3
Московский Государственный Университет Приборостроения и Информатики
реферат по английскому языку на тему:
«Экономическая система. Изменение экономической
ситуации в России »
Economic system. Changes in economic situation of Russia
Выполнил студент 1-го курса:
спец.080801
гр. МФ ЭФ2-06-01 ДО
Князев В.В.
Проверила:
Манишова В.Д.
Можайск, 2007.
« Economic system. Changes in economic situation of Russia »
Contents
1. Economic system 3
1.1.The division of economic systems 3
2. List by hands-on and hands-off 4
3. Types of economic systems 4
3.1 Market economy 4
3.2 Mixed economy 4
3.3 Planned economy 5
3.4 Traditional economy 6
3.5 Participatory economics 6
4. Changes of an economic situation in Russia 7
4.1. Recent economic developments 7
1. Economic system
An economic system is a mechanism (social institution) which deals with
the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in a
particular society. The economic system is composed of people,
institutions and their relationships to resources, such as the
convention of property. It addresses the problems of economics, like the
allocation and scarcity of resources.
1.1 The division of economic systems
There are several basic and unfinished questions that must be answered
in order to resolve the problems of economics satisfactorily. The
scarcity problem, for example, requires answers to basic questions, such
as: what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets what is produced.
An economic system is a way of answering these basic questions.
Different economic systems answer them differently.
There is often a strong correlation between certain ideologies,
political systems and certain economic systems (for example, consider
the meanings of the term “communism”). Many economic systems overlap
each other in various areas (for example, the term “mixed economy” can
be argued to include elements from various systems). There are also
various mutually exclusive hierarchical categorizations.
The basic and general economic systems are:
· Market economy (the basis for several “hands off” systems, such as
capitalism).
· Mixed economy (a compromise economic system that incorporates some
aspects of the market approach as well as some aspects of the planned
approach).
· Planned economy (the basis for several “hands on” systems, such as
socialism).
· Traditional economy (a generic term for the oldest and traditional
economic systems)
· Participatory economics (a recent proposal for a new economic system)
An economic system can be considered a part of the social system and go
home hierarchically equal to the law system, political system, cultural
system, etc.
2. List by hands-on and hands-off
Typically, “hands-on” economic systems involve a greater role for
society and/or the government to determine what gets produced, how it
gets produced, and who gets the produced goods and services, with the
stated aim of ensuring social justice and a more equitable distribution
of wealth (see welfare state). Meanwhile, “hands-off” economic systems
give more power to certain private individuals (or corporations) to make
those decisions, rather than leaving them up to society as a whole, and
often limit government involvement in the economy.
The primary concern of “hands-on” economic systems is usually
egalitarianism, while the primary concern of “hands-off” economic
systems is usually private property. Libertarians target individual
economic freedom as a primary goal of their “hands-off” policies.
The following list divides the main economic systems into “hands-on” and
“hands-off,” it attempts to structure the systems in a given section by
alphabetical order and in a vertical hierarchy where possible.
3. Types of economic systems
3.1.
Market economy
A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise
economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution
of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets
guided by a free price system. In a market economy, businesses and
consumers decide of their own volition what they will purchase and
produce. Technically this means that the producer gets to decide what to
produce, how much to produce, what to charge to customers for those
goods, what to pay employees, etc., and not the government. These
decisions in a free-market economy are influenced by the pressures of
competition, supply, and demand. This is often contrasted with a planned
economy, in which a central government decides what will be produced and
in what quantities.
No pure market economy exists. Thus, almost all economies in the world
today are mixed economies which combine varying degrees of market and
command economy traits. For example, in the United States there are more
market economy traits than in Western European countries.
3.2. Mixed economy
A mixed economy is an economy that has a mix of economic systems. It is
usually defined as an economy that contains both private-owned and
state-owned enterprises[1] or that combines elements of capitalism and
socialism, or a mix of market economy and command economy.
There is not one single definition for a mixed economy, but relevant
aspects include: a degree of private economic freedom (including
privately owned industry) intermingled with centralized economic
planning (which may include intervention for environmentalism and social
welfare, or state ownership of some of means of production).
For some states, there is not a consensus on whether they are
capitalist, socialist, or mixed economies. Economies in states ranging
from the United States to Cuba have been termed mixed economies. By most
definitions, Canada could be referred to as a mixed economy, as Canadian
health care is nationalized in order to provide health care free of
charge.
3.3. Planned economy
A planned economy (also known as command economy and centrally planned
economy) is an economic system in which the state or government controls
the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and
about the distribution of income. In such an economy, the planners
decide what should be produced and direct enterprises to produce those
goods. Planned economies are in contrast to unplanned economies, i.e. a
market economy, where production, distribution, and pricing decisions
are made by the private owners of the factors of production based upon
their own interests rather than upon furthering some overarching
macroeconomic plan.
A planned economy may either consist of state owned enterprises, private
enterprises who are directed by the state, or a combination of both.
Though “planned economy” and “command economy” are often used as
synonyms, some make the distinction that under a command economy, the
means of production are publicly owned. That is, a planned economy is
“an economic system in which the government controls and regulates
production, distribution, prices, etc.” but a command economy, while
also having this type of regulation, necessarily has substantial public
ownership of industry. Therefore, command economies are planned
economies, but not necessarily the reverse (example: Nazi Germany’s
private ownership yet use of the Four Year Plan could construe them as a
planned economy, but not necessarily a command economy, while the Soviet
Union with public ownership would be a command economy).
Important planned economies that existed in the past include the economy
of the Soviet Union, which was for a time the world’s second-largest
economy. Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, many governments presiding
over planned economies began deregulating and moving toward market based
economies by allowing the private sector to make the pricing,
production, and distribution decisions. Although most economies today
are market economies or mixed economies, planned economies exist in some
countries such as Cuba and North Korea.
3.4.Traditional economy
A traditional economy is an economic system in which resources are
allocated by inheritance, and which has a strong social network and is
based on primitive methods and tools. It is strongly connected to
subsistence farming. In the majority of countries traditional economy
has been replaced by command economy, market economy or mixed economy.
However, it is found today mainly in underdeveloped, agricultural parts
of South America, Asia, and Africa. There are some advantages and
disadvantages in a traditional economy. Advantages: a traditional
economy fosters the sense of community, as it causes little friction
among members and provides a sense of security and psychological
comfort. Subsequently, there is a relatively low unemployment rate and
low crime rate. A traditional economy allows for a greater degree of
autonomy as no money or little is given to the government and there is
no competition. Disadvantages: a traditional economy does not allow for
much economic growth and development as changes are very slow and there
is a lack of social mobility. A traditional economy does not take
advantage of technology and there is relatively little promotion of
intellectual and scientific development. With no incentives for
entrepreneurs, the consumer choice is diminished, which leads to a lower
standard of living.
3.5. Participatory economics
Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed
economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic
mechanism to guide the allocation of resources and consumption in a
given society. Proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalist
market economies and also an alternative to centrally planned socialism
or coordinatorism, it is described as “an anarchistic economic vision”.
It emerged from the work of activist and political theorist Michael
Albert and that of radical economist Robin Hahnel, beginning in the
1980s and 1990s.
The underlying values that parecon seeks to implement are equity,
solidarity, diversity, and self-management. It proposes to attain these
ends mainly through the following principles and institutions:
· workers’ and consumers’ councils utilizing self-managerial methods for
decision making,
· balanced job complexes,
· remuneration according to effort and sacrifice, and
· participatory planning.
4. Changes of an economic situation in Russia
4.1. Recent economic developments
A booming domestic market continues to drive strong economic growth in
Russia. Substantial net capital inflows have now joined receipts from
resource exports in fueling domestic demand. In this context, the pace
of economic growth has accelerated since the second quarter of the year.
Annual GDP growth could reach 7.0 percent. Fixed capital investment and
FDI have also exhibited impressive growth. The economic expansion
continues to be concentrated primarily in non-tradable sectors of the
economy that have profited from a stronger ruble. Stagnating production,
high investment needs, and rapidly-growing domestic demand are raising
increasing concerns about the state of the Russian energy sector.
Following the stabilization of oil prices, Russia’s large current
account surplus has finally begun to contract. Yet a stronger capital
account has somewhat compensated for this trend, supporting the
continued accumulation of foreign reserves, albeit at a slower pace.
Rapid growth in money supply and higher federal expenditures in 2006
have been largely absorbed by higher-than-expected economic growth.
Inflation has slowed considerably in the second half of the year. The
planned 2007 budget foresees an expansion of federal expenditures of 0.9
percent of GDP, with priorities in additional expenditures going to the
state apparatus, investment and social programs.
Real incomes of the population, wages, and retail trade have been
growing in double digits, significantly outpacing GDP growth. Consistent
with this picture, import growth soared to 29 percent for the first
three quarters of the year.
Recent policy initiatives of the government include a planned package of
measures aimed at promoting diversified growth and the innovation
economy and new legislative initiatives on migration. A long awaited
bilateral agreement with the United States could pave the way for
Russia’s accession to the WTO in the near future.
Main Macroeconomic Indicators
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
GDP growth, % 5.1 4.7 7.3 7.2 6.4 6.5
Industrial production growth, y-o-y, % 4.9 3.7 7.0 8.3
4.0 4.3
Fixed capital investment growth, %, y-o-y 8.7 2.6 12.5 10.9
10.5 12.6
Federal government balance, % GDP 3.0 2.3 1.7 4.2 7.5
8.6
Inflation (CPI), % change, y-o-y 18.6 15.1 12.0 11.7
10.9 7.5
Current Account, billion $ 35.1 32.8 35.9 60.1 86.6
79.9
Reserves (including gold) billion $, end-o-p 36.6 47.8 76.9 124.5
182.2 272.5
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