Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa
Iniaaiiinoe ?onnei-o?aioeocneiai aeeeiaaecia aeaiuei-aeai?yiie ia?aie
iieiaeiu 19 aaeaAaaaeaiea
sscue eoeueoo?u, eae iieacae I.I.Aaooei, – yoi ia iaeei ycue, a
aeeaeia ycueia. A eiioea XVIII – ia/aea XIX aaea iaoeeiiaeueiue ?onneee
ycue ieacaeny aeeaeiae/anee niioianai n ycueii aa?iiaeneie
ia?aciaaiiinoe, ycueiaia niciaiea ?acii?a/eaie yiioe ano?aoeeinue n
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth auai?a ycuea – niaiu oi/ee c?aiey, oi anoue ia?aoiaea
a eioth nenoaio ioiioaiee, eioi?oth aeaao anoanoaaiiue ycue. Ii e a
ae?oaea yiioe naiaai ?acaeoey (ia/eiay io neaayii-?onneiai aeaoycu/ey
n?aaeiaaaeiauey) ?onneay eoeueoo?a auea eoeueoo?ie aeaoycu/iie,
aeeaeiaece?iaaiiie. Oae, n?aaee neiaaniuo oaenoia ?onneie eoeueoo?u
ieacaeenue oaenou, iaienaiiua ia eiii (ia?onneii) anoanoaaiiii ycuea a
ia?aie iieiaeia XIX aaea, a iniiaiii, – o?aioeocneii. Yoi o?aioeocneea
noaouee Aycaineiai, Otho/aaa, o?aioeocneea noeoe Aa?aouineiai, Iooeeia,
Ea?iiioiaa, caiaoee Iooeeia, «Oeeinioe/aneea ienueia» *aaaeaaaa,
o?aioeocneea aeiaaieee, iaioa?u, aeueaiiu e, n?aaee i?i/aai, – ienueia.
Oaia aeaiiie aeeieiiiie ?aaiou – «Iniaaiiinoe ?onnei-o?aioeocneiai
aeeeiaaecia aeaiuei-aeai?yiie ia?aie iieiaeiu 19 aaea»
Eco/aiea ?a/e ?inneeneeo aeaiuei-aeai?yiie ia/aea 19 aaea ia iaoa?eaea
ienai i?aaeiieaaaao ?anniio?aiea oe?ieiai e?oaa aii?inia, naycaiiuo ni
niaoeeoeeie eoeueoo?ii-ycueiaie neooaoeee oiai ia?eiaea, n ?acaeoeai e
iniaaiiinoyie yienoiey?iiai aeai?a, n i?iaeaiaie ainieoaiey e auoa
aeai?yiie oeacaiiiai a?aiaie. E?iia oiai, /anoiay ia?aienea i/aiue y?ei
io?aaeaao nioeeieoeueoo?iua i?ioeannu, oa?aeoa?iua aeey ?acaeoey
iauanoaa ia ii?aaeaeaiiii enoi?e/aneii yoaia. Iiiaioaiiinoue,
iicae/iinoue, ioiineoaeueii naiaiaeiay eiiiiceoeey e ioe?uoinoue aeey
eciaiaiee noeeenoe/aneie e aeai?iaie no?oeoo?u ienueia i?eaeeaeaao aai e
onoiie ?a/e e aeaeaao oeaiiui enoi/ieeii eioi?iaoeee i o?aaeeoeeyo
iauaiey, oa?aeoa?iuo ycueiauo /a?oao ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii e ia
iniiaiuo iniaaiiinoyo ycuea eiie?aoiiai ia?eiaea a oeaeii.
E eiioeo 18 aaea /anoiay ia?aienea (naiaeiay, ethaiaiay),
iinoaiaiii ?ac?anoaynue, i?aa?aoeeanue a iaiouaieaioth /a?oo
aeai?yineiai auoa. Nei?i aeaiueia ia iiaea i?aaenoaaeoue naaa aeecie aac
iaoe?iie ia?aienee.
Eae ioia/aao TH.I.Eioiai, ienueii noaei ii?aaeaeaiiui aeai?ii n
iiiaeanoaii ?aciiaeaeiinoae. N aicieeiiaaieai ia?aienee eae /anoe
eoeueoo?iiai iiaaaeaiey ooaa?aeaeaaony aeaeaiea: ia/aoiia neiai ia?auaii
io ainoaea?noaa e a?aiioiie /anoe iauanoaa, ienueiaiiia – io iaeiiai
/anoiiai eeoea e ae?oaiio. Ii iinoaiaiii ea?oeia oneiaeiyaony. N iaeiie
noi?iiu, iiyaeyaony ia ioeoeeaeueiay eeoa?aoo?a – eieae ia?auaiiua e
iauanoao e oai ia iaiaa ia ianouea ia/aoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaoi?eoaoa.
Eeoa?aoo?a ioaeaeyaony io ainoaea?noaaiiinoe. Ia?aui ciaeii yoiai
yaeeanue eieaa A.O?aaeeaeianeiai «Acaea a ino?ia Ethaae» (1730 aiae). N
ae?oaie noi?iiu, aicieeaao ?oeiieniay eeoa?aoo?a, ia?auaiiay e e?oaeeo,
naeiio, iauanoao. AEaiueia noaiiaeony /eoaoaeueieoeae, i?eiauaynue e
aunoei i?iyaeaieyi aa?iiaeneie e ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u, /oi e io?aaeaeinue
ia ycuea aa ia?aienee.
*oi eanaaony ycueiaiai oiio?aaeaiey, oi ia i?inoia ciaiea
o?aioeocneiai ycuea, a eiaiii aeaoycu/iinoue auea ii?iie aeey ?onneiai
eoeueoo?iiai /aeiaaea ia/aea XIX aaea, aeaoycu/iinoue noaea neiiieiii
eoeueoo?iinoe, ciaeii i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e aeai?yineiio nineiaeth,
iineieueeo iaaeai?yieio aiai?eoue ii-o?aioeocnee auei iai?eee/ii. Oae
o?aioeocneee ycue yaeyeny ei?ii?aoeaiui ycueii neiaieii i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe
e oi?ioaio iauanoao.
Oeaeueth aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey yaeyaony auyaeaiea e iienaiea
naiaia?acey ?onnei-o?aioeocneiai aeeeiaaecia ?inneeneeo aeai?yiie ia?aie
iieiaeiu 19 aaea ia iaoa?eaea eo ia?aienee a eiiioieeaoeaiii aniaeoa.
Aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiie oeaee iaiaoiaeeii ?aoeoue neaaeothuea
caaea/e:
– auyaeoue iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee ycueiaie neooaoeee ia?aie iieiaeiu 19
aaea a nioeeaeueii-enoi?e/aneii e eoeueoo?ieiae/aneii aniaeoao;
– ii?aaeaeeoue iniiaiua i?eciaee yienoiey?iiai aeai?a e yienoiey?iie
o?aaeeoeee a ?innee a oeacaiioth yiioo;
– i?iaiaeece?iaaoue ycueiaua iniaaiiinoe ienai ?inneeneeo aeai?yiie;
– auyaeoue e iienaoue caeiiiia?iinoe eniieueciaaiey ?onneiai eee
o?aioeocneiai ycuea a yienoiey?iuo oaenoao aeai?yiie a caaeneiinoe io
neooaoeee, oneiaee eiiioieeaoeee.
Iauaeoii aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey yaeythony ienueia ?onneeo aeai?yiie
ia?aie iieiaeiu 19 aaea, i?aaeiaoii – caeiiiia?iinoe auai?a e
eniieueciaaiey ?onneiai e o?aioeocneiai ycueia i?e nicaeaiee
yienoiey?iiai oaenoa a caaeneiinoe io eiiioieeaoeaiie neooaoeee.
Aeooaeueiinoue aeaiiie ?aaiou caeeth/aaony a eiiioieeaoeaiii
iiaeoiaea e eco/aieth ?onnei-o?aioeocneiai aeeeiaaecia ?onneeo
aeai?yiie, a oaeaea auai? yienoiey?iuo, a ia ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oaenoia
aeey enneaaeiaaiey.
Iao/iay iiaecia ?aaiou caeeth/aaony, ia iao acaeyae, a iainiiaaiee
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aeaoo ycueia a eiiioieeaoeaiii eiioeiooia aeaineiai
aaeeeinaaoneiai iauanoaa ?innee a ia?aie iieiaeia XIX aaea n
eniieueciaaieai eiiioieeaoeaiiai iiaeoiaea e a iienaiee oa?aeoa?iuo
iniaaiiinoae aeaiiiai yaeaiey (a oii /enea aeeyiey nioeeieeiaaenoe/aneeo
e ineoieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia) ia iaoa?eaea /anoiie ia?aienee
i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoe aeai?yineiai iauanoaa iacaaiiiai ia?eiaea.
Oai?aoe/aneay cia/eiinoue enneaaeiaaiey aeaeeony iai a ?anniio?aiee
yaeaiey aeaineiai aeai?yineiai aeeeiaaecia, aai oeie/iuo /a?o e
neooaoeee a enoi?e/aneii aniaeoa n o/aoii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue,
eiiioieeaoeaiiai iiaeoiaea, iicaieythuaai aeiaieueii aeaoaeueii iienaoue
iniaaiiinoe auai?a e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?onneiai e o?aioeocneiai ycueia
eiiioieeaoeaiii eiioeiooia ?inneeneeo aeai?yi ia?aie iieiaeiu 19 aaea.
I?aeoe/aneay cia/eiinoue ?aaiou, ia iao acaeyae, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
?acoeueoaou a? iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu a oeieueiie i?aeoeea, a
oai?aoe/aneeo eo?nao ii nioeei- e ineoieeiaaenoeea, niaoeeo?nao ii
enoi?ee ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea e o.i.
A enneaaeiaaiee eniieueciaaiu iaoiaeu eeiaainoeeenoe/aneiai aiaeeca,
n?aaieoaeueiue, a oaeaea enoi?e/aneee, i?aaeiieaaathuee eco/aiea
enoi?e/aneie eioi?iaoeee, naycaiiie n eiioaenoii yiioe.
Oai?aoe/aneie aacie iaoae ?aaiou iineoaeeee o?oaeu A.A.Oniaineiai,
A.A.Aeiia?aaeiaa, I.A.Ia/eianeie, TH.I.Ea?aoeiaa, TH.I.Eioiaia,
A.A.Aaeiaie, E.A.Iaia?ii, E.E.Aieueia?o, A.A.Aeeoeiie e I.Oi?iaiianeie e
ae?.
A ea/anoaa i?aeoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea iaie auee acyou aeey enneaaeiaaiey
ienueia a?aoeie Yaeeeia, I.I.Iooeeiie e aa nanoa? A.I.
e A.I.Aii/a?iauo, I.I.Aieeiineie, I.A.Ineiiaie, A.I.Aoeueo,
A.I.Ooaeiaie, A.I.Oeo?iai, a oaeaea ienueia A.I.Ea?i 1850-o aiaeia eae
i?eia? ia?aoiaea ia iniaue yoai ?acaeoey iauanoaa e ycuea, a oaeaea aeey
aeaiiino?aoeee nayce yoiai yoaia n i?aaeoanoaothuei.
A oeacaiiuo ienueiao ian eioa?anoao ia?aeeth/aiea n iaeiiai ycuea ia
ae?oaie a i?aaeaeao iaeiiai yienoiey?iiai oaenoa, eioa?eaeyoeey
(aeeth/aiea a oaeno ia iaeiii ycuea neia, neiaini/aoaiee eee ioaeaeueiuo
i?aaeeiaeaiee ia ae?oaii ycuea), a oaeaea oa?aeoa? eniieuecoaiie eaeneee
e aai iaoneiaeaiiinoue eiiioieeaoeaiuie neooaoeeyie, ?a/aaui yoeeaoii e
oae aeaeaa.
Nouanoaaiii oneiaeiye ?aaioo oio oaeo, /oi ai iiiaeo ecaeaieyo
aeaineea ienueia ioaeeeothony n?aco a ia?aaiaeao. Eniieueciaaiiua iaie
ienueia acyou ec ecaeaiee, niaaaeaiiuo ?ac?yaeeie oai, aaea anoue
ia?aoiae n ycuea ia ycue.
?aaioa i?ioea ai?iaaoeeth a ?aieao canaaeaiey nooaeai/aneie naeoeee
aaeaaiaeiie iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneie eiioa?aioeee i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, anie?aioia
e nooaeaioia «Oieaa?neoaoneay iaoea – ?aaeiio – 2007» Noaa?iiieueneiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oieaa?neoaoa.
No?oeoo?a aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey aeeth/aao aaaaeaiea, aeaa aeaau,
caeeth/aiea e aeaeeia?aoe/aneee nienie, niaea?aeauee enoi/ieee (6
iaeiaiiaaiee) e eeoa?aoo?o (50 iaeiaiiaaiee).
Ai Aaaaeaiee iainiiauaaaony aeooaeueiinoue e iao/iay iiaecia
enneaaeiaaiey, onoaiaaeeaathony iniiaiay oeaeue e eiie?aoiua caaea/e
?aaiou, oi?ioee?othony iauaeo, i?aaeiao, oeacuaathony oai?aoe/aneay e
i?aeoe/aneay aaca, iienuaaaony no?oeoo?a ?aaiou.
A ia?aie aeaaa auyaeythony iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iie
e ycueiaie neooaoeee a ?innee aoi?ie iieiaeiu XVIII – ia/aea XIX aaea.
Aoi?ay aeaaa iinayuaia aiaeeco caeiiiia?iinoae auai?a eniieueciaaiey
ycueia a ienueiao ?inneeneeo aeai?yiie, a oae aea noaiaiue caaeneiinoe
aai io ainieoaiey e oeeaaea aeecie aeaiuei oiai a?aiaie.
A Caeeth/aiee iiaeaiaeyony eoiae i?iaeaeaiiie ?aaiou, oi?ioee?othony
iniiaiiieaaathuea auaiaeu.
Aeaaa 1. Enoi?eei- eoeueoo?iay e ycueiaay neooaoeey a ?innee ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia 18 – ia/aea 19 aaeia.
1.1 sscueiaay neooaoeey a ?innee aoi?ie iieiaeiu 18 aaea.
Iiae ycueiaie neooaoeeae iu aneaae ca A.A. Oniaineei iiieiaai
niaieoiiinoue oi?i nouanoaiaaiey ycuea, ianeoaeeaathueo iauaiea a
ii?aaeaeaiiie yoie/aneie iauiinoe eee aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiii
iauaaeeiaiee.
Eae ecaanoii, auaeaeythony aeaa a?oiiu ycueiauo neooaoeee:
– yeciaeinniua (niaieoiiinoe ?acee/iuo ycueia);
– yiaeiaeinniua (niaieoiiinoe iiaenenoai iaeiiai ycuea).
Iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia naaeaine?iaaiiua (anee eo eiiiiiaiou
ooieoeeiiaeueii ?aaiicia/iu) e ianaaeaine?iaaiiua (anee eo eiiiiiaiou
?ani?aaeaeaiu ii ?acee/iui noa?ai iauaiey e nioeeaeueiui a?oiiai).
sscueiaay neooaoeey a ?innee a 18 aaea auea iai?inoie. Iia
oa?aeoa?eciaaeinue eae eieaeii-?acaiai?iia aeaoycu/ea, i?e eioi?ii ?ieue
eieaeiiai ycuea auiieiye ae?aaianeaayineee (oea?eiaiineaayineee) ia
?onneie iniiaa, a ?ieue ?acaiai?iiai – ?onneee ycue, eniieueciaaaoeeny a
auoiaie ?a/e.
Eeiaaenoe/aneay iaoea ciaao aeaa aeeceeo (ii ioithaeue ia eaeaioe/iuo)
oa?ieia, i?eiaieiuo e ycueiaie neooaoeee oiai a?aiaie – aeaoycu/ea e
aeeaeinney.
Eeiaaenoe/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue ia aeaao /aoeiai
?aca?aie/aiey yoeo oa?ieiia: iiae aeaoycu/eai oai iiieiaaony
«eniieueciaaiea ianeieueeeo ycueia a i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiie
nioeeaeueiie iauiinoe (ainoaea?noaa); eniieueciaaiea eiaeeaeaeooiii
(a?oiiie ethaeae) ianeieueeeo ycueia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo auae?aaony a
niioaaonoaee n eiie?aoiie eiiioieeaoeaiie neooaoeeae» (NNUEEA).
Aeeaeinney aea ii?aaeaeyaony oeacaiiui neiaa?ai eae «iaeiia?aiaiiia
nouanoaiaaiea a iauanoaa aeaoo ycueia eee aeaoo oi?i iaeiiai ycuea,
eniieuecoaiuo a ?aciuo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo noa?ao», i?aaeiieaaathuaa
iaycaoaeueioth niciaoaeueioth ioeaieo aiai?yueie naieo eaeeiiia ii oeaea
«aunieee-ieceee».
A.A.Oniaineee aeaao aieaa iiae?iaiua ii?aaeaeaiey aeaiiuo oa?ieiia.
«Aeeaeinney, – ieoao ii, – i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oaeie niinia
nouanoaiaaiey aeaoo ycueiauo nenoai a ?aieao iaeiiai eieeaeoeaa, eiaaea
ooieoeee yoeo aeaoo nenoai iaoiaeyony a aeiiieieoaeueiii ?ani?aaeaeaiee,
niioaaonoaoy ooieoeeyi iaeiiai ycuea a iau/iie (iaaeeaeinniie)
neooaoeee.
I?e yoii ?a/ue eaeao i nouanoaiaaiee eieaeiie ycueiaie nenoaiu,
naycaiiie n ienueiaiiie o?aaeeoeeae e iaeieaeiie nenoaiu, naycaiiie n
iauaeaiiie aeeciueth: ii ii?aaeaeaieth, ie iaeei nioeeoi aioo?e aeaiiiai
ycueiaiai eieeaeoeaa ia iieuecoaony eieaeiie ycueiaie nenoaiie eae
n?aaenoaii ?acaiai?iiai iauaiey, /oi ioee/aao neooaoeeth aeeaeinnee io
iau/iiai ninouanoaiaaiey eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea e aeeaeaeoa» (NNUEEA).
Eae i?aaeei, i?e aeeaeinnee eieaeiay nenoaia ?acaeaaaony eneonnoaaiii, a
i?ioeanna oi?iaeueiiai iao/aiey, oiaaea eae iaeieaeiay nenoaia
onaaeaaaony iai?iecaieueii.
Iiae aeaoycu/eai aea A.A.Oniaineee iiieiaao «ninouanoaiaaiea aeaoo
?aaiii?aaiuo e yeaeaaeaioiuo ii naiae ooieoeee ycueia, eioi?ia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie yaeaiea ecauoi/iia ( iineieueeo ooieoeee iaeiiai
ycuea aeoaee?othony ooieoeeyie ae?oaiai) e, ii nouanoao naiaio,
ia?aoiaeiia (iineieueeo a ii?iaeueiii neo/aa neaaeoao iaeeaeaoue
auoaniaiey iaeiiai ycuea ae?oaei eee neeyiey eo a oao eee eiuo oi?iao)»
(NNUEEA).
Oaeei ia?acii, auaeaeythony neaaeothuea i?eciaee, iicaieythuea
ioee/eoue aeeaeinneth io aeaoycu/ey:
1) iaaeiionoeiinoue eniieueciaaiey eieaeiiai ycuea eae n?aaenoaa
?acaiai?iiai iauaiey;
2) ionoonoaea eiaeeoeeaoeee ?acaiai?iiai ycuea;
3) ionoonoaea ia?aeeaeueiuo oaenoia n iaeiei e oai aea niaea?aeaieai.
A.A.Oniaineee ioia/aao, /oi i?e ianiaethaeaiee oioy au iaeiiai ec yoeo
oneiaee iu ai?aaa i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi ninouanoaothuea ae?oa n ae?oaii
ycuee iaoiaeyony ia a ioiioaieyo aeeaeinnee, a a ioiioaieyo aeaoycu/ey.
N 18 aaea e aac oiai iaiaeiicia/iay ycueiaay neooaoeey a ?innee
ineiaeiyaony iiyaeaieai iiaiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiiiai
oea?eiaiineaayineiio. Aai aicieeiiaaiea ai iiiaii naycaii n eaeaieiaeae
Iao?ianeie yiioe, n ?aoi?iaie yoiai a?aiaie (?aoi?ia ?onneie acaoee,
iai?eia?, /aoei ?aca?aie/eaaea oea?eiaioth e a?aaeaeaineoth
ienueiaiiinoue). Iiyaeyaony i?aaeienaiea ia?aaiaeeoue eieae «ia aunieeie
neiaaie neiaaineeie, ii i?inoui ?onneei yueii».
Oai naiui aeaaony onoaiiaea ia eniieueciaaiea ?acaiai?iiai ycuea,
auaeaeaaaony o?aaiaaiea ienaoue, eae aiai?yo. Yoi noaaeo ia?aae
aii?inii: eae neaaeoao aiai?eoue? N?aaee iiiaeanoaa aeeaeaeoia, a oaeaea
o/eouaay nioeeaeueioth aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth ycuea, ioaeii auei aua?aoue
i?eaioe?.
Oae iinoaiaiii i?iecioea iiaeeoeeaoeey aunieiai e n?aaeiaai noeey ia
iniiaa ?onneie auoiaie ?a/e e o?aioeocneiai ycuea.
I?ioeann naeeaeaiey ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea n naiaioe/aneie
nenoaiie o?aioeocneiai ycuea eae noeey aa?iiaeneiai aeaai?iaeiiai
iauanoaa ?acaeaaeny a ?aciuo iai?aaeaieyo.
Ii neiaai aeaaeaieea A.A.Aeiia?aaeiaa, aeey aunieeo
oi?aeanoaaiii-ioeoeeaeueiuo noeeae caaea/a naiaeeeanue e aa?iiaecaoeee
oea?eiaiineaayineiai ycuea e neeyieth o?aioeocneie naiaioeee n
oea?eiaiineaayineeie oi?iaie au?aaeaiey. Yoiai ?iaea iiiuoee auee
iniaaiii aeoeaiu ni aoi?ie o?aoe 18 aaea, i?e/ai o?aaiaaiea neioaca
oea?eiaiieieaeiiai, oi?aeanoaaiiiai aeoeenoaa n o?aioeocneei
e?anii?a/eai enoiaeeei ec e?oaia aunoaai iauanoaa (i?aeiouanoaaiii
noiee/iiai).
Oaeei ia?acii, aunieee neia neaayii-?inneeneiai ycuea a eaeneea,
neioaenena, ?eoia oa?iae eciaiaiey iiae aicaeaenoaeai o?aioeocneie
?eoi?eee, oi?aaeyaoae ycueiauie aeonaie ?onneiai aeai?yinoaa.
Iauanoaaiii-auoiaie eaai?aoi?eae, a eioi?ie au?aaaouaaeenue ii?iu e
i?eioeeiu iiaiai aa?iiaece?iaaiiiai naaoneiai neiaa, aue aeai?yineee
naeii. O?aioeocneee naeii yaeyeny eaeaaeii ?a/aaie eoeueoo?u aunoaai
?onneiai iauanoaa oiai a?aiaie. Ai O?aioeee aua a 17 aaea «ia auoiaeeei
eieae, iaienaiiie ia aeey naaoneeo ethaeae, aeaaea ia aeey naaoneeo
aeaiuei… Ni/eiaiey enoiaeeee ec naeiia e i?aaeaea /ai ioaeeea,
niiauaeenue aio» (NNUEEA).
I.I.Ea?aicei iaa?anuaaao i?ia?aiio ?aaio ii nicaeaieth iiaie nenoaiu
?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, eioi?ay oaeiaeaoai?yea au o?aaiaaieyi
?acaeoiai iauanoaaiiiai eeiaaenoe/aneiai aeona e niioaaonoaiaaea au
aeooo e noeeth aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee. «?onneee eaiaeeaeao
aaoi?noaa,- ieoao Ieeieae Ieoaeeiae/, – iaaeiaieueiue eieaaie, aeieaeai
cae?uoue eo e neooaoue aie?oa naay ?acaiai?u, /oiau niaa?oaiiaa ociaoue
ycue. Ooo iiaay aaaea: a eo/oeo aeiiao aiai?yo o ian aieaa
ii-o?aioeocnee. Iiiaea aeaiueiu …ieaiytho ian ia?onneeie o?acaie»
(NNUEEA).
Aeai?yiei-aa?iiaaoe, iaaethaeay, /oi ii-?onnee aiai?yo oieueei ia
ieiuaaee, ia ae?aea, ii aea?aaiyi, aeaeae iooue aeey nicaeaiey
iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?onneiai ycuea a ?a/aaie i?aeoeea «aunoaai» iauanoaa,
eneae n?aaenoa e oniaa?oainoaiaaieth ycuea a naeeaeaiee ?onneie
eeoa?aoo?iie ?a/e n caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeie ycueaie.
Ea?aicei ianoie/eai iiae/a?eeaae iuneue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeeth/aiey
?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea a nenoaio aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee: «Iao?
Aaeeeee, iiaouae ?oeith naiath i?aia?acea ioa/anoai, naeaeae ian
iiaeiaiuie ae?oaei aa?iiaeoeai. AEaeiau aaniieaciu. Naycue iaaeaeo oiaie
ae?aaiaeoeo e iiaaeoeo ?inneyi i?a?aaeanue iaaaee. Iu ia oioei
iiae?aaeaoue eiicaioeai, ii ieoai, eae iie ieooo, eai aeeaai, eae iie
aeeaoo…»(NNUEEA).
Eeoa?aoo?iue ycue i?aia?acoaony iiae aeeyieai naaoneiai oiio?aaeaiey
neia e oi?ioaai aeona. Neiaa?ue iaeaa/aaony io eceeoiae oyaeanoe: ec
iaai eneeth/aaony aieueoeinoai neia, eioi?ua oioue e?aai nii?eeanathony
n i noa?ie eaeie-eeai niaoeeaeueiinoe; ec iaai aua?anuaathony «/a?an/o?
eaoeineea e /a?an/o? a?a/aneea au?aaeaiey», oa?ieiu oeieu, iaoee,
?aianea e oicyenoaa- ana, /oi iiaeao n/eoaoueny iaoianoiui a naaoneii
?acaiai?a; ec iaai aueeaeuaathony neiaa iaeanoiiai, i?iaeioeeaeueiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, aeiiaoiea eee i?inoiia?iaeiua neiaa, neiaii, ana oi,
/oi iiaei au oiee?iaaoue naaoneoth aeaio.
Ii?iu noeeenoe/aneie ioeaiee neia ii?aaeaeyeenue auoiauie eaeaeiui
iacia/aieai i?aaeiaoa, aai iieiaeaieai a nenoaia ae?oaeo i?aaeiaoia,
«aunioie» eee «iecinoueth» eaeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, ioeaiea eeoa?aoo?iiai aeinoieinoaa iaoneiaeaia anai
nioeeaeueii-auoiaui eiioaenoii aai oiio?aaeaiey, ea?oeiie
annioeee?iaaiiuo n iei i?aaeiaoia.
Eeoa?aoo?iiio ycueo auea caaeaia eae ii?ia aai yeni?anneaiuo
aiciiaeiinoae no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiay ieineinoue «oiiaeueiinoae», naycaiiay
n eaeaaeueiui ia?acii /oanoaeoaeueiiai, aaeaioiiai e i?inaauaiiiai
/aeiaaea.
E?eoa?eai noeeenoe/aneie ioeaiee, caeiiiaeaoaeai ii?i eeoa?aoo?iinoe
i?iaicaeaoaaony aeon naaoneie aeaiueiu. Yoio naeiiiue aeon ia ie?eony n
eaioeaey?eciaie e oea?eiaiineaayieciaie (e?iia Aeaeaeneeo ia?acia, oae
eae ca Aeaeeae nio?aiyeinue cia/aiea iiyoe/aneiai e eaeaieiae/aneiai
enoi/ieea).
Caaea/a aea aa?iiaece?iaaiiuo aa?oia iauanoaa caeeth/aeanue a oii,
/oiau ec oiiaea neia e au?aaeaiee, eioi?ue ninoaaeye iauaa aeaaeaiea
?onneiai eieaeiiai e ?acaiai?iiai ycuea, n caoaaoii niaaeiuo noa?
eeoa?aoo?u e i?inoi?a/ey, nicaeaoue oi?iu iauanoaaiiiai e?anii?a/ey,
aeaeaeiai io i?eeaciuo e oea?eiaiuo noeeae, /oaeaeiai anyeie
i?inoiia?iaeiinoe, i?eaioe?oynue ia o?aioeocneee ycue.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iie?aynue ia auoaia?a/eneaiiua i?eciaee aeaoycu/ey,
eceiaeaiiua A.A. Oniaineei, iu iiaeai naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi
ycueiaay neooaoeey a ?innee ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 18 aaea e aeaeaa auea
aeaoycu/iie (yeciaeinniie) e, a i?aaeaeao aeai?yineiai iauanoaa,
naaeaine?iaaiiie.
1.2 Iniaaiiinoe ?inneeneiai aeai?yinoaa eae eoeueoo?ii aeiieie?othuaai
nineiaey e i?aaeiinueee ?acaeoey ?onnei-o?aioeocneiai aeeeiaaecia
?inneeneeo aeai?yi a eiioea 18 – ia/aea 19 aaeia.
?onneia aeai?yinoai a XVIII – ia?aie iieiaeia XIX- ai aaea auei
ii?iaeaeaieai iao?ianeie ?aoi?iu. N?aaee ?aciiia?aciuo iineaaenoaee
?aoi?i Iao?a I –ai nicaeaiea aeai?yinoaa a ooieoeee ainoaea?noaaiiie e
eoeueoo?ii aeiieie?othuaai nineiaey caieiaao ia iineaaeiaa ianoi.
Iaoa?eaeii, ec eioi?iai yoi nineiaea ninoaaeeinue, auei aeiiao?ianeia
aeai?yinoai Iineianeie ?one, ninoiyaoaa ec i?ioanneiiaeueiuo neoa
ainoaea?noaa, aeaaiui ia?acii aiaiiuo. Ec yoie n?aaeu /a?iaeenue
iaioeiaeii iio?aaiaaaoeany iiaua ?aaioieee: ioeoea?u aeey a?iee e oeioa,
/eiiaieee e aeeieiiaou, aaeieieno?aoi?u e eiaeaia?u, o/aiua [ni. TH.I.
Eioiai, 2000].
Ineoieiaey neoaeeeiai nineiaey auea ooiaeaiaioii naiiniciaiey
aeai?yieia oiai a?aiaie. Eiaiii /a?ac neoaeao niciaaae ii naay /anoueth
nineiaey. Iao? I any/anee noeioee?iaae yoi /oanoai e ee/iui i?eia?ii, e
?yaeii caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia. Aa?oeiie eo yaeeanue Oaaaeue i ?aiaao,
iioaeeeiaaiiay a yiaa?a 1722 aiaea, eioi?ay aeaeeea ana aeaeu neoaea ia
aieineoth, noaoneoth e i?eaeai?ioth, i?e/ai aieineay n/eoaeanue
i?aeiouanoaaiii aeai?yineie e aeaai?iaeiie.
Ianoi /eia a neoaeaaiie ea?a?oee auei naycaii n iieo/aieai (eee
iaiieo/aieai) iiiaeo ?aaeueiuo i?eaeeaaee: ii /eiai, e i?eia?o, aeaaaee
eioaaeae ia ii/oiauo noaioeeyo, iineee aethaea ia caaiiuo iaaaeao.
?acoiaaony, aeaiueiu ia neoaeeee, /eiia ia eiaee, oioy ainoaea?noai
no?aieeinue ?ani?ino?aieoue /eiiaie/ee i?eioeei e ia ieo. A Oaaaee i
?aiaao auei niaoeeaeueii e iiae?iaii iaiai?aii, /oi aeaiueiu eiatho
i?aaa, naycaiiua n /eiii eo iooeia (aei caioaeanoaa) e ioaeae (a a?aea).
Oieueei a i?eaeai?iie neoaeaa aeaiueiu naie eiaee /eiu.
Ii caia/aieth TH.I. Eioiaia, /ei ieoouaai e oiai e eiio ii ia?auaaony,
ii?aaeaeye ?eooae e oi?io ienueia: eiaaea noa?oee ieoao ieaaeoaio, oi
iaueiiaaiii i?e icia/aiee caaiey, /eia e oaieeee ii iiaeienuaaao
nianoaaiii?o/ii oieueei naith oaieeeth; eiaaea ieaaeoee ieoao e
noa?oaio, oi nai iiaeienuaaao caaiea, /ei e oaieeeth. Oi/ii oae aea
cia/eiui auei ianoi aaea aeieaeia noaaeoueny aeaoa: ia/aeueiee noaaee
/enei naa?oo, iiae/eiaiiue a ieco, e a neo/aa ia?ooaiey iiae/eiaiiui
yoiai i?aaeea aio a?iceee iai?eyoiinoe. [ni. TH.I. Eioiai, 2000].
Eae oaea auei ioia/aii, a eiioea 18 – ia/aea 19 aaea any ?onneay
eoeueoo?a, e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, eoeueoo?a aunoaai naaoa iaoiaeeeanue
iiae ananoi?iiiei aeeyieai O?aioeee.
Iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue a ?ani?ino?aiaiee o?aioeocneeo iiae, eaeae e
aeonia a ie?a nua?aea aeeeaoayny aieaa iieoaaea iniaay yiioa a enoi?ee
Aa?iiu, iieo/eaoay iacaaiea «aaea Ethaeiaeea *aou?iaaeoeaoiai».
Iie?aynue ia iiuoiuo e oiiuo niaaoieeia, ia ee/iua ea/anoaa e
aea?iaaiey, a oaeaea i?e niaeaenoaee aeaaii?eyoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, ii
aicaae O?aioeeth ia «oaeoth aunioo yeiiiie/aneiai e oinoaaiiiai ?acaeoey
e iieeoe/aneiai iiaouanoaa, /oi iia naeaeaeanue ia?aainoaothuae
aa?iiaeneie aea?aeaaie» [Aeiia?, 1995, n.147].
Anoanoaaiii, aianoa n o?aioeocneeie i?aaaie, aeonaie e iiaeie a
Aa?iia ?ani?ino?aieeny e o?aioeocneee ycue. Aeaeee, ecyuiue,
?aciiia?aciue, ii noae ycueii iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiiai e naaoneiai iauaiey a
aeai?yineeo iauanoaao Aa?iiu, ii?iaeea ?acee/iua aeaeu iaoeeiiaeueii-
o?aioeocneiai aeeeiaaecia.
A ?innee aea o?aioeocneee ycue ia oieueei i?eia?ae noaoon ycuea
aeai?yineeo naeiiia, ii oaeaea eniieueciaaeny e aeey aioo?enaiaeiiai,
auoiaiai iauaiey a a?enoie?aoe/aneeo e?oaao. Ia/aei yoiio i?ioeanno
iieiaeeea i?eaioaoeey ia Aa?iio i?aia?aciaaiee Iao?ianeie yiioe. ?onneea
noaee noieue aeoeaii i?eauaaoue ai O?aioeeth, /oi a 1790-i aiaeo
Aeaoa?eia Aaeeeay ecaeaea oeac i aica?auaiee a ?inneth anao ?onneeo,
i?iaeeaathueo ca a?aieoeae, ec iianaiey, /oi iie iiaoo ca?aceoueny
?aaiethoeeiiiuie eaeayie. Iaeiaei o?aioeocneay eoeueoo?a oniaea
aeiaieueii oanii ia?aieanoenue n ?onneie.
sscue e eoeueoo?a O?aioeee i?iieeaee a naiuee ?onneeo aeai?yi
/a?ac auo. Eacaeinue au, auo e eoeueoo?a – yaeaiey ii/oe
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua e eo a?yae ee iiaeii niioianoe. Caieiaaoeeny yoei
aii?inii TH.I.Eioiai ienae: «Auo – yoi iau/iia i?ioaeaiea aeecie a aa
?aaeueii-i?aeoe/aneeo oi?iao; auo – yoi aaue, eioi?ua ie?oaeatho ian,
iaoe i?eau/ee e eaaeaeiaeiaaiia iiaaaeaiea. Auo ie?oaeaao ian eae
aicaeoo, e, eae aicaeoo, ii caiaoai iai oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea aai ia
oaaoaao eee ii ii?oeony. Iu caia/aai iniaaiiinoe /oaeiai auoa, ii naie
auo aeey ian iaoeiaei – iu neeiiiu aai n/eoaoue «i?inoi aeeciueth»,
anoanoaaiiie ii?iie i?aeoe/aneiai auoey. Eoae, auo anaaaea iaoiaeeony a
noa?a i?aeoeee, yoi ie? aauae i?aaeaea anaai» [Eioiai, 2000, n.12].
E?iia oiai, auo – yoi iau/ae, o?aaeeoeee e yoeeao. ?aaeecothony
iie, eae e aaeaaeiaaiia iiaaaeaiea ethaeae, aeaaiui ia?acii, n iiiiuueth
ycuea. A iniiaiii, eiaiii /a?ac auo iaeia eoeueoo?a i?iieeaao a ae?oaoth
ianniai. A ?innee oaeiio i?iieeiiaaieth niinianoaiaaei e oi, /oi iinea
Aaeeeie o?aioeocneie ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee e iinea aieiu 1812 aiaea a
no?aio oeuioe iioie yiea?aioia, i/aiue iiiaea ec eioi?uo noaee
aiineaaenoaee aoaa?ia?aie e aoaa?iaioeaie a aeai?yineeo naiueyo.
Aaniethoece?iaaoue ciaiea e oiio?aaeaiea o?aioeocneiai ycuea
?onneeie aeai?yiaie oiai a?aiaie ana aea a?yae ee neaaeoao, iineieueeo
?onneee ycue oaeaea ea?ae i/aiue cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a eo aeecie. Oai
ia iaiaa, caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneia ia?aciaaiea ianei n niaie e
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneee ia?ac iuneae, au?aaeaoue eioi?ua ?onneei ycueii a
oii aai ninoiyiee, a eaeii ii iaoiaeeeny a eiioea XVIII – XIX aaea,
auei aeiaieueii neiaeii. Naiaioe/aneia e noeeenoe/aneia aiaaonoai
o?aioeocneiai ycuea, iai?ioea, noaei ianouiie iio?aaiinoueth ?inneeneiai
iauanoaa oeacaiiiai ia?eiaea.
Oi, /oi ?onneay aeai?yiea, oiathuay i/aiue iaieioi ienaoue ia
o?aioeocneii ycuea, aeiaieueii neiaaiii ieoao ia ?onneii ia iao acaeyae,
aua ?ac iiaeoaa?aeaeaao oi, /oi ?onneee ycue a oio ia?eiae aue aua neaai
ia?aaioai e iaei i?eniiniaeai e ioaeaeai ?onneie eeoa?aoo?iie ?a/e. Ii
aue ii-i?aaeiaio ioyaiuai onoa?aaoae e oiio a?aiaie nenoaiie
oea?eiaiineaayineiai ycuea, eae eaene/aneie, oae e neioaene/aneie; e?iia
oiai, a iaai aua ia aioea i?aaie/ii ?onneay ?acaiai?iay noeoey, oi anoue
iaiaoiaeeii auea aieueoay e e?iiioeeaay ?aaioa a oeacaiiuo iai?aaeaieyo,
n iii?ie eae ia iioaioeeaeueiua ?ano?nu ?onneiai ycuea, oae e ia
?acaeoue aa?iiaeneee ycue, eaeei e aue oiaaea o?aioeocneee. Ienaoaee e
iauanoaaiiua aeayoaee oeaeaiai?aaeaiii caieiaeenue nicaeaieai ?onneiai
eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, a iiea yoa ?aaioa ia auea caaa?oaia, ?acaiai?iui
ycueii ia?aciaaiiiai iauanoaa inoaaaeny o?aioeocneee.
IACAAIEA AEAAU
2.1 Iniaaiiinoe e o?aaeeoeee ainieoaiey aeai?yiie a ?innee a ia?aie
iieiaeia 19 aaea.
Ainieoaiea iaeue/eeia e aeaai/ae ?acee/aeinue n ae?aaieo a?aiai: ec
iaeue/eeia aioiaeee aoaeoueo aieiia, a ec aeaai/ae oicyae. A ainueiii
aaea a aieueoie aaaeiie naiuea aeaai/ea n/eoaeanue iaocie e iaoue auea
ai?aaa oaeoue iiai?iaeaeaiioth, ecaaaea oai naiui naiueth io eeoiaai
?oa.
N i?eiyoeai o?enoeainoaa ia ?one ioiioaiey a naiuea noaee aoiaiiaa.
Iniiaiia aieiaiea oaeaeyeinue aeooaaiiio ?acaeoeth ?aaaiea. ?iaeeoaee
no?ieee naie ioiioaiey n ?aaaieii, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue aeiiino?iai.
Iiiu?yeenue iaeacaiey, ?iaeeoaeyi iaeuecy auei oeuaaoueny naiei aeaoyi,
oae eae yoi n/eoaeinue ia aeooanianeoaeueiui. Ainieouaaeny ia oi, a
oicyenoaaiiinoue. Aeaoae aeoeaii aeeth/aee a ?aaioo ii aeiio.
Aei/ue i?iaeieaeaea n/eoaoueny iaocie aeey naiuee, iiyoiio aa iaaei
auei eeai oaea/ii auaeaoue caioae, eeai ioaeaoue a iiianou?ue.
Oea?aaiu ethaiai aic?anoa auee oe?uou io iinoi?iiieo aeac, oiaaea eae
oea?aae/e – oieueei aei 15 eao. Ec ioae/ei eo aeaeae oieueei oea?ue, aea
e oi ?aaeei, aeaaea ia naaeynue nieie ca iaaaeaiiue noie. Ec aeai?oea
oea?aaiu eiaee i?aai auoiaeeoue oieueei a oea?eiaue eee auacaeaoue a
iiianou?ue, aaea noiyee ia neoaeaao ca niaoeeaeueiie ia?aai?iaeeie.
Caioae aueoe iie ia iiaee, iineieueeo ia ?one aeey ieo ia auei ?aaiie
ia?u, a ca eiino?aioeaa auoiaeeoue ia iiaee ec-ca ?acee/ey
aa?ieniiaaaeaiey. Iao/aeenue oea?aaiu oeoueth, ?oeiaeaeeth, /oaieth e
ienueio ia o?iaia ninoaaeoue iineaiea e iiiyoue ?aeeaeicioth eieao.
Iicaea oaeie ii?yaeie oi?acaeieeny: oea?aaia Niouey iieo/eea
ia?aciaaiea o Neiaiia Iieioeeiai e auoiaeeea a naao.
A 1086 aiaeo eiyaeiy Aiia Anaaieiaeiaia nia?aea i?e Aiae?aaaneii
iiianou?a Eeaaa ieiei 300 ainieoaiieoe aeey iao/aiey eo (ienaieth,
oaeiaea ?aianeai, iaieth, oaaieth…), a a 13 aaea a Nocaeaea nouanoaiaaee
o/eeeua aeey aeaai/ae.
18 aae- a?aiy cia/eoaeueiuo i?aia?aciaaiee no?aiu: a aeeciaiiuo
onoaiiaeao, auoo, i?aaao, acaeyaeao ?onneiai iauanoaa. Aeoaieea
nioeeaeueiua ia?aiaiu aeaeee ca niaie ia oieueei eciaiaiea aiaoiaai
iaeeea ?onneiai /aeiaaea( iaeaaeaea, i?e/anea, iiaaaeaiea), ii e
aioo?aiiaai aai niaea?aeaiey.
Iaaei auei aaanoe aeaiueio a iauanoaaiioth aeeciue.
Aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeyeinue eco/aieth eiino?aiiuo ycueia, eioi?ua a
18 aaea ciaee eeoue ioaeaeueiua i?aaenoaaeoaee aunoaai iauanoaa.
Aeaoe iaeioi?uo aiaaouo naiae i?aaeaea anaai aeaai/ee, iieo/aee
aeiiaoiaa ainieoaiea e ia?aciaaiea, aeey /aai a naiuee i?eaeaoaee
o/eoaeae a iniiaiii eiino?aioeaa. A ea/anoaa aeiiaoieo o/eoaeae
eiino?aioeu aia?aua iiyaeeenue a naiuea Iao?a ia?aiai e oea?eoeu
I?aneiauee Oaaei?iaiu, aaeiau a?aoa Iao?a. N yoiai a?aiaie ia?aciaaieth
oea?aaai noaee oaeaeyoue cia/eoaeueii aieueoa aieiaiey. Iai?eia?
aei/a?ae Iao?a ia?aiai- Aiio e Aeecaaaoo iao/aee a?aiioa, eiino?aiiui
ycueai( o?aioeocneiio, eoaeueyineiio, iaiaoeeiio), o/eee ni aeonii
iaeaaaoueny, oaioeaaaoue, iaoue, a oaeaea i?aaeeai aa?iiaeneiai yoeeaoa.
No?ieiie nenoaiu aeiiaoiaai ainieoaiey ia auei. A iaeieo aeai?yineeo
naiueyo aeaoyi aeaaaee neeoeii iiiai aiee, a ae?oaeo- iaeacuaaee ca
iaeaeooth i?iaeiiinoue.
Aeoeaioth ?ieue a naiaeiii ainieoaiee ea?aee eiino?aiiua o/eoaey e
ainieoaoaee, ia eioi?uo ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 18 aaea ?acei oaaee/eeny
ni?in. Eo o?oae, aeaeaei ia anaaaea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue, uaae?i
aiciaa?aaeaeaeny. Oaeia iao/aiea ia i?eiineei iieuecu, e iiiaea
aeai?yia, ee/eaoeany naiei ciaieai e iieiaeaieai, ia?aaeei
eniieueciaaee eiino?aiiua neiaa ia e ianoo, ia caaeoiuaaynue iaae eo
enoeiiui cia/aieai. Aieaa oiai, iiiaea, aeaaea ia?aciaaiiua aeai?yia,
iiae/an ia ciaee naiaai ?iaeiiai ycuea.
Ioe?uoea Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa aianei ii?aaeaeaiiua ei??aeoeau a
naiaeiia ainieoaiea: aeey iao/aiey aeaoae ia aeiio noaee i?eaeaoaoue
nooaeaioia, ianiiiaiii, cia/eoaeueii eo/oa iiaeaioiaeaiiuo, /ai caacaeea
eiino?aioeu.
Aeey aeaai/ee aeiiaoiaa ainieoaiea ia/eiaeinue n oiai, /oi ae
auienuaaeanue aoaa?iaioea, iau/ii o?aioeoaeaiea, eiiaaea aiaee/aiea.
Ia?aciaaiea naiaeeeinue e ciaieth iaeiiai- aeaoo ycueia- o?aioeocneiai e
iaiaoeeiai, ciaiea aiaeeeneiai ycuea iiaeieiaei o?iaaiue ia?aciaaiey aei
aunieiai. E?iia oiai, aeai?yiea aeieaeia auea oiaoue oaioeaaaoue,
aea?aeaoue naay a iauanoaa, ?eniaaoue, iaoue, ea?aoue ia iocueaeueiii
eino?oiaioa, ciaoue /ooue-/ooue enoi?ee, aaia?aoee, neiaaniinoe.
(Eioiai).
E na?aaeeia 18 aaea iaioeu e o?aioeocu neoaeeee a eaaeaeii aiaaoii
aeai?yineii aeiia o/eoaeyie eee ainieoaoaeyie. Aeaoae iao/aee ia oieueei
ycueai, ii eo aaiaeeee a e?oa aa?iiaeneiai iauaiey, a ie? aa?iiaeneie
eeoa?aoo?u e oeeinioee.
AEaiueia, ea?aaoay a iauanoaa 18 noieaoey aieaa cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue /ai
a i?aaeiea a?aiaia, i?eia?aoy iaeioi?oth naiaiaeo aeaenoaee, ana aea
iinoiyiii /oanoaiaaea aa ia?aie/aiea. Iai?eia?, aeaaooea,
i?enoonoaothuay ia annaiaeaa ia iiaea aieaa iaeiiai ?aca i?ioaioeaaaoue
n iaeiei eaaaea?ii, anee oio ia yaeyaony aa ?iaenoaaiieeii. A aanaaeao
io iaa o?aaiaaeinue iie/aiea, aieiaoaeueiia neooaiea e ioaaou «aea-n»
eee «iao-n». ( Iaeiaei ni a?aiaiai oaeea o?aaiaaiey eciaieeenue. Oae,
A.I.Ooaeiaa ieoao i I.I.Aii/a?iaie: «Aeaenae Aeaauaeia aue n iaie a
nia?aiee e iaoae, /oi Ea?n (Aii/a?iaa) aeieaeia auoue aeoiaiueea, ii ii
e?aeiae ia?a noiye ca aa nooeii a iaco?ea aieaa /ano e iiaeneooeaae aa
?acaiai? n eaaaea?ii, ii oieueei e neuoae ec aa i?aeanoiuo ono: aea-n e
iao-n.»
A niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie iauanoaa ?onneay aeaaooea aeieaeia auea
iaeaaeaoue iiiaeie aeia?iaeaoaeyie, a /enei eioi?uo aoiaeeee «ioioa e
ethaiaue e neiao, e neoaeaa Aiaeeae, enoeiiia iiciaiea Aiaa, no?ao
Aiaeee, nie?aiea, aeaaiaea?aiea, ii/eoaiea ?iaeeoaeae, o?oaeiethaea,
ieeina?aeea, aa?aaeeeainoue, iie/aeeainoue e i?i/ay» ( /anoue eieae «
THiinoe /anoiia ca?oeaei», iinayuaiiia ainieoaieth aeaaooee,
«Aeaae/aneie /anoe e aeia?iaeaoaee aaiaoe»).
?acaeoea no?aiu o?aaiaaei ia oieueei ia?aciaaiiuo ioae/ei, ii e aeaiuei.
Auea i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea ioi?aaeoue ca a?aieoeo aeey iao/aiey aei/a?ae
ec ciaoiuo naiaenoa, ii nii?ioeaeaiea yoiio ieacaeinue neeoeii neeueiui.
?onneia aunoaa iauanoai i?aaeii/eoaei iao/aoue aei/a?ae ia aeiio.
Ainoaea?noai, caeioa?aniaaiiia a ?acaeoee aeaineiai ia?aciaaiey,
iuoaeinue aeaeaoue yoi iaiau/iui niiniaii, i?eiya niaoeeaeueiue oeac, ii
eioi?iio cai?auaeinue aai/aoue aeai?yineeo aeaaooae, ia oiathueo
naiiee/ii iaienaoue oioy au naith oaieeeth.
Iiyaeeenue ia?aua i?ia?aiiu aeaineiai ia?aciaaiey, ?ac?aaioaiiua
O.N.Naeoueiaui. A iaeiie ec aeaa naieo «I?iiiceoeee» ii i?aaeeiaeee ai
anao aoaa?ieyo nicaeaoue oeieu ia iniiaa aeaineeo iiianou?ae, a eioi?uo
au iao/aeenue aeaai/ee io oanoe aei iyoiaaeoeaoe eao aeiiiaiaenoao e
ecyuanoao. Aeey aeiiiaiaenoaa iaiaoiaeeiu auee a?aiioa e a?eoiaoeea,
aeey ecyuanoaa- eiino?aiiua ycuee, iocuea, iaiea, oaioeu e ?eniaaiea.
Naiia na?ueaciia aieiaiea, ii Naeoueiao, neaaeiaaei oaeaeyoue
i?aanoaaiiiio ainieoaieth e iiaeaioiaea aeaaooae e iaoa?einoao.
I?ia?aiia Naeoueiaa iaoeaeeaaea iauanoai ia ainieoaiea a aeaiueia ia
oieueei aeooiaiinoe, /oi auei oa?aeoa?ii aeey ?onneie iaaeaaiaeee a
ae?aaiinoe, ii oaeaea ia ainieoaiea a iae ecyuanoaa iaia?, oiaiey
i?aaeoueny e i?eaeaeaoue e naaa aieiaiea. Ia iaiueoaa aieiaiea
oaeaeyeinue i?eia?aoaieth ciaiee, iaiaoiaeeiuo ae a aeaea ainieoaiey
aeaoae e aaaeaiey aeiiaoiaai oicyenoaa.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 18 aaea a nayce n oneeaieai aeeyiey aeai?yinoaa,
noaaoaai nioeeaeueiie iii?ie aeanoe, oe?iei ?acaeaaeinue aeai?yineia
ia?aciaaiea, iniiaie eioi?iai noaee cae?uoua o/aaiua caaaaeaiey.
Aeey iao/aiey aeai?yineeo aei/a?ae aue nicaeai a 1764 aiaeo i?e
Niieueiii aeaineii iiianou?a einoeooo, o/eoueny a eioi?ii n/eoaeinue
aanueia ii/aoiui e a 19 aaea. Nthaea i?eieiaee aeaai/ae iyoe-oanoe eao
ec aiaaouo e ciaoiuo naiae, a oaeaea ec iaaiaaouo, ii eiaaoeo aeey
iao/aiey caeanue aaneea i?e/eiu, iai?eia?, ioaoe- aaia?ae, iiaeaoee ca
Ioa/anoai, eee caneoaeeaoee iie?iaeoaeuenoai aeai?a.
Ainieoaiieoeu aeeee a einoeoooa, iiaeieao ia aeaey naiaai aeiia e
?iaeiuo, iinauaiey ?iaeeoaeae ?ac?aoaeenue e?aeia ?aaeei. A onoaaa
o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey ioia/aeinue, /oi ?iaeeoaee ii?o/atho ainoaea?noao
iiaeo iaae aei/a?ueie aei ainaiiaaeoeaoeeaoiaai aic?anoa e ia noaioo
o?aaiaaoue eo ia?aoii.
Caaeoiuaaeanue oe?ieay i?ia?aiia iao/aiey eiino?aiiui ycueai
(iaiaoeeiio, o?aioeocneiio, eoaeueyineiio), oeceea, iaoaiaoeea,
ano?iiiiee, oaioeai, a?oeoaeoo?a, ii a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iao/aiea a
Niieueiii i?ioiaeeei iiaa?oiinoii: na?ueacii ioiineeenue eeoue e
eiino?aiiui ycueai, oaioeai e ?oeiaeaeeth, oiaaea eae oeceea e
iaoaiaoeea naiaeeeenue e naiui yeaiaioa?iui ciaieyi.
Ainieoaiieoeu iao/aeenue aeiiiaiaenoao, eo o/eee aycaoue /oeee, oeoue
ieaouey, auoeaaoue. Iiiai aieiaiey oaeaeyeinue ynoaoe/aneiio oeeeeo:
?eniaaieth, eaiea, ea?a ia iocueaeueiuo eino?oiaioao.
Iao/aiea aeeeeinue aeaaiaaeoeaoue eao, ?acaeaeaiiuo ia /aou?a nooiaie
ii o?e aiaea. A onoaaa auee /aoei ii?aaeaeaiu ia oieueei o/aaiua
aeenoeeieeiu, ii ainieoaoaeueiua caaea/e, oi?ia iaeaaeaeu e oneiaey
i?iaeeaaiey ainieoaiieoe eaaeaeie nooiaie. A eaaeaeii ioaeaeaiee
iacia/aeenue: iaaece?aoaeueieoea, aaaeouay no?iaee iaaeci? ca anai
i?ienoiaeyuei, o/eoaeueieoeu, neoaeaiee.
Ainieoaiieoe ia?aie nooiaie (io oanoe aei aeaayoe eao) iacuaaee
«eioaeieoeaie» ii oeaaoo eo oi?iaiiuo ieaoueaa. Aeaai/ee eco/aee
aiaineiaea e aeaaii?aaea, a?eoiaoeeo, ?onneee e eiino?aiiua ycuee,
?eniaaiea, oaioeu, iaiea, iocueo, aycaiea, oeouea.
Ia aoi?ie nooiaie aeaai/ee aeaayoe- aeaaiaaeoeaoe eao («aieoaua»),
iiieii anaai ia?a/eneaiiiai, eco/aee aaia?aoeth, enoi?eth, ia/aoee
yeiiiie/aneeo ciaiee (aeiiiaiaenoai). Io/ayiiua e iaiineooiua
ainieoaiieoeu yoiai aic?anoa /anoi aeinoaaeyee o/eoaeueieoeai iiiai
oeiiio, ia auiieiyee o?ieia.
Ainieoaiieoeu o?aoueae nooiaie, aeaai/ee aeaaiaaeoeaoe- iyoiaaeoeaoe
eao, iineee na?ua ieaouey e eco/aee a?oeoaeoo?o, aa?aeueaeeeo, /eoaee
enoi?e/aneea e i?aaio/eoaeueiua ni/eiaiey.
Aeaaooee iineaaeiae nooiaie (iyoiaaeoeaoue-naiiaaeoeaoue eao), eee
«aaeua» ia caiyoeyo iineee oi?io caeaiiai oeaaoa, aaeua aea ieaouey
iaaeaaaee ia aaeu, ono?aeaaaiua aeey ieo a einoeoooa.
Oe?iei ?ani?ino?aieeinue iiaiea, /oi oaao? niinianoaoao eaeaaeueiiio
ainieoaieth, iiyoiio n 1771 aiaea a Niieueiii einoeoooa ai a?aiy
i?acaeieeia noaee ono?aeaaoue neeaie naieo o/aueony niaeoaeee, ia
eioi?ua i?eaeaoaeenue i?eaeai?iua c?eoaee.
Oeaeueth o/aau a Niieueiii aeey iaaiaaoie aeaaooee yaeyeanue
aiciiaeiinoue noaoue o?aeeeiie, aeey aiaaoie – oaea/iia caioaeanoai,
naie ciaiey iaei eiai eioa?aniaaee, iiyoiio o/eeenue ainieoaiieoeu
nionoy ?oeaaa. Ia auioneiii yecaiaia io ieo o?aaiaaeinue ?anneacaoue
eeoue iaeei aeeao, ca?aiaa ecaanoiue, iaeiaei i?enoonoaea ia yecaiaia
eiai-eeai ec oea?neie naiuee canoaaeyei auioneieoe aieiiaaoueny (ni.
Eioiai 2000).
N?aaee niieyiie nouanoaiaae iau/ae eiai-ieaoaeue «iaiaeaoue». Iau/ii
aeaai/ee auae?aee i?aaeiaoii naiaai iaiaeaiey ainieoaiieoe noa?oeo
nooiaiae. Iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai auei oaioaoue aneaae «i?aaeiaoa»:
«Ainoeoeoaeueiay! Aiaae!». Naie noa?oea «iaiaeaee» /eaiia oea?neie
naiuee- yoi eoeueoeae?iaaeinue (ni. Eioiai 2000).
*oi eanaaony aeiiaoiaai oeeaaea e aeaineiai auoa, oi ?aoi?iu Iao?a
Ia?aiai neiiaee onoiyaoeany noa?aioeiu – aeaiueiu-aeai?yiee no?aieeenue
aiaoia eciaieoue naie iaeee e i?eaeeceoueny e oeio caiaaeii-aa?iiaeneie
naaoneie aeaiueiu. Eciaiythony i?e/anee – noaiiaeony iaycaoaeueiui
ia?ee. Ia?eee ioae?eee. Eciaiyaony aanue niinia iiaaaeaiey- aeai?yiee
no?aiyony eae iiaeii iaiueoa iioiaeeoue ia naieo aaaooae e ia
e?anoueyiie.
A iiaeao oea?eea eneonnoaaiiinoue, iiiai nee o?aoeeinue ia eciaiaiea
aiaoiinoe. Noaee iiioey?iu iooee ec oaoou e aa?oaoa, i?e/ai ianoa, eoaea
iaeeaeaaeenue iooee eiaee naie niune. Eiiaeiaoeey iooae e aeanoia aaa?ii
(iooeo iiaeii auei ei i?ee?uoue eee inoaaeoue ia aeaeo) iicaieyea
nicaeaoue «ycue eieaonoaa».
Aeaiu aaee i?aeiouanoaaiii aa/a?iee ia?ac aeecie, a iineieueeo i?e
naa/ao eeoea aeaaeiatho, ei ioaeai aue y?eee iaeeyae, aeey eioi?iai
eniieueciaaeinue iiiai ?oiyi.
AEeciue naaoneie aeaiu i?ioiaeeea n?aaee aaeia, eieaonoaa, oaioeaa e
iaiey. Naiuey, oicyenoai, aeaoe ioiaeaeaaeenue ia aoi?ie ieai. Iiaeii
auei eiaoue ethaiaieea.
A oi aea a?aiy aeeciue aeai?yiee iiiioiiia: aa oaanaeaiey ninoaaeytho
i?eaiu ainoae ia eiaieiu e oea?eiaiua i?acaeieee, aac iiaiaea i?eaoaoue
iiaee oieueei ?iaenoaaiieee. Aiai?eee aeaiueiu i oicyenoaaiiuo aeaeao,
nieaoie/aee (iniaaiii a i?iaeioeee, aaea ia auei i?eiyoi eieaoie/aoue).
?ani?ino?aiaiu auee ea?oi/iua ea?u e oaioeu.
A ai?iaea oo?i aeai?yiie i?ioiaeeei a iaiaia iiainoyie. Ia/eiaeinue
iii n iaeeyaea, ca iei neaaeiaae eaaeee caao?ae e ia?yae. Ai a?aiy
oo?aiieo aeceoia – caaiiuo iaaaeia – aaeo iiaeaaaee ia n?aco, a
i?iaiaeeee ieiei /ana ca ?acaiai?aie. Iinea iaaaea aanaaeu
aiciaiiaeyeenue, i?e/ai aeaiu oaeaeyeenue a ioaeaeueiua iieie (ni.
Iooea?aaa aiae).
A 70 aiaeao 18 aaea ca?iaeaeaaony ?iiaioeci. N iiyaeaieai ?aaio
AE.AE.?onni noaiiaeony i?eiyoui no?aieoueny e i?e?iaea, e
«anoanoaaiiinoe» i?aaia e iiaaaeaiee.
Iaeaaeaeu noaiiayony i?inou, ouethony ec eaaeie oeaie. Ioeac io
ia?eeia. Aianoi ?oiyi eniieuecothony aaeeea, oae eae aeaaeiinoue
iauyaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui yeaiaioii aeaineie i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe. Ae?oaei
yeaiaioii e?aniou aeaiueiu yaeyaony iieiioa. Ii?o?aoenou niaoeeaeueii
«oe?oiiytho» caeac/eoe. AEaiueia oie ii?u ano iiiai e ia noaniyaony
yoiai.
A yiioo ?iiaioecia iiaea ia caei?iauea eii/aaony. Auaeyaeaoue
caei?iaie n/eoaaony aoeueaa?iui. E?aneaay aeaaeiinoue- ciae aeoaeiu
na?aea/iuo /oanoa. Eaeaae aeaiueiu aeaaeiay, ia/oaoaeueiay, ae eaeao
a?onoue.
A yoi aea a?aiy noaee oeaieoue ?aaaiea, aeaonoai. Aeai?yiee naie
noaee ei?ieoue aeaoae a?oaeueth (aei yoiai iaieiaee ei?ieeeoe).
Iiyaeyaony aeaoneay iaeaaeaea, eiiiaoa, ea?u. Ana yoi- oeaeeeii caneoaa
aeaiueiu, oae eae ioae/eia iia?oaeai a neoaeaaiua aeaea. *oiau nicaeaoue
aeaoneee ie? aeaiueia ioaeii iiiai /eoaoue. E eiioeo 18 aaea iiyaeyaony
iiaia iiiyoea – aeaineay aeaeeioaea.
2.3 Yienoiey?iue aeai? a eiiioieeaoeaiii i?ino?ainoaa aeaiuei-
aeai?yiie.
Ienueii – yoi iniaue (yienoiey?iue) aeai? ?a/e. Iii ninoaaeyaony e
iai?aaeyaony aae?anaoo n oeaeueth niiaueoue aio /oi-eeai, oaaaeiieoue i
/ai-eeai, iiaeaea?aeaoue n iei iauaiea e o.ae.
*anoiua ienueia aeaeyony ia ioeoeeaeueiua (ia?aienea /anoiuo eeoe e
i?aaiecaoeee) e iaioeoeeaeueiua (ia?aienea ae?ocae, ciaeiiuo,
?iaenoaaiieeia).
*anoiuie iaioeoeeaeueiuie ienueiaie n/eoathony ienueia oi?ioi
ciaeiiuo ei??aniiiaeaioia, ae?ocae, ?iaenoaaiieeia, o. a. ethaeae,
iiaeaea?aeeaathueo iaioeoeeaeueiua ioiioaiey. A aeaineie ia?aienea, eae,
ai?i/ai, e a ioaeneie, ia?auaiea e iiaeienue caaenyo io noaiaie aeecinoe
ioiioaiee e auaatho naiuie ?aciiia?aciuie. Iai?eia?:
Ae?aaeaeoee e oaaaeaaiue a?aoaoe! (A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao.
ienueii ?17);
Ieeinoeaue ainoaea?ue Iaaae Aaneeueaae/! ( A.I.Ea?i- I.A.Aiiaieiao);
I?aaeaiiay e oneoaai aaoei E a o ue e a .( A.I.Ooaeiaa-E.I.Ooaeiao);
I?eieoa iia ona?aeiia e aeoai/aeoaa ii/oaiea e i?eciaoaeueiinoue. Aiia
Aeiia?aaeneay.( A.I.Ea?i- I.A.Aiiaieiao).
Eiiiiceoeeiiii ienueii ninoieo ec o?ao /anoae:
1) ca/eia (ia?auaiey, i?eaaonoaey)
2) eioi?iaoeeiiiie /anoe
3) eiioeiaee.
Noeeenoe/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue ?ane?uaaao niaea?aeaiea yoeo
/anoae ienueia:
– ca/ei (aeaoa, ianoi, ioeoaea ioi?aaeyaony ienueii, i?eaaonoaea,
ia?auaiea);
– iniiaiay eioi?iaoeeiiiay /anoue ( iiaiae e iaienaieth ienueia );
– eiioeiaea (i?iuaiea, i?inueau, iiaeaeaiey, iiaeienue, i?eienee).
AEai? ienueia aeeeooao aieueooth noa?aioeiece?iaaiiinoue au?aaeaiee, /ai
onoiia iauaiea, ionthaea iniaue, naienoaaiiue yienoiey?iiio aeai?o iaai?
yoeeaoiuo au?aaeaiee.
Oa?aeoa?iie /anoueth ?onneiai ienueia yaeyaony iienaiea ninoiyiey
ia?aienee. Iia yaeyaony iinoiyiiui yeaiaioii iiiaeo ienai, iioiio /oi
oae aea, eae ia?auaiea e i?eaaonoaea, ii?aaeaeyao iauee oii e noeeue
ienueia, onoaiaaeeaay ioaeiue eiioaeo n aae?anaoii.
Iienaiea ninoiyiey ia?aienee iiaeao aanoenue a neaaeothueo
eiioaenoao:
1) eiinoaoaoeey iaee/ey / ionoonoaey ienueia, iai?eia?: ss iieo/eea oaia
ienueii, ieeue Ieoeiueea, ia yoeo aeiyo, ii oae eae e?anoueyiei oaea
oaoae, a ia iaiy iaiae iaeei ec iieo i?enooiia eaie, y e ia niaoeea n
ioaaoii. ( I.I.Iooeeia- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?1).
2) au?aaeaiea ?aaeinoe, oaeiaeaoai?aiey, iaoaeiaeaoai?aiey ii iiaiaeo
eiathuaeny ia?aienee, iai?eia?: Auaea?e ooe ainiiae a?aooeaa ca oi, /oi
iie ian caauee, e iaiiiie a-io Na?aeo aai i?ae?aniua iaauaiey. *oi
eanaaony Oaoe, iia aaeeinoaaiiay, eiio y i?iuath ( /oi ia ieoao) a aeaeo
aa iieiaeaiey, a o i a u e c a i a a i ? e i y e a n ue .
(A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?3) .
3) oi?aee aae?anaoo ca aai iie/aiea, iai?eia?: Oaea i/aiue aeaaii,
aei?iaie Aeieo?ee, iu ia iieo/aee aanoae io oaay, /oi n oiaie, /oi ou
iiaeaeuaaaoue- y niaa?oaiii ia ciath.( A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao,
ienueii ?22); Oae eae iia ?aoeoaeueii ia/aai aeaeaoue naaiaeiy oo?ii,
aei?iaie Aeieo?ee, iiaeaeoe y iiaieoath n iiei oaeiiaai a?aooeai,
eioi?ue ana aea iia au ca ianyoe, /oi ii aaeaee io ian, iiaeaoue
i?eciaee aeecie, oe naeioon, oe iaaeaaiaea?iue, oe iaainieoaiiue! (
A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?32)
4) ecaeiaiey ii iiaiaeo aeeeoaeueiiai iie/aiey ni noi?iiu ieoouaai,
iai?eia?: ss ia ioaa/aea oaaa ia iineaaeiaa ienueii, aei?iaie Aeieo?ee,
iioiio /oi ia nianai ii?aaeeanue iinea ?iaeia. (I.I.Iooeeia-
Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?12)
Ienueii ninoaaeyao oo aea onoioth aanaaeo, oio aea ?acaiai?
iaaeaeo ionoonoaothueie, oieueei ia aoiaaa,- ienaee a 1887 aiaeo.
Aaaeiaeoea no?oeoo?ii-noeeenoe/aneea i?eciaee yienoiey?iiai aeai?a:
– ni/aoaiea a oaenoao i?eciaeia iiiieiae/aneie e aeeaeiae/aneie ?a/e
– ?acaeaeaiea ienai ii noa?a iauaiey ia aeaeiaua e /anoiua, n o/aoii
iioeaia e oeaeae- ii aeaeai
– eniieueciaaiea ycueiauo n?aaenoa, niioaaonoaothueo noa?a ia?aienee
– onoie/eaay eiiiiceoeey oaenoa ( aieaa aeanoeay a ioeoeeaeueiii e
naiaiaeiay – a /anoiuo ienueiao)
– oi/iia iaicia/aiea ioi?aaeoaey e iieo/aoaey; ia?auaiea e
iineaaeiaio, iiaeienue ioi?aaeoaey
-niaethaeaiea ?a/aaiai yoeeaoa n o/aoii aae?anaoa, oa?aeoa?a
niiauaiey e iaoeeiiaeueiuo yienoiey?iuo o?aaeeoeee.
Iaeiiiai?aaeaiiinoue iauaiey o?aaoao iaaeoiuaaiey, iiaeaioiaee
oaenoa. Ionthaea eniieueciaaiea iieiuo eiino?oeoeee, iiiieiae/iinoue. A
oi aea a?aiy iaeeaeaiea ioaaoa i?aaeiieaaaao aii?inu, iaiiieiaiey,
iienaiey aeanoia ( iaieiath, oeaeoth, aeio ?oeo).
Yienoiey?iue noeeue- noeeenoe/aneay iniaaiiinoue ienai eae iaeiie
ec ?aciiaeaeiinoae ienueiaiiie ?a/e.
Yienoiey?iue noeeue eae ?aciiaeaeiinoue ?onneie ienueiaiiie ?a/e
neeaaeuaaeny enoi?e/anee. Aai ae?aaiaeoea ia?acoeu – aa?anoyiua a?aiiou
11-15 aaeia, ia?aienea Eaaia A?iciiai n Aiae?aai Eo?aneei 16 aaea.
Oi?ie?iaaiea yienoiey?iiai noeey a ?acee/iuo aeaeao ainoaea?noaaiiie e
/anoiie ia?aienee i?ienoiaeeo a yiioo Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa. N
oa/aieai a?aiaie yienoiey?iue noeeue noaiiaeony ?aciiaeaeiinoueth
eeoa?aoo?iiai iiaanoaiaaiey ( noeeecaoeey ienai a i?iecaaaeaieyo
Noia?ieiaa, Oiiaeceia, Iiaeeiaa aoi?ie iieiaeiu ainaiiaaeoeaoiai aaea,
yienoiey?iay i?ica, iiycey, ioaeeoeenoeea). ?ani?ino?aiaiea ia?aienee
aeaeiaiai, i?ioanneiiaeueiiai, ee/iiai oa?aeoa?a iaoneiaeei ecaeaiea
iniauo ?oeiaiaenoa ii ninoaaeaieth ienai- «ienueiiaieeia». Noa?aeoaa
?onneia ?oeiaiaenoai n ia?acoeaie ia?aienee- «I?eeeaaeu, eaei ieooony
eiiieeiaiou ?aciua» 1708 aiaea.
Ienueia ianoa?ia ie?iaie eoeueoo?u, ienaoaeae ninoaaeytho
iaiouaieaioth /anoue eo ianeaaeey, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iniaoth
?aciiaeaeiinoue iaioa?iie eeoa?aoo?u.
Yienoiey?iue aeai? (oaeno, eiathuee oi?io ienueia, ioe?uoee, oaeaa?aiiu)
eae iniaay oi?ia neiaaniinoe ooiaeeo ei?iyie a aeaeaeia i?ioeia e eiaao
naith enoi?eth e a aa?iiaeneie, e a ?onneie eoeueoo?a. AEaineay
yienoiey?iay eoeueoo?a aa?ao ia/aei a o?aaeeoeee ienueiaiiiai iauaiey,
noi?ie?iaaaoaeny a ?innee a XVIII a. Oei?aieaoenue a auoo eae
noiee/iiai, oae e i?iaeioeeaeueiiai aeai?yinoaa, /anoiay ia?aienea,
ia?yaeo n auiieiyaoaeny ath oi?iaeueiie ooieoeeae ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee,
neoaeeea aeaiueia iacaiaieiui n?aaenoaii naiiau?aaeaiey, ianea a naaa
anth aaiio /oanoa e iano?iaiee, naienoaaiiuo ?acee/iui
i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoeai «i?ae?aniie iieiaeiu» aeai?yineiai nineiaey.
Ienueii auei naiaai ?iaea ca?eaeii «aeaineie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe»,
io?aaeaieai aa ee/iinoiiai yiioeeiiaeueiiai ia/aea. *anoiay ia?aienea
iicaieyao noaeeoue i i?aaenoaaeaieyo e oeaiiinoyo, ineoieiaee e
ie?iiuouaiee, iiaaaeaiee e ia?aca aeecie, e?oaa iauaiey e eioa?anao
aeaiueiu-aeai?yiee, ?aeiino?oe?iaaoue iniiaiua yoaiu aa aeeciaiiiai
iooe, auyaeyoue aaiaea?iua iniaaiiinoe aa iaioaeeoaoa.( Aaeiaa)
«Iaoa?eaeueiuie iaiyoieeaie» yoie eoeueoo?u auee ee/iua a?oeau,
ia?aciauaaaoeany eae o noiee/iuo, oae e o i?iaeioeeaeueiuo aeai?yiie,
?aaoey?ii ienaaoeo e iieo/aaoeo ienueia, aeeo?aoii o?aieaoeo anth
ei??aniiiaeaioeeth, aeeth/ay /a?iiaeee nianoaaiiuo ienai. Ee/iua a?oeau
aeai?yineeo aeaiuei — yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaa e eioaineaiiai ienueiaiiiai
iauaiey, e iio?aaiinoe a naiiau?aaeaiee, e niiniaiinoe e eoeueoo?iie
?aoeaenee. Iiaeoiae e eco/aieth aeaineeo ienai ia n oi/ee c?aiey
ecaea/aiey niaea?aeaueony a ieo eiie?aoiuo enoi?e/aneeo oaeoia, a eae e
ia?acoeai niaoeeoe/aneie aeaineie eoeueoo?u, naiaia?aciui neiaieai
«aeainoaaiiinoe» i?aaenoaaeyao ianiiiaiioth oeaiiinoue aeey nia?aiaiiuo
eoeueoo?ieiae/aneeo, oaieiieiae/aneeo e aaiaea?iuo
enneaaeiaaiee.(Aaeiaa. Eioiai)
A XVIII a., eae ioia/aao ana oa aea A.A.Aaeiaa, iaeiei ec i?iyaeaiee
i?ioeanna eoeueoo?iie ia?ai?eaioaoeee aeai?yinoaa, naycaiiiai n
?ac?ooaieai a aeai?yineie n?aaea yeaiaioia o?aaeeoeeiiiie eoeueoo?u e
auoa e ia?auaiey e caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneei ia?acoeai, yaeyeinue oaaee/aiea
iiaeeueiinoe a nioeeieoeueoo?iii i?ino?ainoaa, /oi, a naith i/a?aaeue,
niinianoaiaaei aeooaeecaoeee eiiioieeaoeaiuo naycae e iiyaeaieth
iio?aaiinoe a ?aaoey?iii ienueiaiiii iauaiee. Aei yoiai o?aaeeoeeiiii
i?eaycaiiua e ii?aaeaeaiiiio
ianoiaeeoaeuenoao e ae?oa e ae?oao aeai?yia i?iaiaeeee iacia/eoaeueiia
eiee/anoai a?aiaie a ?acuacaeao e iooaoanoaeyo e ia eiaee aeinoaoi/iuo
iiaiaeia aeey aaaeaiey iinoiyiiie ia?aienee. Ia neo/aeii auoiaia ienueii
auei i?aainoaaiii naycaii n ienueiii iooaoanoaaiieea.
I/aaeaeii, o iooaoanoaaiieea XVIII a. ciaeiinoai n iiaie, iai?eau/iie
aeey iaai aeaenoaeoaeueiinoueth aucuaaei ino?oth iio?aaiinoue
iiaeaeeoueny eioi?iaoeeae i iae n aeeceeie ethaeueie, a oii /enea n
iaoa?ueth, nano?ie, aeaiie. A naith i/a?aaeue yoi iiaoaeaeaei aeaiuei e
ioaaoiiio o/anoeth a ia?aienea. E oiio aea naie aeai?yiee a XVIII a.
ia/aee iooaoanoaiaaoue, i?e/ai ia oieueei ii naiae no?aia, ii e ca
a?aieoeae. Yoi oaeaea noaiiaeeinue iiaiaeii aeey iaienaiey ienai ?iaeiui
e ciaeiiui.(Aaeiaa, Iooea?aaa)
O/anoea aeaiuei a ia?aienea i?aaeiieaaaei iaee/ea o ieo yeaiaioa?iie
a?aiioiinoe, oi anoue iaaueia /oaiey e ienueia. Ii aeaaea a eiioea XVIII
a. ano?a/aeenue aeaiueiu-aeai?yiee, iniaaiii a i?iaeioeee, ia oiaaoea
ienaoue. Eiiaaea aiaea/aiea a i?ioeann ienueiaiiie eiiioieeaoeee
i?aaeoanoaiaaei i?eia?aoaieth aeai?yieie iaaueia ienueia e aaaeaiey
ia?aienee, eae a neo/aa, eiaaea, ia?aiia/aeueii iauaynue n nuiii,
i?aauaaaoei ca a?aieoeae, /a?ac iin?aaeieea, ienaaoaai ienueia io aa
eiaie, iia anei?a naia a?aeanue ca ia?i, auo/eaoenue a?aiioa. Iicaeiaa a
na?aaeeia XIX a. o/anoea a ia?aienea ia?aaia n ae?oaeie /eaiaie naiuee
noaiiaeeinue iaeiei ec iiaoaeeoaeueiuo iioeaia iao/aiey a?aiioa
aeai?yineeo aeaoae, a oii /enea aeaai/ae. A oeaeii a ?acoeueoaoa
?ani?ino?aiaiey a eiioea XVIII — ia?aie iieiaeia XIX a. nenoaiu
aeaineiai ia?aciaaiey, i?aaenoaaeaiiie o?aiy aai aeaeaie — einoeoooneei,
iaineiineei e aeiiaoiei — naaoneay a?aiioiinoue ia?anoaaaea auoue
?aaeeinoueth, a e?oa «a?aiioiuo» aeaiuei, niiniaiuo e aaaeaieth
ia?aienee, — ia?aie/aiiui.
Aicieeioa eae ?acoeueoao a?aiaiiiai i?aauaaiey iooaoanoaaiieea eee
iooaoanoaaiieoeu a oneiaii eiieoeueoo?iii i?ino?ainoaa, /anoiay
ia?aienea ?ani?ino?aiyeanue ia «ciaeiiia», «inaiaiiia» i?ino?ainoai
aeai?yineie iianaaeiaaiinoe. Iaienaiea ee/iuo ienai ?iaeiui e ciaeiiui
noaiiaeeinue aeeciaiiie iio?aaiinoueth aeaiueiu-aeai?yiee e iaiouaieaiie
/anoueth aa eoeueoo?iiai iiuoa. Eiaiii aeai?yiea, iinayuaaoae naay
ono?iaieth aeiiaoiaai auoa e niceaeaieth aoiinoa?u aioo?enaiaeiiai
niaeaney, i?eiaaeeaaeaea aaaeiay ?ieue a i?aaiecaoeee ia?aienee iaaeaeo
ioaeaeueiuie /eaiaie aeai?yineie naiuee. Aoaeo/e aeoeaiie
iineoaeueieoeae aeai?yineiai yoina, aeaiueia yaeyeanue nicaeaoaeueieoeae
iniaie eoeueoo?u ienueia, ioee/aaoaainy ii ooieoeeiiaeueiiio iacia/aieth
e niaea?aeaieth io ienueia ioaeneiai.
Ii naiae nioeeieoeueoo?iie i?e?iaea iauaeaiiia aeai?yineia niciaiea auei
i?eaioe?iaaii ia ioaao eieaeueiiai eiiioieeaoeaiiai i?ino?ainoaa. A
iianaaeiaaiie aeecie aeai?yiea, iniaaiii i?iaeioeeaeueiay, a?auaeanue a
n?aaieoaeueii oceii e?oao ?iaeiuo, ninaaeae e ciaeiiuo, /oi iicaieyao
aiai?eoue i iacia/eoaeueiii oaeaeaiee ae?oa io ae?oaa o/anoieeia
eiiioieeaoeee. I?e ?anoe?aiee eiiioieeaoeaiiai i?ino?ainoaa (neaaeai, a
neeo a?aiaiiiai iouacaea iaeiiai ec /eaiia aeai?yineie naiuee ec aeiia
ii oie eee eiie iaaeiaiinoe) aeaiueia eiooeoeaii no?aieeanue e
iuneaiiiio aai nie?auaieth iin?aaenoaii i?eaeaiey ia?aienea cia/aiey
onoiiai iauaiey.
Aeai?yiea aini?eieiaea ienueii eae naiaai ?iaea ?aciiaeaeiinoue
?acaiai?a, /oi au?aaeaeinue i?e iiaea/a eioi?iaoeee a oiio?aaeaiee ath
neia «aanaaeiaaoue», «?anneacuaaoue», «aiai?eoue», «aieoaoue».
I/aaeaeii, aeaineay yienoiey?iay eoeueoo?a iaoiaeeeanue iiae neeueiui
aeeyieai o?aaeeoeee onoiiai iauaiey. I?e iaienaiee ienai aeai?yineea
aeaiueiu iieueciaaeenue iau/iui ?acaiai?iui ycueii, a niioaaonoaee n
o?aaiaaieyie eioi?iai ioi?ieyee naie iunee. Ia neo/aeii aeaineia
ienueii, ninoiyaoaa ec iaiecaiiuo iaeia ia ae?oaoth ?aciiia?aciuo
iiae?iaiinoae, iaiiieiaei onoiia niiauaiea, naeaeaiiia a e?oao naiuee
eee ciaeiiuo. A ienueia aeai?yiea eae au aini?iecaiaeeea oi, /oi iia
iiaea au neacaoue i?aaeiieaaaaiui niaanaaeieeai i?e ano?a/a. Aeaaiaea?y
yoie oneiaiie aiciiaeiinoe «onoii» iiiauaoueny ni naieie
ei??aniiiaeaioaie ia?aienea i?eia?aoaea aeey aeai?yineie aeaiueiu iniaue
oeaiiinoiue niune.
A ienueiao ioae/ei iu ia ano?a/aai iiaeiaiiai ioiaeaeanoaeaiey ienueia e
?acaiai?a. Aeai?yiei iau/ii «iienuaae» i?ienoiaeeaoaa, a ia
«?anneacuaae» i iai. Ioae/eia oaeaaaeinue iniciaoue a?aiue,
?acaeaeyaooth onoiia e ienueiaiiia iauaiea, oiaaea eae aeaiueia i?yii
ia?aiineea ii?iu iaeiiai niiniaa inouanoaeaiey eiiioieeaoeee ia ae?oaie.
A neeo iiauoaiiie yiioeeiiaeueiinoe aeai?yiea i?e iaienaiee ienai eae au
«ia?aaeeaaea» niauoey, i eioi?uo eioi?ie?iaaea naieo ei??aniiiaeaioia,
a ioee/ea io aeai?yieia, caieiaaoaai ineoieiae/anee iono?aiaiioth
iiceoeeth ii ioiioaieth e niiauaaiui naaaeaieyi.
A eiioea XVIII — ia?aie iieiaeia XIX aaea auoiaie oeeaae aeecie
i?iaeioeeaeueiie aeai?yineie naiuee i?aaeoniao?eaae ecaanoioth
?aaoey?iinoue iianaaeiaaiiai iauaiey, a eioi?ii aai iau/iua o/anoieee
eniuouaaee ino?oth ineoieiae/aneoth iio?aaiinoue. I?e yoii ienueii
aeieaeii auei eiiiaine?iaaoue aeaiueia ia?ooaaoothny ia iaeioi?ia a?aiy
iai?a?uaiinoue aeeaiai iauaiey n ?iaenoaaiieeaie e ciaeiiuie e
niinianoaiaaoue aeinoeaeaieth naiaia?aciiai «yooaeoa i?enoonoaey», eae
i?e ee/iie ano?a/a («…iu eae aoaeoi n aaie auee ana yoi a?aiy»).
Aaaeiui no?oeoo?iui yeaiaioii aeaineie yienoiey?iie eoeueoo?u auei oae
iacuaaaiia «iaeeaeaiea ii/oiaiai aeiy», a niioaaonoaee n ?aaeaiaioii
eioi?iai iianaaeiaaiay aeeciue aeai?yiee auea oeeeee/anee oii?yaei/aia.
Aeey i?iaeioeeaeueiie aeeoaeueieoeu ia?aienea yaeyeanue naycothuei
caaiii n «aiaoiei ie?ii» e iniiaiui enoi/ieeii iieo/aiey naaaeaiee i
iai, /oi auei iaoneiaeaii caieiooui a oeaeii ia?acii aeecie, eiaaea
ethaia iiaia aia/aoeaiea eiaei iniaia cia/aiea e yiioeeiiaeueii
ie?aoeaaeinue. Aa?ieiy iooeeineiai «?iiaia a ienueiao» ia?auaeanue e
iiae?oaa ni neiaaie: «Ieoe ei iia eae iiaeii /aua e eae iiaeii aieaa —
ou ia iiaeaoue aiia?aceoue, /oi cia/eo iaeeaeaiea ii/oiaiai aeiy a
aea?aaia». Ia?aienea aeey i?iaeioeeaeie icia/aea «i?i?ua» ca i?aaeaeu
nianoaaiiie iauaeaiiinoe, aeaaea anee ?a/ue oea i iuneaiiii ia?aiauaiee
i?e /oaiee i/a?aaeiiai iieo/aiiiai ienueia a ninaaeiee oacae eee eiaiea.
I?e yoii nai oaeo iieo/aiey ioaaoiiai ienueia eiae aeey aeaiueiu
aieueoaa cia/aiea, iaaeaee eiie?aoiay eioi?iaoeey, a iai eceaaaaoayny.
Niaea?aeaoaeueiay oeaiiinoue eiiioieeaoeee i «iianaaeiaaiii»
ii?aaeaeyeanue, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ?aaoey?iinoueth aa inouanoaeaiey.
N?aaee ienai, auoiaeeaoeo ec-iiae ia?a aeai?yiee, auee oaeea, noaiaiue
eioi?iaoeaiinoe eioi?uo, n nia?aiaiiie oi/ee c?aiey, eaaeaony
ieieiaeueiie eee ?aaiie «ioeth». Ae aaaeii auei anaai eeoue
oaeinoiaa?eoueny a oii, /oi ?iaeiua e ciaeiiua i?aauaatho ai cae?aaee e
aeaaiiieo/ee, e iieo/eoue io ieo oi?iaeueiia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea yoiai a
aeaea ienueia eee nianoaaiii?o/iie i?eienee e ienueio («…Iaoaiueee
?iiaiiae/ ?oee ia auei a iineaaeiai oaiai ienueia, ana na?aeoea iia
niooeei…»).
AEaineay yienoiey?iay eoeueoo?a, ia?yaeo n eoeueoo?ie onoiiai iauaiey,
?aaeeciauaaea «nioeeaeueiinoue» aeai?yiee. I?e yoii e i?e/anoiinoue aa e
nioeeoio, e aa ?ieue a o?aineyoeee nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa, aeeth/aaoaai a
naay, ainieoaiea aeaoae, aini?iecaiaenoai eoeueoo?ii-auoiauo o?aaeeoeee,
i?iyaeyeenue, aeaaiui ia?acii, a i?ioeanna eiiioieeaoeaiiai iaiaia,
eioi?ue iia inouanoaeyoueny iaaeaeo iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie aai o/anoieeaie
eae a onoiie, oae e a ienueiaiiie oi?ia.
AEaineie yienoiey?iie eoeueoo?a auei naienoaaiii naiaia?aciia
aeaoycu/ea. Ia ?oaaaea XVIII-XIX aa. aeaineay ia?aienea aaeanue, a
iniiaiii, ia o?aioeocneii ycuea. Iniaaiii yoi eanaeinue aeai?yiie,
iieo/eaoeo aeiiaoiaa ia?aciaaiea e neaai aeaaeaaoeo ?onneei, a ioee/ea
io einoeoooie, ia?aciaaoaeueiay i?ia?aiia eioi?uo aeeth/aea a naay
iaycaoaeueiia eco/aiea ?iaeiiai ycuea. Iooeeineay Oaoueyia «ii-?onnee
ieioi ciaea» e «ienaea ii-o?aioeocnee», iineieueeo «ai?aeue iao ycue e
ii/oiaie i?ica ia i?eaue». Ia/eiay aea n 20-o aa. XIX a. ycueiaua
i?ei?eoaou aeaineiai ienueia noaee neeiiyoueny a noi?iio ?onneiai,
aoiaeeaoaai oaia?ue a e?oa iaycaoaeueiiai e aieaa ianoiyoaeueiiai, /ai
?aiueoa, aeiiaoiaai eco/aiey, i?e/ai, ia aac aeeyiey eeoa?aoo?iuo
i?iecaaaeaiee A.N. Iooeeia. Naiaeiay ia?aienea a i?iaeioeeaeueiie
aeai?yineie n?aaea n yoiai a?aiaie auea i?aeiouanoaaiii ?onneiycu/iie
eee «niaoaiiie», aeeth/aaoae eiiycu/iua, aeaaiui ia?acii, o?aioeocneea
«ae?aieaiey».
AEaineay yienoiey?iay eoeueoo?a — yoi eoeueoo?a auoiaiai iauaiey,
noi?ie?iaaiiay ie?ii aeai?yineie iianaaeiaaiinoe e ia?auaiiay e iaio.
Aaciaua aeeciaiiua neooaoeee e ioiioaiey noaiiaeeenue i?aaeiaoii
yienoiey?iie ?aoeaenee aeaiuei. Iianaaeiaaiinoue aeai?yineie onaaeueau,
?iaenoaaiiue e?oa e aai aeeyiea ia /anoioth aeeciue aeai?yiee, aa
oece/aneia e aeooaaiia naii/oanoaea, ?aaeinoe e ai?anoe, aoaeie e
i?acaeieee — ana iiaeeaaeaei iiae?iaiaeoaio iienaieth e iniuneaieth.
Iianaaeiaaiinoue iuneeeanue aeai?yineie aeaiueiie eae noa?a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo aeeciaiiuo eioa?ania e oeaiiinoae, eae iniiaa e
«oeaio?» aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe. Nioeeaeueiue e eoeueoo?iue iioaioeeae
aeaiuei, i?e oii, /oi aeiione eo e «aunieie eoeueoo?a» a eiioea XVIII —
ia?aie iieiaeia XIX a. aue ana aua neeueii ia?aie/ai, iaeaieaa iieii e
«oai?/anee» ?aaeeciauaaeny eiaiii a noa?a iianaaeiaaiinoe.
I?e yoii aeaineay ia?aienea niaea?aeeo i?iecaiaeeiua ni ciaieai aeaea
?annoaeaeaiey e i «aunieie eoeueoo?a», a /anoiinoe, i iocuea, e i
ianouiuo iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo i?iaeaiao, oaeeo eae i?aanoaaiiia
ninoiyiea ?onneiai ia?iaea, iauanoaaiiia neoaeaiea aeai?yinoaa,
eniieiaiea ei aeieaeiinoae a ianoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo. Naienoaaiiay
aeai?yiea yeiiiie/aneay aeoeaiinoue e inaaaeiieaiiinoue a ?yaea
nioeeaeueiuo aii?inia iicaieyee ae aeiaieueii oaa?aiii au?aaeaoue naia
ioiioaiea e iaeioi?ui ?aaeeyi ?inneeneie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Iaoiaeynue
a noi?iia io ioeoeeaeueiiai ianoaeaeaiey e i?eiyoey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
?aoaiee, aeaiueiu, oai ia iaiaa, iiaeieiay a naieo ienueiao aeooaeueiua
aii?inu nia?aiaiiinoe, iiaenioaeii aeeyee ia neeaaeuaaiea iauanoaaiiiai
iiaiey e ?aaeueioth iieeoeeo.
2.4 Caeiiiia?iinoe auai?a e eniieueciaaiey ycuea a ienueiao
aeaiuei-aeai?yiie ia?aie iieiaeiu 19 aaea.
Eae ecaanoii, aeiaieueii aeieaia a?aiy o?aioeocneee ycue nio?aiye naie
ooieoeee ycuea aaeeeinaaoneeo naeiiia e aiiaua aaeeeinaaoneiai iauaiey,
a neaaeiaaoaeueii, ienueia, naycaiiua n iau/ayie e o?aaeeoeeyie «aunoaai
naaoa», ienaeenue ia o?aioeocneii. Oae, aieueoeinoai aeaineeo ienai
ia?aie iieiaeiu 19 aaea iaienaiu ia o?aioeocneii ycuea, iineieueeo
aeaineia iiaaaeaiea (a oii /enea e ?a/aaia) auei no?iai ii?ie?iaaii, a
yoeeaoiui ycueii yaeyeny eae ?ac o?aioeocneee. A iniiaiii ii-o?aioeocnee
ienaeenue iineaiey e ?iaenoaaiieeai, e naaoneei ciaeiiui,
i?eaeaneoaeueiua e aeaaiaea?noaaiiua ienueia.
Aanueia aaaeai e oio oaeo, /oi ana aeai?yiee yoiai a?aiaie auee
ciaeiiu n o?aioeocneeie yienoiey?iuie ?iiaiaie e i?eaioe?iaaeenue ia ieo
eae ia ia?acaoe yienoiey?iiai iiaaaeaiey. Yoi yaeyaony aua iaeiie
i?e/eiie, ii eioi?ie aeaiueiu aaee ia?aieneo ii-o?aioeocnee.
Iaeiaei ec yoiai i?aaeea auee eneeth/aiey. E iei ioiinyony
yienoiey?iua ia?auaiey A.I.Nie?iiaie-?innao e A.I.Ea?i, a eioi?uo
eniieuecoaony i?aeiouanoaaiii ?onneee ycue. Yoio oaeo iiaeao auoue
iauyniai oai, /oi, ia/eiay n 1830-o aiaeia, ?onneee ycue, ai iiiaii iiae
aeeyieai oai?/anoaa A.N.Iooeeia, iinoaiaiii caaiaauaaao aaoi?eoao,
noaiiaynue ana aieaa i?eaiaeiui aeey au?aaeaiey iaeue/aeoeo iooaieia
/oanoa e iuneae, a o?aioeocneee ioiaeaeaaaony ia aoi?ie ieai. A yoi
a?aiy a aeaineii oiio?aaeaiee ycueia ia/eiaao i?ienoiaeeoue
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey ooieoeee ?onneiai e o?aioeocneiai ycueia: o?aioeocneee
ii-i?aaeiaio i?iaeieaeaao neoaeeoue ycueii naaoneiai e eoeueoo?iiai
iauaiey, ?onneee aea iinoaiaiii e o aeaiuei – eae ?aiueoa o ioae/ei –
noaiiaeony ycueii ae?oaeaneiai, eioeiiiai iauaiey, oi anoue iinoaiaiii
ia/eiaao ianeoaeeaaoue a?aae iaioeoeeaeueiiai, iai?eioaeaeaiiiai iauaiey
e aeey aeai?yiie, /oi iiaeoaa?aeaeatho aeeth/aiiua a aiaeec ienueia
A.I.Ea?i 1850-o aiaeia.
Iaeiaei e ai o?aioeocneeo ienueiao aeaiuei-aeai?yiie /anou
?onneiycu/iua eioa?eaeyoeee. E iei ioiinyony:
1) iaeiaiiaaiey ai?iaeia, nae; aae?ana ( 10 aaeeieoe):
O ian oaia?ue eaaeaeoth iaaeaeth aaeu ia aiaeao a I i a i e ae a ? a
a i a . Yoi i/aiue e?aneai.( A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii
?18); Aio iie aae?an: o Oe a i i a a i i i n o a , i ? i o e a I a i o
a e a e i a i a a ae i i a I e e a ue a . ( I.I.Iooeeia-Ae.I
Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?3). .
2) eiaia ethaeae (a oii /enea i?eneoae), eee/ee aeeaioiuo (33
aaeeieoeu):
A –ae a E e i o i i a e * a ? i u o a a aaeoo ia ioioo, e eo
aa?aeoi? i?eaoae i?aaeeiaeeoue iai i?eiyoue a iae o/anoea.(
A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?5); Eaoy iaiiieiaao oaaa i E th a
o o e a , eioi?oth i?ineo ae i?eneaoue. (A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao,
ienueii ?30). Ou iia ieoaoue, aei?iaie ae?oa, /oi eiaaea y acaeo ia E a
n o i / e a , y oia?yth aa aaeii. (A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii
?5).
3) neiaa, io?aaeathuea niaoeeoeeo ?onneiai auoa ( 20 aaeeieoe):
Iicae?aaeyth aan anao o?ieo aei?iaeo a?aoueaa n i?acaeieeii Ianoe,
anai o?iei aiai?th O ? e n o i n a i n e ? a n a e aeaeath n/anouey e
aeaaiiieo/ey…..Aio ianooieee i?acaeieee, a o ian ie a?ioa a ea?iaia, i
a / a i ? a c a i a a o ue n y .( A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii
?28); E a e a u n a a y i a n a e a c e o ue , ii oaia?ue, eiaaea
ian ciatho, ian i?eaeaoatho oaioeaaaoue; yoi oaeanii, ie ieioou
ioaeuoa.( A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?25); ss aaao, a?inath
iith iaioeeueeo ( eia/a aiai?y e a oe a a a e e o ) ia e?anei.
(A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?20).
4) yeni?anneaiua neiaa e au?aaeaiey (21 aaeeieoea):
E o i o i i a i o N a ? a a th A a a ? e e i a e / o i i e i i e
e i i , a A a a o n o o , ae o ? a e o , i i o e i i o , i a n i i n i
i i o …i a i a n o i i i oe a e o y i o e o n e i i n .
(I.I.Iooeeia-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?4): Neaaee Oaoa, /oi ae iu ia
ieoai, iioiio /oi o ian iao ie/aai iiaiai. A n a i i –n o a ? i i o , o
a e ae a o i o i i e n e o / i i .(AI.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao,
ienueii ? 2); Iiaeaeoenoa, aei?iaie Aeieo?ee, ia caaoaeue i ian, i ae i
a i a ae a ae ae a i a a a n ! (A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii
?11)
5) /oaeay ?a/ue e oeeoaou ec eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaiee (7 aaeeieoe):
Iaaei oaaa neacaoue ianeieueei neia i Oaoooea…Aio aa nianoaaiiua
neiaa:»E a e, ae a a i a e ue / e e a ae e a o o / a o u ? a ae i y
a a i ? i ae a , i a i i a o o i a i e i o o e o c a a a ae a o ue
e o a o e e «. (A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?44);
Naioth iaoe?ioth a?oiio ninoaaeytho ae?aieaiey ie/ai ia iainiiaaiiua.
Oaeie noeeue ienueia, ii iiaieth E.Iaia?ii, e ioee/aao aeaineoth
ei??aniiiaeaioeeth io ioaeneie:»aeey ioaeneiai ycuea o?aioeocneee e
?onneee auee aeaoiy eiaeaie aeia?iie nenoaiu, aeey aeaineiai, aa?iyoii,
-?aciuie yeaiaioaie iaeiiai ycuea».(Iaia?ii)
Iaeioi?ua eioa?eaeyoeee ec aeaiiie a?oiiu iai i?aaenoaaeyaony
aiciiaeiui auaeaeeoue aeaaiaea?y ?aaioa E.E.Aieueia?o «Iooeei a ?iee
Iooeeia». Caeanue ioia/aaony, /oi «o?aioeocneay neiaaniinoue, iniaaiii
?iiai e eiiaaeey, eiaee aeey eeoa?aoo?iiai auoa iooeeineie ii?u iniaia
cia/aiea, aucuaaee i?aeiouanoaaiiue eioa?an; auo ii-naiaio onaaeaaeyoo
o?aaeeoeeth, aeeciue /anoi no?ieeanue ii iiaeaeyi eeoa?aoo?iiai
i?iecaaaeaiey». (Aieueia?o)
I?aaenoaaeaiea i ae?oaeaneie ia?aienea eae ia iniaiai ?iaea
yienoiey?iii ?iiaia neiaeeeenue a ?nnee aua a 18 aaea, iaeaieueoaa aea
aicaeaenoaea ia yienoiey?iia iiaaaeaiea ethaeae iooeeineie ii?u ieacae
?iiai «Iianiua nayce» Oiaea?ei aea Eaeei, iiyaeaoeeny a ?innee a 1804
aiaeo iiae iacaaieai «A?aaeiua ciaeiinoaa, eee Ienueia, nia?aiiua iaeiei
iauanoaii aeey i?aaeinoa?aaeaiey ae?oaeo» aac oeacaiey eiai aaoi?a e
ia?aaiae/eea.?iiai i?iiecuaatho yeaiaiou ea?u, i?eoai?noaa, ianee?iaee,
/oi ia iiaei ia neacaoueny ia ia?aienea aeai?yi yoie ii?u.
Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iicaieyao iai naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi
o?aioeocneee ycue aini?eieiaeny eae ycue ea?u, eieaonoaa, a ae?aieaiea a
oaeie oaeno ?onneeo o?ac iiae/a?eeaaao eo na?ueaciinoue, auaiaeeo ec
ea?u.
I?eia?ii yoiio iiaoo neoaeeoue iaeioi?ua eioa?eaeyoeee a ienueiao
I.I.Iooeeiie e A.I. e A.I.Aii/a?iauo (15 aaeeieoe):
Iaoe aa?ueoiaua ieaouey a i/aiue ieioii ninoiyiee; anee au ou aue oae
ethaacai eoieoue iai oiieiai noeia, yoi auei au i/aiue ieei n oaiae
noi?iiu. Ou oieueei aeae aeaiaa Aaaeiouea…i i a a u n o e e a e o
i a i a I i n e a a i i i i ae a . Iiaeaeoenoa ia ioeaaee, o ae ue
i a o e th a e e o a e e c i u o u , / o i i a n e e o ae a ? ae o
o n y .( A.I.Aii/a?iaa- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?6); *oi iaoa eieynea?
Ou aa iai iaauae e ianeaieoea, a o i i a i i a a / a i ? a c u a c
ae a o ue . Iu ana o?e o oaieo iia, o i i e y a i a a n i a i a ae e
e o ue .( A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?11).
E?iia oiai a aeaineeo ienueiao aeiaieueii /anoi ano?a/aaony niaoaiea
ycueia, o?oaeii iauynieiia n eiae/aneie, i?aeoe/aneie eee
ineoieiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey, /oi ia iicaieyao aeeth/eoue eo ie a iaeio
ec ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa a?oii. E oaeei iaiioeae?iaaiiui ae?aieaieyi
?onneeo neia ai o?aioeocneee oaeno ioiinyony iai?eia? neaaeothuea (anaai
35 aaeeieoe): A a i e / e a c ae a n ue e a e a a ? e i , iaoiaeeo
ioa?aoeoaeueiui, /oi Na?aaea iai ia ieoao, a nai…oaeinoiee ian oieueei
iaeiei ienueiii. (A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?2); Oaoa
aaeeinoaaiiay, eiio y i?iuath, /oi ia ieoao, a aeaeo aa iieiaeaiey, a o
i a u e c a i a a i ? e i y e a n ue .(
A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?3); Iu aeaeaai iiiaeinoai
aeceoia, /oi ian ia i/aiue-oi caaaaeyao, a ia ian n i i o ? y o e a e
i a a a e u o i a ae a a ae a e –/oi yoi ca nano?u iaaeai Iooeeiie.
(A.I.Aii/a?iaa-Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?7).
Oaeia iaiioeae?iaaiiia niaoaiea ycueia a i?aaeaeao iaeiiai oaenoa
iiaeao auoue aucaaii oai, /oi aeai?yieai ia auei i?eioeeieaeueii, eaeia
ycueiaia au?aaeaiea iieo/eo oi eee eiia niauoea, iineieueeo yoe niauoey
io?aaeaee auo, iianaaeiaaiinoue aeai?yineie onaaeueau, ?iaenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey e oiio iiaeiaiia. E?iia oiai, ia?a/eneaiiua auoa i?eia?u acyou
ec ienai nanoa? Aii/a?iauo ( e Iooeeiie) eo a?aoo Aeieo?eth
Ieeieaaae/o,a ?iaenoaaiiay ia?aienea iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeanue ana iaiaa
ii?ie?iaaiiie.
Ia i?eia?a ienai nanoa? Aii/a?iauo Aeieo?eth Ieeieaaae/o iiaeii
auyaeoue aiciiaeioth i?e/eio i?aaeii/oaiey o?aioeocneiai ycuea ?onneiio-
a oi a?aiy ii?iu ?onneie i?oia?aoee aua ia onoiyeenue e o?aioeocneea
o?acu ia yoii oiia cao/aee ecyuiaa.
A ienueiao I.I.Iooeeiie e Aii/a?iauo, oi?ioi aeaaeaaoeo ?onneei
ycueii, ano?a/athony neaaeothuea oi?iu neia, iieacuaathuea
iaonoie/eainoue ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea oiai a?aiaie ( anaai20
aaeeieoe):
Ae a i i ae a e o e n o a / o i a e a i ae i a u e i i a i i i ae
i i e e e ? a n e a i e ? a ae e A i a a i i n o a ? a e n y.
(I.I.Iooeeia- Ae.I.Aii/a?iao, ienueii ?1); Ia aeaee eioaaeae Nianneiai,
/oiau ioi?aaeoue E th a o o e o , a oaeaea anth n a ? o th i a o ? e
ae a i n e e o e i o a ae a e . (I.I.Iooeeia- Ae.I.aii/a?iao, ienueii
?11);e?iia oiai a ?aciuo ienueiao ano?a/athony ia?aeeaeueiua oi?iu: /oi
iiaaai- /oi iiaaiueeiai; iaeuecy- ia euecy; a?ao ii?yaei/iie- a?aoaoe
ethaaciue; E?aneaie- neaa?iue e o.ae.
N?aaee enneaaeoaiuo iaie aeaineeo ienai iu ia ano?aoeee oaeeo, eaeea
au oeaeeeii e iieiinoueth iiaeii auei au ioianoe e ioeoeeaeueiui,
iineieueeo aeaiueiu eo i?aeoe/anee ia ienaee. Neoaeaaiua ienueia e
ainoaea?th e aunoei n/aiiaieeai i?aaeienaii auei ienaoue ii-?onnee, oae
eae ycueii ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau yaeyeny ?onneee ( a iaeii
annioeee?iaaiea aeaiuei ni o?aioeocneei ycueii eneeth/aei aiciiaeiinoue
aeaiiie eiiioieeaoeee).
O?aioeocneee a ienueia e ainoaea?th iicaieye iacuaaoue oea?y Sire (
oae ia?auaaony e Aeaenaiae?o Ia?aiio ai anao naieo ienueiao a?aoeiy
Yaeeeia) e aiai?eoue n iei n aeinoieinoaii i?inaauaiiiai aa?iiaeoea. A
oi aea a?aiy o?aioeocneee a ienueia e ainoaea?thaunooiae eae ciae
iaioeoeeaeueiinoe ia?auaiey, ia?auaiey e oea?th eae e /anoiiio eeoeo.
(Iaia?ii) Oae, a?aoeiy Yaeeeia ana ienueia eiia?aoi?o Aeaenaiae?o
Ia?aiio ienaea ia O?aioeocneii ycuea, ioiaoea a iaeiii ec ieo: «Au
ciaaoa, Ainoaea?ue, /oi ia eneeth/eoaeueii e Iniaa Ainoaea?y
Eiia?aoi?aia?auathnue y , eiaaea ieoo Aai»( a?aoeiy Yaeeeia- eiia?aoi?o
Aeaenaiae?o Ia?aiio, ai?aeue 1819).
I aeeceeo, iaioeoeeaeueiuo ioiioaieyo eiia?aoi?a e a?aoeie
naeaeaoaeuenoaothoneaaeothuea no?i/ee ec aa ienai, eioi?ua iiaeii
?ani?aaeaeeoue ia ianeieueei eaoaai?ee:
1) niiauaiey i naiaeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao:
Aai, Aaoa Aaee/anoai, ia aacucaanoii, /oi iiacaeea iiy a Aa?iaieth
eiaea oeaeeth au?aaoue ec Iaoa?ao?aa aeoaiei oae?o/aiioth ai?ai naiueth
iith, a iaaeaaeaea iinoaaeoueaa a eo/oea oneiaey a ioiioaiee iieiy e
caei?iauey. ss iniaaiiii aeaeaea, /oiau a?ao iie ia naiaai iinoa ai
a?aiy Aoaineiai eiia?anna. Eae aeaeaea yauea io iunee, /oi yoi –oi
ianoiyoaeuenoai iineoaeeo iiaui enoi/ieeii iai?/aiee aeey iaiy e iiae
iaoa?e». (a?aoeiy Yaeeeia- Aeaenaiae?o Ia?aiio, oaa?aeue 1819).
2) au?aaeaiey ae?oaeau, i?eciaoaeueiinoe, aeaaiaea?iinoe:
I?inoeoa iia, Ainoaea?ue, i?ino?aiiinoue yoiai iineaiey. ss onooieea
iio?aaiinoe aeiaa?eoue Aai aeooaaioth o?aaiao, iiae aiaoii eioi?ie
iaoiaeonue iineaaeiea o?e ianyoea….I?iuaeoa,Ainoaea?ue, ia caauaaeoa
iaiy a Aaoeo iieeoaao. ( a?.Yaeeeia-Aeaenaiae?o Ia?aiio, oaa?aeue 1819);
Ia iiao ioeacaoue naaa a oaeiaieuenoae iiaeaaiaea?eoue Aan ca caieth,
eioi?oth Aaoa Aaee/anoai niaeaaiaieeee iiaeaeiaaoueiai a Aanna?aaee.
Auoue iiaeao, aeaai?acoiiaa au ia aaniieieoue aan au?aaeaieai iiae
aeaaiaea?iinoe, ii iia aa?ao aa?o iaae iianaieaiianeo/eoue Aai (
a?.Yaeeeia- Aeaenaiae?o Ia?aiio, 1824 ).
3)au?aaeaiey ene?aiiiaai ae?oaeaneiai niaieaciiaaiey:
Aaoa Aaee/anoai, ?aoathnue auneacaoue naia aeoaieia ni/oanoaea e
oo?aoa ( ?a/ue eaeao i nia?oe nano?u eiia?aoi?a aaeeeie eiyaeie
Aeaoa?eiu Iaaeiaiu), iiianaiiie Aaoei Aaee/anoaii ia iianaynue
i?iaoaeeoue a na?aeoea Aaoai oyainoiua ainiiieiaiey. Aiieia ?acaeaeyy
Aaoo nei?aue iiieiath, iaeiaeiaea, /oi na?aeoea Aaoa , i?iieeiooia
enoi/ieeii aeeaie aeaaiaeaoe, ia ioaeaeaaony a ooaoaieyo, /a?iay aai
nauoa». (a?.Yaeeeia- Aeaenaiae?o Ia?aiio, oaa?aeue 1819).
Eiiaeiaoeee anao yoeo eaoaai?ee ano?a/athony ai anao enneaaeiaaiiuo
iaie ienueiao a?aoeie. I?eaaaeaiiua aea auoa i?eia?u iieacuaatho
ae?oaeaneee oa?aeoa? ia?aienee, /oi aeaeaao o?aioeocneee ycue i?e
ia?auaiee e ainoaea?th oianoiui.
A yiioo Iooeeia ienueiai ia oieueei i?eaeaaaeinue aieueoia cia/aiea,
ii yienoiey?iay oi?ia auea iaeiei ec aeai?ia eeoa?aoo?u. Aua a17 aaea
auee iaienaiu ienueia i-i aea Naaeiuea, a 18 aaea iiyaeeny ?yae
yienoiey?iuo ?iiaiia- «Eea?enna Aa?eio» ?e/a?aeniia, «Iiaay Yeieca»
AE.-AE.?onni e iiiaea ae?oaea. A ?innee yienoiey?iue aeai? aue oaeaea
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai a 18 e ia/aea 19 aaeia- oaeiau «Ienueia ec
O?aioeee» Ae.E.Oiiaeceia, «Ienueia ?onneiai iooaoanoaaiieea»
I.I.Ea?aiceia, «Ienueia ?onneiai ioeoea?a» N.I.Aeeiee. O naiiai Iooeeia
iu iaoiaeei iiiuoee nicaeaiey yienoiey?iiai ?iiaia –«?iiai a ienueiao»,
«Ia?uey Oiieia».
Aieaa oiai, ia?aienea aeaenoaeoaeueii /anoiay, i?aneaaeothuay iau/ioth
oeaeue iiaeaea?aeaiey nayce iaaeaeo ?iaeiuie e ciaeiiuie ,
?anniao?eaaeanue ienaoaeyie iooeeineiai a?aiaie eae oaeo eeoa?aoo?u e
any/anee eoeueoeae?iaaeanue. Yoi auei naycaii n iooiaeii io «aunieeo»
aeai?ia eeanneoeecia e au?aaeaei oaiaeaioeeth e ecia?aaeaieth /anoiuo,
eioeiiuo , «aeiiaoieo» noi?ii /aeiaa/aneie aeecie. (Iooeei. Ni/eiaiey).
Iaeii ca ae?oaei Iooeei oeao A.I.Ea?i iyoue ienai, iia ioaa/aao aio e
noaiiaeony ia?oia?ii iiyoa a naiaai ?iaea eeoa?aoo?iie ea?a, aai
niaaoi?ii a nicaeaiee naiaia?aciiai «?iiaia a ienueiao».Ienueia iiyoa
ii-iooeeinee ino?oiiu, aeanoyue e anaaaea oooeeau. «…Anee au
i?eaaeaoa, y iaauath aai auoue ethaaciui aei /?acau/aeiinoe- a
iiiaaeaeueiee y aoaeo aanae, ai aoi?iee ainoi?aeai, a n?aaeo iaaeai, a
/aoaa?a ea?ea, a iyoieoeo, noaaioo e aine?anaiuea aoaeo /ai aai oaiaeii,
e anth iaaeaeth- o aaoeo iia…» ( oeeo. Ii Ea?i). Iooeei aeinoeaaao
enoeiiiai eiiecia, aeiiieiyy ienueia, ia?auaiiua iaiin?aaenoaaiii e
Ea?i, ienueiii, iaienaiiui i iae e o?aoueaio eeoeo- yeiau e oaoooea
I?aneiauea Aeaenaiae?iaia, a ia naiii aeaea i?aaeiacia/aiiii ana oie aea
Aiia Iao?iaia.
Iai iaecaanoiu ienueia A.I.Ea?i e Iooeeio, ii ioaeii aeoiaoue, /oi iie
auee iaienaiu a oii aai iineaieyi. Ae aeiaieueii eaaei auei aeeth/eoueny
a yienoiey?ioth ea?o, iineieueeo n i?aaeeaie iia auea oi?ioi ciaeiia,
oae eae n naiuo ?aiieo eao aa ia iieeaeaei no?anoiia oaea/aiea /oaieai.
«Eaaeaeoth naiaiaeioth ieiooo y oiio?aaeyea ia /oaiea o?aioeocneeo e
?onneeo eiea ec aeaeeioaee iiae iaoa?e,»-ienaea Aiia Iao?iaia (Ea?i,
n.7).
Aiaeece?oaiua a aeaiiie ?aaioa ienueia Ea?i oaeaea niaea?aeao
aeiaieueii iiiai iocuaia i eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaieyo: «Iia oiaea ia
i?aaeony iiaanoue Aaaaiee Oo? «Aeiea»: neeoeii ecaeoay oaia e ie/aai
iiaiai!» (Ea?i-Ia?eiaie-Aeiia?aaeneie); «ss /eoath (a i/aiue ieioii
ia?aaiaea) «Naiaenoai Eaeno?iiia», e i/aiue iia yoi i?aaeony..Aei nia?oe
ethaeth aiaeeeneea ?iiaiu e eo eiioi?o, e eo naiaeioth aeeciue, e eo
aeaeueiue oi.» (Ea?i-Aaeoieiie).
Iaeioi?ua iacaaiey aeaiu ia ycuea i?eaeiaea:
Ciaaoue ee, /oi y /eoaea yoe aeie? Consuelo, ia?a/eouaaea n
ianeaaeaeaieai…ss iaoiaeo, /oi anoue aeoaieay iuneue a Inx Rudolstadt a
iniaaiiinoe e i?ioo aan- oaay e Aeueaa?oa Aaeoieia- aianoa ia?a/eoaoue.
(A.I.Ea?i-A.A.Aaeieiie).
Eioa?an e eeoa?aoo?a ia iia ia neacaoueny ia auai?a ycuea aeey ia?aienee
Aiiie Ea?i, iineieueeo, iaiiiiei, n 1830-o aiaeia iiae aeeyieai
oai?/anoaa A.N.Iooeeia ?onneee ycue ia/eiaao caiauaoue o?aioeocneee,
noaiiaeony ycueii ae?oaeaneiai iauaiey, niiniaiui au?aaeaoue iaeue/aeoea
iooaiee /oanoa e iuneae.
Oae,a 1827 aiaeo a ia?aienea n A.A.Ieeeoaiei A.I.Ea?i eniieueciaaea
o?aioeocneee ycue n ?onneeie ae?aieaieyie, iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey i?eaeaiey
auaeaeaiiui oaeei ia?acii neiaai aaniiinoe. Iai?eia?:
Iinueath aai io?uaee aaoe ( ec ?iiaia «Eaii, eee Eaeaaeeci») e.. neaaeo
aai iiaiea ia iiuo e /oanoaa, aicaoaeaeaiiua nei /oaieai: y iaoiaeo, /oi
aao Aa?ie i a a e th a e a i !; …ii ia ethaeo, ii oieiaeai eae
eaae!-Iiaa?ueoa , /oi y ia ioeaathnue, e /oaiea, e i i u o i i n o ue
iicaieytho iia noaeeoue i nae noaouea. (A.I.Ea?i-A.A.Ieeeoaiei)
A na?aaeeia aea aaea (1850-a aiaeu) naie ienueia ieooony ia ?onneii
ycuea, iaeiaei niaea?aeao aeiaieueii iiiai o?aioeocneeo ae?aieaiee. Eae
e ?onneiycu/iua eioa?eaeyoeee, iie iiaoo auoue iioeae?iaaiiuie e
iaiioeae?iaaiiuie.
E iioeae?iaaiiui o?aioeocneei eioa?eaeyoeeyi ioiinyony i?aaeaea anaai
oeeoaou, iai?eia?:
ss nae/an i?i/eoaea iuneue Eug Sue, i/aiue ni?aaaaeeeaoth: Les enfants
ue se torment ja mais sur les sentiments et sur les caracteres de ceux
qui les entourent. Leur penetration confend; quand ils se vjyent aimes,
ils savant avec une incroyable habi lete assurer bur empire. (Yaeai Nth:
Aeaoe ieeiaaea ia ioeaathony ioiineoaeueii /oanoa e oa?aeoa?ia oao, eoi
eo ie?oaeaao. I?iieoeaoaeueinoue eo ii?aaeaao, eiaaea iie /oanoaotho
naay ethaeiuie, iie oiatho n iaaa?iyoiie eiaeinoueth onoaiiaeoue naia
ainiiaenoai. A.I.Ea?i- A.A.Aaeoieiie, 1852 aiae).
?anniio?eoa, iiaeaeoenoa, io/aai i?ienoiaeeo ionoonoaea anyeiai
inoaeaeaiey? ?acaa?eoa aani?eno?anoii, e au oaeaeeoa, /oi iii
i?ienoiaeeo aieaa eee iaiaa io yaiecia. Egoiste, c. ad. un home de benne
compagnie, eaaeaony, yoi neacae Custine. ( Yaieno, oi anoue /aeiaae
ainieoaiiue. Ethnoei. A.I.Ea?i – A.A.Aaeoieiie,1852 aiae).
Oeeoe?iaaoueny iiaoo e au?aaeaiey, i?eiaaeeaaeauea naiie Ea?i,
neacaiiua o?aoei eeoeai e i?eaiaeeiua a ienueia, iai?eia?:
Au aeaeaee ec ienai Iooeeia, /oi (I?ineiauey Aeaenaiae?iaia Ineiiaa)
na?aeeeanue ia iaiy ca au?aaeaiea: Je me prise la mere. Aua au!..(ss
i?ece?ath oaith iaoue.A.I.Ea?i – I.A.Aiiaieiao, 1859 aiae).
Aua iaeiei iioeae?iaaiiui aei?iieaieai ia o?aioeocneii ycuea yaeyaony
yaoaieci:
Ia?aue aeaiue Ianoe iu iaaaeaee o Oaoooee cai?inoi, a aoi?ie – o?aiiaue
iao i?acaeiee iia iiyoue i?ineea e ian, e Iieoi?aoeeeo. Aneaaenoaee /aai
y ia iaioeanue aac embarrass gasttrique.( ?anno?ienoai aeaeoaeea;
A.I.Ea?i – A.A.Aaeoieiie, 1852 aiae).
Eiiaaea o?aioeocneea eioa?eieyoeee aiinyo a iiaanoaiaaiea yeaiaio
aeiaa?eoaeueiinoe, iai?eia?:
A eiioea oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a aioea a iiaeo ethaiaue noi?oaeaneay e
naiaeiua aeia?iaeaoaee, a ia/aea oea?noaiaaiey Ieeieay iia aua
iiaeaea?aeeaaeanue, a oaia?ue, aiai?yo, ianea?aaeiua oaeiaieuenoaey
auoanieee ana! Lafamile Imperiale, jeunes et vieux, donnent Iextmpie non
seultment de legerete, mais de la dissolution des moeurs la plus
parfaite (Eiia?aoi?neia naiaenoai iieiaeua e noa?ua, iiaeatho i?eia? ia
oieueei eaaeiiuneey, ii e iieiaeoaai ?aca?auaiey i?aaia.( A.I. Ea?i –
A.A.Aaeoieiie, 1852 aiae).
Ii neiaai Iiia?ia, ?annoaeaeaieth i ?onneie iieeoaea o?aioeocneee ycue
aeaaae aiaoieth, /oaeoth oi/eo c?aiey niya/aeooth ethaoth aieueiinoue.
Iauynieoue eiae/anee neaaeothuaa ae?iieaiea neiaeiaa, /ai i?eaaaeaiiua
auoa, iiyoiio iu ioiinei eo e ?ac?yaeo iaiioeae?iaaiiuo. Iai?eia?:
Je suis une bete d’habitude: y oae ethaeth ia aeaeaaoueny n ianoa, iia
oae oiio eaaeaony iao oaieie eiiaaea – eiaaea iu iaeie caeanue eee
noiaith auee! (ss aeiiinaaeea…; A.I.Ea?i – A.A.Ia?eiaie – Aeiia?aaeneie,
1850 aiae).
ss caiaoeea naaiaeiy ?acieoeo a ienueiao iaoeo; ioae aiei?eo, /oi ou ia
aeiaiaa?eaaaoue naieo iuneae, a y iaoiaeo, /oi y ia?aienuaath. On said a
quoi s’tn tenir avec moi. (Eiay aeaei ni iiie ia i?eoiaeeony ie /aai
aeiiuneeaaoue. A.I.Ea?i –A.A.Ia?eiaie – Aeiia?aaeneie, 1850 aiae).
Ano?a/athony a ia?aienea A.I.Ea?i e ia?aoiaea n ycuea ia ycue
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eioi?uo i?ineaaeeoue aeiaieueii neiaeiii?eia?aie oiio
iiaoo neoaeeoue ienueia Ea?i A.A Aaeoieiie e ienueii I.A.Aiiaieiao.
Iai?eia?:
Aaneee/ ieoao oaia?ue eaeoth-oi o/aioth noaoueth i eeoa?aoo?a a?aeia e
?eieyi. Iieth Aiaa, /oia ii ?aoeeny /oi-ieaoaeue iaienaoue aeey ia/aoe.
Il n’ya que le premier pas qui conte en cela surrot Nous voyans tous le
jours a quel point les premiers essays de nes litterateurs les plus
celebrs sont faibles en comparaison de ceux qui suivent. C’est alors que
j’eusse pu me dire parafatement heurese et contente de mon sort, si
notre bien-etre pauvait m’etre assurepor, notre travaie; je dis notre ,
car j’y aurai aide de tous mes moyens tontet par tradure, tantet par
copier. Si Sacha etudie bien, je desire lui inspirer l’amour de la
literature et peut etre que mon veyxle plus se reali sera en lui!
(Aaaeii eeoue ia/aoue, iniaiiii a yoie iaeanoe. Iu aeaeei eaaeaeue
aeaiue, aei /aai ia?aay i?iaa ia?a naiuo i?ineaaeaiiuo iaoeo eeoa?aoi?ia
neaau ii n?aaiaieth n iineaaeothueie eo ni/eiaieyie. ss oiaaea eeoue
ii/oanoaiaaea au naay iieiinoueth n/anoeeaie e aeiaieueiie naiae
o/anoueth, anee au aeaaiiieo/ea iaoa iiaei au auoue iia iaania/aiiui
iaoae ?aaioie – aiai?th iaoae, eai iiiiaaea au eci anao iieo nee oi
ia?aaiaeaie, oi ia?aienuaaieai. Anee Naoa oi?ioi aoaeao o/eoueny y oi/o
aiooeoue aio ethaiaue e eeoa?aoo?a e, auoue iiaeao, iiy naiay aei?iaay
ia/oa inouanoaeony a iai! A.I.Ea?i – A.A. Aaeoieiie, 1852 aiae).
Ecneaaeiaaa aeaiiua i?eia?u, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi e «o?aioeocneea o?acu
/anoi i?ineaeeaatho a ?onneeo oaenoao (e iaiai?io) aaoiiaoe/anee,
aneaaenoaee i?eau/ee aiai?eoue e aeoiaoue ia aeaoo ycueao, e eiiaaea
iiyaeaiey eo iaiauynieii ie ii?iaie eoeueoo?u, i ycueiauie
caeiiiia?iinoyie – naycaii n eaeeie-oi noauaeoeaiuie annioeeaoeeyie. Ii
aua /aua i?e/eiu ia?aoiaea n ycuea ia ycue i?inoi ia iniciathony
aaoi?ii, aeey eioi?iai aeaoycu/inoue aaniethoii anoanoaaiia. Iicaea,
eiaaea eoeueoo?a no?oeoo?u ia/iao iaiyoueny e o?aioeocnei-?onneia
aeaoycu/ea ioieaeao ia aoi?ie ieai, iaae yoeinoaioo caaeoiuaaoueny».
Auaiaeu ii 2 aeaaa
Eae ioia/aao TH.I.Ea?aoeia, eiaeeaeae «ia ?iaeaeaaony n oaie eee eiuie
neiaeeaoeieny /a?oaie yoie/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Ii i?eia?aoaao eo a
?acoeueoaoa i?eaeeciaiiiai onaiaiey, oae iacuaaaiie nioeeaeecaoeee
ee/iinoe. I?eoii a ioee/ea io aeeaioiuo o ethaeae a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai
n?aaenoaa iaaeiieieaiiie ia?aaea/e iiuoa aunooiaao oaeie nioeeaeueiue
eino?oiaio eae ycue». [Ea?aoeia]
?onneoth aeai?yieo n naiiai aeaonoaa ie?oaeae o?aioeocneee ycue: aio
iao/aee a iaineiiao, i?e aeiiaoiai iao/aiee aeaai/eai a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue auienuaaeenue aoaa?iaioee- o?aioeoaeaiee.
Neooaoeey ia?auaiey e aeaiueia i?i/ii annioeee?iaaeanue n
o?aioeocneei ycueii. Eiaiii o?aioeocneee aue ycueii aeaineeo ienai e
ienai e aeaiueiai, iineieueeo ii aue ycueii yoeeaoiiai,
?eooaeece?iaaiiiai iauaiey, a a ia/aea 19 aaea iiaaaeaiea aeaiueiu
no?iaea ii?ie?iaaii, /ai ioaeneia. [Iaia?ii]
Ii neiaai A?inniaia, ?onneia ienueii iooeeineie Oaoueyiu ieacaeinue
niaeui ooaeiaeanoaaiiui i?eaiii, ?aoeoaeueii ii?uaaaoei n onoaiiaeaoaeny
eoeueoo?ii- auoiaie o?aaeeoeeae, eioi?ay auea aeecea aiiio iiyoo.
Naiaeiua ienueia anao Iooeeiuo naoaeaoaeuenoaotho ia eo iauae
i?eaycaiiinoe e eeanne/aneie eoeueoo?a yoiai aeai?a. [A?inniai]
A ?anniao?eaaaiia iaie a?aiy eioa?an e ?onneiio ycueo naycuaaeny n
aeaoiy ia?eiaeaie:
1) Aieia 1812 aiaea ii?iaeeea aieio iao?eioecia, iiiai aieiaiey noaei
oaeaeyoueny naiaio ycueo, naiae eoeueoo?a. «Ainoeiua iaiieieeenue
iao?eioaie,- ienae A.N.Iooeei, -eoi aunuiae ec oaaaea?ee o?aioeocneee
oaaae e noae ithoaoue ?onneee; eoi naeaa aeanyoie o?aioeocneeo a?ioth?,
eoi ioeacaeny io eaoeoa e i?eiyeny ca eeneua ue…»[oeeoe?oaony ii
Iaeeaeo]
Iaeiaei yoio i?ioeann ieacaeny aeiaieueii iiaa?oiinoiui e
iaaeieaiaa/iui.
2)N 1830-o aiaeia iiae aeeyieai oai?/anoaa A.N.Iooeeia ?onneee ycue
ia/eiaao caiauaoue o?aioeocneee, noaiiaeony ycueii ae?oaeaneiai iauaiey,
niiniaiui au?aaeaoue iaeue/aeoea iooaiee /oanoa e iuneae. Yoio i?ioeann
ieacaeny aieaa aeoaeiiui, oioy e aeiaieueii iaaeeaiiui- aua a 1850-a
aiaeu a ienueiao A.I.Ea?i /anou o?aioeocneea eioa?eaeyoeee.
?.A.Aoaeaaia ioia/aao, /oi aeaaea yeaiaioa?iay ycueiaay eiiioieeaoeey
iau/ii iaoneiaeaia niaea?aeaieai, eioi?ia ia?aaeaaony n aa
iiiiuueth.[Aoaeaaia]. Auai? ycuea ?onneeie aeai?yieaie oaeaea eiiaaea
ii?aaeaeyaony niaea?aeaieai ienueia.
Oae, o?aioeocneee ycue i?e ia?auaiee e eiia?aoi?o Aeaenaiae?o
aianoi iaycaoaeueiiai a oaeeo neo/ayo ?onneiai a?aoeiy Yaeeeia auae?aao
n oeaeueth iieacaoue iaioeoeeaeueiinoue ienueia, ia?auaiea e oeath eae e
/anoiiio eeoeo.
Iineieueeo aeaoycu/ea ia ioaeaeaaony a ia?aaiaea, oeeoaou anaaaea
aeaiu ia ycuea i?eaeiaea. Oae aea aeaiu o?oaeiiia?aaiaeeiua iaeiaiiaaiey
auoiauo ?aaeee.
E?iia oiai, eaaeee, eieaoeeaue o?aioeocneee ycue ae?oaeaneie
ia?aienee ia?anuiaaony ?onneeie ae?aieaieyie a oii neo/aa, eiaaea
ieoouae iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue aaaeiinoue, a?ueaciinoue eceaaaaiiai.
A oeaeii aea aeai?yiee ia auee icaai/aiu oai?eae ienueia, ia?aoiae
n ycuea ia ycue a i?aaeaeao iaeiiai ienueia eie /anoi ia iniciaaony, e
niaoaiea ycueia annioeee?oaony eiaiii n aeaineeie ienueiaie. «Nia?aa
oi/o n oiaie iia?aieoueny,- ienae A.N.Iooeei a?aoo Eueao,-eae oaaa ia
nouaeii, iie ieeue, ienaoue iieo-?onneia, iieo-o?aioeocneia ienueii, ou
ia iineianeay eoceia…»[oeeoeoaony ii Iaia?ii]
Caeeth/aiea
Eiaaea iiae aeeyieai ?aoi?i Iao?a Aaeeeiai iiyaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
nicaeaiee iiaiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea, eaeaaeii ?a/aaie eoeueoo?u aunoaai
?onneiai iauanoaa noaiiaeony o?aioeocneee naeii. Nei?i aeai?yineee naeii
noae iauanoaaiii-auoiaie eaai?aoi?eae, a eioi?ie au?aaaouaaeenue ii?iu e
i?eioeeiu iiaiai, aa?iiaece?iaaiiiai naaoneiai neiaa, a iineieueeo
oicyeeie naeiia auea aeaiueia, yoe ii?iu i?eaioe?iaaeenue ia aa aeon: ec
neiaa?y eneeth/eeinue ueieueoeinoai neia, eioi?ua oioue e?aai
nii?eeanaeenue ni noa?ie eaeie-eeai niaoeeaeueiinoe, oa?ieiu oeieu,
iaoee, ?aianea- ana, /oi iiaeao n/eoaoueny iaoianoiui a naaoneii
?acaiai?a n aeaiie.
?onnei-o?aioeocneee aeeeiaaeci ?inneeneiai aeai?yinoaa ia?aie iieiaeiu
19 aaea, noaaoee naiaia?aciui oaiiiaiii eoeueoo?u ?innee aeaiiiai
ia?eiaea, noi?ie?iaaeny a ?acoeueoaoa aicieeiiaaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo
eiiioieeaoeaiuo iio?aaiinoae oeacaiiiai nineiaey, eioi?ua ia iia aua
ieii/aoaeueii oaeiaeaoai?eoue ?acaeaaaoeeny ?onneee eeoa?aoo?iue ycue. A
1825 aiaeo A.N.Iooeei ienae: “Iieiaeei, /oi ?onneay iiycey aeinoeaea
oaea aunieie noaiaie ia?aciaaiiinoe; i?inaauaiea aaea o?aaoao ieue aeey
?aiuoeaiey, oiu ia iiaoo aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny iaeieie ea?aie aa?iiiee e
aiia?aaeaiey, ii o/aiinoe; iieeoeea e oeeinioey aua ii-?onnee ia
ecuyniyeenue; iaoaoece/aneiai ycuea o ian aiana ia nouanoaoao. I?ica
iaoa oae aua iaei ia?aaioaia, /oi aeaaea a i?inoie ia?aienea iu
i?eioaeaeaiu nicaeaaaoue iai?iou aeey ecuyiaiey iiiyoee naiuo
iaueiiaaiiuo… ” [oeeoe?oaony ii ?.A.Aoaeaaiao]
Eiaiii iiyoiio a iooeeineia a?aiy o?aioeocneee e ?onneee
ninaaenoaiaaee ae?oa n ae?oaii a nia?aiee ienai iaeiiai eeoea, a
ia?aienea aeaoo ei??aniiiaeaioia, a iaeiii ienueia. «Iaaeaeo oai a yoio
ia?eiae (eiaaea auo e eneonnoai ia?aiaoaeenue) /anoiia ienueii, auoiaie
aeieoiaio, noaei oaeoii eeoa?aoo?u, caeiiiia?iinoe auai?a e niaiu ycuea
a ia?aienea i?iyniytho ?ieue e ianio eaaeaeiai ec ycueia a nenoaia
aeaoycu/iie eoeueoo?u ia/aea 19 aaea». [Iaia?ii]
O?aioeocneee aue ycueii yoeeaoiiai, ?eooaeece?iaaiiiai iauaiey, a
?onneee- naiaiaeiiai, iaii?ie?iaaiiiai. Eiaiii o?aioeocneee /aua anaai
aue ycueii aeaineeo ienai e ienai e aeaiueiai- a ia/aea 19 aaea
iiaaaeaiea aeaiueiu noi?ai ii?ie?iaaii. Iaeiaei ?onneee ycue inoaaaeny
ycueii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?ieae. E anee iaaanoai Iooeei e Aycaineee
ienaee ii-o?aioeocnee (ioiioaiey n iaaanoie iiae/eiyeenue a ia/aea 19
aaea no?iaeaeoei ii?iai yoeeaoa), oi aeaiai- eioeiiua ienueia-
ii-?onnee. Ii-o?aioeocnee ienaee e ?iaeiui (aunooiaaoei a yoii neo/aa
iineoaeyie nioeeaeueiie ooieoeee) ienueia, i?iaeeeoiaaiiua aeieaii e
i?eee/eai, ii-?onnee- ee/iua ienueia e aeeceei ethaeyi. Caeanue noieo
iaiai?eoueny, /oi i/aiue iaiiiaea i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoeu aeai?yineiai
iauanoaa iiaee iicaieeoue naaa yienoiey?iia ia?aoaiea e naiei aeeceei ia
?onneii yuea, oioy eiathueany a iaoai ?anii?yaeaiee naaaeaiey iicaieytho
aiai?eoue i oii, /oi ?onneei ?acaiai?iui ycueii aeai?yiee aeaaeaee
aanueia iaieioi. Oaeei ia?acii, i?e iauae oaiaeaioeee oiio?aaeaiey a
a?aaea iai?eioaeaeaiiiai iianaaeiaaiiai iauaiey ?onneiai ycuea a
aeaineie ei??aniiiaeaioeee aai iaania/eaaao oieueei niciaoaeueiay
onoaiiaea aae?anaioie, a inoaeueiuo neo/ayo i?aiaeaaeathuei a aeaiiuo
ienueiao aue o?aioeocneee ycue.
Enneaaeoy naiaia?aciia aeaoycu/ea aeaineie yienoiey?iie eoeueoo?u,
A.A.Aaeiaa oaeaea ioia/aao, /oi ia ?oaaaea 18-19 aaeia aeaineay
ia?aienea aaeanue, a iniiaiii, ia o?aioeocneii ycuea. Iniaaiii yoi
eanaeinue aeai?yiie, iieo/eaoeo aeiiaoiaa ia?aciaaiea e neaai aeaaeaaoeo
?onneei, a ioee/ea io einoeoooie, iaycaoaeueiay i?ia?aiia eioi?uo
aeeth/aea a naay iaycaoaeueiia eco/aiea ?iaeiiai ycuea. «Iooeeineay
Oaoueyia «ii-?onnee ieioi ciaea» e «ienaea ii-o?aioeocnee», iineieueeo
«ai?aeue iao ycue e ii/oiaie i?ica ia i?eaue». Ia/eiay aea n 20-o aiaeia
19 aaea ycueiaua i?ei?eoaou aeaineiai ienueia noaee neeiiyoueny a
noi?iio ?onneiai, aoiaeeaoaai oaia?ue a e?oa iaycaoaeueiiai e aieaa
ianoiyoaeueiiai, /ai ?aiueoa, aeiiaoiaai eco/aiey, i?e/ai, ia aac
aeeyiey eeoa?aoo?iuo i?ieaaaeaiee A.N.Iooeeia. Naiaeiay ia?aienea a
i?iaeioeeaeueiie aeai?yineie n?aaea n yoiai a?aiaie auea i?aeiouanoaaiii
?onneiycu/iie eee niaoaiiie, aeeth/athuae eiiycu/iua, aeaaiui ia?acii,
o?aioeocneea ae?aieaiey».[A.A.Aaeiaa]
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ae?aieaiey eae iaeii ec neaaenoaee aeeeiaaecia iieo/eee
aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a ienueiao, ioiinyueony e a?aaeo
iai?eioaeaeaiiiai iianaaeiaaiiai iauaiey.
Ae?oaeaneea ienueia ia o?aioeocneii ycuea aiaaou ?onneiycu/iuie
eioa?eaeyoeeyie, ioiinyueieny, eae i?aaeei, e auoiaui ?aaeeyi e
o?aaeeoeeyi, cae?aieaiiui a niciaiee aae?anaioie ca ?onneei ycueii.
Ae?oaeaneea ienueia ia ?onneii ycuea niaea?aeao aeiaieueii iiiai
o?aioeocneeo eioa?eaeyoeee, ca/anooth iaiioeae?iaaiiuo eee aea oeeoao
(aeeeiaao iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aaiaeeoue auneacuaaey n ycuea ia ycue,
iiyoiio oaenou eo aeaiu ia ycuea i?eaeiaea).
Aeai?yiea aini?eieiaea ienueii eae naiaai ?iaea ?aciiaeaeiinoue
?acaiai?a, /oi au?aaeaeinue i?e iiaea/a eioi?iaoeee a oiio?aaeaiee ath
neia «aanaaeiaaoue», «?anneacuaaoue», «aiai?eoue». I/aaeaeii, aeaineay
yienoiey?iay eoeueoo?a iaoiaeeeanue iiae neeueiui aeeyieai o?aaeeoeee
onoiiai iauaiey. I?e iaienaiee ienai aeai?yineea aeaiueiu iieueciaaeenue
iau/iui ?acaiai?iui ycueii, a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie eioi?iai
ioi?ieyee naie iunee. Ia neo/aeii aeaineia ienueii, ninoiyaoaa ec
iaiecaiiuo iaeia ia ae?oaoth ?aciiia?aciuo iiae?iaiinoae, iaiiieiaei
onoiia niiauaiea, naeaeaiiia a e?oao naiuee eee ciaeiiuo. A ienueia
aeai?yiea eae au aini?iecaiaeeea oi, /oi iia iiaea au neacaoue
i?aaeiieaaaaiui niaanaaeieeai i?e ano?a/a, e a oaeii neo/aa ?onneee e
o?aioeocneee ycuee a aa ienueia ia?aieaoaeenue aaoiiaoe/anee, aeaeay
oaeia niaoaiea ycueia niaoeeoe/anee aeaineei.
Aeaeeia?aoe/aneee nienie
Enoi/ieee:
1. Ae?ocuey Iooeeia: Ia?aienea. Ainiiieiaiey. Aeiaaieee. A 2-o , o.2/
Nino. A.A.Eoiei- I.,1986.
2. Ea?i (Ia?eiaa-Aeiia?aaeneay) A.I. Ainiiieiaiey. Aeiaaieee.
Ia?aienea./ Nino.. anooi. no.e i?ei. A.I.Ai?aeeia.- I., 1989.
3. Iaiaeianeay E.I., Aeaiaioueaa I.A. Aie?oa Iooeeia. Iaecaanoiua
ienueia I.I.Iooeeiie e aa nanoa? A.I. e A.I.Aii/a?iauo.- I., 1978.
4. Iooeei A.N. Nia?aiea ni/eiaiee. A 10-oe oiiao. O.9. Ienueia 1815 –
1830-o aiaeia.- I., 1977.
5. Iooeei A.N. Nia?aiea ni/eiaiee. A 10-oe oiiao. O. 10. Ienueia
1830-1837 aiaeia. – I., 1977.
6. ?onneee aanoiee. O.259. Oaa?aeue 1899 aiaea. – I., 1899.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
1. Aeeoeia A.A. Ienueii eae iaeei ec aeaeia oaenoa. // ?onneee ycue a
oeiea,- ?2, 1982.
2. Aeeoeia A.A., Oi?iaiianeay I.E. Yoeeao ?onneiai ienueia. – I., 1981.
3. Aoiaiiaa I.N. Neiaa?ue eeiaaenoe/aneeo oa?ieiia. – I., 1969.
4. Aaeeeia A.E. Nioeeieeiaaenoeea. – I., 2001.
5. Aaeiaa A.A. ?inneeneay aeaiueia e aa?iiaeneay eoeueoo?a. // http:
www. anthropology. ru.
6. Aaeoiiaa I.E. Eiioi?o ?a/aaiai iauaiey ( Ae?oaeaneia ienueii). //
?onneee ycue a oeiea – ?5, 1996.
7. Aiiaeaeaoia A.Ae. Nioeeaeueiay eeiaaenoeea. – I., 1987.
8. Aoaeaaia ?.A. *aeiaae e aai ycue. – I., 1974.
9. Aa?anaaa A.A. Iooeei a aeecie.- I.-E., 1932.
10. Aeiia?aaeia A.A. I/a?ee ii enoi?ee ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea
17-19 aaeia. – I., 1982.
11. Aeiia? ?.TH., ?aaa?nia E.I., O?a/aaneee A.N. Enoi?ey Iiaiai a?aiaie.
– I., 1995.
12. Aieueia?o E.E. Iooeei a ?iee Iooeeia. Oai?/aneay ea?a ii iiaeaeyi
o?aioeocneie eeoa?aoo?u. Iooeei e Noaiaeaeue. – I., 1998.
13. A?inniai E.I. Ienueia aeaiuei Iooeeio. – I., 1997.
14. AEaiueiu e ioae/eiu a enoi?ee: iiaay ea?oeia aa?iiaeneiai i?ioeiai:
i/a?ee, o?anoiiaoey. – I., 2001.
15. Enoi?ey ?onneie eoeueoo?u 9-20 aaeia. Iiniaea aeey aocia. / Iiae
?aae. I.A.Eioiai. – I., 2004.
16. Ea?aicei I.I. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai. – I., 2003.
17. Ea?aoeia TH.I. ?onneee ycue e ycueiaay ee/iinoue. – I., 1987.
18. Eo?i/eeia E.I. ?onneay iaaeaaiaeea. No?aieoeu noaiiaeaiey (8-18
aaea). – I., 2002.
19. Eeiaaenoe/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue / ae. ?aae.
A.I.ss?oeaaa. – I., 1990.
20. Eeoa?aoo?iue yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. – I., 1986.
21. Eioiai TH.I. Aanaaeu i ?onneie eoeueoo?a: auo e o?aaeeoeee ?onneiai
aeai?yinoaa (17-19 aaea). – N.-Ia., 1999.
22. Eioiai TH.I., Iiainyi A.A. Aaeeeinaaoneea iaaaeu. – N.-Ia., 1996.
23. Ethaiaiue auo iooeeineie yiioe. – I., 1999.
24. Ia?eaeiaa A.A. «sscue /oaeie ia ia?aoeony ee a ?iaeiie?» (
A.N.Iooeei i ianoa ?iaeiiai e eiino?aiiiai ycueia a ?a/e aeaiuei). //
?onneay ?a/ue – ?2, 2004.
25. Iaeeae A.N. Iooeei e aai yiioa. – I., 1958.
26. Ia/eianeay I.A. Nioeeaeueiay eeiaaenoeea: Iiniaea aeey nooaeaioia
aoiaieoa?iuo aocia e o/aueony eeoeaaa.- I., 1994.
27. Ia/eianeay I.A. Naieioeea: sscue. I?e?iaea. Eoeueoo?a: Eo?n eaeoeee.
– I., 2004.
28. Iaua?neee I.A. Enoi?ey ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea. – E., 1981.
29. Iiaecaeaaneee A.E. Iooeei: Ainiiieiaiey. Ienueia. Aeiaaieee. – I.,
1999.
30. Iaueiaiei A.I. sscueiaay neooaoeey a neaayineeo no?aiao. Iiuo
iienaiey. – I., 2003.
31. Iaia?ii E. I aeaoycu/iie ia?aienea iooeeineie yiioe. // http: www.
ruthenia.ru.
32. Iooea?aaa I.E. *anoiay aeeciue ?onneie aeaiueiu: Iaaanoa, aeaia,
ethaiaieoea ( 10-19 aaea). – I., 1997.
33. Iooeei A.N. Ni/eiaiey. / ?aae. A.Oiiaoaaneiai, ano. no.
A.Aeaneoeeiai. – E., 1936.
34. Iooeei e aai a?aiy. 1799-1837 . – I., 1997.
35. Iooeei e ?onneay eoeueoo?a. – I., 1998.
36. ?inney: Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. – E., 1991.
37. ?onneee ycue: Yioeeeeiiaaeey. / iiae ?aae. TH.I.Ea?aoeiaa. – I.,
2003.
38. Naie? Y. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu ii ycueiciaieth e eoeueoo?ieiae. –I.,
1993.
39. Na?aaaaa E.O. Ienueii aeaeao ioaaoa: eieaa ?aciuoeaiee, nii?ia e
aeieacaoaeuenoa. – I., 1985.
40. Niieea E. I?aaeea oi?ioaai oiia. – I., 1980.
41. Noeeenoe/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue ?onneiai ycuea. – I.,
2003.
42. Niaieaaneee A.E. Enoi?ey ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea. – E., 1980.
43. Ouiyiia TH.I. Iooeei e aai nia?aiaiieee. – I., 1969.
44. Oniaineee A.A. sscueiaay neooaoeey Eeaaneie ?one e aa cia/aiea aeey
enoi?ee ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea. – I., 1983.
45. Oniaineee A.A. Ec enoi?ee ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea 18- ia/aea 19
aaeia: sscueiaay i?ia?aiia Ea?aiceia e aa enoi?e/aneea ei?ie. – I.,
1985.
46. Oniaineee A.A. E?aoeee i/a?e enoi?ee ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea (
11-19 aaea). – I., 1994.
47. Oi?iaiianeay I.E. ?a/aaie yoeeao e eoeueoo?a iauaiey. – I., 1989.
48. Oi?iaiianeay I.E. Oiio?aaeaiea ?onneiai ?a/aaiai yoeeaoa. – I.,
1982.
49. Oaao?aaaa A.A. Noaiiaeaiea ?onneiai ycuea. –I., 1980.
50. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue thiiai oeeieiaa (ycueiciaiea). –I.,
1984.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
