?????: ??? ???ия?е ???? п???о 40 ??т, а ??? и ? ??: ?? ???т ? ??ия ???й
и ? ??? ?????о. М??, ???о, и ??????ь ???? (?о??о, ?? ??ь в ?? 1-3 э??).
По ??у ??о ???ь, ?о ??й ???т -?????й ?я ??? ?з??а. Ч? ???ся “???ты ”
???? ? ???й (?к э? ??т ????ся), ? ??м, ч? ?? ???и ???с?й ?? ?? ?д.

И?????? ?х???и ???ия

в ??????? ?и ???

?д ???и ???? – ????и ??????? ?????? ? ????????я ???в ?оя???о ???я,

“English VII”, Unit3, p. 60 ex. 16

Theme: “Great Britain: a Country of Traditions”

Aims:

– ???????я – ????? ??о?? ???ся, ????? ????ия???????х ???;

-??????ая – ????? ??е?я к ???? ??н ????? я?? и ?????? ???ия, ?????? ????
????????о ??а; ????ь ??е ????, ?к ???????, ??????ь??ь, ???????ь ???о и
???о ?????? ???????и, ??????и.

– ???аю?я – ?????я ???????? ?я????и и ????? ?о????й ???ся.

– ???????я ~ ?????? ????ь??? ?????и в ??? ?я???й ?? ??а;

К??й ???? ??? (home group) ???? ?? ??т ?я ??ия: “SPRING”, “SUMMER”,
“AUTUMN” ?и “WINTER”, – т.е. ????? ?????ь ??е????и ????и ???й в ?????? с
???м я???й ????? ???ся. В??и ??й ??? ?? ???ют ?д ???и ????. П?? ????я
??? ???ся ? ?з?х ??п, ????? ?д ??м и ?м ? м????м, ???аю?я и ????ю?я
?????й (expert groups). Э? ?к ????ая “??е? ‘э????”. З?? ?и ????ю?я в с?и
??? (home groups) и ? ???и ?????ют о ?м, ?о ???. Д?? ???т ???? ????я
???и ??ами ??? ?????? ?????, ?я ?? ??т ?ть ?????? ???ы ?к ? ????, ?к и
?е?????? ????, а ??е ?с??е ???я ?? “True-False”. “С???” ???? ??о ?????
???оя??? ????ь ???ы к ??? ?и ??або?? ???? ???я. В ??ю??е ???ся ??? ?е??
??? ?? ??? “home group”, ???? ????? в ?? ???ля и ??ь ?о ???ю.

Great Britain: a Country of Traditions

Just like families have their own traditions, so do countries. It’s
common knowledge that the British are lovers of traditions. Each season
in Britain is connected with various colorful traditions, customs and
festivals.

SPRING

St. David’s Day. March 1st is a very important day for Welsh people.
It’s St. David’s Day. He is the “patron” or national saint of Wales. On
March 1st, the Welsh celebrate St. David’s Day and wear daffodils in the
buttonholes of their coats or jackets.

May Day. May 1st was an important day in the Middle Ages, the
celebration of summer’s beginning. For that day people decorated houses
and streets with branches of trees and flowers. In the very early
morning young girls went to the fields and washed their faces with dew.
They believed this made them beautiful for a year after that. Also on
May Day the young men of each village tried to win prizes with their
bows and arrows. People put up a striped maypole decorated with flowers
and danced round it. Some English villages still have maypole dancing on
May 1st.

SUMMER

The Trooping of the Colour. The Queen is the only person in Britain with
two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st, but she has an
“official” birthday, too. That’s on the second Saturday in June. And on
the Queen’s official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called
the Trooping of the Colour. It’s a big parade with brass bands and
hundreds of soldiers at Horse Guards’ Parade in London. The Queen’s
soldiers, the Guards, march in front of her. At the front of the parade
is the flag or “colour”. The Guards are trooping the colour. Thousands
of Londoners and visitors watch Horse Guards’ Parade. And millions of
people at home watch it on television.

Swan lapping. Here’s a very different royal tradition. On the River
Thames there are hundreds of swans. A lot of these beautiful white birds
belong, traditionally, to the King or Queen. In July the young swans on
the Thames are about two months old. Then the Queen’s swan keeper goes,
in a boat, frosty London Bridge to Henley. He looks at all the young
swans and marks the royal ones. The name of this custom is Swan Upping.

Highland Games. In summer, Scottish people traditionally meet together
for competitions called Highland Games. After Queen Victoria visited the
games at Brae mar in 1848, the Brae mar games became the most famous
tradition in Scotland. Today thousands of visitors come to see sports
like tossing the caber (a tall pole is thrown into the air as a test of
strength) or throwing the hammer. The games always include Scottish
dancing and bagpipe music. Henley а town on the Thames to toss the
caber ???ь ??? (????? ??я??е)

AUTUMN

The State Opening of Parliament. Parliament governs modern Britain. But
traditionally the Queen opens Parliament every autumn. She travels from
Buckingham Palace to the Houses of Parliament, in a gold carriage – the
Irish State Coach. At the Houses of Parliament the Queen sits on a
throne in the House of Lords. Then she reads the Queen’s Speech. At the
State Opening of Parliament the Queen wears a crown and crown jewels.

Guy Fawkes Day. November 5th is Guy Fawkes Day in Britain. AH over the
country people build wood fires, or “bonfires”, in their gardens. On top
of each bonfire is a straw man. That is a figure of Guy Fawkes. He was
one of a band of conspirators who wanted to blow up the Houses of
Parliament and kill King James I and his ministers. However, the plot
failed, Fawkes was caught on the 5th of November 1605. The conspirators
were executed and Britain has celebrated Guy Fawkes night since then.
Before November 5th, children use their guys to make money. They stand
in the street and shout “Penny for the guy”. Then they spend the money
on fireworks.

WINTER

Up-Helly-Aa. The Shetlands are islands off the coast of Scotland. In the
ninth century the Vikings from Norway came to the Shetlands. They came
to Britain in ships and took away gold, animals and sometimes people.

Now, 1000 years later, people in the Shetlands remember the Vikings with
the festival, which they call “Up-Helly-Aa”. Every winter people of
Zerwick, the capital of the Shetland Islands, make a model of a Viking
long ship with the head of a dragon at the front. Then, on Up-Helly-Aa
night in January, the Shetlanders dress in Viking clothes and carry the
ship through the town to the sea and burn it there. The festival is a
party for the people of the Shetland Islands.

Carol Singing. Originally, carols were songs performed with dancing at
Christmas and other festivals. They were often sung outside houses by
costumed actors called Mummers. Many of today’s carols have been written
since the 19th century as Christmas hymns celebrating the birth of Jesus
Christ.

Make home groups. Read one of the texts carefully. Find out more
information about British traditions.

Answer the questions individually.

Text 1. “SPRING”

What holiday is a very important day for Welsh people?

What flower do people wear on St. David’s Day?

Is May Day an important celebration nowadays?

How did people celebrate May Day in the Middle Ages?

What is “maypole dancing”?

Text 2. “SUMMER”

What person has got two birthdays?

What ceremony is traditionally held on the Queen’s official birthday?

How can you explain the word “color” in this text? 1)Does the Queen’s
swan keeper mark all the swans on the Thames?

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