Aaaaeaiea
Iaoea eioa?eeiaaenoeea
sscue a nenoaia eioa?eeiaaenoeee
Eeanneoeeaoeey eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia
I?eioeei iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe
I?eioeei yeiiiiee
I?eioeei iaeiicia/iinoe
I?eioeei ia?aoeiinoe
Eneonnoaaiiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ycuee
Eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
Iaoa iuoeaiea ia?ac?uaii naycaii n ycueii, ia eioi?ii iu aiai?ei.
Iaaea?ii n/eoaaony, /oi /aeiaae iaeaaeae eaeei-eeai ycueii, anee ii
iiaeao ia i?i aeoiaoue.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oa?iei «ycue» iiieiaaony aieaa oe?iei: aiai?yo i
«ycueao» ianaeiiuo (oaioeu i/?e), aeeaioiuo (a?a/iua oaioeu ioeoe,
caoeiaay e yoieieaoeeiiiay eiiioieeaoeey o aeaeueoeiia e ae?.), ycueao
aeanoia, naenoia, eino?ia, aa?aaaiia; ycueao iocuee, aaeaoa, aeeaiiene e
o.ae. ?acoiaaony, oaeia oiio?aaeaiea neiaa «ycue» aiana ia neo/aeii.
Aeaei a oii, /oi, ia/eiay n XIX aaea, ycue an? /aua e /aua noae
iiieiaoueny eae ciaeiaay nenoaia, a nae/an yoa oi/ea c?aiey noaea
iauai?eiyoie.
Ciae yoi iaoa?eaeueiue iauaeo, i?ioeann eee yaeaiea, eioi?ue caiaiyao
(i?aaenoaaeyao, io?aaeaao, oeacuaaao ia, iienuaaao, eiaee?oao) ae?oaie
iauaeo, i?ioeann eee yaeaiea.
Neiaa ?acaiai?iiai ycuea yaeythony ciaeaie. I?ieciineiua neiaa – yoi
anaai eeoue eieaaaiey aicaeooa, ii iie iaeaaeatho oaeeaeoaeueiui
iiaouanoaii iaicia/aoue naiua ?aciua aaue, i?inoua e neiaeiua,
nouanoaothuea e ianouanoaothuea. Ii a iioiea ?a/e neiaa ia iiaoo aanoe
naay eae oaiaeii, iie auioaeaeaiu iiae/eiyoueny i?aaeeai, ii?aaeaeyaiui
a?aiiaoeeie. Eia/a aiai?y, neiaa eae ciaee ia?acotho ciaeiaoth nenoaio.
Ii anoue iiiai aeaeia ciaeia e iiiai oeiia ciaeiauo nenoai. Aio eo-oi e
iacuaatho ycueaie. Nouanoaoao iaoea i oaeeo ycueao, eee ciaeiauo
nenoaiao – naieioeea.
Oaeea ycuee, eae ?onneee, aiaeeeneee e noaoeee iacuaathony
anoanoaaiiuie. Eo i?ienoiaeaeaiea iie?uoi i?aeii aaeia e ?acaeaathony
iie a iniiaiii noeoeeii. Ii anoue e eneonnoaaiiua ycuee, iai?eia?
Aieyithe, Ynia?aioi eee iaiaa ecaanoiua Nieue?anieue, Eiaeai e ae?. E
eneonnoaaiiui ycueai ioiinyony e niaoeeaeueiua ycuee eiaeee. Yoi
ienueiaiiua ycuee, i?aaeeiaeaiey eioi?uo caienuaathony a niaoeeaeueiuo
aeoaaeoao.
Iio?aaiinoue a ycuea – iin?aaeieea iaaeaeo ia?iaeaie – nouanoaiaaea
anaaaea. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi ca?iaeuo a? aue iineaaenoaeai oiai, /oi
ethaee niciaee, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iiiaiycu/iinoue, n ae?oaie aea noi?iiu
– aaeeinoai /aeiaa/aneiai ?iaea e ioaeaeo acaeiiiai iauaiey. Aeaaiaea?y
oinea ii ycueiaiio aaeeinoao nicaeaeanue eaaaiaea i Aaaeeiineii
noieiioai?aiee; iiiaiycu/ea n/eoaeinue aaaenoaeai, n/eoaeinue aiaeaneei
iaeacaieai ca /aeiaa/aneoth ai?aeinoue e aunieiia?ea. ?ieue lingua
franca auiieiye ycue oie eee eiie no?aiu: ae?aaiaa?a/aneee, eaouiue,
o?aioeocneee, a oaia?ue – aiaeeeneee. Ii oaeia iieiaeaiea aeaao ianno
i?aeiouanoa no?aia, ia iea/e eioi?ie eaaea ii/aoiay e i?anoeaeiay
iaycaiiinoue. Aio ii/aio ecaeaaia a oiao ethaeae ca?iaeeeanue eaeay
nicaeaoue eneonnoaaiiue ycue, eioi?ue i?aaeinoaaeye au anai ?aaiua
aiciiaeiinoe.
Iniaaiii ino?i aii?in anoae a XIX aaea. A ioaao iiyaeeinue ia?iiiia
eiee/anoai i?iaeoia anaie?iiai ycuea. Ii aaeeinoaaiiui, auaea?aeaaoei
eniuoaiea a?aiaiai (aieaa noa eao), noae ycue ynia?aioi. Aai nicaeaoaeue
Ethaeaea Caiaiaia ?iaeeeny a 1859 aiaeo a ai?iaea Aaeinoiea, eioi?ue
oiaaea aoiaeee a ninoaa ?inneeneie eiia?ee. Eacaeinue au, eiaiii a
?innee, ia ?iaeeia, aeieaeii auei iiyaeoueny iaeaieueoaa /enei
iineaaeiaaoaeae anaie?iiai ycuea. E eaeia-oi a?aiy oae iii e auei.
Iniaaiii iinea ?aaiethoeee, eiaaea no?ieoaee iiaiai iauanoaa ia
niiiaaaeenue, /oi a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy a?yiao anaie?iay ?aaiethoeey.
Ianniaua ?ai?annee 1930-o aiaeia ia?ooeeenue e ia i?eaa?aeaioeaa
ynia?aioi, eioi?uo, anoanoaaiii, iaaeiyee a oieiiaaea. Iinea yoiai
o?oaeiiai ia?eiaea aeayoaeueiinoue ynia?aioenoia a Niaaoneii Nithca
iaaeieai caaeioea. Ii iia oe?eeanue e ?acaeaaeanue ia Caiaaea. Ia
ynia?aioi ia?aaiaeeee iaeaieaa ecaanoiua i?iecaaaeaiey ie?iaie eeanneee,
ienaee i?eaeiaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey, ono?aeaaee eiioa?aioeee.
Naaiaeiy, iiieii o/aiuo-eeiaaenoia, aeinooi e nicaeaieth eneonnoaaiiuo
ycueia a ?aaiie ia?a iieo/atho ienaoaee, ooaeiaeieee… Aieaa oiai,
?ac?aaioea ycueiaie iiaeaee noaiiaeony oiaae. Ii anaio ie?o “Iauanoaa
Iiaeaee?iaaiey sscueia” (a iaeiii oieueei NOA iiaeiaiia iauaaeeiaiea ia
1999 aiae ian/eouaaei ieiei 20 000 /eaiia) i?eieiatho a naie ?yaeu anao
– io aeeeaoaioia aei i?eciaiiuo o/aiuo.
Iaoea eioa?eeiaaenoeea
Oa?iei eioa?eeiaaenoeea iiyaeeny a 1911 a. e aue ii?aaeaeai aai aaoi?ii,
aaeueaeeneei o/aiui AE. Iaeniainii, eae iaoea i “anoanoaaiiuo caeiiao
oi?ie?iaaiey iaueo aniiiiaaoaeueiuo ycueia”, iiae eioi?uie ii
iiae?acoiaaae ethaua ycuee, niiniaiua aunooiaoue a ?iee iin?aaeieeia
iaaeuycueiaiai e aeaaea iaaeaeeaeaeoiiai iauaiey, o. a. eae
anoanoaaiiua, oae e eneonnoaaiiua ycuee. Ii iiaieth Iaeniaina, caeiiu
oi?ie?iaaiey anoanoaaiiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ycueia iiaee auoue ia?aianaiu
e ia eneonnoaaiiua ycuee-iin?aaeieee.
Aieaa oe?iei iiieiae caaea/e eioa?eeiaaenoeee I. Ania?nai, aeaaiaea?y
eioi?iio yoio oa?iei e aioae a eeiaaenoe/aneee iaeoiae. Ii Ania?naio
eioa?eeiaaenoeea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie “io?aneue ycueiciaiey, eioi?ay
enneaaeoao no?oeoo?o e iniiaiua iiiyoey anao ycueia, eiay oeaeueth
onoaiiaeaiea ii?i aeey iaaeuycueia”. Oaeia ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaeiieaaaao
niiinoaaeoaeueiia eco/aiea anoanoaaiiuo ycueia e nicaeaiea naiaai ?iaea
oieaa?naeueiie a?aiiaoeee, eioi?ay aeieaeia neoaeeoue oai?aoe/aneie
iniiaie aeey iino?iaiey eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea, a oaeaea aeey ioeaiee
?acee/iuo i?aaeeiaeaiiuo i?iaeoia. A yoii eioa?eeiaaenoeea oaeoe/anee
naeeaeaeanue n oeiieiaeae.
Aiineaaenoaee eioa?eeiaaenoeea eiioeaio?e?oaony ia eco/aiee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia eae iaeiiai ec n?aaenoa
i?aiaeieaiey ycueiaiai aa?uea?a. A nayce n yoei auyaeyaony oaiaeaioeey
iniuneeoue eioa?eeiaaenoeeo eae ?acaeae ycueiciaiey, eco/athuee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ycuee a eiioaenoa iauae oai?ee iaaeuycueiaiai iauaiey.
Aeey yoiai ia?eiaea oa?aeoa?iu ooaa?aeaeaiey, niaeanii eioi?ui e
i?aaeiaoo eioa?eeiaaenoeee ioiinyony enneaaeiaaiea i?ioeannia
acaeiiaeaenoaey iaoeeiiaeueiuo ycueia a nia?aiaiioth yiioo e
aicieeiiaaiey “eioa?iaoeeiiaeeciia”, ?ac?aaioea eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia
?aciiai ?iaea e i?iaiice?iaaiea eo no?oeoo?u, aiaeec iiuoa eo
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e ii?aaeaeaiea eo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae ii
ioiioaieth e anoanoaaiiui ycueai.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaeeoei no?aieaiea ?anoe?eoue enneaaeiaaoaeueneee
aeeaiacii eioa?eeiaaenoeee. Iaeiaei i?e yoii oeaio?aeueiie i?iaeaiie
oai?ee inoaaony eco/aiea eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia, eioi?ua, a neo/aa anee
iie iieo/eee i?aeoe/aneoth ?aaeecaoeeth a iauaiee, iacuaathony ieaiiauie
ycueaie. Aiciiaeiu aeaa iiaeoiaea e eco/aieth ycueia yoiai oeia.
Eneonnoaaiiue ycue nicaeaaony ia aaca ii?aaeaeaiiuo oai?aoe/aneeo
i?aaeiinueie – a yoii neo/aa oai?ey i?aaeoanoaoao ycueo. Iaeiaei,
aoaeo/e i?eiyo aiai?yuei eieeaeoeaii, eneonnoaaiiue ycue iiaeao
eco/aoueny oaea i?eioeeieaeueii eiui ia?acii – n oi/ee c?aiey aai
?aaeueiiai oiio?aaeaiey e ?acaeoey a i?ioeanna eiiioieeaoeee. I?e oaeii
aiaeeca ycue i?aaeoanoaoao nicaeaaaaiie ia aai aaca oai?ee. A ia?aii
neo/aa oai?ey ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eneonnoaaiiua ycuee
ethaiai oeia, eae ?aaeeciaaaoeany, oae e ia ?aaeeciaaaoeany a i?aeoeea
iauaiey. Yoo ia?ae/ioth ii ioiioaieth e ycueo oai?eth N. Eociaoeia
iacuaaao oai?eae eeiaaii?iaeoe?iaaiey. Eeiaaii?iaeoe?iaaiea
(eiino?oe?iaaiea ycuea) – iino?iaiea ycueiaie nenoaiu niciaoaeueiui (ia
noeoeeiui) iooai. Iiiuoee nicaeaiey eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia, e a /anoiinoe
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo, aeaeaeenue oaea a aioe/iinoe. Ia?aui i?iaeoii oaeiai
ycuea, i eioi?ii eiathony enoi?e/aneea naeaeaoaeuenoaa, aue
eneonnoaaiiue ycue a?a/aneiai oeeieiaa Aeaena?oa (?oaaae IV-III aa. aei
i.y.), eioi?ue ii iuoaeny i?eiaiyoue a iniiaaiiii ei ai?iaea O?aiiiieen.
Oai?aoe/aneee aiaeec i?iaeai eeiaaii?iaeoe?iaaiey ia/eiaaony eeoue n
Aeaea?oa (1629), a i?aeoe/aneay i?iaa?ea i?eioeeiia eeiaaii?iaeoe?iaaiey
– iinea ?ani?ino?aiaiey aieaithea a 1879 a., a caoai ynia?aioi a 1887.
Ai aoi?ii neo/aa oai?ey yaeyaony aoi?e/iie ii ioiioaieth e ycueo e
?ani?ino?aiyaony oieueei ia nenoaiu, ?aaeeciaaaoeany a eiiioieeaoeee.
Yoo oai?eth ii iacuaaao oai?eae ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ieaiiaiai ycuea.
sscue a nenoaia eioa?eeiaaenoeee
sscue (o?. langue, yni. lingvo, eio. lingua)
A eioa?eeiaaenoeea aeaiiue oa?iei i?eeaaaaony e naieioe/aneei nenoaiai
aeaoo oeiia:
eiathuei eee eiaaoei eiiioieeaoeaiia eniieueciaaiea (iaaeaeoia?iaeiua
anoanoaaiiua ycuee: aiaeeeneee, o?aioeocneee, ?onneee, a i?ioeii
eaoeineee e ae?.; iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eneonnoaaiiua ycuee, iieo/eaoea oi
eee eiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea: ynia?aioi, eaei, ieoeeaeaioaeue, eioa?eeiaaa,
a i?ioeii aieaithe e ae?.);
ia eiathuei eiiioieeaoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey (iaaeaeoia?iaeiua
eneonnoaaiiua ycuee, ia aioaaeoea a i?aeoeeo iauaiey).
Eneonnoaaiiua eiiioieeaoeaiua nenoaiu ia?aiai oeia i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
?aaeueiua ycuee (eia/a: eiiioieeaoeaii ?aaeeciaaiiua, nioeeaeeciaaiiua),
a aoi?iai – iioaioeeaeueiua ycuee (eiiioieeaoeaii ia?aaeeciaaiiua,
ianioeeaeeciaaiiua). E ia?aui i?eeaaaaony oaeaea oa?iei ieaiiaua ycuee,
ei aoi?ui – i?iaeou ieaiiauo ycueia (eeiaaii?iaeou).
A a?oiia eiiioieeaoeaii ?aaeeciaaiiuo ycueia i?ioeainoiyo ae?oa ae?oao,
n iaeiie noi?iiu, ynia?aioi, a n ae?oaie – ana inoaeueiua nenoaiu.
Ynia?aioi oa?aeoa?ecoaony oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai, ?aciiia?aceai
eiiioieeaoeaiuo ooieoeee (onoiia e ienueiaiiia iauaiea, oiio?aaeaiea a
auoo, eeoa?aoo?a, iaoea, n?aaenoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoeee), nioeeaeueiie
e aeeao?iie/aneie onoie/eainoueth (noaaeeueiue eieeaeoea iineoaeae
ycuea, aiciaiiaeythueeny a eaaeaeii iineaaeothuai iieieaiee). Iiieii
ynia?aioi oieueei aieaithe eiae oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea, ii ii ia
ioee/aeny onoie/eainoueth (a oaeoe/aneii oiio?aaeaiee ii iaoiaeeeny
ieiei 20 eao); ae?oaea nenoaiu ia eiaee neieueei-ieaoaeue oe?ieiai
?ani?ino?aiaiey, ninoaaeyy naiaai ?iaea ia?eoa?eth aeaeaeaiey ca
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue. Ia yoii iniiaaiee eiiaaea
aeaeathony iiiuoee oa?ieiieiae/anee ?acaanoe ynia?aioi e i?i/ea
eiiioieeaoeaii ?aaeeciaaiiua ycuee. Ae. Aeaiea (AAe?) i?aaeeiaeee oa?iei
ieaiiaue ycue ioiineoue oieueei e ynia?aioi, a eiua nenoaiu, auoaaeoea
ec noaaeee i?iaeoa, ii ia aeinoeaoea o?iaiy ?acaeoey ynia?aioi,
eiaiiaaoue ieaiiauie iieoycueaie (iai. Semiplansprachen, yni.
semiplanlingvoj). Iaeiaei oa?iei «iieoycue» i?aaenoaaeyaony iaoaea/iui
eae n oi?iaeueiie, oae e iniaaiii n niaea?aeaoaeueiie noi?iiu; anee
a?aieoea iaaeaeo i?iaeoii ycuea e eiiioieeaoeaii ?aaeeciaaiiui ycueii
aeinoaoi/ii io/aoeeaa (iia niaiaaeaao n ia/aeii nioeeaeueiiai i?eiaiaiey
aeaiiie nenoaiu), oi a?aieoea iaaeaeo «iieoycueii» e «ycueii» iaynia
(iaaiciiaeii onoaiiaeoue iiiaio, eiaaea ynia?aioi i?aa?aoeeny ec
«iieoycuea» a «ycue»). Iiyoiio i?aaenoaaeyaony aieaa i?iaeoeoeaiui
i?eeaaaoue oa?iei «ieaiiaua ycuee» ei anai eiiioieeaoeaii ?aaeeciaaiiui
nenoaiai, iacaaeneii io o?iaiy yoie ?aaeecaoeee.
Eeanneoeeaoeey eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia
?acee/atho:
sscuee i?ia?aiie?iaaiey e eiiiuethoa?iua ycuee — ycuee aeey
aaoiiaoe/aneie ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee n iiiiuueth YAI.
Eioi?iaoeeiiiua ycuee — ycuee, eniieuecoaiua a ?acee/iuo nenoaiao
ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee.
Oi?iaeeciaaiiua ycuee iaoee — ycuee, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey neiaiee/aneie
caiene oaeoia e oai?ee iaoaiaoeee, eiaeee, oeiee e ae?oaeo iaoe.
sscuee ianouanoaothueo ia?iaeia, nicaeaiiua a aaeeao?enoe/aneeo eee
?acaeaeaoaeueiuo oeaeyo. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiu: yeueoeeneee ycue,
i?eaeoiaiiue Aeae. Oieeeiii, e eeeiaiineee ycue ec oaioanoe/aneiai
na?eaea «Star Trek»
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aniiiiaaoaeueiua ycuee — ycuee, nicaeaaaaiua ec
yeaiaioia anoanoaaiiuo ycueia e i?aaeeaaaaiua a ea/anoaa
aniiiiaaoaeueiiai n?aaenoaa iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiiai iauaiey.
I?aeoe/anee ana oai?aoeee nia?aiaiiie eioa?eeiaaenoeee aeaeyo
eneonnoaaiiua ycuee ia aeaa oeia – “ai?ei?iue” e “aiinoa?ei?iue”,
e?eoa?eai aeaeaiey neoaeeo eaene/aneee ninoaa eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea –
niioaaonoaaiii, “eneonnoaaiiue” eeai caeinoaiaaiiue.
?e/a?ae Oa??enii i?iaiaeeo neaaeothuoth eeanneoeeaoeeth:
Eneonnoaaiiua ycuee aiinoa?ei?iiai oeia (eioa?eeiaaa, ieoeeaeaioaeue,
Lingwa de Planeta e ae?.).
Iiaeeoeoee?iaaiiue anoanoaaiiue ycue
Iiaeeoeoee?iaaiiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue
Nenoaia acaeiiaeaenoaothueo eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia
sscue, eiiaeie?iaaiiue ec aeeceeo ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth anoanoaaiiuo
ycueia
sscue, eiiaeie?iaaiiue ec aaoa?iaaiiuo anoanoaaiiuo ycueia.
Eneonnoaaiiua ycuee ai?ei?iiai oeia (eoeoeeue, ?i (ycue), nieue?anieue,
aiaiiie, /aiaee, eiaeai e eiaeaai, yeuethiaee);
Iiae?acoiaaathuea i?ioeann ?a/aaie aeayoaeueiinoe
oeeinionei-eaoaai?eaeueiua
eiae/aneea
Ia iiae?acoiaaathuea i?ioeanna ?a/aaie aeayoaeueiinoe
iacea?aou (ycuee neiaieia)
ycuee /enae eee iio
iaceiieiaee (ycuee aeanoia)
E?iia eeanneoeeaoeee eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia ii eaene/aneiio ninoaao, /anoi
i?eieiatho ai aieiaiea oeaeue eo nicaeaiey e no?oeoo?iue ninoaa.
I. ?icaioaeueaea? aeaeeo ycuee, iieuecoynue e?eoa?eyie no?oeoo?u e
iacia/aiey:
Ii no?oeoo?a:
aa?iiaeneiai oeia
iaaa?iiaeneiai oeia
Ii iacia/aieth:
eiae/aneea
aniiiiaaoaeueiua
yenia?eiaioaeueiua
I?eioeei iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe
I?eioeei niciaoaeueiiai onaiaiey eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiie eaeneee, i?eiyoue
aieueoeinoaii aiinoa?ei?iuo ycueia. Iiieiaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe neia
?acee/ii a ?aciuo eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneeo oeieao:
1) A.E. ?icaiaa?aa?, aia?aua noi?ioee?iaaaoee aeaiiue i?eioeei (1893),
i?aaeeiaeee n/eoaoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie oa neiaa, eioi?ua eiathony a
aieueoeinoaa aeaaiuo aa?iiaeneeo ycueia, i?e yoii noaiaiue
iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe neiaa oai auoa, /ai a aieueoai eiee/anoaa ycueia iii
ano?a/aaony; aicaeaaeyaiay A.E. ?icaiaa?aa?ii Aeaaeaiey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea iaeia?eea yoio i?eioeei e iieiaeeea aai a iniiao
eiiieaeoiaaiey neiaa?y a eaeeii-iaoo?aea: aeey auyaeaiey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo neia n?aaieaaeenue neiaa?e aiaeeeneiai, o?aioeocneiai,
iaiaoeeiai, eniaineiai, eoaeueyineiai, ?onneiai e eaoeineiai ycueia;
2) I. Ania?nai a 1905 a. i?aaeeiaeee ecia?youe iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoue
eiee/anoaii ia ycueia, a ethaeae, ciaeiiuo n aeaiiui neiaii: «…aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey noaiaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe eaeiai-eeai neiaa eee ei?iy
?aoathuei iiiaioii aeieaeii auoue oieueei /enei ethaeae, eioi?ui yoi
neiai oaea ecaanoii i?e iin?aaenoaa ?iaeiiai ycuea»; yoio noaoenoe/aneee
i?eioeei aue i?eiaiai i?e iino?iaiee eaei e nianoaaiiiai i?iaeoa I.
Ania?naia – iiaeaey;
3) Y. aea Aaeue (1911) i?aaeeaaaao, a naith i/a?aaeue, o/eouaaoue ia
aaniethoiia /enei aiai?yueo ia oii eee eiii ycuea, a eeoue oao ec ieo,
eoi eniuouaaao iio?aaiinoue a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niioaieyo;
4) iaoo?aeenoe/aneea i?iaeou aieaa iicaeiaai a?aiaie (eioa?eeiaaa-EAEA,
1951) ioeacuaathony io aiaoiaai, noaoenoe/aneiai iainiiaaiey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe, ia?aiiny iniiaiie aeoeaio ia nicaeaiea aioo?aiia
iaeii?iaeiiai (aiiiaaiiiai) ycuea, eioi?ue aeeth/ae au ia oieueei
?aaeueii nouanoaothuea eioa?iaoeeiiaeeciu, ii e neiaa, iioaioeeaeueii
niiniaiua noaoue eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiuie (ei?ianeia eaoeineiai ycuea).
I?eioeei yeiiiiee
(o?. principe d’economie, yni. principo de ekonomio, eio. principio de
economia)
I?eiaieoaeueii e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio eneonnoaaiiiio ycueo yeiiiiey
ecia?yaony oaie aiaoieie auaiaeaie, eioi?ua iiaeao aeaoue i?eiaiaiea
oaeiai ycuea a n?aaiaiee n iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie anoanoaaiiuie ycueaie. A
oi?ioee?iaea I.A. THoiaiiaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue
iicaieyao «yeiiiieoue a?aiy, yia?aeth, n?aaenoaa» (ekonomi tempor,
energi, medi – ia?aua aoeau yoeo neia ia?acotho iacaaiea nianoaaiiiai
eeiaaii?iaeoa I.A. THoiaiiaa – etem).
Aianoa n oai I?eioeei yeiiiiee eiiaaea ioiinyo e aioo?aiiaio ono?ienoao
eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea, no?aiynue au?aceoue iaeneioi niaea?aeaiey
ieieioiii n?aaenoa: a i?oia?aoee aeaiiue i?eioeei i?aaeiieaaaao
ono?aiaiea caaeaaiuo aoea, a oiiaoeea – ecuyoea o?oaeiuo aeey
i?ieciioaiey caoeia e caoeini/aoaiee, a a?aiiaoeea – oii?yaei/aiea e
oiaiueoaiea i?aaee, a neiaa?a – nie?auaiea aeeeiu neia e iauaia neiaa?y.
N I?eioeeiii yeiiiiee niaeanoaony e?eoa?ee niiinoaaeoaeueiie ioeaiee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia, i?aaeeiaeaiiue I. Ania?naiii a
1908 a.: «Eo/oei iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ycueii yaeyaony oio, eioi?ue ai anao
ioiioaieyo i?aaenoaaeyao iaeaieueooth eaaeinoue aeey iaeaieueoaai /enea
ethaeae» (?a/ue caeanue eaeao ia yeiiiiee eieeaeoeaiuo oneeee ii
iaeaaeaieth iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ycueii e iieueciaaieth ei). Aeaiiue
e?eoa?ee, iieiaeaiiue Ania?naiii a iainiiaaiea ?aiaa auaeaeiooiai ei
i?eioeeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe, ainoiaeeo, a naith i/a?aaeue, e yoe/aneie
oi?ioea Aao/eniia e Aaioaia: «Iaeeo/oei iinooieii iaaei n/eoaoue oio,
eioi?ue aeinoaaeyao iaeaieueoaa n/anouea iaeaieueoaio /eneo ethaeae».
I?eioeei iaeiicia/iinoe
(o?. principe de monosemie, principe d’univocite, eaei principo di
unasenceso, yni. principo de unusenceco, eio. principio de monosemia,
principio de univocitate)
I?eioeei, onoaiaaeeaathuee a eneonnoaaiiii ycuea acaeiiiiaeiicia/iua
niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo icia/aaiuie e icia/athueie. Iinooee?iaaiea
iiaeiaiuo niioaaonoaee auei iniaaiii oa?aeoa?ii aeey ai?ei?iuo
(oeeinioneeo) ycueia XVII-XIX aa. A eiioea XIX a. oio aea i?eioeei aue
i?eiaiai e iino?iaieth niaoaiiuo aiinoa?ei?ii-ai?ei?iuo (aieaithe) e
aiinoa?ei?iuo ycueia (ynia?aioi). Iieo/ea oai?aoe/aneia ioi?ieaiea a
?aaioao E. Eooth?a e iniaaiii A. Inoaaeueaea, i?eioeei iaeiicia/iinoe
noaiiaeony iaeiei ec iniiaiiieaaathueo iiiaioia ycuea eaei: a
ia?aaeeaiaoeea i?eiaiaiea aeaiiiai i?eioeeia i?eaaei e ono?aiaieth
iiiieiee e nie?auaieth iieenaiee e neiiieiee, a a neioaaiaoeea – e
oi?acaeiaieth niaeaniaaiey i?eeaaaoaeueiuo e i?e/anoee n
nouanoaeoaeueiuie.
Iaoo?aeenoe/aneea ycuee i?eieiatho aeaiiue i?eioeei a ia?aie/aiiii
iauaia (ieoeeaeaioaeue) eee ia i?eieiatho aai aiana (eioa?eeiaaa-EAEA).
I?eioeei iaeiicia/iinoe yaeyaony i?eeiaeaieai i?eioeeia yeiiiiee,
iineieueeo i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi iaiaeiicia/iua niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo
icia/aaiuie e icia/athueie oneiaeiytho eco/aiea ycuea e iieueciaaiea ei,
o.a. i?eaiaeyo e eeoiei cao?aoai /aeiaa/aneeo oneeee.
I?eioeei ia?aoeiinoe
I?eioeei neiaiia?aciaaiey ycuea eaei, noi?ioee?iaaiiue a 1907 a.
o?aioeocneei eiaeeii e eioa?eeiaaenoii E. Eooth?a: «Anyeia
neiaii?iecaiaenoai aeieaeii auoue ia?aoeii, o.a. anee iu, neaaeoy
ii?aaeaeaiiiio i?aaeeo, ia?aoiaeei io iaeiiai neiaa e ae?oaiio oiai aea
ei?iy, oi aeieaeia auoue i?aaeinoaaeaia oaeaea aiciiaeiinoue ia?aeoe io
aoi?iai e ia?aiio niaeanii niaa?oaiii ia?aoiiio i?aaeeo». Oae, anee
dorm-o icia/aao ‘nii’ e i?iecaiaeeony io dorm-ar ‘niaoue’ iin?aaenoaii
caiaiu eioeieoeaiiai ieii/aiey ar- ia noanoaioeaiia -i, oi io kron-o
‘ei?iia’ noaiiaeony iaaiciiaeiui ia?aciaaoue kron-ar ‘ei?iiiaaoue’, eai
i?e ia?aoiie caiaia -ar ia -i iu iieo/eee au cia/aiea ia ‘ei?iia’, a
‘ei?iiaoeey’ e neiai kron-o ieacaeinue au aeaocia/iui. Iiyoiio
«ei?iiiaaoue» a ycuea eaei ia?aaeaaony /a?ac kron-iz-ar, ioeoaea
iieo/aai ia?aoeiia i?iecaiaeiia kron-iz-o ‘ei?iiaoeey’. I?eioeei
ia?aoeiinoe, i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey i?aiaeieaiey iioaioeeaeueiie iiiiee,
yaeyaony neaaenoaeai i?eioeeia iaeiicia/iinoe. A ynia?aioi
neiaiia?aciaaiea no?ieony ia eiuo iniiaaieyo, /ai a eaei.
Eneonnoaaiiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ycuee
Eiiiuethoa?iue ycue
Iiiyoea eiiiuethoa?iue ycue (eaeueea n aiae. computer language), eae
i?aaeei, ioiineony e ycueai, annioeee?oaiui n eiiiuethoa?iie oaoieeie.
*aua anaai, yoio oa?iei niioaaonoaoao iiiyoeth ycuea i?ia?aiie?iaaiey,
iaeiaei yoi niioaaonoaea ia yaeyaony aiieia iaeiicia/iui. Oae, iai?eia?,
ycuee ?aciaoee (oaeea eae HTML) ia yaeythony ycueaie i?ia?aiie?iaaiey,
iaeiaei ii?aaeae?iii ioiinyony e eiiiuethoa?iui ycueai.
Eiiiuethoa?iue ycue, eae e ethaie ae?oaie ycue, iiyaeyaony, eiaaea
o?aaoaony ia?aaeaoue eioi?iaoeeth ec iaeiiai enoi/ieea ae?oaiio. sscuee
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey niinianoaotho iaiaio eioi?iaoeeae iaaeaeo
i?ia?aiienoaie e eiiiuethoa?aie, ycuee ?aciaoee oaenoa ii?aaeaeytho
iiiyoioth aeey ethaeae e eiiiuethoa?ia no?oeoo?o aeieoiaioia, e o. i.
Oeiu eiiiuethoa?iuo ycueia:
sscuee i?ia?aiie?iaaiey (N#, .net, Basic, Pascal)
Eioi?iaoeeiiiua ycuee
sscuee iienaiey aeaiiuo (SQL)
sscuee ?aciaoee (iau/ii eniieuecothony aeey nicaeaiey aeieoiaioia)
sscuee niaoeeoeeaoeee (iai?eia?: Eaneaaeiua oaaeeoeu noeeae)
sscuee iienaiey aiia?aoo?u (Verilog, VHDL e ae?.)
I?ioieieu iaiaia (iai?eia?: naoaaua i?ioieieu)
Ieoeeaeaioaeue
Ieoeeaeaioaeue — iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue. I?aaeeiaeai a 1922
aiaeo Yaeaa?ii aea Aaaeai (Ynoiiey). sscue iniiaai ia
eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiie eaeneea, iauae aeey aeaaiuo caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo
ycueia.
Ieaiiaue ycue, nicaeaiiue a 1921-1922 aa. Y. aea (oii) Aaeai (1867-1948)
a ai?iaea ?aaaea (iuia Oaeeeii). A 1949 a. ycue i?eieiaao iaeiaiiaaiea
eioa?eeiaaa.
Ieoeeaeaioaeue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aiinoa?ei?ioth nenoaio
iaoo?aeenoe/aneiai oeia. Neiaa?ue caeinoaoaony ec aeeauo aa?iiaeneeo
ycueia, aeaaiui ia?acii ?iiaineeo; ioi?ieaiea iiiaeo neia iaia?oaeeaaao
aeeyiea o?aioeocneiai ycuea. Neiaiia?aciaaiea no?ieony ii ia?acoeo
anoanoaaiiuo ycueia, ii iaeiia?aiaiii oii?yaei/eaaaony ii oae
iacuaaaiiio i?aaeeo aea Aaey (iniiaa i?acaina ia?acoaony io eioeieoeaa
iiouaieai ieii/aiey -(a)r. Iniiaa noieia ia?acoaony io iniiau i?acaina:
anee iniiaa i?acaina ieai/eaaaony ia aeaniue, e iae aeiaaaeyaony -t;
anee iia ieai/eaaaony ia d eee r, oi yoio niaeaniue caiaiyaony ia s; ai
anao inoaeueiuo neo/ayo iniiau i?acaina e noieia niaiaaeatho).
I?oia?aoey o?aaeeoeeiiiay n iiceoeeiiiui /oaieai iaeioi?uo aoea
(iai?eia?, n /eoaaony eae [oe] ia?aae a, i, o, a inoaeueiuo neo/ayo –
eae [e]). A?aiiaoeea a iniiaiii aiaeeoe/aneay. Cia/aiey iaaeaaeae o
nouanoaeoaeueiuo ia?aaeathony ii?yaeeii neia, iiiaeanoaaiiia /enei
au?aaeaaony iieacaoaeai -(e)s, i?eeaaaoaeueiua ia niaeanothony n
nouanoaeoaeueiuie, ianoieiaiey ?acee/atho noauaeoioth e iauaeoioth oi?iu
(oi – oa ‘y – iaiy’; tu – te ‘ou – oaay’), aeaaieu eiatho ieii/aiey: -r
(eioeieoea), ioeaaia (iano. a?. ecuyaeo, iaee.), -t (i?io. a?. e no?aae,
i?e/.), -(e)nt (aeaenoa, i?e/.); aoaeouaa a?aiy e nineaaaoaeueiia
iaeeiiaiea au?aaeathony aiaeeoe/aneeie iieacaoaeyie va, vell n
eioeieoeaii niuneiaiai aeaaiea; eiathony e ae?oaea aiaeeoe/aneea oi?iu,
a eiaiii – noaiaiae n?aaiaiey i?eeaaaoaeueiuo, ia?oaeoiuo a?aiai e
no?aaeaoaeueiiai caeiaa aeaaieia. Iiiieiey ii aiciiaeiinoe ecaaaaaony,
iieenaiey e neiiieiey i?eciathony aeiionoeiuie.
A?oiiu noi?iiieeia Ieoeeaeaioaey oi?ie?iaaeenue i?aeiouanoaaiii ec /enea
eaeenoia, iieeioaoeo eaei a iieneao aieaa anoanoaaiiiai ycuea. A 1928 a.
auee ia?aciaaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiue Nithc ieoeeaeaioaeenoia
(Occidental-Union; n J949 a. iacaaiea Interlingue-Union) e Aeaaeaiey
yoiai ycuea. Iinea ioaeeeaoeee a 1951 a. ycuea eioa?eeiaaa-EAEA iiiaea
ieoeeaeaioaeenou ia?aoee e yoiio ycueo. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ioaeaeueiua
a?oiiu ieoeeaeaioaeenoia eiathony a Oaaeoea?ee, *aoineiaaeee e ?yaea
ae?oaeo no?ai. A eeoa?aoo?a Ieoeeaeaioaeue eiae ia?aie/aiiia i?eiaiaiea,
iaeiaei ioaeeeiaaaoeany ia Ieoeeaeaioaea oai?aoe/aneea aeo?iaeu
«Kosmoglott» (1922- 1926), «Cosmoglotta» (1927-1985) e ae?.
i?eiaaeeaaeao e /eneo aaaeiaeoeo eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneeo ecaeaiee.
Eoeoeeue
Eoeoeeue — eneonnoaaiiue ycue, ni/aoathuee a naaa aacuneeth/eoaeueioth
eiae/iinoue, oi/iinoue, aunieoth au?aceoaeueiinoue e yooaeoeaiinoue. Yoe
ea/anoaa aeinoeaathony neiaeiinoueth a?aiiaoeee e oe?ieei iaai?ii oiiai,
/oi aeaeaao ycue aanueia o?oaeiui aeey eco/aiey. Eoeoeeue niaiauaao
ai?ei?iue oeeinioneee ycue n eiae/aneei ycueii, i?eiaiyy eaeneeii ec
3600 naiaioe/aneeo ei?iae, ?acaeaaaiuo n iiiiuueth neiaeiie,
iao?eoeaiiaeiaiie a?aiiaoeee, ?ac?aaioaiiie aeey iaeneiaeueii oi/iie e
yooaeoeaiie ia?aaea/e niunea. *oi ?iaa?o Oaeieaei i?aaeeiaeee aeey
ii?oi-oiiieiaee a nai?i «nei?iaiai?a», oi eoeoeeue aeinoeaaao aaeiaaaie
e aeey ii?oieiaee, eaeneei-ii?oieiaee e eaeneei-naiaioeee. A ycuea aeaa
/anoe ?a/e: neiaiia?acothuea e aaeuethieou (ii?aaeaeythuea), aaea aoi?ua
neeiiythony a 22 ii?oieiae/aneea eaoaai?ee. Eoeoeeueneia ienueii
i?eiaiyao oieeaeueiue ii?oi-oiiieiae/aneee i?eioeei, /oiau oaeaea
«oaeaoue» ienueiaiiua neiaa.
Neiaiia?aciaaiea a eoeoeea eniieuecoao ?yae i?eioeeiia ec eiaieoeaiie
ineoieiaee e eiaieoeaiie eeiaaenoeee, oaeeo eae oai?ey i?ioioeiia,
?aaeeaeueiay eaoaai?ecaoeey, ia/?oeay eiaeea e naiaioe/aneia
acaeiieneeth/aiea. Eaeneei-naiaioe/aneia nie?auaiea aeinoeaaaony ioo?i
eaene?iaaiey oieueei enoiaeiiai niunea oiai iiiyoey, eioi?ia a ae?oaeo
ycueao iauaaeeiyao ?iaenoaaiiua neiaa (oi anoue ioo?i nie?auaiey
«c?aiea», «aeae», «acaeyae», «onoaaeoueny», «iaii?aia», «aeac»,
«oa?aueoueny», «aecoaeecaoeey», e o. ae. aei iaeiiai niuneiaiai ei?iy
«c?aiea»), e i?eiaiyy iaoe?iue iaai? caeiiiia?iuo, i?aaeneacoaiuo e
oieaa?naeueii eniieuecoaiuo iiaeeoeeaoeee ia ii?oieiae/aneii (oi anoue
a?aiiaoe/aneii), a ia eaene/aneii o?iaia, aeey ia?aciaaiey neia, aeaeaei
auoiaeyueo ca eaene/aneee i?aaeae aieueoeinoaa ae?oaeo ycueia.
Eiaeai
Eiaeai (io aiae. Logical language «eiae/aneee ycue») — eneonnoaaiiue
ycue, ?ac?aaioaiiue eae n?aaenoai eeiaaenoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee, a
/anoiinoe, aeey yenia?eiaioaeueiie i?iaa?ee aeiioacu eeiaaenoe/aneie
ioiineoaeueiinoe Naie?a-Oi?oa. Nicaeaoaeue eiaeaia, Aeaeaein Eoe A?aoi
(James Cooke Brown), ia/ae ?aaioo iaae naiei i?iaeoii ieiei 1955 aiaea.
Iaeaieaa iieiia iienaiea ycuea e naycaiiuo n iei eaeae niaea?aeeony a
600-no?aie/iie eieaa Aeae. E. A?aoia «Loglan 1: a logical language»
(ecaeaia Einoeoooii eiaeaia a 1989 aiaeo).
N 1987 aiaea ia?aeeaeueii ?acaeaaaony ioeieiaoeeny io eiaeaia
aiaeiae/iue i?iaeo — eiaeaai.
Aaeaeo naiae /?oeie no?oeoo?u e eniieueciaaiey iniauo eiae/aneeo
eiino?oeoeee, eiaeai iniaaiii eaaei iiaeaea?ony eco/aieth ethaeueie n
oaoie/aneei neeaaeii iuoeaiey, ia eiathueo i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe e
anoanoaaiiui ycueai. Aaciaua neiaa (eo ieiei 800), ia iniiaa eioi?uo
nicaeathony ana inoaeueiua neiaa, ?ac?aaioaiu oaeei ia?acii, /oiau
iiaeaeaaaoueny 50%-io oaaaeuaaieth ethaeueie, eioi?ua eo ieeiaaea ia
neuoaee.
Au? iaeii aeinoieinoai eiaeaia — oi/iinoue. A i?i iao iiiieiia,
neioaene/aneeo e ae?oaeo iaiaeiicia/iinoae. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio ii, ii
iiaieth iaeioi?uo aai noi?iiieeia, iiaeao i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia noaoon ycuea
iaoee, i?aaeiacia/aiiiai aeey iaienaiey iao/iuo o?oaeia, iuia
no?aaeathueo io iaiaeiicia/iinoae anoanoaaiiuo ycueia. Oi/iinoue eiaeaia
e aiciiaeiinoue iaeiicia/iiai iaoeiiiai ?aceiaeaiey o?ac ia aea?aai
caaeneiinoae, eae n/eoaaony, iiaee au naeaeaoue eiaeai ia?aui
/aeiaa/aneei ycueii, iiiyoiui eiiiuethoa?o (yoa eaeay iienaia a
oaioanoe/aneie iiaanoe ?. Oaeieaeia «Eoia — no?iaay oicyeea»).
A iinoniaaoneii i?ino?ainoaa ia?aaiaeii aiaeeeneie aeieoiaioaoeee ii
eiaeaio caieiaeenue yiooceanou n 1999 ii 2001 aiae. Eo ia?aaiaeu e
aaoi?neea noaouee aeinooiiu ia naeoa loglan.euro.ru.
Yeuethiaee
Yeuethiaee — iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue, ?ac?aaioaiiue A.A.
Eieaaiaui. sscue i?aaeiacia/ai eae aeey iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiiai iauaiey, oae
e aeey eniieueciaaiey a iaoeiiuo nenoaiao ia?aaioee e ia?aaiaea
?aciiycu/iie eioi?iaoeee.
A?aiiaoeea nicaeaaaeanue ia iniiaa a?aiiaoeee ynia?aioi, ii ii
neiaiia?aciaaieth yeuethiaee aeeaea e ainoi/iui ycueai (eeoaeneiio,
yiiineiio). sscue nicaeai ia oeeo?iaie iniiaa, aaea oeeo?u caiaiaiu
iiauie ciaeaie — aaeeoaie. Nenoaia oiiaoecaoeee — neiaiaay. Oaea?aiea
noaaeony ia i?aaeiineaaeiai neiaa. Ei?iaaay aaca ninoieo ec 77 niuneiauo
yeaiaioia, eioi?uie eiiaeiaoi?ii ia?acothony 1756 ei?iae e aeaeaa — any
eaeneea. Aeey naiinoiyoaeueiiai eco/aiey ycuea aeinoaoi/ii oeieueiuo
iauaeeiaaenoe/aneeo ciaiee.
Aeoaaeo yeuethiaee ninoieo ec 16 a?aoai: aeanyoue iniiaiuo (aaeeou) e
oanoue aeiiieieoaeueiuo (aeiiciaee). E?iia oiai, oiio?aaeythony
ecaanoiua aniiiiaaoaeueiua ciaee: iethn, ieion, ciae ?aaainoaa, oi/ea,
caiyoay, aeaiaoi/ea e ae?oaea.
Nieue?anieue
A 1817 a. iiyaeeenue ia?aua yneecu naiaia?aciiai i?iaeoa iauaiiiyoiiai
ycuea – iocueaeueiiai ycuea Nieue?anieue. Aai aaoi? – o?aioeoc AEai
O?ainoa Nthae? (Sudre, 1787 – 1862), ?iaeii ec Aeueae – ninoaaee ana
neiaa, iiieii naie iaeiineiaeiuo, ec ?acee/iuo eiiaeiaoeee naie
iocueaeueiuo iio: a iai 49 aeaoneiaeiuo neia, 336 o?aoneiaeiuo, 2268
/aou?aoneiaeiuo e 9072 iyoeneiaeiuo. Iai?eia?, “y” i?ieciineony eae
aei?a; “ou, au” – aeiie; “iie” – ?aaei; aei?aaei – “a?aiy”, aei?aie –
“aeaiue”, aei?aoa – “iaaeaey”, aei?anieue – “ianyoe”, nieueeyne –
“iiaeieiaoue”, neeynieue – “iioneaoue”; “y ethaeth” – aei?a ieeyne.
Ianoi oaea?aiey a neiaa ii?aaeaeyao eaoaai?eth /anoe ?a/e. Neiaa
Nieue?aniey iiaoo:
ienaoueny aoeaaie,
ia?auie naiueth a?aaneeie oeeo?aie,
iioaie,
i?ieciineoueny eee iaoueny,
eniieiyoueny ia ethaii iocueaeueiii eino?oiaioa, eiathuai aaiio,
neaiaeece?iaaoueny oeaaeeaie,
aini?iecaiaeeoueny naiueth oeaaoaie ?aaeoae – a iauai eiatho naiue
?acee/iuo oi?i au?aaeaiey.
I?iaeo Nthae?a caneoaeee iaiaeiie?aoiua iaeia?aiey ?acee/iuo eiiennee
Ia?eaeneie aeaaeaiee iaoe e iiiai/eneaiiuo iao/iuo iauanoa, iieo/ee i?ec
a 10 oun. o?aieia ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aunoaaea 1851 a. a Ia?eaea e
ii/aoioth iaaeaeue ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aunoaaea a 1862 a. a Eiiaeiia,
ano?aoee i?eciaiea iiiaeo auaeathueony nia?aiaiieeia, a eo /enea Aeeoi?a
Athai, Eaia?oeia, Aeaenaiae?a Aoiaieueaeoa.
Aieaithe
A iaeiie ec iiiai/eneaiiuo a?ioth? eiioea XIX aaea, iinayuaiiuo
i?iiaaaiaea anaiauaai ycuea, aiai?eeinue: “Eaeaae anaie?iiai ycuea
iineeny a aicaeooa oaea aieaa 200 eao, e iaiaoiaeeiinoue aai iuouaeanue
anaie ia?iaeaie”.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iauanoaaiiia niciaiea iiiaeo no?ai aeeei iaeeaeaieai
ycuea-iin?aaeieea, eioi?ue iuneeeny eae ycue aa?iiie/iue, i?inoie e a oi
aea a?aiy aieaa niaa?oaiiue, /ai ethaie ec yoie/aneeo ycueia.
“AEaeaciue” aae n aai eioaineaiuie eiioaeoaie iaaeaeo ia?iaeaie, n aai
aaeeeeie ioe?uoeyie, eioi?ua ooo aea “ia?aoaaeaaee ” a?aieoeu no?ai e
noaiiaeeenue aeinoiyieai anaai /aeiaa/anoaa, noaaee aii?in ia
oieoeeaoeee nenoai ia?, aania, eeanneoeeaoeee ciaiee.
N?aaieoaeueii-enoi?e/aneia ycueiciaiea n aai iieneaie i?aycuea eae
enoi/ieea ?iaenoaaiiuo ycueia nicaeaei aiaaooth ii/ao aeey oaaaeaeaiey,
/oi anaiauee ycue iiaeii iino?ieoue ia iniiaa iaueo neia e oi?i, eaey,
iaeiaei, ia “aiec”, ia a aeoaue aaeia, a iai?ioea, aeaeaaynue “aaa?o”, e
nia?aiaiiinoe. Iiuo oi?ie?iaaiey iauaai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea anae iaoeee
a ?yaea no?ai Aa?iiu oiaea iieacuaae, /oi ii nicaeaaony niciaoaeueii ia
aaca ia?aaioee ?aciiaeeaeaeoiiai iaoa?eaea. A yoii iai?aaeaiee
aeaeaaeanue e eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneay iuneue: iiene iaueo yeaiaioia,
eioi?ua neeaaeuaaeenue a iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo ycueao Aa?iiu a
?acoeueoaoa eoeueoo?iuo, iao/iuo e i?i/eo eiioaeoia.
Iiyaeaiea ycueiaiai i?iaeoa, eioi?ue iiaeii auei au o?ainoi?ie?iaaoue a
nianoaaiii ycue, noaei iaecaaaeiui. Ia?aui i?aiaeieae a?aieoeo iaaeaeo
ycueiaie noaiie, iaaeaeo “/enoi eaaeiaoiie a?aiiaoeeie” e aa
i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeecaoeeae iaiaoeeee eaoiee/aneee nayuaiiee ec ai?iaea
Eiinoaioea Eiaaii Ia?oei Oeaea? (1831-1912). Nia/aea ii nicaeae i?iaeo
“anaie?iiai aeoaaeoa” (1878), a a neaaeothuai aiaeo – Aieaithe
(aeineiaii ia?aaiaeeony “anaie?iue ycue”). Caeanue aeaa aiaeeeneeo neiaa
i?aaenoaaeaiu a neeueii aeaoi?ie?iaaiiii aeaea: vol (a oi?ia
?iaeeoaeueiiai iaaeaaea vola) ec world – ie? e puk ec speak – aiai?eoue.
Ia oeooeueiii eenoa ia?aiai o/aaieea – “Aieaithe. Anaie?iue ycue. I?iaeo
anaiauaai ycuea aeey anao ia?aciaaiiuo ethaeae anae Caiee” – aaoi?
iiianoee aeaaec “Menade bal – puki bal!” (“Aaeeiiio /aeiaa/anoao –
aaeeiue ycue!”). Ia?aia ia?eiaee/aneia ecaeaiea “Volapukabled”
(“Aieaitheneee eenoie”, eee “Eenoie anaie?iiai ycuea”), eioi?ia Oeaea?
ia/ae auioneaoue a 1881 aiaeo, i?ae?aoeei naia nouanoaiaaiea a 1908
aiaeo. A aeie i?acaeiiaaiey noieaoey Aaeeeie o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee e
ioe?uaoaeny ii yoiio iiaiaeo a Ia?eaea Anaie?iie aunoaaee (1889)
aieaitheenou i?iaaee naie o?aoee anaiauee eiia?ann. Aaeeinoaaiiui ycueii
iauaiey ia eiia?anna noae aieaithe: ia iai aaee i?aiey e aeaeaee
aeieeaaeu. Aia?aua i?aaenoaaeoaee 13 no?ai (n?aaee ieo i?enoonoaiaaee
aeaa i?aaenoaaeoaey ec Eeoay e Oo?oeee) i?eaaaee e iauaieth ia
niciaoaeueii neiino?oe?iaaiiii ycuea. Eieinnaeueiue ii oiio a?aiaie
yenia?eiaio. “Aieaithe auaea?aeae i?aeoe/aneee yecaiai”, – oae ioeaiee
aiineaaenoaee yoi niauoea niaaoneee eioa?eeiaaeno Y. Ae?acai.
Acaeiiiiieiaiea, aeinoeaiooia aeaaiaea?y aieaitheo, aaeioiiaeei
noi?iiieeia aeaeaeaiey ca anaiauee ycue.
Eacaeinue, yoa i?iaeaia oaea ?aoaia. *enei ecaeaiee ia iiaii ycuea
aeinoeaei ianeieueeeo nioai, n?aaee ieo – aeaa n iieiaeiie aeanyoea
aeo?iaeia e atheeaoaiae, o/aaieee e o/aaiua iiniaey. A ?acee/iuo no?aiao
ie?a ioe?uaaeenue eo?nu, eioi?ua ieii/eee aieaa 200 ouny/ /aeiaae.
Oieueei a iaeiie Aaia (a 1887 aiaeo) i?e ?acee/iuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo
nouanoaiaaei iyoue eo?nia, a oii /enea i?e Aaineii oieaa?neoaoa. A
eiiia?/aneii o/eeeua a Ia?eaea e a iaeioi?uo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo ae?oaeo
no?ai aieaithe i?eiyee eae iaycaoaeueiue i?aaeiao i?ia?aiiu.
Iiyaeeanue iiaay niaoeeaeueiinoue – “Volapukatidel”, oi anoue
“i?aiiaeaaaoaeue anaie?iiai ycuea”. A 1889 aiaeo a 40 no?aiao ie?a
aeeieiie?iaaiiuo i?aiiaeaaaoaeae anaie?iiai ycuea ian/eouaaeinue 2015
/aeiaae. ?yae oe?i a e?oiiuo ai?iaeao Aa?iiu eniieuecotho aieaithe a
naiae ia?aienea, eo iauyaeaiey a aacaoao e aeo?iaeao ia?aaeei
caeai/eaathony neiaaie “Spodon Volapuki” (“Ia?aienuaathony ia anaie?iii
ycuea”). Ii ?aeio oiaeeo aeioiaie ia?ioiae n ai?aeaeeaui iacaaieai
“Aieaithe”, e eia-eoi ec /eaiia yeeiaaea iiaeao aanoe i?inoie ?acaiai? n
iannaaee?aie ia anaie?iii ycuea. Aeaeathony iiiuoee iinoaaeoue ia
noeaiao niaeoaeee ia aieaithea. Iiyaeythony ia?aaiaeiua e aeaaea
i?eaeiaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey ia iiaii anaie?iii ycuea, a eioi?uo cao/ao
i?ecuau e aaeeiaieth ia?iaeia ia iniiaa iauaai ycuea, neaiay aa?a, /oi
anaie?iue ycue ?ac?aoeo nioeeaeueiua i?iaeaiu, ino?i anoathuea ia?aae
ia?iaeaie anao no?ai. Aio o?aaiaio noeoioai?aiey “Anaie?iue ycue”
iaeiiai ec ai?y/eo iieeiiieeia aieaithea a ?innee a eiioea XIX aaea
Aeieo?ey *a?iooaiei:
Iaeei aeey anao ethaeae ycue,
Ii aoaeao anai io?aaeie,
Aae aoaeao iao aeey anao aaeee,
Ceui eiciyi noaiao ii i?aa?aaeie…
Ia ia/aei 90-o aiaeia XIX aaea, eae ooaa?aeaeaaony a i?iiaaaiaeenoneie
eeoa?aoo?a oiai a?aiaie, aieaa anaai aeeieiie?iaaiiuo i?aiiaeaaaoaeae
aieaithea ian/eouaaeinue a Iineaa, caoai a Iaoa?ao?aa, ia o?aoueai ianoa
noiye Oa?oo (Aea?io).
Aeaeaeaiea noi?iiieeia aieaithea ninoiyei i?aeiouanoaaiii ec
eioaeeeaaioeee e i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaeeie e n?aaeiae ao?aeoacee. Eaeae
anaie?iiai ycuea e naiiai aieaithea i?aeoe/anee ia i?iieeaee a iecoea
nioeeaeueiua neie ianaeaiey, oioy aeoeaece?iaaaoaany ai aoi?ie iieiaeia
XIX aaea ?aai/aa aeaeaeaiea ai iiiaeo no?aiao Aa?iiu o?aaiaaei
iauaaeeiaiey oneeee, nieeaea?iinoe e niioaaonoaaiii acaeiiiiieiaiey.
E oai ia iaiaa ca aceaoii aieaitheneiai aeaeaeaiey ia ?oaaaea aaeia
iineaaeiaae aai niaae. I?e/ei oiio ianeieueei, ii iaeaieaa aaaeiay –
?aneie aioo?e aeaeaeaiey: iiiaea o?aaiaaee aei?aaioie, io eioi?uo
ioeacuaaeny aaoi?. Aieaithe i?eiaaeeaaeae e ycueai niaoaiiiai oeia, aai
a?aiiaoeea, i?aaeaeueii ?aoeeiiaeueiay, eiae/iay, ia io?aaeaea iiiaeo
iniaaiiinoae yoie/aneeo ycueia. Iaaeaiea Aieaithea ioeaaeeei yiooceaci
eaeae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea, ii, eiia/ii, ia iiaei aa oie/oiaeeoue.
Noi?iiieee aieaithea ia?aeeth/eeenue ia ca?iaeaeaaoaany ynia?aioneia
aeaeaeaiea, eioi?ia ninoaaeei na?ueacioth eiieo?aioeeth ycueo E. I.
Oeaea?a e iiaaaeeei a yoii niia?ie/anoaa.
Ynia?aioi
Eaa Oienoie ienae ia ynia?aioi: «Eaaeinoue eco/aiey aai oaeiaa, /oi,
iieo/ea ynia?aioenoneoth a?aiiaoeeo, neiaa?ue e noaouee, iaienaiiua ia
yoii ycuea, y iinea ia aieaa 2 /ania caiyoee aue a ninoiyiee anee ia
ienaoue, oi naiaiaeii /eoaoue».
Ynia?a?ioi — naiue ?ani?ino?ai?iiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue (aieaa oaea/iue
oa?iei: ieaiiaue), nicaeaiiue aa?oaaneei ieoeenoii Eaca?ai (Ethaeaeaii)
Ia?eiae/ai Caiiaiaioii a 1887 aiaeo a eoiaa aeanyoeeaoiae ?aaiou. Ia?aay
iioaeeeiaaiiay eieaa iacuaaeanue «D-ro Esperanto. Lingvo internacia.
Anta?parolo kaj plena lernolibro» («Aeieoi? Iaaeathueeny.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue. I?aaeeneiaea e iieiue o/aaiee»). Inaaaeiiei
Caiaiaioa — Ynia?aioi — i/aiue nei?i noae iacaaieai naiiai ycuea.
Aiai?yuea ia ynia?aioi iacuaathony ynia?aioenoaie. Eiiaaea, /oiau
ecaaaeaoue iniaie noeeenoe/aneie ie?anee neia n noooeenii -eno-,
iineoaeae ynia?aioi iacuaatho ynia?aioiaiai?yueie eee ynia?aioioiiaie. A
iaoi?iaeueiii iauaiee au? a niaaoneii niiauanoaa ynia?aioenoia aicieeei
neiai-a?aioeci yniu (a aaeeinoaaiiii /enea yni eee ynii).
Nicaeaoaeue ynia?aioi Ethaeaea Eaca?ue Caiaiaio (1859-1917) ?iaeeeny a
ai?iaea Aaeinoiea, a oi a?aiy aoiaeeaoai a ninoaa ?innee. Aeaonoai aai
i?ioei a iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiii e iiiaiycu/iii ie?oaeaiee. “Eaeay
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea, inouanoaeaieth eioi?ie y iinayoee anth naith
aeeciue, – ienae ii ?onneiio ynia?aioenoo I. A. Ai?iaei, – iiyaeeanue o
iaiy a aeaonoaa”. Ia?aiia/aeueii eae naiaai ?iaea ea?a: niaaeeiyy ae?oa
n ae?oaii neiaa ?acee/iuo ycueia, Ethaeaea iuoaeny nicaeaoue ia/oi
a?iaea oaeiiai eiaea aeey ?acaiai?a n iaeiieeannieeaie. Auoiaeaoe ec
naiuee a?a/a, ii, eiia/ii, nia/aea ?aoee aine?aneoue iaeei ec aaeeeeo
ycueia ae?aaiinoe e N?aaeiaaaeiauey – eaoeineee, ii iioii i?eoae e
auaiaeo, /oi yoi ia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu.
Eae-oi ia?aoea aieiaiea ia iaaeiene oeia “eiiaeeoa?neay”, “oaaeoea?neay”
ia oeeoeao ?iaeiiai ai?iaea, ii iaiaeeaeaiii ioe?ue aeey naay, /oi n
iiiiuueth ioaeaeueiuo yeaiaioia (a?iaea noooeena -neay) iiaeii
ninoaaeyoue iiaua neiaa. Yoi aeaaaei aieueoea aiciiaeiinoe aeey
ia?aciaaiey iiiyoee ia iniiaa oaea eiathueony: “Ia oa?iaeathua oienoua
neiaa?e iae eo/ naaoa, e iie [neiaa?e] ia/aee auno?i oiaiueoaoueny a
iieo aeacao. Iaoaieea ycuea auea ia?aaei iiie eae ia eaaeiie, e…
anei?a iinea yoiai y oaea eiae iaienaiioth iieioth a?aiiaoeeo e
iaaieueoie neiaa?ue”, – aniiieiae Caiaiaio aiineaaenoaee. A?aiy
ieii/aiey aeiiace/aneiai eo?na – 1878 aiae – niaiaaeaao n iiyaeaieai
i?iaeoa eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea “Lingwe universala” – “anaiauaai ycuea”.
A e?oao iieiaeuo i?eyoaeae Caiaiaioa i?iaeo aucaae eioa?an e aeaaea
yiooceaci. Ii ioaoe n naiiai ia/aea aue i?ioea “no?aiiuo” oaea/aiee
nuia, ii ianoaeaae, /oiau Ethaeaea noae a?a/ii-ieoeenoii, e ioi?aaee aai
a Iineao.
Iinea caaa?oaiey iao/aiey thiioa i?eaoae a Aa?oaao (naiuey aeeea oaea
oai). E ooo auynieeinue, /oi ioaoe naeaa ?oeiienue eeiaaii?iaeoa e ana
iaa?inee e iaio. Ethaeaea oyaeaei ia?aaeee iioa?th e aeieai ia iia
caiiai i?enooieoue e ?aaioa. A ia/aea 80-o aiaeia oe?aaeeie, /oiau ia
ociaee ciaeiiua e ?iaenoaaiieee, ii aiiaue ia/eiaao ?ac?aaaouaaoue
iniiau iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea e caeai/eaaao i?iaeo e 1887 aiaeo.
Iianaynue oiai, /oi eeeaiou ia?anoaioo ia?auaoueny e ieoeenoo-oeeieiao,
Caiaiaio ?aoee ia/aoaoue i?iaeo iiae inaaaeiieiii. Ii aeieai euao aai e
inoaiaaeeaaaony ia neiaa “iaaeathueeny”. Ia oeooeueiii eenoa eiaeeony
iaaeienue: “D-r Esperanto”. Aeaeaa ii-?onnee neaaeiaaei iacaaiea:
“Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue. I?aaeeneiaea e iieiue o/aaiee”, ii naii
iiyniaiea i?eaiaeeeinue ia iiaii ycuea.
Caiaiaio ia n?aco iaoae ecaeaoaey: ieeoi ia i?eieiae ana?ueac aai ?aaioo
e ia aeaeae aa ia/aoaoue. Aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi oanoue aeae aeaiaa,
Caiaiaio niia iaeiiaoe ca naie n/ao ecaeaoue o/aaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
ycuea, eioi?ue iieo/ee iacaaiea ii inaaaeiieio: “Esperanto”. Caoai
auoiaeeo iieueneia ecaeaiea, a ianeieueei iicaeiaa – o?aioeocneia,
aiaeeeneia e iaiaoeeia.
Iaeei ec noi?iiieeia aeaeaeaiey ca iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue a ?innee ienae
a ia/aea aaea: “Aea e ii?a oaea auei inoaiiaeoueny: oaean ioaaouaaao,
eae aniiiieoue, /oi ca iineaaeiea 200 eao iiyaeeinue aieaa 150 nenoai
anaie?iiai ycuea”. Neaaeoao, iaeiaei, eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi e
“io?eoeaoaeueiue” iiuo eiaao cia/aiea. Iaoaea/e i?ieeaaeuaaee iooue e
aieaa oniaoiiio ?aoaieth.
I?aaeaea anaai, aeey ynia?aioi oa?aeoa?ai i?eioeei “iaeiiio caoeo –
iaeia aoeaa”, oi anoue oiiaoe/aneia iaienaiea neia (ia iniiaa eaoeineiai
aeoaaeoa), /oi iicaieyao iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeceoue onoioth ?a/ue e
ienueiaiiie. Oai naiui nieiathony o?oaeiinoe a?aoe/aneiai e
i?oia?aoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, aicieeathuea i?e eco/aiee oaeeo aa?iiaeneeo
ycueia, eae aiaeeeneee e o?aioeocneee, a eioi?uo, eae ecaanoii,
nouanoaoao naiaai ?iaea “i?iianoue” iaaeaeo iaienaieai neia e eo
i?ieciioaieai.
A?aiiaoeea ynia?aioi naaaeaia e 16 i?aaeeai, eioi?uo ieacaeinue
aeinoaoi/ii aeey au?aaeaiey a?aiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
oiai, /oiau nenoaia auiieiyea naie neiaieciaieoaeueiua ooieoeee: i?aaeea
ia?aciaaiey nouanoaeoaeueiuo, aeaaieia, ianoieiaiee, i?eeaaaoaeueiuo,
/eneeoaeueiuo, nithcia, i?aaeeiaia e o.ae. Eneeth/aiee yoa a?aiiaoeea
i?aeoe/anee ia ciaao, /ai ?acei ioee/aaony io a?aiiaoeee yoie/aneeo
ycueia. Auo/eoue i?aaeea niiniaai ethaie /aeiaae ca i/aiue ei?ioeee
n?ie.
*oi eanaaony neiaa?y, oi ii, iai?ioea, i?eaeeaeai e iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiui aa?iiaeneei ycueai e aace?oaony ia iaueo eaene/aneeo
aaeeieoeao. Ec ?onneiai a ynia?aioi acyou oaeea ei?iaaua yeaiaiou, eae
nepre – iai?aiaiii, krom – e?iia, cel – oeaeue, dom – aeii, krut –
e?ooie, po – ii, tri – o?e, past – ianoe, cerp – /a?iaoue, glad –
aeaaeeoue e ae?. Ec o?aioeocneiai: buso (bouche) – ?io, mateno (matin) –
oo?i, mem (memo) – nai, tre (tres) – i/aiue, tuta (toute, eoae. tutto) –
aanue e o.ae. Ec eoaeueyineiai: audiau (addio) – i?iuae, artikolo
(articolo) – noaouey, cielo (cielo) – iaai, popolo – ia?iae, promesi
(promesso) – iaauaoue e o.ae. Ec eaoeineiai: fenestro (fenestra) – ieii,
homo (homo) – /aeiaae, apud – ieiei, dum – a oi a?aiy eae, kun (cun) –
n, sub – iiae.
Oae Caiaiaio, eiino?oe?oy a?aiiaoeeo ynia?aioi, a iaeiii neo/aa ii
i?eioeeio eiio?anoa n aa?iiaeneeie ycueaie, a ae?oaii – ii i?eioeeio eo
iiaeiaey, iaoae iioeiaeueiue aa?eaio.
A ia?aii o/aaieea ii iiianoee e ia?acoeu eeoa?aoo?iiai oai?/anoaa ia
iiaii ycuea – ia?aaiae ecaanoiuo eeanne/aneeo i?iecaaaeaiee.
A iaoea ia i?ae?auathony nii?u i oii, neaaeoao ee ?acaeaaoue eeoa?aoo?o
ia eneonnoaaiiii ycuea. Iiaeao ee oaeay eeoa?aoo?a iaeaaeaoue oaie aea
ynoaoe/aneeie oeaiiinoyie, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?iu aeey iaoeeiiaeueiuo
eeoa?aoo?? Iiea eaeoo nii?u, ynia?aioneay eeoa?aoo?a ieoao naith
enoi?eth, ieoao, ianiio?y ia ii?aaeaeaiiue neaioeoeeci e caiae/eaaiea ni
noi?iiu “aieueoiai eeoa?aoo?iaaaeaiey”.
Yenia?eiaio, ia/aoue noi eao iacaae, i?ioae i?iaa?eo a?aiaiai. *enei
ethaeae, iieuecothueony yoei ycueii, ?anoao n eaaeaeui aiaeii. Ynia?aioi
i?aiiaeatho a 63 aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo 23 no?ai ie?a. A 1966 aiaeo
iieiaeie a?aaioeineee a?a/ i?aaeeiaeee ecaeaoue nai?iee aae?ania
ynia?aioenoia ie?a. Nae/an a nai?iee 2002 aiaea caianai 1231 aae?an ec
83 no?ai. A ie?a ian/eouaaaony ii ?aciui ioeaieai io 2 aei 20 ieeeeiiia
ynia?aioenoia
Iia-ynia?aioi
Ieaiiaue ycue, nicaeaiiue a 1925 a. ?. aea Ninnth?ii (Rene de Saussure,
1868-1943), Aa?e; iaeei ec na?ee iiiai/eneaiiuo ynia?aioieaeiuo
i?iaeoia, i?aaeeiaeaiiuo yoei aaoi?ii. Iicaeiaa, iinea ?yaea i/a?aaeiuo
eciaiaiee, ia?aeiaiiauaaaony a ynia?aioi-II.
A iaeioi?uo ioiioaieyo Iia-ynia?aioi i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiii?iienn
iaaeaeo ynia?aioi e eaei: ii naiae i?oia?aoee Iia-ynia?aioi aeecie e
eaei (caeanue ionoonoaotho aoeau n iaaeno?i/iuie ciaeaie e aianoi ieo
eniieuecothony aeea?aou nh [/], sh [o]), a ii naiaio neiaiia?aciaaieth –
e ynia?aioi (ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie Iia-ynia?aioi a yoie iaeanoe
yaeythony i?eioeeiu iaiaoiaeeiinoe e aeinoaoi/iinoe, ?ac?aaioaiiua ?.
aea Ninnth?ii ia?aiia/aeueii a i?eiaiaiee e ynia?aioi). Ae?oaea /a?ou
Iia-ynia?aioi oa?aeoa?iu oieueei aeey aeaiiiai ycuea: ieii/aiea -i
neoaeeo iieacaoaeai eiaieoaeueiiai iaaeaaea nouanoaeoaeueiuo, a -e –
aeieoaeueiiai; iiiaeanoaaiiia /enei ia?aaeaaony ieii/aieai -n; eiia?aoea
– ieii/aieai -io (i?i/ea aeaaieueiua oi?iu – oaeea aea, eae a
ynia?aioi); iiiaineiaeiua i?aaeeiae ieai/eaathony ia -er: anter ‘aei’;
poster ‘iinea’; konter ‘i?ioea’ (yni. antau, post, kontrau).
Iia-ynia?aioi a eiioea 20-o – ia/aea 30-o aa. ?anniao?eaaeny a ea/anoaa
iaeiiai ec na?ueaciuo niia?ieeia ynia?aioi e eaei – anee ia ii
eiee/anoao noi?iiieeia, oi ii iniiaaoaeueiinoe oai?aoe/aneie ?ac?aaioee
aeaiiie nenoaiu. Annioeeaoeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea
i?eciaea Iia-ynia?aioi iaeiei ec eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia aeieacaiiie
i?eiaieiinoe. Auea eca?aia Aeaaeaiey Iia-ynia?aioi, eioi?ie ?. aea
Ninnth? a 1931 a. aeae oi?aeanoaaiiia caaa?aiea a oii, /oi aeaeueiaeoeo
ia?aaeaeie ycuea ia aoaeao. Iaeiaei oaeea ia?aaeaeee ana aea
iineaaeiaaee, e yoi iooieeioei io Iia-ynia?aioi aai iaiiiai/eneaiiuo
noi?iiieeia.
Eaei
A ia?aua aeanyoeeaoey nouanoaiaaiey ynia?aioi iiiaea ynia?aioenou auee
noi?iiieeaie ?aaeeeaeueiuo eciaiaiee ycuea. A 1907 a. iaeei ec
aeeaeaeoeo ni?aoieeia E. Caiaiaioa, o?aioeoc Eoe aea Aio?ii iioaeeeiaae
i?iaeo iiaiai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea, “oniaa?oainoaiaaiiiai” ynia?aioi.
Iiaue ycue aue iacaai “eaei”, /oi aeieaeii auei iiae/a?eiooue
i?aainoaaiiinoue iaaeaeo iei e ynia?aioi (“ido” icia/aao “aeeoy,
iioiiie”).
Iniiaiua ioee/ey eaei io ynia?aioi: ionoonoaea aoea n iaaeno?i/iuie
ciaeaie; ieii/aiea iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea nouanoaeoaeueiuo – i;
ionoonoaea aeieoaeueiiai iaaeaaea; o?e ieii/aiey aeey iaii?aaeaeaiiie
oi?iu aeaaieia -ir, -ar, -or; eciaiaiea ianoieiaiee ia eaoeineea;
eciaiaiea iiiaeanoaa neia aeey aieueoae “eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiinoe”; iaee/ea
iiauo noooeenia.
Ia ia?auo ii?ao eaei iaian cia/eoaeueiue oua?a ynia?aioi-aeaeaeaieth. E
eaei ia?aoee aei 10% anao ynia?aioenoia. Ii iniiaiay ianna ynia?aioenoia
ia iiaeaeaeanue “skismo” (?aneieo) e inoaeanue aa?ia ynia?aioi. Ia
caiaiaioneii ycuea i?iaeieaeaei auoiaeeoue iiiai eeoa?aoo?u,
i?iaiaeeeenue eiia?annu… Iaaeaeo oai, n?aaee eaeenoia aicieeee
?acaei?u iaaeaeo “eiina?aaoi?aie” e noi?iiieeaie aeaeueiaeoeo ?aoi?i.
Iaeioi?ua auaeathueany ?aoi?iaoi?u nicaeaee naie i?iaeou
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea: “ynia?aioeaei”, “iiaeae”, “eaeeii-iaoo?ae”,
“eioa?eeiaaa” e ae?oaea. Ii ana iie inoaeenue oieueei ia aoiaaa.
Aeaeaeaiea ca eaei iioei ia oaueue e e na?aaeeia OO aaea i?aeoe/anee
en/acei.
Iauaeoeaii eaei aeaeaei i?iaeaeioe ynia?aioieiaeth, ?anoe?ee iiuo
eeiaaii?iaeoe?iaaiey e iaiaaoee ynia?aioi. Ec eaei a ynia?aioi ia?aoee
iaeioi?ua oaea/iua noooeenu, neiaa e au?aaeaiey. Iaeiie ec i?e/ei oeanei
iiaiai ycuea auei no?aieaiea aai aaoi?a nicaeaoue eiae/iue,
“eaeaaeueiue” ycue aac iieeoe/aneiai e aeooiaiiai niaea?aeaiey. Eaei aue
ycueii aeey “eioaeeaeooaeia”, /oaeaeuo iaoeeoecio e oiia?aiecio (io
homaro – /aeiaa/anoai). A oi a?aiy eae aeaeaeaiea ca ynia?aioi anaaaea
aeaeaaeinue aai “aioo?aiiae eaeaae” – ia/oie i ie?a e ana/aeiaa/aneii
a?aonoaa.
Eaei aue aaeeinoaaiiui ec i?iaeoia aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea, eioi?ue
n?aco i?eaeae e naaa ouny/e iineaaeiaaoaeae e ia eioi?ii a ?aciuo
no?aiao n?aco ia/aei auoiaeeoue 12 aeo?iaeia. Ia?aua aiaeu
?ani?ino?aiaiey e oiio?aaeaiey Eaei i?ioee iiae ciaeii iai?a?uaiuo
eciaiaiee, aiineiuo a iaai. O/aaieee e neiaa?e Eaei auno?i onoa?aaaee, e
a yoii ii oa?ye naia ea/anoai eae n?aaenoaa iauaiey, aucuaae
iaoaeiaieuenoaea ni noi?iiu naieo iineaaeiaaoaeae.
Nicaeaoaee Eaei i?iaicaeaneee eicoia: “Progreso esas vivo, stado esas
morto!” (Aeaeaeaiea anoue aeeciue, iaiiaeaeaeiinoue anoue nia?oue!”) A
ae?oaii eicoiaa iie i?iaicaeaoaee “ieeiaaea ia niaa?oainoai”, ii –
“anaaaea niaa?oainoaiaaiea”.
A 1913 a. ?oeiaiaenoai eaeenoneei aeaeaeaieai iauyaeei periodo de
stabileso (ia?eiae noaaeeecaoeee) ia 10 eao. A 1923 a. yoio ia?eiae aue
i?iaeeai anaai ia /aou?a aiaea, iinea /aai niaa?oainoaiaaiea,
?aoi?ie?iaaiea Eaei aiciaiiaeeinue. Yoi aeaci?aaieciaaei eaeenoneia
aeaeaeaiea, n?aaee eaeenoia ia/aeny ?aca?iae. Oae e i?aeoe/aneie
iaoaea/a i?eaaei ia?ooaiea i?eioeeia «nia/aea oniaa?oainoaiaaoue, caoai
?ani?ino?aiyoue!»
Ynia?aioeaei
Ynia?aioeaei (Esperantido) — i?iaeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eneonnoaaiiiai
ycuea, iniiaaiiue ia ynia?aioi e eaei. Aue i?aaeeiaeai ?aia aea
Ninnth?ii. Eiae aeaa oi?iu: 1919 e 1920 aiaeia. Iaa oi?iu iacia/eoaeueii
ioee/aeenue io ynia?aioi: oae /oi aeaaeay ynia?aioi, iiaeii auei
iiieiaoue e oaenou ia ynia?aioeaei.
Aa?eaio 1919 aiaea ioee/aeny io ynia?aioi caiaiie aeeae?eoeee (? aianoi
? e o. ae.), ionoonoaeai aeeocaoeaa, eaeneeie (savi aianoi scii e ae?.).
A aa?eaioa 1920 aiaea aeeae?eoeee ia noaei aiiaua, eciaieeenue au?
iaeioi?ua neiaa.
Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue
Ieaiiaue ycue, nicaeaiiue a 1893-1898 aa. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aeaaeaieae
anaie?iiai ycuea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A.E. ?icaiaa?aa?a (1849-1918),
Iaoa?ao?a. Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue i?aaenoaaeye niaie iaeei ec ia?auo
iineaaeiaaoaeueii aiinoa?ei?iuo ycueia, iniiaaiiuo ia iao/iii ioai?a
eioa?iaoeeiiaeeciia. A iniiao ycuea iieiaeai i?eioeei iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe
a o?aeoiaea A.E. ?icaiaa?aa?a. Aeey auyaeaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo neia e
a?aiiaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia auee iiaeaa?aioou nenoaiaoe/aneiio n?aaiaieth
oanoue aeeauo ycueia (aiaeeeneee, o?aioeocneee, iaiaoeeee, eniaineee,
eoaeueyineee, ?onneee) e iaeei ia?oaue (eaoeineee). A ?acoeueoaoa auei
auyaeaii ieiei 11000 eioa?iaoeeiiaeeciia, aieueoay /anoue eioi?uo
i?aaenoaaeaia a neiaa?a A.E. ?icaiaa?aa?a e a aeiiieiaiee e iaio. Oae
eae Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue ia?aie/eaaaony iaoa?eaeii iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo neia, a
iai iao ai?ei?eciia, eiathueony, iai?eia?, a ynia?aioi. Aianoa n oai
Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue aeiioneaao oaeea ni/aoaiey ii?oai, eioi?uo iao a
ycueao-enoi/ieeao: reakt-asion ‘?aaeoeey’, redakt-ator ‘?aaeaeoi?’,
elektrik-itet ‘yeaeo?e/anoai’. Ii yoiio i?eciaeo Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue
neaaeoao ioiineoue e aaoiiiiiie iiaea?oiia aiinoai?ei?iuo ycueia, oioy e
n oyaioaieai e iaoo?aeecio. Onooieie iaoo?aeecio yaeyaony, a /anoiinoe,
aeeth/aiea a neiaa?ue Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue, ia?yaeo n nianoaaiiuie
i?iecaiaeiuie, oaeaea e aeoaeaoia, oeaeeeii acyouo ec anoanoaaiiuo
ycueia. Aeoaaeo eaoeineee aac q, z, ii n aeiaaaeaieai aeea?aoa sh [o].
I?oia?aoey oiiaoe/aneay, iai?eia?: n [/], j [ae], o [e]. Oaea?aiea –
ia?aae iineaaeiei niaeaniui neiaa (fort’un ‘oaea/a’; f’ilio ‘nui’).
A?aiiaoeea neaaeoao ia?acoeo anoanoaaiiuo ycueia, iiyoiio
nouanoaeoaeueiua e i?eeaaaoaeueiua ia eiatho ?acee/eoaeueiuo ai?ei?iuo
ieii/aiee, eae a ynia?aioi; iiiaeanoaaiiia /enei au?aaeaaony ieii/aieai
-i, cia/aiey iaaeaaeae ia?aaeathony i?aaeeiaaie, a?oeeeue ionoonoaoao;
aeaaie eiaao ieii/aiey: -ar (eio.), ioeaaia (iano. a?. ecuyaeo, iaee.),
-av (i?io. a?.), -ero (aoae. a?.), -erio (nineaaao. iaee.), -a (iiaaeeo,
iaee.), -ant (aeaenoa, i?e/.), -ed (no?aae, i?e/.); i?iecaiaeiua ia?a/ey
iieo/atho ieii/aiea -a, i?iecaiaeiua i?aaeeiae – -e (obstin-ar
‘oi?yieoueny, i?ioeaeoueny’ – obstin-e ‘iai?ioea, iaiai?io’, obstin-u
‘aii?aee’). ?aaee niaa?oainoaiaaiey ycuea aeiioneaeinue i?iecaiaeeoue a
iai ii?aaeaeaiiua eciaiaiey ii ?aoaieth Aeaaeaiee, ii a oeaeyo
«iiaeaea?aeaiey aaeeinoaa ycuea» iineaaeiyy iinoaiiaeea (a yiaa?a 1904)
aaiaeeoue iiaeiaiua eciaiaiey eeoue /a?ac iyoeeaoiea eioa?aaeu, ia
i?ioyaeaiee eioi?uo ycue aeieaeai aue inoaaaoueny noaaeeueiui; oai naiui
aue aaaaeai i?eioeei nooiai/aoiai eciaiaiey E.-i., ioee/athueeny io
i?eioeeiia yaiethoeee ynia?aioi e eaei.
A 1898-1908 aa. a?oiiu noi?iiieeia Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue eiaeenue a ?innee
(Iaoa?ao?a), Aa?iaiee (Ith?iaa?a), Aaeueaee e NOA. Ia yoii ycuea
ecaeaaaeenue oee?eoey?u aee?aeoi?a Aeaaeaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea
(1898-1908) e aeo?iae «Progres», ?aaeaeoe?iaaaoeeny ?icaiaa?aa?ii
(1906-1908). Auee iioaeeeiaaiu a?aiiaoeee e neiaa?e Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue ia
iaiaoeeii, aiaeeeneii, ieaea?eaiaeneii, ?onneii e ae?oaeo ycueao. A
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?a ycue i?eiaiaiey ii/oe ia eiae. I?iiaaaiaea a
iieueco Eaeeii-iaoo?aeue i?ae?auaaony iinea oiai, eae eiieoao
Aeaeaaaoeee aeey i?eiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea
ioaeae i?aaeii/oaiea eaei (1907), a Aeaaeaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea n
eca?aieai iiaiai aee?aeoi?a – Aeae. Iaaii (1908) – ia?aoea e
eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia.
Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia
Ieaiiaue ycue, nicaeaiiue a 1903 a. eoaeueyineei iaoaiaoeeii e
eioa?eeiaaenoii Aeae. Iaaii (1858-1932), Oo?ei. A 1909 a.
Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia noaiiaeony ?aai/ei ycueii Aeaaeaiee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea, aunooiay aianoa n ?yaeii noiaeiuo i?iaeoia iiae
iauei iacaaieai eioa?eeiaaa; a iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a a yoii neo/aa eiiaaea
i?eiaiytho oa?iei eioa?eeiaaa-Iaaii a ioee/ea io iaeiieiaiiiai ieaiiaiai
ycuea eioa?eeiaaa-EAEA.
Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aiinoa?ei?iue ycue, a eioi?ii
eniieuecothony eaoeineea neiaa, inaiaiaeaeaiiua io oeaenee, o.a.
naaaeaiiua e naiae iniiaa (/enoue ei?aiue eee ei?aiue + oaiaoe/aneee
iieacaoaeue). Iniiaa eaoeineeo nouanoaeoaeueiuo e ianoieiaiee
i?aeoe/anee niaiaaeaao n oi?iie ioeiaeeoaeueiiai iaaeaaea (aaeaoeaa),
eioi?ay iau/ii aeecea e oi?ia oao aea neia a eoaeueyineii ycuea, n?. ei.
iaae. rosa ‘?ica’, annus ‘aiae’, pax ‘ie?’, ego ‘y’ – aaeaoea rosa,
anno, pace, me (eoae rosa, anno, pace, io – oa ‘y-iaiy’).
Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia caeinoaoao iau/ii oi?io aaeaoeaa, ii iiaeao
i?aaeii/anoue ae e oi?io eiaieoaeueiiai iaaeaaea, anee iineaaeiyy aieaa
ei?ioeay (oae, homo ‘/aeiaae’ i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa aaeaoeaa homine).
Eaoeineea aeaaieu caeinoaothony a oi?ia eioeieoeaiie iniiau, i?aeoe/anee
niaiaaeathuae n eiia?aoeaii: aoara ‘ethaeoue’, scribere ‘ienaoue’,
audire ‘neuoaoue’ – iniiaa (e eiia?aoea) aoa, scribe, audi.
Neioaoe/aneea oi?iu a a?aiiaoeea ionoonoaotho: cia/aiey iaaeaaeae
ia?aaeathony i?aaeeiaaie e ii?yaeeii neia, cia/aiey /enea –
/eneeoaeueiuie e ae?oaeie eiee/anoaaiiuie neiaaie (duo libro ‘aeaa
eieae’), cia/aiey eeoea – ianoieiaieyie (o.a scribe ‘ieoo’; te scribe
‘ieoaoue”).
Neiaiia?aciaaiea iaoo?aeenoe/aneiai oeia, o.a. iaii?iaeeciaaiiia.
I?oia?aoey e i?ieciioaiea i?eaeeaeaiu e eeanne/aneie eaouie (n ai anao
iiceoeeyo /eoaaony eae [e]: Cicerone [eeea?iia] ‘Oeeoea?ii’).
Noi?iiieee Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia a?oiie?iaaeenue aie?oa Aeaaeaiee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea e aa aeo?iaeia: «Discussiones» (1909-1913),
«Academia pro Interlingua» (1921 – 1927), «Schola et vita» (1926-1939).
Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia e aa aa?eaiou i?eiaiyeenue i?aeiouanoaaiii a
iao/iuo oaenoao – ii iaoaiaoeea, ano?iiiiee, oioiiao?ee, eeiaaenoeea e
ae?. Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu aeayoaeueiinoue noi?iiieeia
Eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia caie?aao; aieueoeinoai ec ieo i?eieioei e
eioa?eeiaaa-EAEA, iioaeeeiaaiiie a 1951 a.
Eioa?eeiiaaa
Eioa?eeiaaa IALA — iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue, nicaeai a
Iueth-Ei?ea a 1950 aiaeo Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie annioeeaoeeae
aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea (IALA) iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Aeaenaiae?a Aioaea.
Eioa?eeiaaa IALA — yoi ?acoeueoao ?aaiou aieueoiai eieeaeoeaa
aa?iiaeneeo e aia?eeaineeo o/?iuo-eeiaaenoia. Eioa?eeiaaa IALA
eniieuecoao iiiaea eaoeineea neiaa e eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiua neiaa ec
neaaeothueo ycueia: eoaeueyineee, eniaineee, ii?ooaaeueneee,
o?aioeocneee, aiaeeeneee, iaiaoeeee e ?onneee.
Aeina
Aeina – eneonnoaaiiue ycue, i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey eniieueciaaiey
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ?aciuo iaoeeiiaeueiinoae, iaeaaeathueo ?aciie
eoeueoo?ie e aiai?yueo ia ?aciuo ycueao. Yoi aniiiiaaoaeueiue ycue, ia
no?aiyueeny auoanieoue eee caiaieoue niaie inoaeueiua ycuee. Aai oeaeue
caeeth/aaony oieueei a oii, /oiau auoue n?aaenoaii iauaiey aeey ethaeae,
aiai?yueo ia ?aciuo ycueao. Aeina iaeaaeaao ?yaeii caia/aoaeueiuo
naienoa:
Aa no?oeoo?a i/aiue i?inoa e iniiaaia ia naiaioeea. Yoi aiaeeoe/aneee
ycue, ia niaea?aeauee oeaenee, ?iaeia eee aeeae?eoe/aneeo ciaeia. A
Aeina anoue niiniau ia?aciaaiey iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea, ?acee/iuo a?aiai,
aii?ineoaeueiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee e o.i., oae aea eae a eeoaeneii e
iaeaeneii ycueao, eioi?ua eniieuecotho neiaa aeey iaicia/aiey iiiyoee,
ii ia eniieuecotho oeaenee. Iaaieueoia eiee/anoai neia eniieuecothony
aeey iaicia/aiey a?aiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua ia iiaoo auoue
au?aaeaiu ae?oaei ia?acii. Iiiaea neiaa a Aeina iiaoo aunooiaoue a
ea/anoaa ?acee/iuo /anoae ?a/e, ianeieueei iicaieyao eo cia/aiea e
cae?aaue niune.
Neiaa Aeinu iniiaaiu ia eaoeineeo e a?a/aneeo ei?iyo, iaueo aeey
iniiaiuo aa?iiaeneeo ycueia; /a?ac iaoeo, oaoieeo e iaaeeoeeio yoe neiaa
i?iieeatho ai ana ycuee. Oioy eiaaony e aieaa iaoe?iue caian neia,
aaciaue neiaa?ue ec 1000-2000 neia ioaaouaaao aieueoeinoai neooaoeee.
I?ieciioaiea a Aeina – i?inoia e ?aaoey?iia, i?aaiienaiea oiiaoe/aneia.
E naiia aeaaiia – Aeina iaeo?aeueia. Iineieueeo iia ia yaeyaony ycueii
eaeiai-oi ia?iaea, iia aeinooiia ethaiio e ia aucuaaao ?aaiinoe eee
/oanoaa iaeaeu ec-ca ainiiaenoaa iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo iaoeeiiaeueiuo
ycueia. Oi, /oi a Aeina eniieuecothony eaoeineea e a?a/aneea ei?ie,
iiiaea ec eioi?uo oaea oe?iei eniieuecothony, aeaeaao aa
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ycueii.
?iiaieae
?iiaieae — iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue, ?ac?aaioaiiue aaiaa?neei
ycueiaaaeii C.Iaaeuey?ii. sscue ninoaaeai ec naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo e
iaiaoiaeeiuo a auoo, a ?acaiai?a neiaini/aoaiee, acyouo ec ianeieueeeo
?iiaineeo ycueia — eniaineiai, eoaeueyineiai, ii?ooaaeueneiai e
o?aioeocneiai. Ionthaea e iacaaiea — ?iiaieae. Iiaue eneonnoaaiiue ycue
iieuecoaony iiioey?iinoueth a Aaia?ee. Ii naiae eiino?oeoeee yoio
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue cia/eoaeueii i?iua e eaa/a aeey onaiaiey, /ai
ynia?aioi.
Aaenee-eiaeeo
Aaenee-eiaeeo (Basic English) — iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eneonnoaaiiue ycue.
I?aaenoaaeyao niaie oi?iu?iiue aiaeeeneee ycue. Iniiaiia ioee/ea io
aiaeeeneiai — neeueii nie?au?iiue neiaa?ue (iaiaa 1000 neia). Aiaeeeneay
a?aiiaoeea a aaenee-eiaeeoa inoaeanue a iniiaiii aac eciaiaiee.
A iaaeaaiae/aneii ioiioaiee (eae ia/aeueiue yoai a eco/aiee aiaeeeneiai
ycuea) A.-e. ieacaeny aei ecaanoiie noaiaie iieaciui e iaoae noi?iiieeia
a ?aciuo no?aiao, a oii /enea e a NNN?. Iaeiaei a ea/anoaa
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea Aaenee-eiaeeo ia iieo/ee i?eciaiey, ianiio?y ia
oi /oi a C0-a e 40-a aa. ii aeoeaii i?iiaaaiaee?iaaeny, a /anoiinoe n
iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiiai a 1944 a. a?eoaineiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai eiieoaoa. Ionoonoaea naiuo iaiaoiaeeiuo iaicia/aiee
(iai?eia?, neiaa «ethaee», eioi?ia a Aaenee-eiaeeo caiaiyeinue ia men
and women ‘ioae/eiu e aeaiueiu’) e iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaieioee?iaaoue
oyaeaeiaaniuie iienaoaeueiuie iai?ioaie i?e nio?aiaiee anae neiaeiinoe
aiaeeeneie i?oia?aoee e a?aiiaoeee noaaeee iai?aiaeieeiua i?aiyonoaey ia
iooe i?eiaiaiey Aaenee-eiaeeo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iauaiee. Iaaaoeaiue
iiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiey Aaenee-eiaeeo aue o/oai i?e ninoaaeaiee i?iaeoa
«iniiaiiai o?aioeocneiai ycuea» (1958-1959); Francais Fondamental
i?aneaaeoao a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaaeaaiae/aneea caaea/e e i?e yoii
enoiaeeo ec cia/eoaeueii aieueoaai neiaa?y – a 3000 neia.
Lingwa de Planeta (Eeiaaa aea Ieaiaoa)
(nie?au?iii LdP) — ieaiiaue ycue iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iauaiey, nicaeaiiue a
2006 aiaeo. Aaoi?u ycuea – Aeieo?ee Eaaiia, Aeaia Eaaiiaa, Any
Aeiia?aaeiaa. LdP – iaoo?aeenoe/iue ycue ia iniiaa naiuo
?ani?ino?ai?iiuo ycueia ie?a. E iei ioiinyony oanoue aa?iiaeneeo ycueia
(aiaeeeneee, iaiaoeeee, o?aioeocneee, eniaineee, ii?ooaaeueneee,
eoaeueyineee), eeoaeneee, ?onneee, oeiaee e a?aaneee.
Eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee
Aeaaeaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneay i?aaiecaoeey, ia ia?aii yoaia
(1887-1892) yaeyaoayny Aeaaeaieae aieaithea. Ia?aciaaia 9 aaaonoa 1887
a. II Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui eiia?annii aieaitheenoia (Ithioai). I?aceaeaioii
Aeaaeaiee aue eca?ai aaoi? aieaithea E.I.Oeaea?, a aee?aeoi?ii
(oaeoe/aneei ?oeiaiaeeoaeai) – I.Ea?eaion (Ia?eae). Onoaa Aeaaeaiee,
i?eiyoue III Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui eiia?annii aieaitheenoia (19-21 aaaonoa
1889, Ia?eae), noaaee ia?aae iae caaea/o «iiiieiaiey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey
a?aiiaoeee e neiaa?y» aieaithea. ?aai/ei ycueii ia yoii yoaia aue
aieaithe, ia/aoiuie i?aaiaie – aeo?iaeu «Le Volapuk» (1887-1889) e
«Calabled Kadema» (‘Ioeoeeaeueiue aeo?iae Aeaaeaiee’, 1890). Iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii Ea?eaiona /eaiu Aeaaeaiee i?eiyee ?yae ?aoaiee ii
oi?iuaieth aieaitheneie a?aiiaoeee, ii ia niiaee aeiaiai?eoueny i
i?aaeaeao aeaeaoaeueiuo ?aoi?i; Oeaea? ioaa?a ana i?aaeeiaeaiiua ?aoi?iu
e ii?aae n Aeaaeaieae. A ?acoeueoaoa Ea?eaion aue auioaeaeai ioeacaoueny
io iinoa aee?aeoi?a (etheue 1891), e ?oeiaiaenoai Aeaaeaieae ia?aoei a
?oee A?aiaiiiai eiieoaoa (Komitef biifuik), eioi?ue a 1892 a. ecaeae oae
iacuaaaioth «Ii?iaeueioth a?aiiaoeeo» aieaithea n o/aoii oaea i?eiyouo
?aoi?i.
Aoi?ui aee?aeoi?ii Aeaaeaiee noae A.E.?icaiaa?aa? (Iaoa?ao?a), eca?aiea
eioi?iai (aeaeaa?ue 1892) i?iecioei oaea a ia?eiae ?aniaaea
aieaitheneiai aeaeaeaiey, eiaaea noaei i/aaeaeii, /oi iniiaiui
iaaeinoaoeii aieaithea yaeyaony ia /?acia?iay neiaeiinoue a?aiiaoeee, a
ioi?aaiiinoue eaeneee io ia?acoea e?oiiaeoeo iaoeeiiaeueiuo ycueia.
Aicieeaao caaea/a iino?iaiey iiaiai eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea, /oi e auei
?aaeeciaaii ia i?ioyaeaiee aoi?iai yoaia aeayoaeueiinoe Aeaaeaiee
(1893-1898). ?aai/ei ycueii Aeaaeaiee a yoio ia?eiae inoaaony aieaithe
(ia eioi?ii ioaeeeothony oee?eoey?u aee?aeoi?a), ii neiai volapuk a
iacaaiee Aeaaeaiee neaaeoao iiieiaoue oaea ia a aeaeiaii niunea (eae
iaicia/aiea ycuea aieaithe), a a ?iaeiaii cia/aiee (‘anaie?iue ycue’).
Ia?aeaey ia iineaaeiaaoaeueii aiinoa?ei?iua iiceoeee, nicaeaao iiaue
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue, iieo/eaoee iacaaiea eaeeii-iaoo?aeue.
N eca?aieai (iae 1898) o?aoueaai aee?aeoi?a (I.A.O. Oioin, NOA)
Aeaaeaiey iaiyao iacaaiea e i?enooiaao (n 1902 a.) e aeoeaiie
i?iiaaaiaea eaeeii-iaoo?aey. Ia o?aoueai yoaia naiae aeayoaeueiinoe
(1898- 1908) Aeaaeaiey i?aa?auaaony a aunooth ycueiaoth einoaioeeth
eaeeii-iaoo?aey (iiaeiaii oiio eae ia ia?aii yoaia iia auea aunoae
einoaioeeae aieaithea). ?aai/ei ycueii a yoi a?aiy yaeyaony
eaeeii-iaoo?aeue, ia eioi?ii i?iaeieaeatho ecaeaaaoueny oee?eoey?u
aee?aeoi?a.
Iineaaeiee, /aoaa?oue yoai a aeayoaeueiinoe Aaaeaiee (1909-50-a aa.)
ianooiaao iinea eca?aiey a aeaeaa?a 1908 a. ia iino aee?aeoi?a
Aeae.Iaaii (Oo?ei), eioi?ue aoi?e/ii eciaiyao iacaaiea e
eeiaaenoe/aneoth i?eaioaoeeth Aeaaeaiee. ?aai/ei ycueii noaiiayony
eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia e ae?oaea iiaeiaiua nenoaiu iiae iauei iacaaieai
«eioa?eeiaaa». Ii i?aaeeiaeaieth Iaaii a 1910 a. Aeaaeaiey ioiaieea
auai?iinoue naieo /eaiia e i?aa?aoeeanue a naiaiaeiia niiauanoai
eioa?eeiaaenoia i?aeiouanoaaiii iaieaoeineiai iai?aaeaiey. A 1913 a.
Iaaii ecae?aaony i?aceaeaioii Aeaaeaiee (yoio iino inoaaaeny aaeaioiui
iinea ?ac?uaa Oeaea?a n Aeaaeaieae e aei aai nia?oe a 1912 a.).
Ia?eiaee/aneeie i?aaiaie a yoi a?aiy auee oee?eoey?u aee?aeoi?a (ii 1910
a.) e oai?aoe/aneee aeo?iae «Discussiones» (1909-1913). Aeayoaeueiinoue
A., i?a?aaaoayny n ia/aeii ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, auea aiiaue
aiciaiiaeaia a 1920 a. Iinea nia?oe Iaaii (1932 a.) i?aceaeaioii
noaiiaeony A. Eaiace (Oo?ei). ?aaioa Aeaaeaiee inaauaeanue a aeaoo
ia?eiaee/aneeo ecaeaieyo – «Academia pro Interlingua» (1921-1927) e
«Schola et vita» (1926-1939). Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu aeayoaeueiinoue
Aeaaeaiee i?eoiaeeo a oiaaeie. A 1950 a. i?aceaeaioii noae X.Aaeenia
(Oo?aoo), ii aai iiiuoee aeoeaece?iaaoue ?aaioo Aeaaeaiee oniaoa ia
eiaee. Iineaaeiei ecaeaieai yaeeny atheeaoaiue, auioneaaoeeny a 50-a
aiaeu.
Aeaaeaiey auea iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, a
aieueoie noaiaie niinianoaiaaaoae oai?aoe/aneiio eco/aieth i?iaeai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea. E /eneo aa aeinoeaeaiee neaaeoao ioianoe
oi?ioee?iaaiea i?eioeeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe e ?ac?aaioee a iaeanoe
eaene/aneeo e a?aiiaoe/aneeo eioa?iaoeeiiaeeciia.
Annioeeaoeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea
(EAEA) aiae. International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA).
Eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneay i?aaiecaoeey, no?aieaoayny aeinoe/ue anaiauaai
niaeaoaiey ii i?iaeaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea e aai
ioeoeeaeueiiai i?eiyoey (a oii /enea eae i?aaeiaoa oeieueiiai
i?aiiaeaaaiey). Iniiaaia a NOA a 1924 a. i?e oe?ieie oeiainiaie
iiaeaea?aeea aia?eeaineie ieeeeiia?oe A.Ii??en (1874-1950), eioi?ay a
ea/anoaa ii/aoiiai nae?aoa?y oaeoe/anee iai?aaeyea aeayoaeueiinoue EAEA.
N oeaeueth iciaeiieoue iauanoaaiiinoue n i?iaeaiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea e aeiaeoueny aai ioeoeeaeecaoeee EAEA i?eaeaeea
e nio?oaeie/anoao cia/eoaeueiia /enei iauanoaaiiuo aeayoaeae NOA,
caiyouo a iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee eee ia?aciaaiey. Ec eo
/enea ecae?aeenue e i?aceaeaiou EAEA (Y. Ayaeie, 1924-1935; Aeae. Oeiee,
1936-1940; N. Aeaaaai, 1940-1950). Ianiio?y ia ?yae /anoiuo oniaoia
(iai?eia?, onoaiiaeaiea eiinoeueoaoeaiuo ioiioaiee n THIANEI), EAEA ia
niiaea auiieieoue naith i?ia?aiio, eanathuothny ioeoeeaeecaoeee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea.
A auiieiaiee aea eeiaaenoe/aneie i?ia?aiiu EAEA aeiaeeanue cia/eoaeueiuo
oniaoia, nouanoaaiii i?iaeaeioa oai?eth iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea e
niinianoaiaaa aeeth/aieth aa a iauee aeeaiacii nia?aiaiiiai ycueiciaiey.
Ia?eiae 1924-1930 aa. aue iinayuai onoaiiaeaieth eiioaeoia n aeaeiuie
aeayoaeyie aeaeaeaiey ca iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue e ecaanoiuie ycueiaaaeaie
Aia?eee e Aa?iiu. Auea nia?aia aieueoay aeaeeioaea ii i?iaeaia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea e iioaeeeiaai ooiaeaiaioaeueiue
aeaeeia?aoe/aneee o?oae I.A.Noiyia, iiaeaioiaeaiiue a ?acoeueoaoa
nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo EAEA e Anaiauae annioeeaoeeae ynia?aioi.
Ia?aeeaeueii auee inouanoaeaiu enneaaeiaaiey Y.Naie?a e O.Eieeeiniia ii
iauae naiaioeea, caaeoiaiiua eae /anoue ?aaiou ia iniiaaieyo ycuea
aiiaua.
A 1930 a. EAEA i?iaaea a AEaiaaa eeiaaenoe/aneoth eiioa?aioeeth iiae
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaii I. Ania?naia, ia eioi?ie aia?aua i?iecioae oe?ieee
iaiai iiaieyie iaaeaeo eeiaaenoaie (O.Aaeee, A.Naoa, N.Ea?oeaaneee,
O.Eieeeinii, A.Aeaa?oiia?, Y.Aa?iai, I.Ooiea e ae?.) e i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
iniiaiuo ieaiiauo ycueia ynia?aioi, iia-ynia?aioi, eaei, iiaeaeue,
ieoeeaeaioaeue, eaoeii-neia-oeaeneiia). A noaouea, iaienaiiie ii eoiaai
eiioa?aioeee, I.Ania?nai eiinoaoe?iaae aicieeiiaaiea «iiaie iaoee
eioa?eeiaaenoeee» e aeae ae ii?aaeaeaiea, n eioi?ui eioa?eeiaaenoeea
aioea a e?oa ycueiaaae/aneeo aeenoeeieei. Iiae iaiin?aaenoaaiiui
aicaeaenoaeai oiiiyiooie eiioa?aioeee i?iaeaiu eioa?eeiaaenoeee auee
aeeth/aiu a iiaanoeo aeiy II Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiia?anna eeiaaenoia
(AEaiaaa, 1931), oi?aeanoaaiii i?iaicaeaneaoaai iao/ioth
«?aaaeeeoaoeeth» aii?ina i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eneonnoaaiiii ycuea.
Eiioa?aioeey 1930 a. noi?ioee?iaaea caaea/o «iiiyoeeiiai aiaeeca ycuea»,
o.a. eco/aiey naiaioeee anoanoaaiiuo ycueia aeey iineaaeothuaai
ioia?aaeaiey aa a iiaeaee eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea. ?aaiou iiaeiaiiai ?iaea
auiieiyeenue Y. Naie?ii e I. Naiaeaoai. E?iia oiai, eco/aeenue iauea
i?iaeaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iauaiey ia aaca anoanoaaiiuo eee
eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia, a oaeaea aii?in n?aaieoaeueiie yooaeoeaiinoe
i?aiiaeaaaiey anoanoaaiiuo e eneonnoaaiiuo ycueia a oeiea (enneaaeiaaiey
Y. Oi?iaeaeea e X. Eoii). Aei 1933 a. EAEA caieiaeanue iieneaie
aiciiaeiiai eiii?iienna iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie nenoaiaie eneonnoaaiiuo
ycueia. Iaeiaei iiiuoee niaeaniaaoue ynia?aioi n eiae/aneei eaei, a
iicaeiaa n iaoo?aeenoe/aneei ieoeeaeaioaeai ieacaeenue aaconiaoiuie, e
EAEA i?eieiaao (10 ai?aey 1933) i?ia?aiio iino?iaiey iiaiai,
«noaiaea?oeciaaiiiai aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea», eioi?ue aeieaeai auoue
nicaeai iooai nenoaiaoe/aneiai niiinoaaeaiey anoanoaaiiuo ycueia n
eneonnoaaiiuie, «aeieacaaoeie naith i?eiaieiinoue». Ieii/aoaeueiie
au?aaioea yoie i?ia?aiiu auea iinayuaia eeiaaenoe/aneay eiioa?aioeey
EAEA, ninoiyaoayny a Eiiaiaaaaia 26 aaaonoa 1936 a. Iino?iaiea
noaiaea?oeciaaiiiai ycuea i?aaeiieaaaei ia?aeeth/aiea enneaaeiaaiee n
ieaia niaea?aeaiey («iiiyoeeiue aiaeec ycuea») ia ieai au?aaeaiey
(oiiaoeea, a?aiiaoeea e iniaaiii eaeneea). A 1937 a. ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
eeiaaenoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee EAEA O. Eieeei-nii (yaeyaoeeny noi?iiieeii
ynia?aioi) iioaeeeiaae «E?eoa?ee aeey au?aaioee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
ycuea», auaea?aeaiiua a aeooa aaoiiiiecia e aucaaaoea ?aceoth e?eoeeo
iineaaeiaaoaeae iaoo?aeenoe/aneie oeieu. Oai ia iaiaa aei 1939 a.
ii?aaeaeythuae oaiaeaioeeae a aeayoaeueiinoe EAEA inoaaaeny aaoiiiieci,
i?aaaea iinoaiaiii onooiaaoee iiceoeee iaoo?aeecio ii ia?a ninoaaeaiey
iieiiai naiaea eioa?iaoeeiiaeeciia; yoa ?aaioa inouanoaeyeanue
ia?aiia/aeueii a Eeaa?ioea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Eieeeiniia (1936-1939).
N ia/aeii aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eeiaaenoe/aneea enneaaeiaaiey EAEA auee
ia?aianaiu a Iueth-Ei?e, aaea eo iineaaeiaaoaeueii aicaeaaeyee Y.Noeeiai
(1939-1942), A. Aioae (1942-1946), A. Ia?oeia (1946-1948) e ia
caaa?oathuae noaaeee niiaa Aioae (1948 – 1953). Aanue yoio ia?eiae
i?ioiaeeo iiae ciaeii ?aoeoaeueiiai iiai?ioa EAEA a noi?iio iaoo?aeecia.
A 1945-1947 aa. EAEA iioaeeeiaaea ?yae ?ac?aaioaiiuo ath
yenia?eiaioaeueiuo iiaeaeae eneonnoaaiiiai ycuea (iaoo?aeenoe/aneiai e
noaiaoe/aneiai oeiia e a 1946-1947 aa. i?iaaea ii iei iaaeaeoia?iaeiia
aieaoe?iaaiea, ?acoeueoaou eioi?iai auee eioa?i?aoe?iaaiu a iieueco
iaoo?aeecia.
A 1951 a. EAEA iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Aioaea iioaeeeiaaea ieii/aoaeueioth
aa?neth naiaai ycuea, iniiaaiiiai ia ia/aeao iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai
iaoo?aeecia. Neiaa?ue yoiai ycuea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aanueia
iiae?iaioth ?aaeno?aoeeth yeaiaioia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ei?ianeiaa,
ioia?aiiuo iooai n?aaiaiey ainueie eiio?ieueiuo ycueia. N ioaeeeaoeeae
yoiai neiaa?y e a?aiiaoeee eioa?eeiaau EAEA iin/eoaea naith
eeiaaenoe/aneoth i?ia?aiio caaa?oaiiie e a 1953 a. i?ae?aoeea
nouanoaiaaiea.
Caeeth/aiea
Iaiaoiaeei ee iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue? Aieueoay /anoue eioaeeeaaioiiai
ie?a oaea nae/an iaeaeao yoio aii?in eceeoiei; iaeiaei /oiau auoue
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuie, iu noaaei yoio aii?in, aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi
nouanoaoao aua iiiai ethaeae, eioi?ua ioaa/atho ia yoio aii?in “iao”.
Aaeeinoaaiiui iioeaii, eioi?ue iaeioi?ua ec yoeo ethaeae i?eaiaeyo,
yaeyaony neaaeothuee: “iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue ?ac?ooeo iaoeeiiaeueiua
ycuee e iaoeee”.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue oi/ao oieueei aeaoue ethaeyi ?aciuo ia?iaeia,
eioi?ua noiyo ae?oa ia?aae ae?oaii eae iaiua, aiciiaeiinoue iiieiaoue
ae?oa ae?oaa, ii ii ieeae ia iaia?aaaaony aiaoeaaoueny ai aioo?aiithth
aeeciue yoeo ia?iaeia. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue” e “anaie?iue ycue” – aeaa
niaa?oaiii ?acee/iuo iiiyoey, niaoeaaoue eioi?ua ieeae iaeuecy. Anee
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi eiaaea-eeai i?iecieaeao iauaaeeiaiea ethaeae a
iaeei ia?iae, a yoii “ian/anoee” aoaeao aeiiaao ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
ycue, a i?eiyoua oaaaeaeaiey e iiaiey ethaeae. Oiaaea aeaenoaeoaeueii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue iaeaa/eo ethaeyi aeinoeaeaiea oiai, /oi aia/aea
auei ?aoaii a i?eioeeia eae aeaeaaiia; ii anee no?aieaiea e
iauaaeeiaieth ia ?iaeeony o ethaeae iacaaeneii, iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue
nai ii naaa, eiia/ii, ia aoaeao iaaycuaaoue ethaeyi yoi iauaaeeiaiea.
Nai ii naaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ycue ia oieueei ia iiaeao ineaaeoue ycuee
iaoeeiiaeueiua, ii, iai?ioea, ii ianiiiaiii aeieaeai i?eaanoe e
aieueoiio eo oneeaieth e iieiiio ?anoeaaoo: aeaaiaea?y iaiaoiaeeiinoe
eco/aoue ?acee/iua eiino?aiiua ycuee, nae/an ?aaeei iiaeii ano?aoeoue
/aeiaaea, eioi?ue a niaa?oainoaa aeaaeaao naiei ?iaeiui ycueii, e naie
ycuee, iinoiyiii noaeeeaaynue ae?oa n ae?oaii, ana aieaa e aieaa
i?eoiaeyo a aanii?yaeie, eaea/aony e oa?ytho naia i?e?iaeiia aiaaonoai e
i/a?iaaiea; ii eiaaea eaaeaeue ec ian aeieaeai aoaeao eco/eoue oieueei
iaeei eiino?aiiue ycue (aea aua oaeie eaaeee), eaaeaeue ec ian iieo/eo
aiciiaeiinoue eco/eoue naie ycue iniiaaoaeueii, e eaaeaeue ycue,
inaiaiaeeaoenue io aeaaeaiey iiiaeanoaa ninaaeae e nio?aiea iieiinoueth
aeey naay naiiai ana neeu naiaai ia?iaea, ?aciaueaony anei?a iiuii e
y?ei.
Aoi?ie a?aoiaio, eioi?ue auaeaeaatho i?ioeaieee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea,
— aiyciue, /oi a ea/anoaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aoaeao aua?ai eaeie-eeai ec
ycueia iaoeeiiaeueiuo, e /oi oiaaea ethaee ia aoaeoo naeeaeaoueny
acaeiii, a iii?inoo eaeie-ieaoaeue iaeei ia?iae ?acaeaaeo e iiaeioeo ana
ae?oaea ia?iaeu, aeaaiaea?y ia?iiiiio i?aeiouanoao, eioi?ia ii iieo/eo
iaae inoaeueiuie. Yoio a?aoiaio aiana ia aaciniiaaoaeai; ii ii iiaeao
auoue auaeaeioo oieueei i?ioea oie eee eiie iai?iaeoiaiiie eee iaaa?iie
oi?iu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea. Yoio iioea, iiiyoii, oa?yao naia
cia/aiea, anee iu ia?aoei aieiaiea, /oi iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ycueii iiaeao
auoue e aoaeao oieueei eaeie-eeai iaeo?aeueiue ycue.
Na?ueaciui ecuyiii anao aei neo ii? nicaeaiiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ycueia
yaeyaony oi, /oi a eo iniiaa anao eaaeeo iaeei ec aa?iiaeneeo ycueia e
eaoeinei-?iiaineay eee aea aiaeeeneay eaeneea. Iiyoiio aeey ianaeaiey
Acee, Ao?eee, Ieaaiee e aeaaea cia/eoaeueiuo /anoae Aa?iiu iaeaaeaiea
eaeei-eeai ec ieo ?aaiineeueii eco/aieth iiaiai ycuea: anee oiiaoeea e
a?aiiaoeea onaaeaathony aeiaieueii eaaei, oi eaeneea inoaaony /oaeie.
Ianiio?y ia yoi, iiuo iieacae, /oi eneonnoaaiiua ycuee iiaoo n oniaoii
eniieueciaaoueny a ea/anoaa iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiiai n?aaenoaa eiiioieeaoeee
e /oi aieueoeinoai ec ieo cia/eoaeueii i?iua, /ai ethaie iaoeeiiaeueiue
ycue.
Nouanoaiaaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ycuea, iin?aaenoaii eioi?iai iiaee au
iauaoueny iaaeaeo niaie ethaee anao no?ai e ia?iaeia, i?eianei au
/aeiaa/anoao ia?iiioth iieueco.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aiaeoyi aea Eo?oaiy. E. A. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu ii iauaio ycueiciaieth. O.
II. – I.: 1963;
Aeoee/aiei A. Ae. Ec enoi?ee eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneie iunee a ?innee //
I?iaeaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aniiiiaaoaeueiiai ycuea. — I.: Iaoea, 1991;
Eociaoeia N.I. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ycuee; Eneonnoaaiiua ycuee. –
Eeiaaenoe/aneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. – I.: 1990;
Eociaoeia C. I. E?aoeee neiaa?ue eioa?eeiaaenoe/aneeo oa?ieiia
http://miresperanto.narod.ru/esperantologio/interlingv_vortaro-1.htm
Eociaoeia C. I. Iai?aaeaiey nia?aiaiiie eioa?eeiaaenoeee. — I.:
Oieaa?neoao ae?oaeau ia?iaeia, 1984;
Eociaoeia C. I. Iniiaiua iiiyoey e oa?ieiu eioa?eeiaaenoeee. — I.:
Oieaa?neoao ae?oaeau ia?iaeia, 1982;
Eociaoeia C. I. Oai?aoe/aneea iniiau eioa?eeiaaenoeee. — I.: Oieaa?neoao
ae?oaeau ia?iaeia, 1987
http://loglan.euro.ru
http://wikipedia.ru
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