Ieienoa?noai ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey
Iineianeee iaaeaaiae/aneee oieaa?neoao
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa
Oaia: «O?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiey a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae»
Nooaeaioee 5-ai eo?na
eeiaaenoe/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa aiaeeeneiai ioaeaeaiey
a?oiia 5/a2
AEo?aaeaaie Ieueae
Caa. eaoaae?ie aiaeeeneie oeeieiaee Aeaeai
eeiaaenoe/aneiai
i?ioanni? aeie. oeeieiae/aneeo iaoe oaeoeueoaoa,
i?ioanni?
aeaaeaiee A?eiaa N.A.
Ooiieoeiaa A.E.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
aeioeaio e.o.i.
Iaoaaaaa A.A.
Iineaa 1997.
Iaeaaeaiea.
Aeaaa I.
Aaaaeaiea
Anneieeyoeey o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiee a aiaeeeneii ycuea
Aeaaa II.
A?aiiaoe/aneay anneieeyoeey
Aeaaa III.
Oiiaoe/aneay anneieeyoeey.
Aeaaa IV.
Eaene/aneay anneieeyoeey.
Aeaaa V.
Auaiaeu
Aeaaa I
Aaaaeaiea.
Onoaiiaeaiea a Aiaeee aeanoe ii?iaiaeneie aeeianoee nii?iaiaeaeaeinue
ia?anaeaieai a Aiaeeth ?acee/iuo neiaa ii?iaiaeneiai iauanoaa.
?annaeeaoenue a ai?iaeao e naeueneeo ianoiinoyo, iie ia?aciaaee
o?aioeocnei-ii?iaiaeneoth i?ineieeo a ianoiii aiaeeeneii ianaeaiee.
A oa/aiea XII -XIII aaeia o?aioeocneee ycue a aai ii?iaiaeneie
aeeaeaeoiie oi?ia naeaeaeny ainoaea?noaaiiui ycueii Aiaeee. Ia iai
aiai?eee i?e aeai?a ei?iey, ii oiio?aaeyeny a ai?iaeneeo e oea?eiaiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo, ia noaea e a oeiea, ia iai aiai?eee a aeiiaoiae
ianoaiiaea ia?anaeaioeu-ii?iaiiu.
Aiaeeeneee aea ia?iae e oa n?aaieoaeueii iaiiiai/eneaiiua inoaoee
aiaeinaeniineie ciaoe, eioi?ui oaeaeinue nio?aieoueny, i?iaeieaeaee
iieueciaaoueny aiaeeeneei ycueii. Eeoue i/aiue iaaieueoay a?oiia
aiaeeeneeo oaiaeaeia i?eiyea o?aioeocneee ycue, aac aeaaeaiey eioi?ui a
oa a?aiaia auei iaaiciiaeii a?auaoueny a i?eaeai?iuo e?oaao e
ia?auaoueny n i?eaeai?iie yeeoie – /eiiaieeaie e aunoei aeooiaainoaa,
iieueciaaaoeiny eneeth/eoaeueii o?aioeocneei ycueii.
Onooiay a /eneaiiii ioiioaiee aiaeeeneiio ianaeaieth,
ii?iaiiu-ia?anaeaioeu nei?i iiaeaa?aeenue i?ioeanno anneieeyoeee,
eioi?ue cia/eoaeueii oneeeeny a XIII aaea aneaaenoaea ioiaaeaiey io
Aiaeee Ii?iaiaeee. I?ioeann ia?anaeaiey ii?iaiiia a Aiaeeth iinea yoiai
iinoaiaiii i?ae?aoeeny, /oi i?eaaei e ecieyoeee ?aiaa ia?anaeeaoeony a
Aiaeeth ii?iaiiia. Neaaenoaeai yoiai yaeyaony oneeaiea i?ioeanna
anneieeyoeee aiaee/aiaie o?aiei-ii?iaiaeneeo ia?anaeaioeaa,
caeai/eaathuaany e eiioeo XIV aaea.
Ii?iaiaeneia caaiaaaiea, onei?eaoaa i?ioeann oaiaeaeecaoeee Aiaeee,
niinianoaiaaieth a oi aea a oi aea a?aiy oneeaiii ei?ieaaneie aeanoe.
Iaino?aiea eeanniaie ai?ueau, aucaaiiia ?anoe?aieai ii?iaiaeneeo
caaiaaaiee, iaoneiaeaii nicaeaiea aieaa neiaeiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa, i?e/ai ana iniiaiua ?acaeaeu yoiai aiia?aoa –
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua i?aaiu, oea?eiaiia oi?aaeaiea, noae e a?iey – ia?aoee
a ?oee ii?iaiiia
Aiaeinaeniineay e?oiiay oaiaeaeueiay a?enoie?aoey, inoaaoayny a aeeauo
iinea aeanoieeo ?ani?aa iaae iath, auea eeoaia naieo cia/eoaeueiuo
aeaaeaiee, eioi?ua ia?aoee a ?oee o?aioeocneie oaiaeaeueiie ciaoe.
Oaeoe/anee ana ?oeiaiaeyuea ianoa e aeieaeiinoe a ainoaea?noaa
ieacaeenue ?ani?aaeaeaiiuie iaaeaeo ii?iaiiaie. O?aioeocneee ycue
neuoaeny i?e aeai?a ei?iey a Eiiaeiia, a oaeaea a aicieeoai a XIII aaea
aiaeeeneii ia?eaiaioa, a noaea e o.i. Ia o?aioeocneii aea ycuea aea
aaeinue i?aiiaeaaaiea a nouanoaiaaaoeo oiaaea oeieao. Oaeei ia?acii,
aiaeeeneee ycue ieacaeny eeoaiiui naieo iiceoeee ioeoeeaeueiiai ycuea e
nio?aieeny aeaaiui ia?acii a oiio?aaeaiea n?aaee oe?ieeo ia?iaeiuo iann.
Iai?aaeanue eeoa?aoo?iay oaiaeaioeey, neiaeeaoayny a Aiaeee a
i?aaeuaeouea noieaoey e iaoaaeoay io?aaeaiea a ?aaioao ei?iey Aeueo?aaea
e aai niiaeaeaeieeia, iiiaoa Yeueo?eea, aai oeieu e iiiaeo ae?oaeo
aeayoaeae.
A no?aia aicieeea aeaoycu/iay i?ineieea ianaeaiey, i?aeiouanoaaiii
n?aaee aiaeeeneeo oaiaeaeia i?e ei?ieaaneii aeai?a, eioi?ua, aeaaeay
aiaeeeneei ycueii onaieee ii?iaiaeneee aeeaeaeo o?aioeocneiai ycuea e
oe?iei ei iieueciaaeenue ai acaeiiii iauaiee.
A i?ioeanna aeeeoaeueiiai ne?aueaaiey n aiaeeeneei ycueii o?aioeocneee
ycue ieacae aieueoia aeeyiea ia neiaa?iue ninoaa aiaeeeneiai ycuea,
eioi?ue iiiieieeny iiiai/eneaiiui eiee/anoaii neia o?aioeocneiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
sscue, caeinoaoy eiiycu/iua neiaa, ia inoaaeyao eo iaeciaiiuie ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeeeoaeueiiai i?iiaaeooea a?aiaie. Yoe neiaa iinoaiaiii
i?aia?acothony a niioaaonoaee n aai oiiaoe/aneeie, ii?oieiae/aneeie e
eaene/aneeie caeiiiia?iinoyie, i?eaiaeyony a niioaaonoaea n nenoaiie
ycuea a oeaeii, o.a. iiaeaa?aaaony i?ioeanno onaiaiey, anneieeyoeee.
A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai i?ioeanna caeinoaiaaiey oa?ytho naie eiiycu/iue
oa?aeoa?, ia?anoatho auaeaeyoueny ia oiia niaoeeoe/aneie aeey
caeinoaiaaaoaai ycuea eaeneee, noaiiayony aai iaiouaieaiie /anoueth.
Iniiaiie neiaa?iue oiiae, yaeyynue aacie aeey ia?aciaaiey iiauo neia,
eaeneei-naiaioe/aneei oeaio?ii ycuea, ii?aaeaeyao a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
iooe ?acaeoey, neaaeiaaoaeueii e caeiiiia?iinoe onaiaiey caeinoaiaaiee.
Ii ?aaoee?oao i?eoie caeinoaiaaiiuo neia e ii?aaeaeyao eo niuneiaia
niaea?aeaiea, o.e. caeinoaothony iau/ii oa neiaa e a oao cia/aieyo,
eioi?ua au?aaeatho iiaua aeey aeaiiiai ia?iaea iiiyoey, ia iaoaaeoea aua
naiaai au?aaeaiey a ycuea. Anee yoe iiiyoey i?eia?aoatho aeeciaiioth
aaaeiinoue aeey ia?iaea, oi aoiaeaeaiea aeaiiuo neia a neiaa?iue oiiae e
eo n?aaieoaeueii auno?ay anneieeyoeey yaeythony iaecaaaeiuie. Anee aea
i?iieeoea a ycue caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa ia?aaeatho iiiyoey, oaea iaoaaeoea
naia au?aaeaiea a eneiiiie eaeneea, iie anooiatho ii?aaeaeaiiua
neiiieie/aneea ioiioaiey ni neiaaie iniiaiiai neiaa?iiai oiiaea, e a
?acoeueoaoa i?ioeanna eaeaia?aoe/aneie eee noeeenoe/aneie
aeeooa?aioeeaoeee aoiaeyo a iniiaiie neiaa?iue oiiae, noaa aeaaiuie eee
aaeeinoaaiiuie au?aceoaeyie yoeo iiiyoee, eee inoathony ia ia?eoa?ee
ycuea ia iieiaeaiee noeeenoe/aneeo, ca/anooth iaeioiio?aaeoaeueiuo
neiiieiia.
Anooiea a naycue n eaeneeie aeaiiiai ycuea, caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa
iiae/eiythony caeiiiia?iinoyi ?acaeoey iniiaiiai neiaa?iiai oiiaea,
eioi?ue aianoa n a?aiiaoe/aneei no?iai i?aia?acoao eo ii aioo?aiiei
caeiiai ?acaeoey ycuea.
Aeaaeaiee Aeiia?aaeia oeacuaaao, /oi aioo?aiiea caeiiu ?acaeoey
eaeiai-ieaoaeue ycuea – yoi i?aaeaea anaai caeiiu ?acaeoey aai
a?aiiaoe/aneiai no?iy e iniiaiiai neiaa?iiai oiiaea, no?oeoo?a eioi?iai,
anoanoaaiii, iaoiaeeony ai acaeiiaeaenoaee ni neiaa?iui ninoaaii ycuea,
yoi caeiiu ?acaeoey eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai ycuea.
Caeiiiia?iinoe onaiaiey caeinoaiaaiiuo neia, iiyaeaoeony a oi eee eiia
a?aiy a ycuea, caeiiiia?iinoe aiaea/aiey eo a nenoaio ycuea, eo
iiae/eiaiea ii?iai ycuea e i?aia?aciaaiea oaeaea ioiinyony e aeaenoaeth
aioo?aiieo caeiiia ?acaeoey aeaiiiai ycuea.
Enoiaey ec oiai, /oi caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa i?aia?acothony ii aioo?aiiei
caeiiai ycuea a naiae a?aiiaoe/aneie no?oeoo?a, caoeiaii iaeeea e
niuneiaii niaea?aeaiee, ycueiciaiea onoaiaaeeaaao o?e aeaea anneieeyoeee
caeinoaiaaiee: ii?oieiae/aneoth, oiiaoe/aneoth e eaene/aneoth
anneieeyoeeth. Yoe o?e aeaea anneieeyoeee oanii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie,
iaeiaei, iineieueeo iie eiatho naie iniaaiiinoe, naith niaoeeoeeo, iu
n/eoaai oeaeaniia?aciui ae?aooea ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eaaeaeue ec ieo a
ioaeaeueiinoe.
Aeaaa II
A?aiiaoe/aneay anneieeyoeey
I?ioeann anneieeyoeee o?aioeocneeo neia a aiaeeeneii ycuea au?aaeaaony
i?aaeaea anaai a eo iiae/eiaiee aai a?aiiaoe/aneiio no?ith.
Au?aaioaiiue a oa/aiea yiio a?aiiaoe/aneee no?ie aoiaeeo a ieioue e
e?iaue ycuea, a oii /enea e aai neiaa?iue oiiae.
O?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa n naiiai ia/aea eo nouanoaiaaiey a
aiaeeeneii ycuea iiaeaiaeyony iiae aeoeaiua a?aiiaoe/aneea eaoaai?ee,
oiio?aaeyaiua ii i?aaeeai a?aiiaoeee aiaeeeneiai ycuea. Yoe neiaa
i?eia?aoatho ana oi?iu neiaieciaiaiey, eioi?ua naienoaaiiu aeaiiie /anoe
?a/e a aiaeeeneii ycuea, e ia?acotho yoe oi?iu ii ia?acoeo
eneiiii-aiaeeeneeo neia.
I?e caeinoaiaaiee ioa?anuaaeenue oaeea ii?oieiae/aneea ioi?ieoaee, eae
o?aioeocneea a?oeeee le, la, les, neoaeauea au?aceoaeyie ?iaea e /enea
nouanoaeoaeueiuo. Iu iaaethaeaai iinoaiaiioth oo?aoo eaoaai?ee
a?aiiaoe/aneiai ?iaea a caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao, /oi naycaii n iauae
oaiaeaioeeae e en/aciiaaieth a?aiiaoe/aneiai ?iaea aiaeeeneeo
nouanoaeoaeueiuo. A iaiaoeeii e ?onneii ycueao, a ioee/ea io
aiaeeeneiai, a caeinoaiaaiiuo o?aioeocneeo neiaao /anoi i?ienoiaeeei
eciaiaiea a?aiiaoe/aneiai ?iaea, /oi iauyniyaony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
aicaeaenoaeai caeinoaothuaai ycue, n?. A iaiaoeeii ycuea die Flanke (le
flans); die Sabotage (le sabotage) – ii aiaeiaee ni neiaaie iaiaoeeiai
ycuea, a iniiaiii aeaineiai ?iaea, ieai/eaathueiny ia a; a ?onneii ycuea
le parti – ia?oey, la parole – ia?ieue.
Oi?iuaiea nenoaiu neeiiaiey aiaeeeneeo nouanoaeoaeueiuo, i?ienoiaeeaoaa
oaea a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae, a ?aaiie ia?a cao?iioei e
caeinoaiaaiiua o?aioeocneea neiaa. Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai
nouanoaeoaeueiuo ?iiaineiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey ioiineeanue e
ainiiaenoaothuaio a oi a?aiy neeueiiio neeiiaieth nouanoaeoaeueiuo
ioaeneiai ?iaea. A eiaieoaeueiii e ?iaeeoaeueiii iaaeaaeao
aaeeinoaaiiiai /enea iie iau/ii ia?aoiaeyo a aiaeeeneee ycue a oi?ia
noa?i o?aioeocneiai einaaiiiai iaaeaaea e ieai/eaathony:
ia niaeaniue (Flowr, cheef, estaat, tur, kastel) e ae?.;
ia aeieaoth aeanioth (citee, cri, merci, vertu) eeai
ia iaoaea?iia a (companie, bataile, doute, peple).
Ano?a/athony eeoue ioaeaeueiua neo/ae oiio?aaeaiey caeinoaiaaiiuo
nouanoaeoaeueiuo a oi?ia noa?io?aioeocneiai eiaieoaeueiiai iaaeaaea
aaeeinoaaiiiai /enea, o.a. n ieii/aieai s – enemis, caas, paleis.
King Mody … that is Hornes enimis (King Horn,43/1024, XIII).
– Ei?ieue Iiaee – a?aa Ai?ia.
A aeaoaeueiii iaaeaaea aaeeinoaaiiiai /enea caeinoaiaaiiua
nouanoaeoaeueiua, eae i?aaeei, ia i?eieiatho ieeaeiai ieii/aiey.
Nouanoaeoaeueiua, ieai/eaathueany ia niaeaniue, ec?aaeea i?eia?aoatho
ieii/aiea a. E eiioeo n?aaeiaaiaeeeneiai ia?eiaea yoi ieii/aiea
ioiaaeaao.
…to curt cumen (Kath., 937).
– i?eeoe ei aeai?o
Ut of prisune (Lag. Brute, Otto, 43/1018).
-ec oth?ueiu
In ture ( King Horn, 55/1312).
-a caiea
Holden in prisun ( Genes. and Exod., 58/2040).
?iaeeoaeueiue iaaeaae aaeeinoaaiiiai /enea e iiiaeanoaaiiia /enei
ia?acothony iooai i?eaaaeaiey ieii/aiey s (es) –beornes, hostages,
toures, crunes e ae?. Oieueei a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo ano?a/aaony
ia?aciaaiea iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea i?e iiiiue ieii/aiey n (en) –
chaumbren, joyen, castlen.
O iiiaineiaeiuo nouanoaeoaeueiuo, ieai/eaathueony ia t , ieii/aiea S
ia?aoiaeeo eiiaaea a z – merchauntz, servauntz, vestimentz.
A nayce n ?aaeoeoeeae iaaeaaeiuo ieii/aiee a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae
i?eia?aoaiea o?aioeocneeie nouanoaeoaeueiuie e i?eeaaaoaeueiuie
aiaeeeneeo oi?i neiaieciaiaiey ia i?ineaaeeaaaony n oaeie /aoeinoueth,
eae o aeaaieia, eioi?ua n naiiai ia/aea eo auoiaaiey a aiaeeeneii ycuea
ni?yaathony ii eeoeai e ia?acotho i?inoua e neiaeiua a?aiaia ii
aiaeeeneiio ia?acoeo. Aeey aieueoeinoaa caeinoaiaaiee o?aioeocneeo
aeaaieia oa?aeoa?ii ia?aciaaiea i?aoa?eoa e i?e/anoey i?ioaaeoaai
a?aiaie ii ia?acoeo neaauo aiaeeeneeo aeaaieia (iai?eia?, to turn, to
evoke, to control, to revenge).
O?aioeocneea aeaaieu, ei?aiue eioi?uo ieai/eaaeny ia aeanioth, i?eieioee
e neaaui aeaaieai 1-ai eeanna, iai?eia?, cryien – e?e/aoue, assayin –
iuoaoueny, obeie(n) – iiaeiiaaoueny. Aeaaieu, ei?aiue eioi?uo
ieai/eaaeny ia niaeanioth, a thaeiie /anoe Aiaeee ni?yaaeenue nia?aa ii
ia?acoeo neaauo aeaaieia 2-ai eeanna, o.a. nio?aiyee a ianoiyuai a?aiaie
ieii/aiey ie, i e ia iiaeaa?aaeenue a i?aoa?eoa neieiia aeaniiai ia?aae
d, iai?eia?, servi(n), -served.
Iinea en/aciiaaiey iniauo oi?i 2-ai eeanna eae ia naaa?a, oae e ia thaa
Aiaeee iie noaee ia?aciauaaoue i?aoa?eo ii ia?acoeo anao neaauo
aeaaieia.
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie iiiaeo o?aioeocneeo i?eeaaaoaeueiuo a ia/aeueiue
ia?eiae i?aauaaiey a aiaeeeneii ycuea yaeyaony nio?aiaiea eie ieii/aiey
iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea.
Iu ia?aaeei ano?a/aai iiaeiaiua i?eeaaaoaeueiua 3a iinoiiceoeaiii
oiio?aaeaiee – letters patents, places delitables, lords spirituels;
iaeiaei a oiaea aeaeueiaeoaai ycueiaiai ?acaeoey ieii/aiey s
iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea auei eie ioa?ioaii, a iinoiiceoeaiia oiio?aaeaiea
o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiiuo i?eeaaaoaeueiuo nio?aieeinue eeoue a
ioaeaeueiuo onoie/eauo ni/aoaieyo oeia court martial, heir apparent,
knight errant, i?eaeeaeathueony e neiaeiiio neiao, oioy noaiaiue
?aceiaeeiinoe eo eiiiiiaioia aanueia ?acee/ia.
I?iecaiaeiua e neiaeiua iaeiiycu/iua neiaa ia?aaeei aunooiatho a
caeinoaiaaaoai eo ycuea eae iai?iecaiaeiua. Oaeei ia?acii, n
caeinoaiaaiiuie eiiycu/iuie neiaaie n i?iecaiaeiie iniiaie, anee yoe
neiaa ia naycaiu n eaene/aneei iaoa?eaeii caeinoaothuaai ycuea,
i?ienoiaeeo i?ioeann ii?iuaiey. Iau/ii aiai?yo ia ii?iuaiee neia
?iaeiiai ycuea, eiaaea neiaa, a oiao ethaeae i?aaeiaai a?aiaie
?aceaaaaoeany ia ii?oieiae/aneea /anoe, a oiao ethaeae iineaaeothuaai
a?aiaie i?e iaecaanoiuo oneiaeyo ia ?aceaaathony, noaiiayony i?inouie.
Oio aea i?ioeann iu iaaethaeaai e ai o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaieyo.
O?aioeocneea nouanoaeoaeueiua control, rendez-vous, char-a-bancs,
parterre, – oo?aoeee a aiaeeeneii ycuea cia/aiea ninoaaeythueo eo
/anoae, o.a. iiaeaa?aeenue ii?iuaieth e aini?eieiathony eae i?inoua
neiaa. N?aaieoa a ?onneii ycuea neiaa: aioan, ia?oa?, ?aiaeaao. A ?yaea
neo/aaa iie ia/eiatho ienaoueny neeoii, i?ienoiaeeo eo oiiaoe/aneay
o?ainoi?iaoeey. Yoi i?iecioei, iai?eia?, ni neiaii control, i?iieeoei
ec o?aioeocneiai ycuea a aiaeeeneee a oi?ia contre-roule (ec eaoeineiai
contra rotula) e iaicia/eaoei caiieiaiiue ienoeii naeoie aoiaae, a
eioi?ue caienuaaeanue oieaoa aeieaia eacia/aenoao.
?acee/ea iaaeaeo ii?iuaieai a ?iaeiuo neiaao e eiiycu/iuo caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oi yoio i?ioeann a neiaao ?iaeiiai ycuea i?ioaeaao i/aiue
iaaeeaiii, oiaaea eae caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa iiaeaa?aathony aio n?aco i?e
eo i?iieeiiaaiee a ycue.
A ioee/ea io neia ?iaeiiai ycuea, a eioi?uo i?i ii?iuaiee niayiiinoue
ninoaaiuo yeaiaioia neiaa oaaee/eaaaony, a caeinoaiaaiiie eaeneea
iai?iecaiaeiay iniiaa iiaeao aiiaue noaoue i?iecaiaeiie. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo
a oii neo/aa, anee a ycuea iiyaeyaony aieueoay a?oiia neia,
eniieuecothuay iaeie e oa aea neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiua aooeenu, eioi?ua n
oa/aieai a?aiaie ia/eiatho auaeaeyoueny a niciaiee aiai?yueo. A
?acoeueoaoa ii?oieiae/aneay no?oeoo?a caeinoaiaaiiuo neia iniciaaony
aeaiiui ia?iaeii, ei?iaaua ii?oaiu i?eia?aoatho ?aaeueiia cia/aiea e
niiniaiinoue e aeaeueiaeoaio neiaiia?aciaaieth, oiaaea eae aiaeiycu/iua
aooeenu eniieuecothony aeey ia?aciaaiey iiauo neia (oae a aiaeeeneii
ycuea iiyaeeny oeaeue ?yae noooeenia e i?aoeenia o?aioeocneiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey – ment, al, ess, ice e ae?.).
Oanii naycai n i?ioeannii ii?iuaiey ae?oaie i?ioeann, eioi?ue
caeeth/aaony a ia?a?aceiaeaiee ii?oieiae/aneeo ninoaaiuo /anoae neiaa e
i?ineaaeeaaaony a ioaeaeueiuo o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaieyo. Oae ai
o?aioeocneeo neiaao avanguard, avantage ia/aeueiia a auei aini?eiyoi eae
aiaeeeneee iaii?aaeaeaiiue a?oeeeue, a nayce n /ai aicieeee neiaa
vanguard, vantage (a iai?ioa at a vantage). A neiaao richesse, cherise
o?aioeocneea neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiua noooeenu auee ioiaeaeanoaeaiu n
ieii/aieai iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea eiai nouanoaeoaeueiuo, /oi i?eaaei e
iiyaeaieth a aiaeeeneii ycuea neia riches, cherrus
Eae oieueei oi eee eiia eiiycu/iia neiai caeinoaoaony, caoeiaie iaeee
yoiai neiaa iiaeaa?aaaony eciaiaieyi e iiae/eiyaony caeiiiia?iinoyi
caoeiaiai no?iy caeinoaothuaai ycuea.
I?ioeann oiiaoe/aneie anneieeyoeee caeinoaiaaiee i?ineaaeeaaaony ia
iaoa?eaea o?aioeocneeo neia, i?iieeoeo a aiaeeeneee ycue iinea
caaiaaaiey Aiaeee ii?iaiiaie. Iieacaoaeueiui aeey oiiaoe/aneie
anneieeyoeee o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiiuo neia a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee
ia?eiae yaeyaony ia?aiin a ieo oaea?aiey n iineaaeiaai neiaa ai
o?aioeocneii ycuea ia ei?aiiie neia, iai?eia?, honour, envie, pite,
virtu. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea caeinoaiaaeenue o?aioeocneea aeaaieu n
i?aoeenaie, iai?eia?, recorden, commanden, avauncen, oaea?aiea a ieo
ia?aiauaeinue ia ei?aiue ii ia?acoeo eneiiii-aiaeeeneeo aeaaieia arisen,
awaken, forgiven e ae?. I?ioeann ia?aiina oaea?aiey ai o?aioeocneie
eaeneea i?ienoiaeeei iinoaiaiii. Ia?aia a?aiy iinea iiyaeaiey
o?aioeocneeo neia a aiaeeeneii ycuea iie a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
nio?aiyee o?aioeocneia oaea?aiea ia iineaaeiai neiaa eee ia
i?aaeiineaaeiai, anee neiai ieai/eaaeinue ia a. I?eia?u: dun: dragun;
compaygnie: druerie; be: contre; burgeio – curtayse; iugement: isend;
stere: banere.
Iaeiaei oaea a oaenoao XII-XIII aa. iaaethaeathony ioaeaeueiua neo/ae
ia?aiina oaea?aiey a neiaao o?aioeocneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey,
?ani?ino?aieaoeony a ia?iaeiie ?a/e, iai?eia?: office – office, contre –
contre, prisun – prisun, castel – castel, ransoun – ransoun.
And on fin offiz set agen
– iacia/aiiue ia oaith aeieaeiinoue
prisun: dun
you Salt ben ut of prisun numen
– oaay auionoeee ec oth?ueiu
Many castles hii awonne
– iie caoaaoeee iiiai caieia
Speratin he arrede
he hauhiss castel
– Nia?aoei aicaeaea aunieee caiie.
A i?iecaaaeaieyo *ina?a neo/ae eieaaaiey oaea?aiey a caeinoaiaaiiuo
neiaao cia/eoaeueii oeo/oathony, oioy o?aioeocneia oaea?aiea ia
iineaaeiai neiaa yaeyaony aua ainiiaenoaothuei.
O *ina?a, eae i?aaeei, nio?aieeinue o?aioeocneia iaienaiea eiia/iuo
neiaia: conseil, citee, povertee, vitaille, marvaille, champioun.
Iaeiaei iaienaiea ion iinoaiaiii auoaniyao ioun, e iineaaeiaa
oiio?aaeyaony oieueei a ?eoiao. Oaea?aiea a caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao a yoio
ia?eiae ioee/aaony cia/eoaeueiie iaonoie/eainoueth.
N?. neaaeothuea i?eia?u:
Though he strong was as a chamioun: toun (Chauser, Canterb. T.Prol.,
p.2);
companye: hostelrye (Ibid., 16);
he … knew their counseil (Ibid., 16);
office: benefice (Ibid., 8);
courteous he was and gentil of servise (Ibid., 7).
Ano?a/athony neo/ae oaea?aiey caeinoaiaaiiuo neia ia ia?aii neiaa.
And ever honoured for his worthinesse (Ibid., 2);
Ful wel she rang the services devine (Ibid., 4).
Iiaeiaiua eieaaaiey i?ineaaeeaathony e a ae?oaeo iiyoe/aneeo
i?iecaaaeaieyo XIV aaea – Sir Gawayn and the Green Knight; Handlyng
Synne, Gower, «Confessio Amantis», Langland, «The Vision on of William
concerning Piers and Plowman», i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e ?acee/iui aeai?ai e
noeeyi. Ana yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi iaonoie/eaia oaea?aiea a
neiaao o?aioeocneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey – aanueia ?ani?ino?aiaiiia yaeaiea
a oo yiioo e oa?aeoa?ii a ecaanoiie ia?a e aeey iauaia?iaeiie ?a/e. Iii
iauyniyaony neaaie noaiaiueth anneieeyoeee caeinoaiaaiiuo neia a
neiaa?a.
Aanueia oeaiiui n oi/ee c?aiey ii?aaeaeaiey oiiaoe/aneeo iniaaiiinoae
caeinoaiaaiiuo neia yaeyaony o?aooiiiue nai?iee ienai «Paston Letters»
na?aaeeiu e aoi?ie iieiaeiu XV noieaoey. Aaoi?u yoeo ienai ia auee
ia?aciaaiiuie ethaeueie e ienaee, eiia/ii, neiae a caaeneiinoe io
iieiaeaiey oaea?aiey a neiaa. Ec iaienaiey neia: councell (o.1 no?.85),
chaunceller (o.1 no?.138), daunger (o.1 no?.62), prison (o.1 no?.97),
treson (o.1 no?.105) – iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae ioiineoaeueii oiai, /oi
oaea?aiea a yoeo neiaao iaaeaao ia ia?aue neia, oiaaea eae n?aaieoaeueii
?aaeeia oiio?aaeaiea oaeeo oi?i ia?yaeo n aieaa iau/iui iieiui
iaienaieai eiia/iuo neiaia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi o?aioeocneia
oaea?aiea a XV aaea yaeyaony aua aanueia ?ani?ino?aiaiiui.
Aeieacaoaeuenoaii yoiai neoaeao oaeaea iiiai/eneaiiua neo/ae nio?aiaiey
oaea?aiey ia iineaaeiai neiaa caeinoaiaaiiuo neia, ano?a/athueany a
iiyoe/aneeo i?iecaaaeaieyo OV noieaoey, iai?eia?:
niunsao1a: faila (Pi1it. And Other Poems, 22).
Justise: couetys (Ibid., 62/58)
Bringe not a commone in greuaunce (Ibid., 1/12).
– Ia iaeaeae iaueio.
E eiioeo OO noieaoey a caeinoaiaaiiie eaeneea ia/eiaao yaii
i?aiaeaaeaoue aa?iaineia oaea?aiea. Oaea a «York Misteries» /aoi?ay
iieiaeia OV aaea/ neo/ae nio?aiaiey oaea?aiey ia iineaaeiai neiaa
ano?a/athony ?aaeei.
A i?iecaaaeaieyo OVI aaea Niaina?a, Oaenie?a, a?aoa No??ay Ainiiaenoaoao
aa?iaineia oaea?aiea.
Aiaeeeneia oaea?aiea ioee/aaony io o?aioeocneiai aieueoae
eioaineaiinoueth, n eioi?ie i?ieciineony oaea?iue neia ii n?aaiaieth n
iaoaea?iui. Yoio oaeoi? ia?yaeo n ia?aiinii oaea?aiey iaoneiaee aieaa
/anooth ?aaeoeoeeth e auiaaeaiea iaoaea?iuo neiaia ai o?aioeocneeo
neiaao , i?iieeoeo a aiaeeeneee ycue ii n?aaiaieth n coeie aea neiaaie
ai o?aioeocneii ycuea.
Aoa?acen /nie?auaiea ia/aeueiuo neiaia/, eioi?ue ano?a/aaony e ai
o?aioeocneii ycuea, i?ineaaeeaaaony aeiaieueii /anoi a caeinoaiaaiiuo
neiaao a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae: nie?auaieth iiaeaa?aathony aeaniua e
niaeaniua a ia/aea neiaa. iiaoo nie?auaoueny eae i?aoeenu, oae e
ninoaaiua /anoe ei?iy.
I?eia?u:
Hospitel – s?itel (Ainr. Riw1a, 14812)
Destruien (Him. II 179) – struien (Him., II, 51).
a??rantice – ?prentice (Langl. III, 218).
Assambled – sembled (Pt., 177)
advinata – vinata (Curs. Mundi, 20927).
a ?acoeueoaoa nie?auaiey ia/aea o?aioeocneeo neia a ?yaea neo/aaa
ia?acothony iiaua neiaa , iaaeaeo eioi?uie aicieeaao ni a?aiaiai ia
oieueei caoeiaia, ii e niuneiaia ?acee/ea, N?aaiei oaeaea o?aioeocneea
caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa, aicieeoea a ?acoeueoaoa aoa?acena, eae size
(assiza); s?o (as?o), fenna (dafanna), /oiau oaaaeeoueny a oaniie
acaeiinayce iaaeaeo oiiaoe/aneeie i?aia?aciaaieyie o?aioeocneeo neia e
eo eaene/aneei ?acaeoeai a nenoaia aiaeeeneiai ycuea.
Neieiia – nie?auaiea oaea?iuo eee aacoaea?iuo neiaia a na?aaeeia neiaa –
ia?aaeeia yaeaiea a neiaao, i?iieeoeo ec o?aioeocneiai ycuea a
aiaeeeneee. Nie?auaiea aeaniie a na?aaeeia neiaa iu iaaethaeaai aua a
iaiyoieeao n?aaeiaaiaeeeneiai ia?eiaea: sust – nanna, aianoi sustenance
(Nl. 340); commad – ment, aianoi nimmandement (Curs. Mundi, 14319);
constable aianoi ninastable ( Rob. Glouc. 538); ?a1 – rimaga aianoi
?o1irimaga (Misc. 28 Kent.S.).
Aeaniua eee ni/aoaiey aeaniuo, iaoiaeyueany ia?aiia/aeueii iiae
oaea?aieai, iiaeaa?aathony nie?auaieth, anee oaea?aiea ia?aiineony ia
i?aaeoanoaothuee ei neia.
I?eia?u: ?u1tis – ec noa?io?aioeocieiai ?u1attis, a iiaiaiaeeeneii –
?ia1tro (Langl.,VII, 25222); mern1a – ec o?aioeocneiai miran1a (Nurs.
Mundi. 548/9512).
Neieiia iiaeaa?aeenue aacoaea?iua neiae a ioaeaeueiuo o?aioeocneeo
neiaao, caeinoaiaaiiuo ~ a iiaiaiaeeeneee ia?eiae – Na?itaina – na?tain;
nhampinee – nhimnao.
Aiieiia eiia/iiai aacoaea?iiai a ano?a/aaony ai o?aioeocneeoneiaao oaea
a ?aiieo n?aaeiaaiaeeeneeo oaenoao. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa yoi a oaea
ia au?aaeaaony a?aoe/anee eae iinea aeaniuo oae e niaeaniuo: mesur
(Ancr. Riwle, 56), purs (ow1 and Night. 694) fest (Genes. And Exod.,
315), abbey (Lag. Brute II, 3191), Nintra (Lag. Aruita, II 154).
a iiiai/eneaiiuo neo/ayo aacoaea?iia eiia/iia a a iieiaeaiee iinea
aeaniuo ieoaony, ii oaea ia i?ieciineony. Iai?eia?, ma1adia, kurtesie,
n1argia, nim?ania. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho neo/ae ?eoiiaaiey a
oaenoao nouanoaeoaeueiuo, ieai/eaathueieny ia a n nouanoaeoaeueiuie,
ieai/eaathueieny ia i. Iai?eia?, ganteleri: nim?ania (Misc. 138). I
oii, /oi o?aioeocneia aacoaea?iia a ia i?ieciineony, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao
oaeaea oiiaoe/aneia iaienaiea o?aioeocneeo neia a oaenoao OIII noieaoey:
fors, tempest, pestilens, differens, vengans ( -ens, -ans aianoi
o?aioeocneiai -enna, -anna) .
Inoaiiaeiny ae?aooea ia noaeueaa aeaniuo ai o?aioeocneeo neiaao,
caeinoaiaaiiuo a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae.
E?aoeea o?aioeocneea aeaniua a, a, i a aiaeeeneii ycuea oaeeeiythony a
aeaoneiaeiuo neiaao a ia?aii ioe?uoii neiaa eee ia?aae aeaoiy
niaeaniuie, i?aaenoaaeythueie niaie ni/aoaiea niu/iiai n ieaaiui, a
oaeaea ia?aae st.
I?eia?u: anha, b1ame, date, robe, cote, haste, beste, table, feble,
coste.
Yoi ioiineony e e o?aioeocneei aacoaea?iui aeaniui, iiiaaoei iiae
oaea?aiea a aiaeeeneii ycuea. N?. Basin, bacoun e ae?.).
Oaea?iua aeaniua ia?aiai neiaa inoathony e?aoeeie a neiaao: baron,
muton, pleasaunt, palais, maner, profit, forest. E?aoeinoue aeaniuo a
yoeo neiaao, ii-aeaeeiiio, iauyniyaony oai ianoiyoaeuenoaii, /oi a
oa/aiea aeieaiai a?aiaie a ieo nio?aiyeinue o?aioeocneia oaea?aiea ia
iineaaeiai neiaa, oiaaea eae aeaniua ia?aiai neiaa inoaaaeenue
aacoaea?iuie.
O?aioeocneea i, u iiaeaa?aathony oaeeeiaieth, anee oaea?aiea a
caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao iaaeaao ia oio aea neia, /oi e ai o?aioeocneii
ycuea, iai?eia?: attiren, spouse, poudre, jousten.Ii anee oaea?aiea
ia?aiineony n iineaaeiaai neiaa ia i?aaeiineaaeiee, o?aioeocneia i
inoaaony e?aoeei – cite, prisoum, mirour.
Oaeeeiaieth iiaeaa?aathony oaea?iua aeaniua, noiyuea ia?aae aeaniui, e a
oii neo/aa, anee iaaeaeo ieie iaoiaeeony h – bias; o?aioe. biais, cohor;
o?aioe. cohort, triangle e ae?.
A o?aoneiaeiuo neiaao, a eioi?uo oaea?aiea iaaeaei ia ia?aoth aeanioth,
iineaaeiyy iau/ii inoaaaeanue e?aoeie, iai?eia? – lavendre, vinegear,
punishen, enemy, memory, natural, regular. Eneeth/aiey i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie ioaeaeueiua neiaa, eiia/iua neiae eioi?uo ninoiyee ec i + aeaniay.
Iai?eia?, nation, storie, patient, curious. Oaea?iua aeaniua nio?aiyee
e?aoeinoue a cae?uoii neiaa ia?aae aeaoiy e aieueoa niaeaniuie
/n?.:lettre, suffre, dette, prince, defence, simple). Iaeiaei ia?aae
ni/aoaieai i + niaeaniay iie iiaeaa?aaeenue oaeeeiaieth ( armour,
forme, art, source).
A caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao o?aioeocneea aeaniua eciaiyeenue ia oieueei
eiee/anoaaiii, ii e ea/anoaaiii . Ea/anoaaiiua eciaiaiey o?aioeocneeo
aeaniuo a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae iaoneiaeaiu ia?aiaiie ianoa
oaea?aiey, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, eo noaeueaa a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
ii?aaeaeyaony eo caoeiaui ie?oaeaieai, iniaaiii neaaeothueie ca ieie
caoeaie. Oaea?iia a ia?aae ni/aoaieai r + niaeaniay ai iiiaeo
caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao a naaa?iii aeeaeaeoa ia?aoiaeeo a e.N?.: cherged
( Curs. Mundi, 8253); perti (Curs. Mundi, 780/ 13583 ). Iaeiaei a
ae?oaeo aeeaeaeoao yoio ia?aoiae ia i?ineaaeeaaaony. Ai iiiaeo
eneiiii~aiaeeeneeo e caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao «a» ia?aae m e n a oaea?iii
iieiaeaiee aeeooiiaece?iaaeinue, ia?aoiaey a au n?. Aunswerede (
Octavian, 841), Fraunce ( Lag. Brute, v. I, 13435) chaunce, daunce,
graunten A i?ioeanna aeaeueiaeoae oiiaoe/aneie anneieeyoeee aeeooiia au
iiiiooiiaece?iaaeny e i?aa?auaeny a aeieaia a , eioi?ia ia?aae [mb],
[ng] aiineaaenoaee ia?aoei a [ei] iiae/eiyynue aaeeeiio naeaeao aeaniuo
( strange, danger, chammber) .
Ai o?aioeocneii ieii/aiee aa eiia/iia a a caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao ia
i?ieciineeinue e /anoi ia au?aaeaeinue a?aoe/anee (assamble, contre). A
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa o?aioeocneia aeieaia cae?uoia a a eiioea neiaa
caaa?oaeinue a aeieaia i iiae oaea?aieai e a e?aoeia i a aacoaea?iii
iieiaeaiee /iai?eia?: degree, agree, valley, attorney /.
A ioaeaeueiuo aeeaeaeoao iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey i?ieciineoue a ia?aae
x eae a, iai?eia?, sarui ( Lag. Brute, II, 169153), clark ( Ibid.,
III, 143), sarmon (Ancr. Riwle, 312).
Ia?aae ni/aoaieai n + niaeaniue a ia?aiia/aeueii iaoaea?iii
neiaa aianoi e eiiaaea ano?a/aaony a, iai?eia?, aumperor, andetted.
Iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a iineaaeiai neo/aa ia caoeiaie iaeee
o?aioeocneiai i?aoeena iiaee ieacaoue aeeyiea oaeea aiaeeeneea neiaa,
eae an -haldan, an -hangan
O?aioeocneia e?aoeia i , ia?aiia/aeueii ia iaoiaeyuaany iiae
oaea?aieai, a iaeioi?uo aeeaeaeoao, i?aeiouanoaaiii naaa?iuo e
ainoi/iuo, ia?aoiaeeo a a ia?acoy aeaienoaaiiua oi?iu a
n?aaeiaaiaeeeneii ycuea. A oiaea aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey i?aiaeaaeaao
i?ieciioaiea n e?aoeei i. N?. Prisoun – presoun, empresouned, cite-cete,
mirour – merour.
O?aioeocneay e?aoeay aeaniay u, aia/aea i?ieciineaoayny a
caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao ii o?aioeocneiio ia?acoeo, /oi iaeaa/aeinue
iaee/eai noiaeiiai caoea a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneii ycuea, e XV noieaoeth
i?aa?aoeeanue a [ju:] (juggen, justice).
A oao aeeaeaeoao, aaea a iiiaio caeinoaiaaiey aiaeeeneee caoe u(o) oaea
oniae aeaeaaeaeece?iaaoueny, i?ienoiaeeea caiaia o?aioeocneiai e?aoeiai
e aeieaiai/ aeeceie ii cao/aieth aeaniie eee aeeooiiaii [eu] eioi?ua
caoai iianaianoii i?aa?aoeeenue a [ju] e eiioeo n?aaeiaaiaeeeneiai
ia?eiaea ( pure, duke, allure) .
Iacaeece?iaaiiua o?aioeocneea aeaniua, eae i?aaeei , caiaiythony
niioaaonoaothueie aeaniuie oiiaiaie, eioi?ui iacaeecaoey ia naienoaaiia.
Aeeooiiae, ieai/eaathueany ia u , e eiioeo OIII noieaoey iiaeaa?aeenue
iiiiooiiaecaoeee, a inoaaoeany aeaniua oaeeeieeenue, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai
aicieeee oaeea neiaa, eae safe (saufe); chaffen /nia?aaaoueny/ o?aioe.
chauffer; bame (baleam); pame – eaaeiiue; samoun – eininue; ni?a Ai iiiaeo caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao aianoi oeaio?aeueii-o?aioeocneiai [s]
iu iaoiaeei naaa?ii-?aioeocneia nh [t ] . N?.
Nhisel, launchen, cacchen e citiee, civil, certain.
O?aioeocneia s nio?aieeinue a caeinoaiaaiiuo neiaao ia?aae niu/iuie
niaeaniuie ? e t , ii auiaei ia?aae n, m, l. N?. a
n?aaeiaaiaeeeneii ycuea haste, cost, spouse, ii dine ( n), painim,
male, frame.
Ae?oaie oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie o?aioeocneiai eiiniiaioecia a caeinoaiaaiiuo
neiaao auei en/aciiaaiea o?aioeocneeo niaeaniuo e iaaeaeo aeaniuie,
a caoai e iinea aeaniuo. Yoe niaeaniua ano?a/athony ia?aaeei a
ii?iaiaeneii aeeaeaeoa o?aioeocneiai ycuea a neiaao carite , plente
/aiineaaenoaee - carite, plente / e anei?a en/acee a aiaeeeneii ycuea,
o.e. iie auee ianaienoaaiiu aiaeeeneei neiaai a eiia/iii iieiaeaiee .
Ni/aoaiey caoeia , iaiau/iua aeey aiaeeeneiai ycuea , oaeaea
iiaeaa?aeenue oi?iuaieth, i?e yoii iaeei ec caoeia oiiaeiaeyeny
ae?oaiio. Oae, a neiaao eaoeineiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey , i?iieeooeo a
aiaeeeneee ycue /a?ac o?aioeocneee, caoeini/aoaiea ps oi?iuaeinue a s .
A n?aaeiaaiaeeeneeo oaenoao ii/oe ia ano?a/aaony yoeiieiae/aneia
iaienaiea neia corps, psaltar, oiaaea eae cors, saltar iiiaaeathony
aeiaieueii/anoi (Langl., 485; Chaus. Canterb. O., ?.48). Oi aea
i?iecioei n ni/aoaieai mb, a eioi?ii m anneieee?iaaei niaeaniue
/n?. o?aioe. tomber e aiaeeeneia tomb (tomb - Curs. Mundi, 16910) /,
aiaeeeneia bomb e o?aioeocneia bombe.
A ioee/ea io neia , i?iieeoeo a aiaeeeneee ycue a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee
ia?eiae e iieiinoueth anneieee?iaaiiuo a iai, aeey aieueoeinoaa neia,
caeinoaiaaiiuo iinea OOI aaea, oa?aeoa?ia eeoue /anoe/iay oiiaoe/aneay
anneieeyoeey, a a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo e iieiay iaanneieee?iaaiiinoue.
Yoi au?aaeaaony a nio?aiaiee o?aioeocneiai oaea?aiey ia eiia/iii neiaa,
i?ieciioaiee oao eee eiuo o?aioeocneeo caoeia , ianaienoaaiiuo
aiaeeeneiio ycueo. *oaeie oiiaoe/aneee e a?aoe/aneee iaeee iiaeiaiuo
neia i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iie aini?eieiathony a ycuea eae eii?iaeiua
oaea, eo o?aioeocneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea i?ineaaeeaaaony n aeinoaoi/iie
yniinoueth. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a aicueiai neiaa charade, sang-froid,
chaussi, entree, elan e ?yae ae?oaeo, eioi?ua nio?aieee ioaeaeueiua
iniaaiiinoe o?aioeocneiai i?ieciioaiey e oaea?aiey.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, iiiaea o?aioeocneea neiaa iaaeaaiaai caeinoaiaaiey
yaeythony a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a oiiaoe/anee anneieee?iaaiiuie, iai?eia?,
bureau, pioneer, engineer, chauffeur, lieutenant. Iii?iaoai ?acia?aoueny
a i?e/eiao yoiai yaeaiey. O?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiey ?aiiaai ia?eiaea
i?iieeee a aiaeeeneee ycue a iniiaiii onoiui iooai /a?ac ia?iaeioth
?a/ue, /oi i?eaiaeeei eo e caoeiaiio i?eniiniaeaieth e a?oeeoeyoeeiiiui
iaaueai aiaee/ai. Ia?iae i?aia?aciauaae eo i?ieciioaiea ii ii?iai
aiaeeeneiai ycuea. Aeey o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiee iicaeiaai ia?eiaea /n
OOI a. E ii ianoiyuaa a?aiy/ oa?aeoa?ii, /oi iie iiiaee a aiaeeeneee
ycue eieaeiui iooai, a ia iin?aaenoaii aeeaiai onoiiai iauaiey n
eeoeaie, aiai?yueie ia o?aioeocneii ycuea. Aeey yoeo neia naienoaaiii a
iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa nio?aiaiea o?aioeocneie i?oia?aoee.
A?aoe/aneee e caoeiaie ia?ac o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiiuo neia inoaaaeny
e inoaaony a iaiyoe aieueoiai eiee/anoaa ethaeae, /oi aei iaeioi?ie
noaiaie iaoneiaeeaaao nio?aiaiea o?aioeocneiai i?ieciioaiey yoeo neia.
Iaeiiaoe, iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi
i?iaiaeieeaie o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiiuo neia a OOI-OIO aaeao yaeyeenue
a iniiaiii ia?aciaaiiua neie iauanoaa /aeai?yinoai e ao?aeoacey/. Yoei
iauyniyaony caeinoaiaaiea aieueoeinoaa neia , naycaiiuo n ia?acii aeecie
a?enoie?aoee (matinee, mesalliance, beaumonde), e neia e au?aaeaiee
o?aioeocneie auoiaie eaeneee , noa?a ?ani?ino?aiaiey eioi?uo
ia?aie/eaaaony i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuie neiyie aiaeeeneiai iauanoaa (
liaison, complaisance, melange, decor, en passant, entre nous, soit
dit). Yoe neiaa inoathony a i?aaeaeao oae iacuaaaiie aea?aiiiie naaoneie
eaeneee, aeey oe?ieeo iann ia?iaea iie /oaeaeu e iaiiiyoiu. Aeey anao
yoeo neia oa?aeoa?ii nio?aiaiea o?aioeocneiai i?ieciioaiey e oaea?aiey,
o.a. oiiaoe/aneay iaanneieee?iaaiiinoue a ycuea. Oaeei ia?acii,
oiio?aaeoaeueiinoue neiaa, noa?a aai ?ani?ino?aiaiey yaeyaony aaaeiui
oaeoi?ii, ii?aaeaeythuei iieiioo e noaiaiue oiiaoe/aneie anneieeyoeee
caeinoaiaaiee.
Neaaeothuei oaeoi?ii, eioi?ue a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a iaoneiaeeaaao
noaiaiue oiiaoe/aneie anneieeyoeee caeinoaiaaiiuo neia, yaeyaony
aaaeiinoue au?aaeaiiuo eie iiiyoee, eo ioiioaiey n eneiiii-aiaeeeneeie
neiaaie neiiieie/aneiai ?yaea, eo ioiioaiea e iniiaiiio neiaa?iiio
oiiaeo ycuea. Aieueoeinoai o?aioeocneeo neia, caeinoaiaaiiuo a
n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae, au?aaeaee aaaeiua iiiyoey ec ?acee/iuo
iaeanoae aeecie ia?iaea e iauanoaa, /oi iaoneiaeei aoiaeaeaiea iiiaeo ec
ieo a iniiaiie neiaa?iue oiiae aiaeeeneiai ycuea, ia?aaeei iie
yaeythony eaeaia?aoe/aneeie neiiieiaie , a iiae/an e iniiaiuie
au?aceoaeyie iiiyoee, iai?eia?, arms, valley, river, table,
parliament. Cia/eoaeueiia aea eiee/anoai aieaa iicaeieo caeinoaiaaiee
aunooiaao eae noeeenoe/aneea neiiieiu , ia?aaeaaaaiua eie iiiyoey
au?aaeathony oaea niioaaonoaothueie aiaeeeneeie neiaaie. Iiiai/eneaiiua
i?eia?u oaaaeeoaeueii iieacuaatho, /oi /ai aaaeiaa iiiyoea, au?aaeaaiia
caeinoaiaaiiui neiaii, /ai /aua iii oiio?aaeyaony a iaeoiaea, oai nei?aa
e iieiaa i?ienoiaeeo aai oiiaoe/aneay anneieeyoeey. Iieacaoaeueiui a
yoii ioiioaiee yaeyaony anneieeyoeey aiaiiuo e iieeoe/aneeo oa?ieiia
n?aaieoaeueii iicaeiaai caeinoaiaaiey (officer, general, lieutenant,
captain, division, squadron, embassador, reconaissance).
Iiaeaa?aeenue oiiaoe/aneie anneieeyoeee /iieiie eee /anoe/iie/ neiaa,
naycaiiua n ?acaeoeai oaoieee /iniaaiii aaea- e aaoi- aeaea/ iai?eia?,
garage, ia?aaeei i?ieciineiia a ia?iaea eae [ ],
hangar(iaeei ec aa?eaioia aai i?ieciioaiey [ ]), parachute,
wagon.
Iaeiiaoe , iaeiie ec i?e/ei neaaie oiiaoe/aneie anneieeyoeee
o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiee yaeyaony n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoia a?aiy
i?aauaaiey eo a ycuea. Aeaei a oii, /oi i?ioeann anneieeyoeee , aoaeo/e
iinoaiaiiui e aeeeoaeueiui, iai?a?uaii inouanoaeyaony a ycuea e a iaoa
a?aiy. Iiyoiio iai?aaeeueii iiaiea i iieiie oiiaoe/aneie iaonaiaiiinoe
aieueoeinoaa o?aioeocneeo neia aieaa iicaeiaai caeinoaiaaiey. Eiia/ii,
yoe neiaa ia iiaeaa?aeenue oai ?aaeeeaeueiui oiiaoe/aneei
i?aia?aciaaieyi, eioi?ua eiaee ianoi a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae, ii
i?eciaee eo /anoe/iie anneieeyoeee iiaeai iaaethaeaoue e nae/an.
Anee caeinoaiaaiiia neiai oaea?aeeaaaony a ycuea , ?ani?ino?aiyaony a
iai, oi iii iaecaaaeii iiaeaa?aaaony i?ioeanno oiiaoe/aneie
anneieeyoeee, i?e/ai aai iieiioa e nei?inoue aoaeoo ii?aaeaeyoueny eae
iniaaiiinoyie caoeiaiai ninoaaa aeaiiiai neiaa, oae e aai aaaeiinoueth e
?ani?ino?aiaiiinoueth a ycuea. Caeanue iu aieioioth iiaeoiaeei e
/?acau/aeii aaaeiiio aniaeoo anneieeyoeee, a eiaiii - e eaene/aneiio.
Aeaaa III
Eaene/aneea anneieeyoeee.
*oi aea iiieiaoue iiae eaene/aneie anneieeyoeeae caeinoaiaaiiuo neia?
Aii?in eaene/aneie anneieeyoeee iiaeii i?aaeeueii ?aoeoue, enoiaey ec
aeaoo iiiaioia: 1/ ioiioaiea caeinoaiaaiiuo neia e iniiaiiio neiaa?iiio
oiiaeo e ii anae inoaeueiie eaeneea ycuea; 2/ iiae/eiaiea caeinoaiaaiiuo
neia niaoeeoe/aneei eaene/aneei caeiiiia?iinoyi aiaeeeneiai ycuea,
aioo?aiiei caeiiai ?acaeoey aai eaeneee.
. Neiai , iiiaa a /oaeoth ycueiaoth n?aaeo, oa?yao naycue ni neiaaie
?iaeiiai ycuea e a naiai aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoee iiae/eiyaony eaene/aneei
caeiiiia?iinoyi caeinoaiaaaoaai ycuea. Yoi au?aaeaaony a oii , /oi neiai
iinoaiaiii noaiiaeony ana aieaa oiio?aaeoaeueiui a aeaiiii ycuea, iii
i?eia?aoaao niiniaiinoue e neiaiia?aciaaieth, ?acaeaaao iiiaicia/iinoue,
naiaiaeii ni/aoaaony ni neiaaie eneiiiie eaeneee e aoiaeeo a ninoaa
o?acaieiae/aneeo aaeeieoe.
Enoiaey ec auoaneacaiiiai, iu auaeaeyai neaaeothuea i?eciaee eaene/aneie
anneieeyoeee caeinoaiaaiiuo neia:
1/ ooa?y caeinoaiaaiiuie neiaaie naieo ia?ae/iuo yoeiieiae/aneeo
cia/aiee, eioi?uie iie iaeaaeaee a ycuea-enoi/ieea, /oi iau/ii
nii?iaiaeaeaaony oo?aoie eie naieo i?aaeieo niuneiauo naycae) a oaeaea
eo aioo?aiiae oi?iu;
2/ aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea cia/aiee yoeo neia ii caeiiai ?acaeoey eaeneee
aeaiiiai ycuea , /oi au?aaeaaony a niuneiaie e noeeenoe/aneie
aeeooa?aioeeaoeee caeinoaiaaiee iiae aeeyieai neiiieie/aneie eaeneee
caeinoaothuaai ycuea e a iiyaeaiee o ieo iiauo ia?aiiniuo cia/aiee,
eioi?ua ionoonoaotho o niioaaonoaothueo neia a ycuea-enoi/ieea;
3/ noaiaiue ni/aoaaiinoe caeinoaiaaiee ni neiaaie ?iaeiiai ycuea e eo
niiniaiinoue aoiaeeoue a o?acaieiae/aneea aaeeieoee;
4/ ?acaeoea neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiie i?iaeoeoeaiinoe caeinoaiaaiiuo neia a
aiaeeeneii ycuea;
5/ i?eia?aoaiea caeinoaiaaiiuie neiaaie iauaia?iaeiie oiio?aaeoaeueiinoe
aieioue aei aoiaeaeaiey eo a iniiaiie neiaa?iue oiiae aeaiiiai ycuea.
Iniaaiii aaaeiui yaeyaony iineaaeiee i?eciae, o.e. caeinoaiaaiiia neiai
n/eoaaony eaene/anee onaiaiiui eeoue a oii neo/aa anee iii iieo/eei
anaiauaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea e noaei iauaia?iaeiui. Iai?eia?, attack, army,
service, committee, bureau, general, chief /n?. a ?onneii ycuea -
aoaea, a?iey, na?aen, ath?i, aaia?ae, oao./
Aanueia iieacaoaeueiui aeey eaene/aneie anneieeyoeee caeinoaiaaiiuo neia
yaeyaony ?acaeoea o ieo niiniaiinoe e neiaiia?aciaaieth
a caeinoaiaaaoai eo ycuea. Eae ecaanoii, a neiaiia?aciaaiee iniaaiii ia
iaaeyaeii aunooiatho aioo?aiiea caeiiu ?acaeoey ycuea . Ia?aciaaiea
iiaaeoeo neia i?ienoiaeeo ii oai iiaeaeyi, ii oai neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiui
oeiai, eioi?ua oaea onoaiiaeeenue a ycuea eee aiiaue aicieeatho.
O?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiey ni a?aiaiai iieo/atho aiciiaeiinoue
ia?aciauaaoue iiaua neiaa ii eiathueiny a ycuea neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiui
iiaeaeyi e iiae/eiythony iaeaieaa i?iaeoeoeaiui niiniaai
neiaiia?aciaaiey aiaeeeneiai ycuea : neiaineiaeaieth , aooeenaoeee ,
eiiaa?nee.
Oae, neiaa court, prison, judge, crown, master e ?yae ae?oaeo
i?eia?aee aeiaieueii iaoe?iua neiaa?iua aiacaea, ia?aciaaiiua i?e iiiiue
neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiuo n?aaenoa aiaeeeneiai ycuea /court - courtship,
courtly, courter, courting, courtless, courttliness, courtling; prison -
prisoner; judge, judger, judgeship; crown - crowner, crowning, crowned;
master - masterful, masterly, masterliness).
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi eneiiiua noooeenu ano?a/athony a ni/aoaiee n
o?aioeocneeie caeinoaiaaiiuie neiaaie eeoue iinea cia/eoaeueiiai
i?iiaaeooea a?aiaie iinea oiai, eae . yoe neiaa iiiaaeatho a aiaeeeneee
ycue /100-200 eao/. Oae, neiai ?aana, caeinoaiaaiiia a OII noieaoee,
ia/eiaao ia?aciauaaoue i?iecaiaeiua eeoue a ia/aea OIO noieaoey /n?.
?aanaful - ia?aia oiio?aaeaiea ioia/aii 1300 aiaeii, ?aanafulness -
1600, ?aanaless - 1522/, neiai armour caeinoaiaaiiia a eiioea OO
noieaoey, ano?a/aaony a ni/aoaiee n aa?iaineeie noooeenaie eeoue a
eiioea OIV e ia/aea XV noieaoee (armourer, armoured, armourless). E
yoiio a?aiaie neiaa ?aana, armour i?eia?aee aeiaieueii oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea , i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaoao eo /anoia oiio?aaeaiea a
oaenoao yoiai ia?eiaea.
Oaeei ia?acii, ni/aoaiea o?aioeocneeo neia n aiaeeeneeie noooeenaie, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e niiniaiinoue aeaiiuo neia e neiaii?iecaiaenoao
noaiiayony aiciiaeiuie eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea yoe neiaa oaea oniaee
?ani?ino?aieoueny a ycuea e auee oaea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ei
onaiaiu. Ia?aciaaiea io ieo i?iecaiaeiuo neia n iiiiuueth eneiiiuo
aooeenia naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i aeaeueiaeoae anneieeyoeee aeaiiuo neia a
nenoaia aiaeeeneiai ycuea. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa
ia?aciauaaee i?iecaiaeiua a ni/aoaiee n i?iaeoeoeaiuie noooeenaie (
-ful, -less, -ly, -ness, -ed, -er, -ing e ae?.). Aieueoeinoai neia
o?aioeocneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey n yoeie noooeenaie ioee/aaony
cia/eoaeueiie oiio?aaeoaeueiinoueth a nia?aiaiiii aiaeeeneii ycuea,
iai?eia?, armoured, dangerously, debted, debtful, defenceless,
priisoner e ae?.
Ai?acaei ?aaea ano?a/athony i?iecaiaeiua io o?aioeocneeo neia ,
ia?aciaaiiua n iiiiuueth iai?iaeoeoeaiuo noooeenia -hood, -ship, -dom,
-ling. Iiiaea ec yoeo i?iecaiaeiuo a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeythony
a?oaeciaie e ii/oe ia oiio?aaeythony a iaeoiaeiie ?a/e. Iai?eia?,
chiefdom - the state, position, dominion of a chief, councillorship -
the office or a position of a councillor, capitalhood - the connition of
being a capital city /ni. niioaaonoaothuea neiaa a NED /. Niiniaiinoue
ni/aoaoueny n aa?iaineeie noooeenaie oa?aeoa?ia a iniiaiii aeey neia ,
caeinoaiaaiiuo aua ( a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae). Iiiaei o?aioeocneei
caeinoaiaaieyi iiaiaiaeeeneiai ia?eiaea yoio i?eciae ianaienoaaiai.
*oiau oaaaeeoueny a yoii, aeinoaoi/ii acyoue oaeea neiaa, eae picnic,
etiquette, debut, fete, entree, souvenir, ensemble. Aeaaea oaeea
o?aioeocneea neiaa, eioi?ua au?aaeatho aaaeiua iiiyoey ec
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie e iao/ii-oaoie/aneie iaeanoe, eae mashine,
garage, police, regime, bureau, commerce - eee aiiaua ia ia?acotho
i?iecaiaeiuo eee ia?acotho eo n iiiiuueth ?iiaineeo aooeenia
(commercial, mashinery).
Iaeioi?ua iieiinoueth anneieee?iaaiiua neiaa, caeinoaiaaiiua ec
o?aioeocneiai ycuea a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae, oaeaea ioee/athony
neaaie niiniaiinoueth e ia?aciaaieth i?iecaiaeiuo iooai aooeenaoeee
/iai?eia?, arrow, banner, capital, castl, champion, city, company,
country, duke, duty, enemy, hostage, lance).
Iaeiiaoe, iiiaea neiaa o?aioeocneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey ii/oe ia ia?acotho
i?iecaiaeiuo i?e iiiiue eneiiiuo i?aoeenia, oiaaea eae c coooeenaie iie
ni/aoathony aeiaieueii naiaiaeii, iai?eia? , armour, counsel, court,
honour, groun, defence). Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi eiee/anoai i?iaeoeoeaiuo
i?aoeenia a nia?aiaiiii aiaeeeneii yaeyaony aanueia ia?aie/aiiui.
Ana yoe niia?aaeaiey i?eaiaeyo ian e auaiaeo, /oi niiniaiinoueth
o?aioeocneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey ni/aoaoueny i eneiiii-aiaeeeneeie
aooeenaie ia anaaaea iieacaoaeueia aeey noaiaie eo anneieeyoeee a
aiaeeeneii ycuea.
Iaeiei ec i?eciaeia eaene/aneie anneieeyoeee caeinoaiaaiee yaeyaony eo
niiniaiinoue aoiaeeoue a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec eiiiiiaioia a ninoaa
neiaeiuo neia. Neiaineiaeaiea - aaaeiue niinia aiaeeeneiai
neiaiia?aciaaiey, oioy iii a iaiueoae ia?a i?iaeoeoeaii a?aiaiiii
aiaeeeneii ycuea, /ai a iaiaoeeii. Enneaaeoy ?acee/iua oeiu aiaeeeneeo
neiaeiuo neia , a ninoaa eioi?uo aoiaeyo o?aioeocneea eiiiiiaiou, iu
i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi aeey o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiee iaeaieaa
oa?aeoa?iui yaeyaony oei oae iacuaaaiiai ianeeueiiai neiaineiaeaiey,
eioi?ia , ii ii?aaeaeaieth i?io. Nie?ieoeeiai, caeeth/aaony a i?inoii
niiieiaeaiee aeaoo neia, iaicia/athueo eaaeaeia eaeie-eeai i?aaeiao
iunee aac eaeeo au oi ie auei aiaoieo ioi?ieoaeae. Yoi e
iaoaeeaeoaeueii, o.e. aeaiiue oei neiaineiaeaiey iniaaiii i?iaeoeoeaai a
nia?aiaiiii aiaeeeneii ycuea, e caeinoaiaaiiua o?aioeocneea neiaa aio
iaeaieaa iiaeaa?aeaiu. Iai?eia?, country-hous, country-man, courtroom,
prison-cell, tower-bell, master- piece, standart-bearer.
A neiaeiuo neiaao o?aioeocneea iniiau aunooiatho, eae i?aaeei a ea/anoaa
ia?aiai eiiiiiaioa.
Aiciiaeii, /oi oiio?aaeaieth o?aioeocneeo caeinoaiaaiee a ooieoeee
ia?aiai eiiiiiaioa neiaeiiai neiaa aeaaii?eyonoaoao oio oaeo, /oi
cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai o?aioeocneeo neia iaeaaeaao ioaea/aiiuie
cia/aieyie. Aunooiay a ea/anoaa ia?aiai eiiiiiaioa, iie noaeeaatho
iiiyoea, au?aaeaaiia aoi?ui eiiiiiaioii, e niiauatho neiaeiiio neiao a
oeaeii oio eee eiie iooaiie cia/aiey , /oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony
neaaeothueie i?eia?aie: battle-field, battle-ship, peace-breaker,
peace-day,; judgement-hall; money-bag, money-box e o.ae. , a eioi?uo
aoi?ua eiiiiiaiou eiatho aieaa eiie?aoiua cia/aiey , /ai ia?aua.
Ai?acaei ?aaea ano?a/athony o?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiey a neiaeiuo neiaao
neioaene/aneiai oeia, o.a. a naiaiaeiuo ni/aoaieyo, naiaioe/anee
iainiaeaiiuo a aaeeiia oeaeia, yeaeaaeaioiia neiao (man-of-war,
commander-in-chief, matter-of-fact) , a ioee/ea io o?aioeocneiai
ycuea, aaea oaeea neiaeiua neiaa, ia?aciaaiiua n iiiiuueth i?aaeeiaa
da, - ?ani?ino?aiaiiia yaeaiea, n?. neiaa champ de bataile, conseil de
guerre, conseil de discipline, homme de conseil, eioi?ui a aieueoeinoaa
neo/aaa niioaaonoaotho neiaeiua neiaa iaeo?aeueiiai oeia - battle-field,
council-chamber /cae niaaoa/, council-man //eai niaaoa/.
O?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa ii/oe ia iiaeaa?aeaiu ii?oieiae/aneiio
niiniao neiaineiaeaiey, o.a. niaaeeiaieth aeaoo eiiiiiaioia
iin?aaenoaii iniauo oi?iaeueiuo yeaiaioia, eioi?ua ia iiaoo
ioiaeaeanoaeyoueny ni neiaaie. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
ii?oieiae/aneee niinia neiaineiaeaiey ia yaeyaony oaea i?iaeoeoeaiui a
aiaeeeneii ycuea. Eoae, iu aeaeei, /oi caeinoaiaaiiay o?aioeocneay
eaeneea a iniiaiii iiaeaa?aeaia iaeaieaa i?iaeoeoeaiiio niiniao
neiaineiaeaiey - iaeo?aeueiiio, /oi aua ?ac iiaeoaa?aeaeaao iuneue i aa
iiae/eiaiee aaaeiaeoei ii?iai e caeiiiia?iinoyi ?acaeoey aiaeeeneiai
ycuea.
Niiniaiinoue o?aioeocneeo neia e neiaineiaeaieth yaeyaony aanueia
?acee/iie . Iaeiaei aiaeec aieueoiai eiee/anoaa caeinoaiaaiiuo neia
i?eaiaeeo ian e auaiaeo , /oi /ai aaaeiaa iiiyoey , au?aaeaaiua eie,
oai /aoa iie aoiaeyo a ninoaa eiiiiceoia.
Yoi eanaaony a ?aaiie ia?a neia , caeinoaiaaiiuo eae a XII-XIII aaeao
/oaeeo eae river, mountain, table, order, battle, prison, court e ae?./,
oae e aieaa iicaeieo caeinoaiaaiee (victory, army, patr, machine).
Iiiaea ec yoeo neia e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?iaeieaeatho ia?aciauaaoue
iiaua eiiiiceou, aoiaey a eo ninoaa a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec eiiiiiaioia,
iai?eia?, victory-day, peace-loving, peace-partisan, border-battle,
security council, machine gun.
Iaeiaei, aieueoeinoai o?aioeocneeo neia, caeinoaiaaiiuo oaea a
iiaiaiaeeeneee ia?eiae e neaai anneieee?iaaiiuo aiaeeeneei ycueii, ia
iaeaaeaao niiniaiinoueth aoiaeeoue a ninoa a eiiiiceoia, iai?eia?,
paysage, parterre, carbine, envoy, aid-de-champ, surtout, champagne.
Oaeei ia?acii, niiniaiinoue caeinoaiaaiiie eaeneee o/anoaiaaoue a
ia?aciaaiee neiaeiuo neia aanueia iieacaoaeueia aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
iieiiou aa anneieeyoeee a ycuea.
Iaeiei ec ?acaeouo niiniaia neiaiia?aciaaiey a aiaeeeneii ycuea yaeyaony
eiiaa?ney, o.a. ia?aciaaiea iiaiai neiaa aac i?eniaaeeiaiey eaeiai-eeai
neiaiia?aciaaoaeueiiai yeaiaioa oieueei i?e iaee/ee eciaiaiey niuneiaiai
cia/aiey e ia?aaeeaiu neia.
O?aioeocneea caeinoaiaaiey, aoaeo/e eniieueciaai~ a ycuea ii i?aaeeai
aiaeeeneie a?aiiaoeee, iiaoo oaeaea iiaeaa?aaoueny eiiaa?nee. Oae, io
nouanoaeoaeueiuo armour, assault, control, tower, order, master a
XIV-XVI aa. auee ia?aciaaiu aeaaieu, /oi yaeyaony iaeaieaa /anoui
neo/aai eiiaa?nee o?aioeocneeo neia a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae.
Ianeieueei ?aaea a i?aaeaeao enneaaeoaiie eaeneee ano?a/athony neo/ae
ia?aciaaiey i?eeaaaoaeueiuo io nouanoaeoaeueiuo, iai?eia?, io
nouanoaeoaeueiuo chief -chief fault, chief city.
Iiiaei iouiaiiui aeaaieai, ia?aciaaiiui iooai eiiaa?nee io
nouanoaeoaeueiuo a n?aaeia- e ?aiiaiiaiaiaeeeneee ia?eiae oa?aeoa?ia
neaaay oiio?aaeoaeueiinoue (n?. parliament - to parliament; banner - to
banner; sergeant - to sergeant; common - to common; company - to
company; defence - to defence; money - to money; office - to office;
peace - to peace e ae?.). Iaeioi?ua ec oeacaiiuo aeaaieia
iiaeaa?aaeenue a?oaecaoeee a nia?aiaiiii aiaeeeneii ycuea.
Neaaeoao iaiai?eoueny, /oi ia ana iouiaiiua aeaaieu aicieeee iooai
eiiaa?nee niioaaonoaothueo nouanoaeoaeueiuo a aiaeeeneii ycuea. Iiiaea
ec ieo auee iaiin?aaenoaaiii caeinoaiaaiu ec o?aioeocneiai ycuea e,
iaeaaeay iaeeiaeiauie iniiaaie, ii ioee/aynue naieie ieii/aieyie io
niioaaonoaothueo nouanoaeoaeueiuo , ia/eiaee niioiineoueny n ieie ii
eiiaa?nee aua a n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae (n?. arm - i?oaeea, to arm Neiai caeinoaoaony ia anai eiiieaenii naieo cia/aiee,
a a iaeiii eee a ianeieueeeo cia/aieyo, eioi?ua yaeythony oa?aeoa?iuie
aeey iaai a aeaiiie enoi?e/aneie e ycueiaie neooaoeee.
Iau/ii neiaa caeinoaothony a naieo iiieiaoeaiuo, ?aaea a
iiieiaoeaii-i?iecaiaeiuo cia/aieyo. Oae, nouanoaeoaeueiia money ia?aoei
a aiaeeeneee ycue a iiieiaoeaiii cia/aiee "iiiaoa" ,
sergeant - a cia/aiee "neoaa", "i?oaeaiinaoe ?uoea?y", court - "aeai?
ei?iey" , judge - "noaeuey" , country - "aeaaeaiea a?aoa" ,
"nia?aiea, nicaaiiia oa?eoii aeey ?aoaiey aeae a?aonoaa", parliament -
"?acaiai?", "niaauaiea". Iiiaea iiieiaoeaii-i?iecaiaeiua e
o?acaieiae/anee-naycaiiua cia/aiey o?aioeocneeo neia i?e caeinoaiaaiee
iineaaeieo ia ia?aoiaeyo a aiaeeeneee ycue'. Oae, ia caeinoaothony
cia/aiey o?aioeocneeo neia; eioi?uie iineaaeiea iaeaaeaee a
noa?io?aioeocneii ycuea: autorite -"ec?a/aiea", "i?aaeei" , armerue -
"aii?oaeaiiue /aeiaae" , "iie?ia"; assauter - "auno?i iiaeuiaoueny";
cour -"nia?aiea aannaeia, eioi?ia nicuaaeinue o?aioeocneei ei?ieai",
"naeueneia iiianouea" , "iaaieueoay oa?ia a Ii?iaiaeee"; danger
-"nianoaaiiinoue" , "ianeaaenoai" , "i?aai neoaeeoue eiio-eeai".;
defence - "cai?aoiia ianoi"; etat - "noai" , "?ino" , "ie?".
Eciaiaiea niuneiaiai niaea?aeaiey caeinoaiaaiiuo neia iiaeao auoue, e
ae?oaiai ii?yaeea.
Caeinoaiaaiiua o?aioeocneea neiaa , iiiaa a aiaeeeneee ycue, oa?ytho
nayce ni neiaaie ycuea-enoi/ieea, aeayoeiieiaece?othony e ia/eiatho
aeeoue iiaie aeeciueth a nenoaia aiaeeeneiai ycuea. A ?acoeueoaoa yoie
oo?aou noa?uo niuneiauo naycae caeinoaiaaiiua neiaa ia?aaeei noaiiayony
i?inouie ciaeaie aeey au?aaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo iiiyoee, noiyo a aieueoae
eee iaiueoae ia?a oaaeeiaiii a nenoaia onaieaoaai eo ycuea. I?e yoii
aeeaeaeoaa yoeiieiae/aneia cia/aiea caeinoaiaaiiuo neia, a /anoi e eo
aioo?aiiyy oi?ia oa?ythony; a ia/aea naiaai nouanoaiaaiey a ycuea iie
yaeythony aioo?aiia iaiioeae?iaaiiuie eae n oi/ee c?aiey eo yoeiieiaee,
oae e eo naiaioeee, auaeaeythony eae /oaeea ia oiia eneiiiie eaeneee
ycuea.
I?ioeann oo?aou o?aioeocneeie caeinoaiaaiiuie neiaaie naiaai ia?ae/iiai
yoeiieiae/aneiai cia/aiey eiaao iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe, ia eioi?uo iu
ae?aooea inoaiiaeiny.
Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai o?aioeocneeo neia, caeinoaiaaiiuo a
n?aaeiaaiaeeeneee ia?eiae, ainoiaeeo a eiia/iii n/aoa e eaoeineiio
ycueo, eae, iai?eia?, neiaa advance, castle, champion, eneme,
money,spy, tower e ?yae ae?oaeo. Ia?ae/iua cia/aiey iiiaeo ec ieo auee
ooa?yiu aua a noa?io?aioeocneii ycuea, a /anoiinoe, a ii?iaiineii
aeeaeaeoa o?aioeocneiai ycuea, ioeoaea yoe neiaa i?iiaee a aiaeeeneee
ycue. Oae, auee oo?a/aiu a noa?io?aioeocneii ycuea ia?ae/iua cia/aiey
neia companion, cunestable, chancelier, eioi?uie iie iaeaaeaee a
eaoeineii ycuea (n?. cum - aianoa n, panis -oeaa, comes stabuli -
eiithoee, cancellus - ?aoaoea). Iaeiaei n?aaee o?aioeocneie
caeinoaiaaiiie eaeneee oaeeo neia iu ano?a/aai iaiiiai.
Aieueoeinoai o?aioeocneeo neia aei eo caeinoaiaaiey aiaeeeneei ycueii
aua aanueia io/aoeeai nio?aieei naycue n eo ia?ae/iuie cia/aieyie, oioy
e i?eia?aei ?yae aeiiieieoaeueiuo cia/aiee ai o?aioeocneii ycuea.
Iai?eia?, capitale io eaoeineiai capitalis - aeaaiue; chevalerie io eao.
caballus - eioaaeue; chamion io eao; campus - iiea, chief io eao. caput
-aieiaa, traison io eao. traditio - naea/a, parlement io eao. paraulare
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