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Basic English

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65

Lesson 1

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian

What Is A Computer Language?

Instructing a computer is done with a computer language. A computer
language is a set of words, symbols, and commands that a computer can
‘understand’. Computer languages are not spoken to the computer (except
in some experimental systems with limited vocabularies). Instead, you
type a computer language on the keyboard. The computer then translates
what you typed into electrical impulses that represent 0’s and 1’s-the
form in which the computer can understand and carry out your
instructions. To translate your instructions, the computer needs a
language processor that is either built-in into the computer itself or
loaded into the computer from a disk. The language processor acts
somewhat like a human interpreter who listen to someone speaking English
and tells you what the words mean in Ukrainian. It does the translating.

There many different computer languages. You may have heard of BASIC,
Pascal, Logo, FORTRAN, COBOL, and others. For your computer to
understand one of these languages, it needs a translator for that
language.

Why are there different computer languages? The reason for this is that
different languages work well for different kinds of tasks.

Programming languages allow people to communicate with computers. Once a
job has been identified, the programmer must translate, or code it into
a list of instructions for a computer. A computer program for a given
task may be written in several different languages. Depending on the
task, a programmer will generally pick a language that will involve the
least complicated program. It may also be important to the programmer to
pick the language that is flexible and widely compatible if the program
will have a range of applications. C and BASIC or commonly used
programming languages.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian

Instructing a computer, a set of words, experimental systems, limited
vocabularies, electrical impulses, to carry out instructions, loaded
from a disk, human interpreter, to communicate with the computer,
depending on a task, the least complicated program, flexible, widely
compatible, a range of applications.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences

1. Cathy can’t come to the phone because she (wash) her hair. 2. Ann
(wash) her hair every other day or so. 3. Cathy (sit, usually) in the
front row during class, but today she (sit) in the last row. 4. Please,
be quiet. I (try) to concentrate. 5. (You, always, lock) your apartment
when you leave? 6. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn’t answered
to my letter yet. I (still, wait) for reply. 7. After three days of
rain, I’m glad that the sun (shine) again today. 8. Every morning, the
sun (shine) in the window and (wake) me up. 9. Look! It (snow). –It’s
beautiful! This is the first time I’ve ever seen snow. It (not, snow) in
my country. 10. Mike is a student, but he (go, not) to school right now
because it’s summer.

4. Which form of Past simple or Past Continuous is correct in the
following sentences

1. (You, go out) last night or (be) you tired? 2. Mozart (write) more
than 600 pieces o music. 3. What (you, do) when I called? 4. My father
(teach) me driving when our cousin (come). 5. We couldn’t afford to keep
our car, so we (sell) it. 6. While I (read), Josh (play) the piano. 7. I
was very thirsty. I (drink) the water very quickly.

5. Try to remember the most frequently used expressions with the verb
‘to be’ and sentences with them:

To be absent ?? ????м

To be afraid ?я?ся

To be angry with ????я ?

To be away ?? у ?д’ї?і

To be back ?????я

To be pleased with ?? ?????м

To be displeased with ?? ??????м

To be fond of лю?ти

To be frightened ля??ся

To be glad ?? ?????м

To be hungry ?? ????

To be ill (sick) ?? ???

To be in (out) ?? ????м (????м)

To be in a hurry (for) ??і??

To be in high spirits ?? в ???? ???ї

To be in low spirits ?? в ???? ???ї

To be interested in ????ся

To be late (for) ???ю??ся

To be … minutes fast ??і?? ? … ???

To be … minutes slow ???ю??? ? … ???

Lesson 2

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Structured languages

You’ve already learned something about the BASIC language. You will
probably go on someday to learn other programming languages as well.
Different languages are designed for different purposes. BASIC is an
all-purpose language, meaning that you can do almost everything in
BASIC. But some things will be rather hard to do in BASIC. For example,
although you have seen how to write programs with a top-down structure
in BASIC, other languages make it easier to write such structured or
modular programs.

Logo is a structured language that is often taught in schools and is
available for many microcomputers. You may be familiar with Logo because
many schools use it to do ‘turtle graphics’. ‘A turtle is a cursor on
the screen. It’s called a turtle because it is often shaped like one.
You can tell the turtle to move left, right, up, down, or turn a certain
number of degrees. You can see the turtle move on the screen. The turtle
can also draw on the screen. If you tell it to put its pen down, it
traces a line as it moves, or it can pick up the pen and not draw a
line. (There are also mechanical turtles that move on the floor).

Logo is the language that can help you to write structured programs. For
example, in Logo you can tell a turtle to carry out a set of commands
that draws a rectangle on the screen. Then you can call a set of
commands ‘box’. Each time you tell the turtle to ‘do box’, it will draw
the rectangle. ‘Box’ has become a module of a program. You can create a
whole series of routines that draw different shapes or parts of
pictures. Then you can combine them all in one statement and call the
whole thing ‘house’. Then you can make ‘house’ part of another routine,
and so on. Your whole program can consist of series of statements
defining different routines and then a few statements calling theses
routines in the correct order.

Logo doesn’t just do turtle graphics, it is a complete language. But
whether you use the language t draw a house or compute complex
mathematical functions, the modular structure of the language is the
same.

Pascal is also a structured language. Pascal has some features that make
structured programming easier. For example, it allows you to indent the
statements in a loop so that you can see the beginning and the end of
each loop. Pascal also has certain requirements that make you plan your
program carefully. For example, you requires you to define all your
variables before you begin.

One Disadvantage of Pascal is that it is often a compiled language. A
compiled language is one that must be translated by a compiler into code
that the computer can understand before the program can be run.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

To design for different purposes, all-purpose language, to be rather
hard, top-down structure, modular programs, to be available, to trace a
line, a set of commands, whole series of routine, to combine, in the
correct order, to intend the statement, disadvantage.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. He (attend) college from September to may every year, but in summers
he (usually, have) a job at the post office. In fact, he (work) there
this summer. 2. I (think) about the grammar. 3. I (have) trouble. 4. She
(have) a good time. 5. The chef (taste) the sauce. 6. Don (smell) the
roses. 7. The doctor (see) a patient. 8. Sue (feel) the cat’s fur. 9. I
(look) out of the window. 10. The grocer (weigh) the bananas.

4. Translate into English:

1. – Ти ??в ??-??? ??а ???і? – Ні, я ????я ??а. 2. Ко? Нік ї?? у Л??н?
3. Ч????? ???в ??? ??. 4. Що ? ??в, ?? я ??????в ??? 5. Мій ??? ?? ??
??? ?????, ?? ???я ?щ. 6. Ми ? ??? ????и ?? ????? ?? ???, ?? ???и її. 7.
У ?й ?с, ?? я ??в, Д?н ?? ? ??і?.

5. Read and translate the dialogue and use it in your own speech:

Work for the Future

You may become the bookkeeper after graduating from the technological
college and work at the industrial enterprises, banks, churches,
hospital, political parties, retail stores, and a wide variety of other
organizations. The students of the department ‘Accounting’ study
following subjects: bookkeeping, computer studies, marketing, foreign
languages, statistics, managements and others.

The bookkeeper has to know organization of industrial management,
cost-accounting and audit. High-qualified book-keeper must work quickly
and accurately with figures and data and concentrate on details.

Beginners handle routine transactions. After gaining more experience,
they are given responsibilities involving payrolls and other records.
Good bookkeepers have opportunities to advance to jobs on a higher level
and, with additional training, to move into accounting departments. Many
skilled, experienced bookkeepers hold positions in management.

More and more organizations depend on computers and other machines in
the operation of their bookkeeping systems. Therefore, beginning
bookkeepers should have a basic knowledge of data processing and know
how to operate various office machines. People in this field must
continually keep their skills up to date as employers use increasingly
complex equipment to handle all aspects of bookkeeping.

The students are taught by highly-qualified stuff of teachers.
Theoretical and practical training on enterprises is combined with
scientific work. They operate modern equipment, read scientific
literature which deals with their specialty. All these help to turn a
student into a highly-skilled bookkeeper, ready for independent work.

6. Try to remember the most frequently used expressions with the verb
‘to be’ and sentences with them:

To be in two minds ??і??ся

To be of importance ?? ???ня

To be of interest ????ля? і??ес

To be on і? (?о ????ь, ??м)

To be on duty ?? ????

To be over ??????ь

To be present (at) ?? ????м

To be ready (for) ?? ???м (?)

To be responsible (for) ?? ???і???м (?)

To be right ?? ???

To be sorry for ????и (?о)

To be sure (of) ?? ??н?? (в)

To be surprised (at) ?????я

To be thirsty ??? ??

To be tired (of) ?? ????м

To be through (with) ????и (??)

To be under construction ????ся

To be under consideration ??ля??ся

To be under discussion ???рю??ся

To be under way ?????я

To be up ?????я

To be upset ?? ?????

To be worried ??ю??ся

To be wrong ??ля?ся

Lesson 3

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Languages for Other Tasks

Some languages are very well suited to tasks that are hard to do in
BASIC. For example, FORTRAN is a language that is very similar to BASIC,
but it is better for scientific applications. FORTRAN contains commands
that make it easier to do engineering problems and use mathematics for
solving scientific problems. It allows the programmer to program
mathematical formulas more easily than does BASIC. FORTRAN is available
for some microcomputers.

COBOL is a language that was developed mainly for large computers and
may be available on a few microcomputers. It is designed for business
uses and is particularly good for report writing. It makes it easy to
set up very complicated reports with rows and columns, and to print
these on a screen or a printer.

Assembly language

The language described so far are called high-level languages because
they are far removed from the low-level machine language binary command
that the computer can understand directly. Many students who begin with
BASIC go on to learn to write assembly-language programs. Assembly
language is not a high-level language. It is much closer to the machine
language of the computer.

In assembly language you work with what you might think of as building
blocks to create your program. Because you can use these blocks in many
ways, you can create commands that don’t exist in BASIC. You can also
control the computer directly and control external peripherals like home
security systems through the computer. A program that is written in an
assembly language also runs much faster than a program that is written
in BASIC because it does not need to be interpreted like BASIC.

Assembly language can also be used to write programs that will run on
several different computers. Any computer with the same computer chip
will use the same assembly language.

Unfortunately, assembly language is very difficult to use. It takes much
longer to write a program in assembly language than it does in any
high-level language. Assembly language is not a structured language, so
it is very difficult for someone else to understand your programs.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

To be suited to tasks; scientific applications; commands; to do
engineering problems; scientific problems; to be available; complicated
reports; on a screen; assembly language; security systems.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. Sometimes Tom (be) foolish. 2. I can’t afford that ring. It (cost)
too much. 3. Look. It (begin) to rain. Unfortunately, I (not, have) my
umbrella with me. Tom is lucky. He (wear) a raincoat. 4. There’s a book
on my desk, but it (not belong) to me. 5. Who is that woman who (stand)
next to the window?-Which woman? (You, talk) about the woman who (wear)
the blue and gold dress? –No, I (talk, not) about her. I (mean) the
woman who (wear) the blue suit. –Oh, I (not, know) her.

4. Translate into English:

1. З?? я ??у в ??і. В?? в ?й ?с я ??в ????. 2. Я ? ??? ???я, ?? ????в ?,
? ?н ???. 3. Во? ? ????и Сью ? ???у, ?? в?а і ? ???а. 4. – У ?? ??а ?в
?с ???? ??а? – Ні, ? ??. 5. К?и я ???в ??л?, ? ?я?в ?м сю??з. 6. Я ? ?в
??у, ?? ? ??. 7. Я ? ??в ??? ?и, ?? ? ?? ?щ. 8. К?и я ????ся, я??? ?і??
??е ? ?і?? ???.

5. Read and translate the dialogue and use it in your own speech:

A Bus Ride

Charles: Now come along, James. I’m going to take you for a bus-ride
through London. Cheap and instructive.

James: Good idea.

Ch: We’ll go on top. You see more. In the good old days the top of the
bus was open. Still, we can see a good deal.

Conductor: Fares, please.

Ch: What’s the fair to Victoria Station?

Conductor: Four pence, please.

Ch: Now we’re going over London Bridge. Look, James, there’s a ‘Pool’.
Fascinating place, with all the shipping.

J: Yes, I remember that.

Ch: And there’s the Monument. It was erected…

J: In memory of the Great Fire, which started in Fish Street in 17th
century.

Ch: You know too much. Look, there’s the Bank… Passing along Cannon
Street, we reach St. Paul’s…

J: Erected by sir Christopher Wren after the Great Fire. That’s the
Temple, isn’t it?

Ch: Yes, where the lawyers live. Now the bus makes a spurt and we arrive
at Trafalgar Square-the National Gallery-finest collection of pictures
in Europe.

J: Want to get out?

Ch: No, thank you. Over there is the Haymarket, leading to the theater
land and Shaftsbury Avenue, Piccadilly Circus and the shopping district.

J: My turn. On the left, the House of Parliament, containing the House
of Lords and the House of Commons…

Ch: And Westminster Abbey, begun by Edward the Confessor. When?

J: I’ve no idea.

Ch: I do like a bus-ride with the intelligent guide! Victoria Street.

J: Nothing much to say here.

Ch: Look at all the people leaving the continent. Biggest station.

J: You’re wrong here. Leipzig is bigger.

6. Try to remember the most frequently used expressions with the verb
‘to have’ and sentences with them:

To have breakfast ?і??

To have lunch ?і?? ??? ?з

To have dinner ?і??

To have supper ??ря?

To have coffee (tea) ?? ?? (?й)

To have soup (beefsteak, salad) ї?и ?п (????, ??т)

To have a snack ?????

To have a drink ???

To have a smoke ????

To have a (good, nice, high) time (??е, ???) ???? ?с

To have a thin time ?? ??????

To have a quarrel ?????я

To have a row ??????

To have a talk ?????

To have a walk ???я?ся ??и

To have a look at ????? ?

To have a bath ??ня? ??у

To have a shower ??ня? ?ш

To have a rest ????и

To have a break (time-out) ???и ???у

To have a rough time ??і? ??і ч?и

To have a meal ?ї?и

Lesson 4

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Computer Trespassing

Breaking into a computer system (using it when you don’t have the
permission) is a crime. It s called computer trespassing.

People break into computer systems for many reasons. They might do it to
find our private records, to change or destroy information, to steal
money or goods, or simply to show they know how to do it.

Computer trespassing is a serious problem. Important information ranging
from medical records to top secret military information is often stored
in computer systems. If someone changes, destroys, or steals the
information, he or she might cause a serious damage. For example,
trespasser in a hospital computer system might endanger a patient’s
health by changing his or her medical records. In a case of a government
computer system, a computer trespasser might threaten national security
by stealing military information. A trespasser in a bank’s computer
system might steal millions of dollars.

How can we prevent computer trespassing? One way to prevent information
stored in computer systems is to use passwords or number codes. The
words or codes are programmed into the computer system. The system will
admit only those people who enter the correct code. An alarm alerts a
security guard if someone enters an incorrect code more than once.

The computer systems use cryptography (secret writing) to protect
information. Such systems store information in the computer in coded or
scrambled form. F you don’t know how to scramble the information, it is
meaningless.

Federal and state laws also protect information stored in computer
systems. One federal law prohibits people from using a computer system
without permission. It also prohibits the use of a computer system: (1)
to steal money or goods worth 5000$ or more; (2) to use, change,
destroy, or reveal restricted information in government files; (3) to
obtain financial information and credit records that are protected by
other federal laws.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Computer system; computer trespassing; change or destroy information;
secret military information; serious damage; threaten national security;
use passwords; to protect information; meaningless; federal laws.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. I’m tired. I (go) to bed now. Good night! 2. We can go out now. It
(rain) any more. 3. How is your new job? Not so good at the moment. I
(not, enjoy) it very much. 4. Nick phoned me last night. He’s on holiday
in France. He (have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back. 5. I
want to lose weight, so this week I (not, eat) lunch. 6. Ruth has just
started evening classes. She (learn) Italian. 7. The population of the
world (rise) very fast. 8. Josh is still ill but he (get) better slowly.
9. The world (changed). Things never stay the same. 10. The cost of
living (increase). Every year things are more expensive.

4. Find out which form Past Simple or Past Perfect is correct in the
following sentences:

1. He (be) a reporter before he (become) a writer. 2. She (feel) a bit
better after she (take) the medicine. 3. Jean was late. The teacher
(already, give) the problem, when she (get) to class. 4. The weather was
awful, but by the time film (be over), the rain (stop). 5. They got home
late. The children (already, fall asleep). 6. You were at your mother’s
place at 10 o’clock. Where (you, be) before that? 7. Yesterday she (go)
to the dentist. 8. I (never, see) any of Rembrandt’s paintings before I
(visit) the art gallery. 9. They almost (miss) their plane. By the time
they (get) to the airport all the passengers (already, board). 10.
Yesterday at the library I (see) my old friend Jack. I (not, see) him
for many years. At first, I (not, recognize) because he (lose) almost
half of his weight.

5. Read and translate the dialogue and use it in your own speech:

At the Customs

Customs officer: Good afternoon. Will you show me your passport?

Tourist: Certainly. Here you are.

CO: All right. Have you got anything to declare?

T: Yes, I have.

CO: What have you got?

T: I’ve got some wine and some cigarettes.

CO: How much wine have you got?

T: Two bottles.

CO: That’s all right. And how many cigarettes have you got?

T: Two hundred.

CO: O.K. What else have you got?

T: A camera and two watches.

CO: Good. What about perfumes?

T: No, I haven’t got any.

CO: Have you got anything of gold or silver?

T: I’ve got a gold watch with a gold bracelet and a set of silver
spoons.

CO: What else?

T: Er… Nothing more.

CO: Now, open your case, please.

T: Pardon?

CO: Open your case, please… Oh, look at what you’ve got! Four bottles of
wine, three cameras, six gold watches, ten gold bracelets, five sets of
silver spoons and a lot of perfumes!

T: Oh!

6. Language work: Ask questions in English to the sentences:

a) They can build such a house.

В?и ??? ????? ??й ?м?- Т?, ???.

Що ? ??? ??????

Ви ??? ????? ??й ?м, ? ? ?к?

Хі? ? ? ??? п????и ??й ?м?

Що ? ??? ???и?

b) You could inform us in advance.

Ви ??и ??????? ?с ????і?, ? ? ?к? – Я ?г.

Хі? ?? ? ??и ??????? ?с ????

Х? ?г ??????? ?с ????

К?и ? ??и ?с ????????

c) She must apply for the job as soon as possible.

В?а ???а ??? ?я? ? цю ???? – Т?.

Що ?? ???а ???и я??? ??іше?

К?и ?? ???а ??? ?я? ? цю ????

Хі? ?? ? ???а ??? ?я? ? цю ????

d) They often have to work overtime.

Їм ????ся ??о ??ю?? ?????во? – Т?.

Як ??? їм ??д??я ??ю???

Їм ??о ????ся ??ю?? ?????во, ? ? ?к?

Хі? їм ? ????ся ??ю?? ??о ???????

Lesson 5

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

What Equipment Is Required?

To run word-processing software, you must, of course, have a computer.
If the computer does not come with a display screen, you will need a
separate screen. Most word-processing software comes on disks, so a disk
drive is required. It’s also good to have a couple of blank disks, in
case you want to save something that you have written. And if you want
to put what you’ve written on paper, you’ll need a printer.

How does word-processing software work?

Word-processing software works like any other computer program-you
simply load the program into your computer. Then you type on the
computer keyboard just as you would type on a typewriter.

As you type, the words appear on the screen. He words that you type are
also stored in the computer’s memory, so you can save your writing on a
disk and work on it later, just as you can save a computer program on a
disk and run or change it later. I you have a printer, you can print
your writing on paper on much the same way that you print the output
from the computer on a paper. In fact, you can print as many copies of
your work as you like without having to retype it.

How to use a word-processing program

You’re probably thinking, ‘Word-processing software sounds great, but
how do I use it?’ There are many answers to that question, because there
are many different word-processing programs available. How you operate a
program depends on which program you are using. Before you use a
word-processing program, you should read the documentation carefully in
order to determine exactly what that particular program does and exactly
what you have to do to run it. Most word-processing programs perform the
same basic functions.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Word-processing software; separate screen; blank disks; load the
program; computer keyboard; retype it; sounds great; programs available;
read the documentation; particular program.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. I (study) English at Glasgow University. 2. I’m on holiday at the
moment and I (work) in a public library, I’m lucky to have this job. I
(not get up) early. 3. The library (open) at 10 and (close) at 7. 4.
It’s an interesting work because people (always, come in) and (ask) me
to help them, so I (learn) a lot about different subjects. 5. I (enjoy)
the job and (find) it very amusing, too. 6. People (use) the strangest
things as bookmarks. 7. My colleagues (always, find) various things
–even a 10 note, but I haven’t been so lucky. 8. I often (think) of a
photo of a beautiful girl which I found. On the back there were the
words, ‘I (love) you. I (miss) you and I’ll never forget you.’ 9. Young
people (become) more and more aware politically these days. 10. She
(drive) to te country at weekends.

4. Find out which form Past Simple or Past Perfect is correct in the
following sentences:

1. Thomas wasn’t at the party last night. He (arrange) to do something
else. 2. Last year we (go) to France. We (never, be) in this country
before. 3. Jack went to Jill’s house but she wasn’t in. She (go out). 4.
Andrew didn’t want to go to the cinema because he (already, see) the
film. 5. I didn’t know that man. I (never, see) him before. 6. When I
phoned Colin (just, get) home. He (be) in Paris. 7. They weren’t hungry.
They (just, have) dinner.

5. Read and translate the dialogue and use it in your own speech:

City Transport. Travelling in the City.

Mr. Black’s friend Rodney Williams is in hospital. He fell and broke his
leg. Mr. Black decided to call on him after classes, but he doesn’t know
exactly where St. James hospital; is located. He is asking a passer-by
the way.

Mr. Black: Excuse me, could you tell me the way to St. James hospital? I
know it’s somewhere over here.

Passer-by: Yes, sure. Go down this street four blocks straight ahead.
You’ll see a church at the corner. Turn left at the traffic lights.

B: Is it far from the church?

P: Not very far. You should go straight and then take the second turn to
the right. There is a supermarket there. You can’t miss it. You won’t
get lost.

B: Thanks a lot. Is there a bus?

P: No. There is a tram. But you’d better go there on foot. All the trams
are packed. It’s rush-hour.

B: Thank you. I’ll take your advice. I can get on a tram on my way back.
Is there a tram going to the center from there?

P: Sure. It’s a number three tram. The stop is just in front of the
hospital entrance. It’ll take a quarter of an hour to get to the center
from there.

B: Thank you. You’ve been extremely helpful.

P: No thanks at all!

B: Good luck.

6. Language work: Ask questions in English to the sentences:

a) Jane has to tidy the flat every day.

Д?? ????ся ????и ???? ??я?

Як ??о їй ????ся ????и ??т?у?

Що їй ????ся ??? ??я?

Їй ????ся ????и ???? ??я, ? ? ?к?

b) I had to phone him once again.

В? ???? ????? ?? ? ?з?

Що ?м ???? ????

В? ???? ????? ?? ? ?з, ? ? ?к?

Хі? ?м ? ???? ????? ?? ? ?з?

c) They have got to correspond with many foreign firms.

В?и ???і ??????? з ???? і????и ???и?

К?у ????ся ??????? з ???? ???и?

З ?м їм ????ся ????????

Хі? їм ? ????ся ??????? з ???? ???и?

d) I’ll have to change my plans.

В? ????ся ?і?? ??и.

Що ?м ????ся ???и?

В? ????ся ?і?? ??и, ? ? ?к?

Хі? ?м ? ????ся ?і?? ??и?

Lesson 6

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Formatting a Document

Before you print your document, you can choose how you want it to look
on a paper. This is called a formatting. Some word-processing programs
ask you to do this before you start writing. Others wait until you are
ready to print your document and then give you a list of choices. The
instructions that you use to tell the computer how to print your
document are called formatting commands.

What are some of the choices that you have for formatting text? Most
word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing on your
document. That means that you can select the amount of empty space
between printed lines. You can print your document using either
single-spaced or double-spaced text.

Some word-processing programs have a formatting command that prints
justified lines. Justified lines form straight margins on both sides of
paper.

Printing a document

Your word processor and printer work together to carry out formatting
commands. Some printers are capable o performing more formatting
functions than others. For example, your word-processing program may
allow you to print italic type, but if your printer can’t produce italic
type, the command is useless. The reverse is also true. A printer can’t
produce italic type if it’s hooked up to word-processing program that
won’t allow it.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

How you want it to look; formatting; start writing; a list of choices;
formatting commands; word-processing programs; select the amount;
printed lines; justified lines; formatting functions.

3. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Б?ь ??а, ? ???? ?к ???о. Я ???юся ?????ся. 2. М? ??і ??ю? ?м. Я
???юся ????и їм. 3.-Д?н ??ює ??о ??я, – Ні, ?н у ????і. 4. І?? ? ??цю.
Д? ?е ????ся. 5. В? ?????я ця ???а? 6. – Де К?с? – Він ???є ??у. 7. – Ти
???? ?к ????о ??юєш. – Т?, у ?? ??? ???. 8. З???й я ??аю ??? ????. 9.
Він ??і?о ??? ?? ??я?. 10. Що ? ??ш? 11. Я ??аю, ?н ??а лю??. 12. У ??о
є ???. 13. Він ?? в ??с ??і ? ???ь. 14. Ті ?і? ??о ???ь. 15. Я ?? ????.
А ? ??ш ???

4. Find out which form Past Simple or Past Perfect is correct in the
following sentences:

1. By the time we got to the cinema the film (already, begin). 2.
Yesterday I (see) Tom. I (not, see) him for six years. 3. I felt very
tired when I got home, so I (go) straight to bed. 4. The house was quiet
when they came. All children (go) to bed. 5. Sorry, I am late. My car
(break down) on my way here. 6. I (try) to phone Ann in the morning, but
she (already, go out). 7. I (meet) Jim two days ago. He (just, come
back) from holiday. 8. After we (discuss) it on the phone, I (write) him
a letter about it.

5. Read and translate the dialogue and use it in your own speech:

Mass Media

A Serious Discussion

-Don’t you think advertisements sometimes cause people to buy things
they don’t need? Those who write them are so clever! They persuade us to
buy a new washing machine or a new fridge to keep up with the neighbors.

-You are quite right. Some advertisers do make use of social snobbery.
But they mustn’t be blamed for that. I’ve known people who’ve bought a
thing just because they’ve seen that their neighbors have one.

-You know I never buy widely advertised brands. They are more expensive.
Goods could be much cheaper if the advertising costs were cut down.

-I’m not sure that’s always true. Advertising results in higher sales
and the manufacturers may be able to use mass production. That usually
means lower prices and cheaper goods.

-Won’t there be mass production anyway if the article is something that
everybody needs?

-Cars are mass produced. Still the car manufacturers spend millions on
advertising.

-That’s because there’s so much competition. If there were only one
company producing cars, advertising would be unnecessary and the cost
could be saved.

-That raises quite a different question-whether the competition serves
any useful purpose. We’d better not start discussing that.

6. Language work: Say the sentences using can or could in requests. Use
the words given bellow. Translate the sentences:

1) Lend lift ask come bring borrow name cope give trim put out explain
give let borrow collect ask carry do fix

1. …you… my luggage, please?

2. …you… me a favor?

3. …you…your cigarette, please?

4. …you… me this question again, please?

5. …you… me some money?

6. …you… to me how to fill in this form, please?

7. …you… me have a day of tomorrow, please?

8. …you… my dress from the cleaner’s?

9. …you just… my hair at the back?

10. …I… a book to read?

11. …you…for lunch on Saturday?

12. …I…your calculator – I left mine at home.

13. …you… the door?

14. …I…my dog? She’s well-behaved.

15. …you… me some advice?

16. …you… the next patient to come in, please?

17. …you… me a description of your attacker?

18. …your hospitals… with major obstacles like a train crash?

19. …you… the actress who starred in ‘Gone with the wind’?

20. …you… this box?

2) Say the sentences in English using can or could after the verbs of
perception: see (in the meaning of understand), hear, understand, feel,
taste, smell.

1. Т? ? ??? ??? ?з ??я?в.

2. Я ? ?м’я?ю, ?і?? ? ???.

3. Я ??, ? ?? ????ася, ???ляю? з ??? ? ????.

4. Ти ? ???єш ?й ??м, ?? ? ? ? ????о ????.

5. Ми ?? ??и в ????.

6. Я ???ю, ?? ?н ? ???є?ся людям.

7. Я ???аю ?ях в ????.

8. Я ???аю, ?? ???.

9. Ти ????ш ?? ??е в ??у ???

10. Я?о ? ??? ?????ь, ? ??? ? ????? ? ??.

Lesson 7

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Special Word-Processing Features

Most word-processing programs allow to create, edit, format, print, and
save document. Some of them also allow you to perform more complex
functions. The following are two examples of the sophisticated features
that some programs have.

Spelling Checkers

Some word-processing programs come with a spelling checker. A spelling
checker works with a word-processing program to find misspelled words in
your document. It does this by matching each word in your document with
a list of words that have been programmed into its memory. This list is
usually called a dictionary, but the name is misleading. Spelling
checkers have no way of knowing what a word means. Their ‘dictionaries’
are simply lists of properly spelled words.

When a spelling checker finds a word that does not match any of the
words in its dictionary, it displays this word. Then you decide whether
to change it or, if it is spelled correctly, add it to the spelling
checker’s dictionary. This is often necessary, since the dictionary does
not contain every word you will want to use. Unusual words, technical
terms, and proper names will usually need to be added to the dictionary.

While a spelling checker can help you with your writing, it is not a
substitute for good language skills. Because it only matches
combinations of letters, a spelling checker cannot determine whether you
are using words correctly. For example if you use too in a sentence that
requires two, a spelling checker will not detect the error because too
is spelled correctly.

If you are typing the sentence ‘I wish I were at the beach’ and you make
a mistake and type ‘I fish I were at the beach’, the spelling checker
will not detect the error, since fish is properly spelled.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

To create; save document; complex functions; sophisticated; spelling
checker; misleading; properly spelled words; spelled correctly;
technical terms; substitute.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Perfect are correct
in the following sentences:

1. I (not, attend) any parties since I came here. 2. Try not to be
absent from class again for the term. You (already, miss) too many
classes. You (miss) two classes just last week. 3. Last December, I
(see) snow for the first time in my life. 4. In her whole lifetime, Anna
(never, see) snow. 5. I (know) Nick for ten years. 6. So far this week I
(have) a quiz and two tests. 7. Up to now, Professor Higgins (give) our
class five tests. 8. What (lean, you) since you (come) here? 9. How many
new friends (you, make)? 10. I hope you (already, meet) a lot of
interesting people.

4. Find out which form Past Simple or Past Perfect is correct in the
following sentences:

1. They (look) the gates before I (get) there. 2. By the time we
(arrive) to the party, it (finish). 3. I (ring) at the shop as soon as I
(check) the contents of the box. 4. We (have) a good rest when our
guests all (leave). 5. When he (ring) to the office this morning, Ann
(already, leave). 6. We’ve had to wait two hours at the airport because
the bad weather (delay) all the flights. 7. They missed their train, so
by the time they reached the theater, the play (end) and they (leave)
the theater. 8. At the end of their meal they found that they couldn’t
pay the bill because they (not, bring) money with them. 9. When I came
out of the cinema I (find) that a thief (take) my car radio. 10. When a
film star came into the restaurant I (not, recognize) her because I (not
see) any of her films.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Ukraine

Ukraine is situated in the east of the European continent. It is
bordered by the Black sea and the Sea of Azov. The total area of Ukraine
is 603,700 square kilometers. The country is known for its mild climate
and attractive scenery, with numerous lakes, rivers, the forested
Carpathian mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the South.

Ukraine is rich in mineral resources such as iron ore, manganese ore and
coal. Agriculture is also extremely important. Grain, industrial crops
(maize, sunflower, and sugar beet), potatoes, fruit and vegetables are
produced. There are a lot of enterprises in the fields of engineering,
metal working, chemical engineering coal mining, fuel production, light,
and food industries. Diesel locomotives, sea-going ships, aircraft,
buses, television sets, microscopes, computers and many other
commodities are produced in Ukraine.

The population of the country is about 50 million, some 65% of whom live
in the cities. The country is divided into 24 regions. The Autonomous
Republic of Crimea is an integral part of Ukraine. The capital city is
Kyiv.

The Supreme Council of Ukraine passed the Act of Proclamation of
Independence of Ukraine on August 24, 1991. The Constitution of Ukraine
was adopted by the Supreme Council in June 1996. The Ukrainian currency,
the hryvnya, was introduced in September 1996.

Our country is a member of the United Nations and its representatives
are active in the work of UNESCO (United Nation Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization) and other international organizations.

6. Language work: Say the sentences using to be able to or to be unable
in the correct form. Use the words from the box. Translate the
sentences:

1) Walk think rent reach help look come describe attend have finish come
walk carry do come and pick work improve write sleep

1. My hands were shaking so much that I … … my name on the exam paper.

2. She… … this computer program next month.

3. He lay awake all night ….

4. … you …these bags on your own?

5. I ?. Faster because I was too tired.

6. She … … tonight she had an accident on the way home.

7. Fortunately, she … … her attacker in great detail.

8. I … … the report in a week.

9. Three weeks after the accident, she … … even exercises in the gym.

10. As senior students, we … … some university classes.

11. Unfortunately, Tina … … children.

12. Unfortunately, I … … them.

13. I’m afraid I … … to the meeting after all.

14. Many passengers … … the lifeboats in time.

15. I’m afraid that I … … on Friday.

16. That’s fine. I … … at the station.

17. In the end, we … … a suitable office near the Central Station.

18. Now I’ve got an extra weekend, I ?. At the proposal in more detail.

19. I … … of anything.

20. Greg … … since he was injured in a riding accident.

2) Say the sentences in English using may to express permission or
polite requests:

1. Ви м??е ????? ?? ??? ???і.

2. М?? ????и ?м ?а ????я?

3. М?? у ?с ????и цю ??у?

4. М?? я ???ю? ? 5 ????

5. М?? ???? ?? ??у?

6. Ви ??? ??? ????

7. Ти ??ш ?я? ??і у ?? в ???і.

8. М?? ???и ????ію?

9. Ви ??? ???, я?о ???.

10. М?? ?????ся ??м ?л????

11. М?? ????, ?о ????є?

12. М?? ????? ?? ?????ії?

13. М?? ????, як ?с ??и?

14. Ви ??? ?? з ??? ??? ????.

15. М?? ?? ?я? ??? в п’ят?цю?

16. Я ?? ??? у ?с ?я?й ?с?

17. Ти ??ш ?? в ?? ???.

18. М?? ????и ?с в ?????

19. Ви ??? ???? ? ????и ??? ??ю.

20. М?? ????? ? ??и ????

Lesson 8

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian

What makes a good word-processing program? That depends entirely on how
the person who is buying it intends to use it. A novelist would want
certain features. A student might want different ones. And the owner of
a store might want still others. Someone who is choosing a
word-processing program should start by asking three questions:

Selecting a Word-Processing Program

1. What tasks do I want to accomplish?

2. What tasks can this word-processing program accomplish?

3. How easily can this word-processing program accomplish these tasks?

The first question is the most important one. Potential buyers must know
what kind of writing they plan to do with a word-processing program
before they can choose the program that’s best for them. For example,
someone who plans to use the program for simple writing tasks like
letters and school reports doesn’t need sophisticated program with many
features, such as one that allows the user to select a variety of type
styles.

Once a potential buyer has made a list of necessary features, it should
be a simple matter to find a program that offers just those features. It
should be, but it often isn’t. Many software packages will have all the
features except one or will come with one or two extra features that are
not on the list. Then the buyer will have to decide whether it is worth
it to pay extra for features that aren’t really necessary or if it’s
better to give up a feature or two in order to save some money. Last but
not least, the buyer should check how easily the word-processing program
performs these functions. The best way to do that is to load the
program, type in some text, and try editing it. Some programs are easier
to operate than others. Buyers have to determine which software is the
easiest for them to work with.

2. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations into
Ukrainian:

Word-processing program; certain features; to accomplish; potential
buyers; sophisticated program; type styles; necessary features; save
some money; to pay extra; programs are easier to operate.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. Since classes began, I (not, have) much free time. I (have) several
big tests to study for. 2. Last night my roommate and I (have) some free
time, so we (go) to a show. 13. I admit that I (get) older since I last
(see) you, but with many luck at all, I (get, also) wiser. 14. The
science of physics (advance) a great deal in the 19th century. 15. Since
the beginning of the 20th century, medical scientists (make) many
important discoveries. 16. Libraries today are very different from those
in the 1800s. For example, the contents of libraries (change) greatly
through years. In the 1800s, libraries (be0 simply collections of books.
However today most libraries (become0 multimedia centers that contain
tapes, computers, films, magazines, music, and painting. The role of the
library in the society (change). In the 1800s, libraries (be) open only
to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries
serve everyone. 17. Are you talking Chemistry this semester? – No, I
(take, already). I (take) it last semester. – No, I (take, already). I
(take) it last semester.

4. Find out which form Past Simple or Past Perfect is correct in the
following sentences:

1. When we reached the city center we couldn’t find a parking place, so
we (decide) to go by the next time. 2. I couldn’t find my bag on the
bench. Somebody (take) it. 3. I wasn’t hungry because I (have) a big
breakfast. 4. We were late. The lecture (start) half an hour before. 5.
We (finish) all the work by 5 o’clock. 6. He was more worried after he
(see) his lawyer. 7. After (see) a lot of sights, we (feel) a bit tired.
8. She (read) the book before Ann (call) her. 9. My parents (already,
eat) when I (get) home. 10. After the guests (leave), I (go) to bed.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Healthy Way of Life

Sport is one of the few things that make people healthy. The general
belief if that a person who goes in for sports can’t be weak and ill.
Physically inactive people get old earlier than those, who find time for
sport activity. And of course good health is better than good medicine.

Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It was raising with the
development of human society. In ancient times men competed with each
other in strength and deftness to decide who was the worthiest. Nowadays
sport is being widely popularized all over the world and in our country
in particular.

Thus, children are taught to love sport since early childhood. In
kindergartens a child takes his first sporting steps. He learns to run,
jump and dance. In schools and colleges sport is a compulsory subject.
Many young people attend sport sections. Some of them dream to become
professional sportsmen; others would like to stay an amateur.

As for me, I’m fond of aerobics. First of all aerobics helps to keep
myself fit. It also attracts me because it resembles dancing and is
carried with the accompaniment of music. Besides, twice a week I go to
the swimming pool. Such sport activity helps me to feel cheerful, active
and full of energy.

6. Language work:

1) Say the sentences using may or might to express future possibility:

1. М??во, ?? ?щ. Ві?? ?????.

2. В?а, м???, ??е ?? ?о ?.

3. М???, ?н ???? ??? ??ію.

4. М???, ?? ?????я ? п?яг.

5. М???, ?? ???є цю ???.

6. С?? лю?й ??? ???? ???, я?о ????? ?????ся.

7. М???, ? ????о ??? ? ???.

8. Д?? к??о ????? ???. М???, ? ????.

9. Він, ???о, ??? ???.

10. П?яг, ???о, ?????я.

2) Say the sentences using must to express obligation. Look up the words
in the dictionary if necessary:

1. You … to live in stress. (?в??ся)

2. All passengers … seatbelts. (??????я)

3. I … my homework. (?? і ???и)

4. …we … our passports with us? (?я?)

5. Accidents … to the safety officer. (????и)

6. … you … so soon? (??)

7. I … a letter to my mother. (????)

8. You … if you don’t want to. (і?)

9. I … back to Anny and tell her about the news. (????)

10. Passengers in the airport … their luggage unattended at any time.
(????)

11. Employees … the office phones to make personal calls. (??????я)

12. You … a file before you turn the computer off. (??і??)

13. You … this information with anybody. It’s highly confidential.
(???рю??)

14. Drivers wishing to hire a car … over 21 and have a driving license.
(??)

15. You … to customers like that. (???ля?)

16. You … a receipt. (??)

17. I really … to stop smoking. (????ся)

18. You … library books on time. (????и)

19. Remember, you … to Pat about this. (???ля?)

20. All drivers … insurance. (??)

Lesson 9

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian

Computerizing a Database

As you have seen, you can set up a useful data base manually-and you do,
whenever you create any kind of list or record or organize Information.
But what happens when your collection of data gets really big? You start
out with notes on a single index card. Gradually you accumulate a pile
of index cards. You set up an organizational system and file the cards
in a box. Before long there’s a second box, and then a third. Soon you
need an index to your index cards in order to find information.

That’s where a computer and a database management system come in handy.
A computer, as you know, is an ideal tool for collecting and
manipulating data. A data-base management system, or DBMS, is a special
program designed to enable you to manage data on a computer in a useful
way. With a database management system, you can transfer the contents of
your cards, notebooks, and file cabinets onto disks. Then you can use
the computer to retrieve the data, organize it, update it, and even sort
through it for specific information. Need an alphabetical list o all the
players in your baseball card collection? A list of those players born
in 1987? A list of shortstops? Tell the computer what you want. In
seconds t pulls the information out of your data base and displays it on
the screen.

The Advantages of Using Electronic Files

The larger and more complex your collection of data is, the more likely
it is that you should set up electronic files. Sing them, you can store
data more efficiently in much less space. You can retrieve information
in much less time with much less trouble.

To get a better idea of the advantages of using electronic files,
compare what happens when you try to find a book using a familiar data
base-a library card catalogue-and a computerized data base-a
computerized catalogue.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Useful data base; organize Information; single index card; accumulate;
management system; manipulating data; in a useful way; transfer the
contents; to retrieve the data; an alphabetical list.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. Hi, Jane. Welcome to the party. (You, ever, meet) my cousin? 2. Hi,
Jane. Welcome to the party. (You, visit)? 3. –(You, go out) last night?
– Yes, I (go) to the cinema but I (not, enjoy) the film much. 4. –When
(Mr. Clark die)? –About ten years ago. 5. They (not, invite) her to the
restaurants, so she (not, go). 6. –(You, have) time to write the letter?
– No, I (do). 7. –What (you, do) at the weekend? –I (not, do) anything.
8. I (see) Tom yesterday but I haven’t (see) him today.

4. Translate into English:

1. Він ?в ????? ? ??, як ?? ???н??м. 2. В?и ?????я ??? ??о. Ді? ?е ???и.
3. У?? ?? ??? ? ???о ??ря. 4. Т??а ? ?? ??а ? в?і?і. Він ????я із Д?н ??
в кі?. 5. М???о ?? ? ї??и ? Ні???и. До ??о ? ??? ?м ? ??. 6. Д?к ? ??в
і? в ??, ?му ? ?н ?е ????я ?й ??м. 7. В?и ? ?? ????и. В?и ???-? ??ід?и.
8. У?? я ??в Е?. Я ? ??в її 5 ??в. 9. П????ю, я ????ся. Моя ??? ????я ?
??? сю?.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

At the Doctor’s

Patient: How do you do, doc.!

Doctor: How do you do! Take the seat, please… Well, have you got the
results o your stomach test on hand?

P: Yes, I have. Here you are.

D: Ah… Well, they are not quite good, rather, they are warning.

P: What do you mean? Warning about what?

D: I must say you’ll have ulcer very soon if you don’t change your way
of life.

P: Is it so serious? What am I to do?

D: First of all, you should remain quiet in all situations of our daily
life. You shouldn’t respond to its challenges, but you must respond to
treatment.

P: You mean I should never be nervous on any occasion, don’t you?

D: That’s it. Then, your diet should be sparing.

P: Well, you know that I am a frugal eater.

D: I know that, but remember you mustn’t eat pork, fat, salt fish o any
kind. You must exclude everything fried from your diet – potatoes, meat,
fish, and eggs. But if you boil these foodstuff, you may eat them
safely.

P: What about vegetables and fruit?

D: You may eat vegetables if they are fresh. But you mustn’t eat pickled
vegetables. Besides, you may eat fresh apples for the time being, and
other fresh fruit except bananas.

P: May I eat lemons?

D: Only in the tea if you like to drink tea with lemon.

P: Hoe about drinks?

D: If you mean soft drinks, take only mineral water after degassing it.
As for strong drinks, you shouldn’t take beer or wine of any brand. You
may have sometimes a small drink of whisky.

P: Well, I am in for a dull life, doc. What can I do to make it
acceptable?

D: Observe my prescriptions and you’ll be in good health in the long
run.

6. Language work:

1) Say the sentences using have to be to in the correct form to express
obligation. Look up the words in the dictionary if necessary:

1. At our last lesson we … about the advantages and disadvantages of
living in the city. (??с?и)

2. At what time … I … there? ( ??)

3. She … early because she wasn’t feeling well. (??)

4. If you fail the test, you … it again. (???и)

5. She … at the age of 50 because of health problems. (?? ? ??ію)

6. The man was armed and the police … him. (?????)

7. He had …. (?? у ????у)

8. Paola came from a wealthy family and she … not. (??ю??)

9. … you … military service? (????и)

10. I … to avoid the truck. (з???и в ???у)

11. We … all our files into floppy disks. (?????)

12. They … in June. (????ся)

13. I used my student card, so I … the full price. (???и)

14. She spilled some coffee on the application form and I … it all
again. (???с?и)

15. The computer crashed and deleted all my work. I … the essay all
again. (???)

2) Say the sentences using shall or need where necessary.

1. … go to the cinema together?

2. You …notgo there at once.

3. You … notto do the washing-up today.

4. … we dine out together?

5. … we get ready for classes together?

6. What document … we … to rent a flat in your country?

7. She … to work harder.

8. You … notto take a lot of things when you go on holidays.

9. …. I open the window?

10. You …notto do any homework for Monday.

11. I … stop a minute, just to get my breath back.

12. … I make a copy for you?

13. You … to be on your guard at the airport. There are a lot of
pickpockets around.

14. The cat looks as if it … goes to the vet.

15. … the boy wait?

Lesson 10

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Setting Up a DBMS (Data-Base-Management-System)

Now that you know the advantages of electronic files, let’s set up a
database management system in order to learn how one works. Assume that
you are in charge of your school’s video library. You have access to a
microcomputer and are interested in computerizing your ever-expanding
catalogue. Since you already have a data base –a title and a subject
card catalogue-you have a good idea of the information that people want
and how they can best find it. After consulting with the computer lab
instructor, you buy a DBMS. You’re ready to begin.

Before turning to the computer, you review the documentation that
accompanies the program and become familiar with the terminology, or
jargon, of a DBMS. You learn three important words: field, record, and
file.

Field. A field is a single category of information in your data base. It
can be made up of numbers, letters, or a combination of numbers and
letters. You look at a catalogue card in your current data base and
identify 11 fields, including type of movie, movie title, and call
number.

Record. A record is a collection of fields. Each catalogue card with all
its entries about a single movie is a record. Since your catalogue
currently consists of title and subject cards, you have two records for
each movie listed in your data base.

File. A file is a collection of related records. Your subject catalogue
is one file; your title catalogue is another. Your DBMS will eliminate
duplicate records and combine the two files.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Advantages; electronic files; assume; interested in computerizing;
consulting with the computer; terminology; your current data base;
entries; related records; eliminate duplicate records.

3. Find out which form-Past Simple or Present Perfect are correct in the
following sentences:

1. Where’s your key? I don’t know. I (lose) it. 2. He (tell) me his name
yesterday but I (forget) it. 3. Is Kathy here? No, she (go out). 4. I
can’t find my bag. (You, see) it? 5. Ow! I (cut) my finger. It’s
bleeding. 6. The road is closed. There( be) an accident. 7. The police
(arrest) two men in connection with the robbery. 8. It was warm, so I
(take off) my coat. 9. The food wasn’t very good. I (not, enjoy) it very
much. 10. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I (not, disturb) her.

4. Translate into English:

1. До ?? ??, як ? ????я Б?а, ???а ?е ?і???я. 2. К?и я ??? з ??, ? ?я?в,
? ??ій ??в ?й ?????? у ???. 3. К?и ????а ?і?? ? ????у, я її ? ?і??, ?? ?
? ??в ???в з її ??тю. 4. Я ? ?в ????, ?? ? ??е ?с??в. 5. Пі?я ?? як ?
?ля?? ??? ????х ??ь, ? ???и ?? ??и ?????. 6. До ?? ??, як я ???ся ???,
?ї ??? ?е ???ря?.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

English-speaking countries

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:

Location: The British Isles; area: 244,100 sq. km.; population: over 55
mln.; capital: London; largest cities: London, Birmingham, Leeds,
Manchester , Glasgow; Highest point: Ben Nevis 1, 343 m.; longest river:
The Severn 350 km.; main languages: English; government: Parliamentary
Monarchy.

The United States of America:

Location: the central North America; area: 9,364,000 sq. km.;
population: over 260 mln.; capital: Washington; largest cities: New
York, Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago, Boston.; highest point: Mount
McKinley 6,194 m.; longest river: the Mississippi 5,900 km.; main
languages: English; government: Federal Republic of 50 states.

Canada:

Location: North America; area: 9,922,230 sq. km.; population: over 27
mln.; capital: Ottawa; largest cities: Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver;
highest point: Mount Logan 6, 050 m.; longest river: the Mackenzie 3,800
km; main languages: English, French; government: Federal Union of 10
provinces and 2 territories.

Australia:

Location: the Island continent of Australia; area: 7,688,884 sq. km;
population: over 20 mln; capital: Canberra; largest cities: Sydney,
Melbourne, Brisbane; highest point: Mount Kosciusko 2,280 m; longest
river: the Murray (with the Darling 3, 750) km; main languages: English;
government: Federal Union of 6 states and 2 territories.

6. Language work:

1) Giving or asking for advice say what people should or shouldn’t do.
Use the words given bellow. Translate the sentences:

Take impose be visit be reported do avoid take worry leave do go work
try be be late be neat tell come stay

1. You …in bed too late.

2. You … always on time.

3. You … for classes.

4. You … a taxi if you’re late.

5. You … clean and tidy.

6. You … tactful.

7. You … stupid things.

8. You … lies.

9. You … to bed early if you’re feeling tired.

10. You … so much. Everything will be alright.

11. You … as hard as possible.

12. You … to do your best t become a good specialist.

13. You … a chance to travel while you’re still young.

14. You … making up your mind before you know all the facts.

15. You … your children alone at home.

16. He … his parents more often.

17. All accidents … to the health and Safety officers.

18. The drug … during pregnancy.

19. What … I … if the baby starts crying?

20. The courts … tougher punishment on offenders.

2) Say the sentences using ought to for moral obligation:

1. If your friend is in trouble, you … help her.

2. If your friend is ill, you … visit her very often.

3. If you see a beggar, you … give him some coins.

4. If the child is asleep, you…not make a noise.

5. It’s too late. The children … be in bed.

6. It’s your sister’s birthday. We … send her a present.

7. You … not speak too loudly in public.

8. You … not be lazy when everybody is working hard.

9. You … not smoke in the room when somebody is in.

10. I think you were very rude and you … apologize.

11. Do you think we … get permission before we do it?

12. The government … spend more money on education.

13. We … not use animals for experiments.

14. The doctor told Dan he … exercise more.

15. She … not drive if she’s been drinking.

Lesson 11

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Using Databases

Imagine getting the information you need by simply entering command or
type on your computer keyboard. Many people do this. They use data-base
management system-special software developed for record keeping-to
create electronic files. Then the computer does all the work of sorting
through the files to retrieve specific information. Data are facts or
figures. A data base is a source of facts and figures-it is a collection
of related information. A telephone directory is a data base. So is a
dictionary… and a television program guide. These collection all differ
from one another in both content and format.

Characteristics of a good data base:

A useful data base has four important characteristics.

The more complete a data base is, the more likely it is to have the
information that you need. For example you’ll find Dave Winfield’s
batting average only if you have his baseball card. You’ll be able to
check your friend Jan’s telephone number only if you’ve listed it in
your address book.

You might organize facts alphabetically, chronologically, or by topic.
How you organize your data base depends on both its content and its
intended use. The more structured your data base is the easier it is to
find information.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Getting the information; simply entering command; keyboard; record
keeping; sorting through the files; retrieve specific information; a
source of facts; related information; content; format.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. I was very tired, so I (go) to bed early. 2. The bed was very
uncomfortable. I (not, sleep) very well. 3. Sue wasn’t very hungry, so
she (not, eat) anything. 4. We went to Kate’s house but she (not, be) at
home. 5. –Would you like something to eat? –No, thanks. I (just, have)
lunch. 6. Hello! (You, just arrive)? 7. –Don’t forget to post the
letter, will you? –I (already, post) it. 8. –What time is Mark leaving?
– He (already go). 9. (It, stop) raining yet? 10. I (write) the letter
but I (not, post) it yet.

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following
sentences:

1. Sue (graduate) soon. After that she (begin) to work at an electronics
company. 2. Fred (be) at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) too.
3. – Can you give John a message for me? – Sure. I (see, probably) him
at the meeting this evening. 4. The damage we do to our environment
today (affect) the quality of life of future generations. 5. – Mr.
Andrews (not, be) here next term. He has resigned. – Who (be) the new
teacher? Do you know? – Yes. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach) the
same courses Mr. Andrews taught German, physics, and geometry. 6. I (be)
in her geometry class. Do you know which algebra class you (be) in next
term? 7. This letter is in French, and I don’t speak a word in French.
Can you help me? – Sure. I (translate) it for you. 8. Do you want to go
shopping with me? I (go) to the shopping center. 9. – his light doesn’t
work. The bulb s probably burned out. Where are the new light bulbs? 10.
It’s really cold in here. My nose is cold and my fingers are cold too. I
(make) a hot cup of tea.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Great Britain

Great Britain is the heart of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Great
Britain has ranked among the leading nations of the world for more than
500 years. The British people have been leaders in many fields – in
science, exploration, government, and arts. The official name of the
country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The
island of Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales. Northern
Ireland, which covers about one fifth of Ireland also is a part of the
United kingdom. London is the capital and largest city.

The face of the land varies from one part of the country to another.
Great manufacturing cities and thriving farms lie on the green plains of
England. Deposits of coal and other valuable minerals are mined in the
steep hills and mountains of Wales. The Scottish Lowlands support
manufacturing and shipbuilding industries. The low grasslands and mild
climate of Northern Ireland provide excellent grazing for livestock.

Great Britain became a world power about 250 years ago, when England was
united with Scotland and Wales, but the British people have many
traditions that go back thousands of years. They are deeply devoted to
the Royal family and their form of government.

6. Language work.

1) Say the sentences using modal verbs in the past actions.

1. He may… not to come. (decide)

2. I might … the keys in the office. (leave)

3. There must … 10 of them in the car. (be)

4. There should … you your money back long ago. (give)

5. I’m sorry, I shouldn’t … at you. (shout)

6. They ought … the police when it happened. (call)

7. Yes, I know. I should … more time studying. (spend)

8. We shouldn’t … such a big car. (buy)

9. I shouldn’t … him of lying. (accuse)

10. He really should … you – though to be fair he’s been very busy.
(call)

11. The windows needn’t … today. (clean)

12. We shouldn’t … those shares. (sell)

13. This information should … to the tax authorities two years ago.
(give)

14. I shouldn’t … such a valuable air ticket.

15. Someone could … mu money. (steal)

2) Translate from Russian into English using modal verbs:

1. Він ???н ?????и ???к ? ????? ????а?

2. Чи ???а я ??? в ??? ?? ?с?

3. Це, ???, ??а ???.

4. Ти ??ш ???? їй ?р??о ??а.

5. Чи ??? ?? ????ся з ?єю ????ією?

6. Хі? ? ? ??ш і??и ????? ??х ??? ?т?ів?

7. Що ж ?? ???? Я?м ??м я ???а ??ня? ??? в ?й ????

8. О ??ій ??? ???н ???и ???с з Лі???я?

9. В? ? ??і?о ?и ?? ??з.

10. Я ???? ?в ????и ??і, ?б ????и ? ?? ???ня.

Lesson 12

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Electronics Helps Men

Our age has been called a variety of things: the Space Age, the
Electronic Age, the Atomic Age, etc. One of them, however, is very exact
and that is the age of Automation.

Automation is considered to be the highest stage in the development of
technology. It has made the development of rocket production and nuclear
industry possible. Automation is known to be very effective in
continuous cycle production rolled stock production and operation of
thermal and hydropower plants. Automation of production processes is
impossible without automatic control; the required machines based on
electronic computations. Electronic computing techniques find broad
application in many spheres and are a basis for the development of
modern program-controlled machine tools and the controlling of spaceship
flights. The following can be given as examples of how electronics helps
man.

The letters at the General Post Office are now handled by electronic
automats. Not long ago hundreds of women sorted letters arriving from
all the world by hand. Now, one girl sits at a control panel watching a
screen which is like that of a television set. The address appears on
the screen and the girl having read the number of the post office to
which the letter is addressed presses the necessary button and the
envelope is conveyed to the mail bag which is then taken to the post
office indicated on the envelope.

A number of higher learning establishments are installing electronic
data processing systems for the counting of educational data. Automatic
translating machines, computer-based teaching devices and other
different applications of computer technology are the things which help
people in their life, work and study.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

A variety of things; the age of Automation; the highest stage;
production processes; automatic control; electronic computations;
computing techniques; program-controlled machine; presses the necessary
button; educational data.

3. Translate into English:

1. М??ої ?? я ??? в ??і ??в ?іг. 2. Я ?аю Д?? ??? ??в. 3. Що ? в? ???и з
?? ?? як ???? сю? ????я? 4. С???юся, ? ?е ??????я з ???? ???? лю??. 5.
Ви ??? ???є?? Я? ??ни ? ?е ??і??? 6. Я ??в Т?а ??а, а ???? я ?? ? ??в.
7. Шля? ???о. С??ся а??я. 8. Б?о ??о, ?? я ?яв ???. 9. К?т ? ?? ???а, ??
?? ??? ? ї?. 10. – П??т! Ви ?, ???-? п?ї??? 11. Д? ?е ????ся? 12. Я ???в
??а, ?е ? ? ????в ??. 13. З Рі?? ??? ??а ???. 14. М?і ??? ???ся ?????
???и ????. 15. Д? ?? ?? я ??і?в Пі??? А??у.

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following
sentences:

1. – Oh! I’ve spilled coffee on my shirt. – Just a minute. I (get) a
damp cloth for you. 2. – What do you want to be when you are grown up? –
I (be) an astronaut. 3. Do you mind if turn the TV off? I (have) a long
distance call, and it’s hard to hear when the TV is on. 4. – Who wants
to clean the board? Are there any volunteers?- I (do) it! 5. – Why do
you have an eraser in your hand? – I (erase) the mistakes. 6. I think
the weather (be) nice later. 7. Look at those black clouds. It (rain).
8. I feel terrible. I think I (be sick).

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Scientific and Technological Progress

The advantages of living in the twentieth century are clear to anyone
who spends time in one of the world’s highly developed nations. The
disadvantages of modern life, however, are sometimes not so quickly
seen. Consider the average man today in contrast with man 200 years ago.
Without doubt, man’s life has been eased considerably. Machines now
perform for him many of the services that he previously had to do for
himself. They cut his grass, wash his car, open and close his doors,
walk for him, climb stairs for him, serve him coffee, and both put him
to sleep and wake him up to music. In two major areas – transportation
and communications- great progress has been made. Mass publishing
practices have spread newspapers, magazines, and paperback book around
the globe. Relayed across oceans by Telstar satellites, television
informs and entertains people in every hemisphere. Mail moves swiftly
and efficiently; telephone cables connect all continents. More than any
other single invention, the gasoline engine has revolutionized modern
life. City streets, clogged with automobile traffic tell us that. More
recent discoveries have led to the surge of jet and supersonic plane
travel. Even as man darts throughout the world, he is protected from
disease as no man before him has been, and he can look forward to living
a longer life than his grandfather did. Man now commands a more
plentiful supply of the world’s goods. He may own not only a car and a
home but also a stove, a refrigerator, a washing machine, books,
phonograph records and cameras. Even his old age is better provided for
through pension and retirement plans offered by the government and by
industry. Thus the advantages of living in the twentieth centuries are
many.

6. Language work:

1) Natasha Morozova is having an interview. This is what she is saying
about herself. Read the information and say about her using reported
speech:

Model: She said that…

1. I live in this city.

2. I came here 3 years ago.

3. I graduated from university 5 years ago.

4. I have a degree in economics.

5. I like to work with people.

6. I’m going to change my present job, because it is not interesting.

7. I don’t like when other people tell me what to do.

8. I want more responsibility.

9. I am interested in working with a good team and reliable people.

10. I will consider your offer and let you know about my decision.

2) Report the requests and commands using He asked me… or He told me…

1. ‘Post this letter immediately.’

2. ‘Send them the fax as soon as possible.’

3. ‘Please don’t disturb me.’

4. ‘Please give me that English-Russian dictionary.’

5. ‘Don’t go on the grass.’

6. ‘Don’t prompt her.’

7. ‘Don’t interfere with my work, please.’

8. ‘Please, do your own business.’

9. ‘Entertain the guests, please.’

10. ‘Don’t make a mess of the job.’

Lesson 13

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

The Computer as a Communication Tool

Communicating by computer is almost as easy as punching the keys on a
keyboard. Information is sent electronically from one
computer-microcomputer, minicomputer, or mainframe-to another, either
via telephone lines or through special cables and wires. What kinds of
information can be sent? You name it: magazine articles, airline
reservations, bank transactions, statistics, news reports, job listings,
games, movie reviews, business correspondence, football scores, computer
programs, personal messages, stock prices, medical records, graphic
images, weather reports.

Advantages of computer communication:

Computer communication is playing an increasingly important role not
only in offices but also in schools, hospitals, libraries, and homes.
People are realizing that sending and receiving information
electronically offers several advantages:

1. Fast, accurate, and direct exchange of information. Sending and
receiving data electronically takes only a fraction of the time needed
to send it by mail or messenger. And since the information goes directly
to the receiver, the sender doesn’t have to worry about lost packages or
incorrectly addressed envelopes.

2. Rapid information processing. Computers can sort or search through
huge amounts of information in a flash. Suppose you were a lawyer who
needed a history of all court cases involving the theft of government
secrets. How could you get the information? Well, you could go to a law
library and search through the reference books. That might take you five
hours. You could, instead, use a computer that is electronically linked
to a special data bank of legal information. Using that method, you
could obtain the information in less than an hour- and never even leave
your law office.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Communicating by computer; punching the keys; through special cables;
personal messages; increasingly important role; receiving data; a
fraction of the time; messenger; directly to the receiver; amounts of
information.

3. Find out which form-Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect are
correct in the following sentences:

1. This house (build) in 1930. 2. A lot of money (steal) in the bank. 3.
This room (clean) yesterday. 4. We (woke up) by a loud noise during the
night. 5. Did you go to the party? No, I (invite). 6. How much money
(steal)? 7. The roof of the building (damage) in a storm a few days ago.
8. (You, invite) to the wedding. Why didn’t you go? 9. Originally the
book (write) in Spanish and a few years ago (translate) into English.
10. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) only yesterday.

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following
sentences:

1. Tom probably (arrive) at about 6 o’clock. 2. I think he (read) that
book. 3. I think Ann (like) the present we bought for her. 4. – why are
you turning off the TV-set? – I (watch) the news. 5. – Oh, I’ve just
realized. I haven’t got any money. – haven’t you? Well, don’t worry. I
(lend) you some. 6. – I’ve got a headache. – Have you? Wait there and I
(get) an aspirin for you. 7. – Why are you filling that bucket with
water? – I (wash) the car.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Computers

Student 1: Computers appeared in our country not long ago but today we
may say that the age of computers has begun. First of all, computers let
you access to a lot of information. And they let you communicate very
quickly, by e-mail or using the Internet.

Student 2: They’re a great help at offices because they can do jobs very
quickly, for example sending out large numbers of letters or bills. You
can access any information you need from the office using a modem. Large
amounts of information can be stored on computer in a database.

Student 1: Do you know any other advantages of using computers?

Student 2: Yes. The best one, to my mind, is that computers make it
possible to work from home. So they save us a lot of time.

Student 1: Really, computers are great thing. But what about
disadvantages?

Student 2: First and foremost, computers can get viruses that can
destroy the information stored in it.

Student 1: Software often has bugs, and sometimes computers crash. What
is more, anyone can put information or images on the Internet, so it can
be easily used by criminals to communicate with each other, or t send
pornography (pictures, film, or writing that show sexual acts). There
are no laws to stop this yet, and it is extremely difficult to police
the Internet.

Student 2: I suppose, students shouldn’t spent too much time working or
playing on computers.

Student 1: Quite agree with you. Some children spend too much time
playing computer games, which can be very dangerous.

Student 2: Thanks a lot. I think that despite some disadvantages
computers are really the wonders of the world.

6. Language work:

1) Say in English the sentences using reported speech:

1. Він ???в ??, ?і?? ?? ??в.

2. Він ???в ??, ? є в ?? ??ф?.

3. Він ???в ??, ? ?ву я ? ??? ????.

4. Він ???в ??, ? я ??юю.

5. Він ???в ??, ?і?? ?? я ??юю ? ?й ??і.

6. В?а ???а, ? ??? ??? ??????.

7. В?а ???а, ? ??іє ?е 2 ???.

8. М?а ???а, ? Аня ?иї??є о 3 г??і.

9. В?а ???? ??, о я ??? в ?й ?с.

10. Я ???а, ? в ?й ч? я ??я?. Я ??ю ???є ???ня.

2) Say the sentences in English using embedded questions:

1. Чи ? ???е, ??а ????

2. Ці??, ? ?н ?в ??а.

3. Ви ? ???, ??і?? ??и?

4. Ск?і?, ?? ??а, о ??ій ??? ????яє?ся ????й ?тяг.

5. Ці??, ?? ????? у ??лю?

6. Ви ? ???, ?н ??? ? ??и?

7. Чи ? ??? ? ???и, я? ???я ??? ???рю??ся ? ?о?х?

8. Ці??, як ? ???? цю і????ю.

9. Ці??, як в?а ??и?є в ?й ????

10. В???,я ? ?аю ? ?????я ця ??ця.

Lesson 14

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Electronic Mail

Did you ever have to go out in the rain to mail a letter that couldn’t
wait? Have you ever received a letter weeks late because it had been
mysteriously ‘lost’ in the mail? If so, you will be very happy to know
that electronic mail is here.

What exactly is electronic mail? It’s just what you’d imagine: the
sending of messages electronically by computer. Here’s how it works.

Suppose that you are a subscriber to the Source of CompuServe. You have
ten friends who subscribe as well. A few months ago, you lent one of
these friends a record. You want the record back, but you can’t remember
who has it. Using a microcomputer and a modem, you plug into the
information service’s network of subscribers. Once you are on-line, you
send the same message to all ten of your friends.

Your message is stored in your friends’ ‘electronic mailboxes’. These
mailboxes are nothing like those that are used by the U.S. Postal
Service. They are simply storage locations in the information service’s
computer system. When your friends come on-line, they will check to see
if they have any mail. When they do, your message will appear on the
screen.

Not all electronic mail delivery is tied to an information service like
The Source or CompuServe. In fact, organizations already exist that
specialize in delivering electronic mail. MCI Mail and EasyLink are two
examples. Subscribers to these electronic-mail services can send
messages around the world on their computer. In addition, the addressee
doesn’t even need a computer to receive mail through one of these
services. Both will transmit a letter most of the distance
electronically, then print and send it the rest of the distance either
by mail or by courier.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Electronic mail; sending of messages electronically; subscriber; the
record back; a modem; network of subscribers; electronic mailboxes;
storage locations; come on-line; transmit a letter.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. When he was young, Ron (bring) up by his grandparents. 2. While I was
on holiday, my camera (steal). 3. Where (these photographs, take)? 4.All
fights (cancel) because of fog. 5. I (accused) of stealing money. 6. I
didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation. I didn’t
realize our conversation (record). 7. When we entered the classroom the
test (write) by the students. 8. When we got to the stadium, we found
that the game (cancel).

4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following
sentences:

1. I (go) to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 2. I
think Jane (get) the job. She has a lot of experience. 3. I can’t meet
you this evening. A friend of mine (come) to see me. 4. – Have you
decided where to go for your holiday? – Yes, we (visit) Italy. 5.
There’s no need to be afraid of the dog. It (hurt) you. 6. Don’t worry
about your exam. I’m sure you (pass) it. 7. Why don’t you try on this
jacket? It (look) nice on you. 8. You must meet Ann sometimes. I think
you (like) her. 9. It’s raining. Don’t go out. You (get) wet. 10. I
wonder what (happen).

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

The United States of America

The USA is the name of the country composed of 50 states joined in a
federal republic. It is one of the world’s largest countries (after
Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the area over 9 mln square km and
has a population of about 260 mln people. Representatives of different
nationalities live there. English is the official language of the
country.

The flag of the USA has 13 red and white stripes-representing the
original 13 states – and 50 stars – for each of the 50 states of the
country in our days. The capital of the country is Washington, named
after the first president of the USA. The other largest cities are New
York, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Los Angeles.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Among the most
important manufacturing industries are aircraft, computer techniques –
hardware and software, cars, television sets, furniture. Electronic and
electric engineering, transport, communication can be found almost in
all large cities of the USA.

The United States is a democracy. It means that the Constitution, laws
and traditions of the USA give the people the right to decide who will
be the leader of the nation, who will make the laws and what the laws
will be. The Constitution guarantees individual freedom to all.

6. Language work:

1) Read the sentences and report what someone says using the necessary
reporting verb: order, advise, encourage, remind, persuade, promise,
apologize, refuse, deny, admit.

1. ‘It’s really a very good job for you. a) They offered her a very good
job.

Will you accept it?’

2. ‘We’ll fix your computer in two days.’ b) They … to fix my computer
in two days.

3. ‘I’ll do it by all means.’ c) She … to do it by all means.

4. ‘I’m sorry. I’ve been rude to you.’ d) She … … … to me.

5. ‘I think you ought to go to the doctor.’ e) She … me to go to the
doctor.

6. ‘You shouldn’t be afraid to speak English.’ f) She … me to speak
English.

7. ‘If you work hard, you will be a success.’ g) She … to work hard.

8. ‘I won’t pay anymore.’ h) She … to pay me anymore.

9. ‘I will give you the sum of money.’ i) He … to give me the money.

10. ‘I didn’t steal the money.’ j) He … … the money.

11. ‘I think I’m wrong.’ k) He … … wrong.

12. ‘Your warranty is out of date. We can’t l) They … to repair it free.

Repair it free.’

Lesson 15

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Computers in Business, Industry and Agriculture

Computers have revolutionized the business world. As the cost of
computer technology has decreased, more and more businesses have ‘gone
computer’. Computers are no longer limited to factories, banks, and big
corporations. Small companies, retail stores, law firms, employment
agencies, supermarkets, and even many farms now use computers. In fact,
according to a recent study, now four out of every five workers use a
computer as part of their job.

Computers in the office.

In large and small offices alike secretaries use word-processing to
write letters and reports. Managers switch on their desktop computer to
help them prepare spreadsheets and graphic displays. Accountants and
bookkeepers use computer power to help them manage company finances.

Computer systems are used to manage company records, to send electronic
mail, and to tie into data banks. Electronic networks link computer
users who are located in the same building or across the country.

Computers serve a broad range of manufacturing purposes. For example, if
you were a supervisor in a large factory, you might have a computerized
control system to help you keep track of continuously running machinery.

Computers are also used to monitor the temperature and pressure of
production processes. For example, in a chemical plant or
power-generating station, computers may be connected to regulating
devices. If the temperature or pressure rises or falls too much, the
computer instantly signals the regulating device. The device then makes
the needed adjustment-automatically.

2. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

Revolutionize; computer technology; computers are no longer limited;
according to a recent study; desktop computer; prepare spreadsheets;
graphic displays; manage company records; electronic networks; control
system.

3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct
in the following sentences:

1. I (bear) in Chicago. Where (you, bear)? 2. The police (give) the
information after the accident (happen). 3. I (offer) the job but I
refused it. 4. The men (pay) 1.000 to do the work. 5. Mrs. Johnson is
very proud of her new grandson who (bear) last week. 6. My family live
in Scotland but I (educate) in France. 7. The bridge (destroy) during
the flood.

4. Translate into English:

1. Ти ??ш ?? ????и з ?????м ????ом? – З???о, я ???? ??. 2. Ти ?ч? ?? ?
?ою ? ????и, я ?у ? ????о ???. 3. – К? ? ??ш ??и, ?? ????? – К?????. 4.
– Х? ?? ??? з ??и? – Я ??лю ?. 5. П???ь ? ? ??і ??и. Б?е ?щ. 6. М??ь, Т?
??? о ?с?й ???. 7. Я ??ю, Е? ?????ся ????к, я?й ? їй ???.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

English as a means of international communication

One of the reasons why a lot of people all over the world learn English
is that English has taken the positions of the world language. It means
that:

-750 million people all over the world use it;

-it has become the language of the planet;

-it’s the first truly global language;

-it’s the main language of business, sports, science;

-it’s one of the richest languages;

-there are many borrowings from English in other languages;

-three quarters of the world’s mail are in English;

-English is the world’s computer language.

6. Language work:

1) Translate into Ukrainian and pay attention at the infinitive used in
the sentences:

1. To prolong doubt was to prolong hope.

2. To wash in icy water was awfully unpleasant.

3. To bring the experiment to an end they had to work the night through.

4. Tom opened the window to let the spring air in.

5. In order to see the performance better we will take opera glasses.

6. This Texan is difficult to understand.

7. Our house is easy to find.

8. This water isn’t safe to drink.

9. He wasn’t an interesting person to talk to.

10. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.

2) Translate from Ukrainian into English using infinitive:

1. З?є?ся, Д??я ?? ??я? ????.

2. С??ся ?к, ? у ?? з ??ю ?????о ???.

3. Вия???, ??о ? ?? ???іх ??н.

4. Р??а ?я??? ??ою, ?ж ? ?і???.

5. З?є?ся, ?н ???в ?? ? ??я.

6. З?є?ся, Д?к ???і?? в? ??? ?ся?в.

7. Вия???, ? ??? Д??? ??а лю??.

8. Він ??о ??????ся ?и??и ???и.

9. Д??т, ???о, ????е ?? ? ??? і??о.

10. Н?ряд ? ?? ?? ??.

Lesson 16

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Mainframes

Mainframes are the fastest computers, and use the largest storage
system. As a result, they can solve more complex problems and handle
more information than can any other category of computer. Mainframes are
also the largest computers. Most of them are housed in several large
cabinets.

Some mainframes do a single job, such as copying and storing the
information generated by a laboratory experiment. Others perform many
different tasks.

Hundreds of people may be logged on a large mainframe at the same time.
Such users are said to be timesharing. In this situation, the mainframe
appears to be processing information for all the users every instant.
However, the computer is actually switching rapidly from program to
program, doing a small amount of work on one, and then hurrying to
another.

The fastest mainframes are called supercomputers. These machines are
used for major projects, such as the design of aircraft, the study of
weather system, and the design and analysis of drug molecules.
Supercomputers are few in number because they are extremely expensive.
Supercomputer users-mostly scientists and engineers at large scientific
installations-sometimes run programs by means of long-distance telephone
networks. The fastest supercomputers are parallel computers. They are
fast because they have dozens or even hundreds of microprocessors that
operate at the same time. Each processor works on a separate piece of a
program. Minicomputers and super minis have many of the capabilities of
mainframes, but they are smaller, less expensive, and less powerful.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Mainframes; the fastest computers; the largest storage system; handle
more information; perform many different tasks; processing information;
supercomputers; major projects; extremely expensive; parallel computers.

3. Translate into English:

1. Ц? ???к ????о в 1980 ??. 2. У ?й ??а? ??а ????и. 3. – Ти ??в ? ?чі?у?
– Ні, ?? ? ????и. 4. Сп??? ??у ?? ???? ?????ю ??ю, а ??м ?????о і????ю.
5. К?и Р? ?в ????й, ?? ????? ??? і ??ся. 6. Де ?? ???? ? ???і?и. 7. У?
???и ??і?? ??з ??н. 8. Я ?дав, ? ?? ???а ???є?ся. 9. Я ????я в Ч??о. А ?
????я ?? 10. М?і ??????и ???, ?е я ????ся. 11. Їм ????и ? ??? 100 ???в.
12. Мі? ?? ????? ?д ?с ??и. 13. С??? ???? ?? ????и ?д ?с і??у? 14. Шлях
???и ??? ?ів ??. 15. Н?? ???к ??? ? 100 ?сяч ?л?ів.

4. Translate into English:

1. – ? ?? ? ????и? – Т?, я ??аюся ??? ?? ? ??рю. 2. – А?о! М?на ????? із
Д??м? – Я ???у й?о. 3. Не ??ю?я ? ??, я?й ? ????. Я ????й, ? ? ???ш й?о.
4. С???і ???і я ?у ? ???у. Пі?ш ? ?ою? 5. – Ви ?е ????, ?? ?ї?? у ????у?
– Т?, ? ????ся ?ї?? ? А??ї. 6. Не ??ю?я за ????? і??у. Я ????, ? ? ??
??д?. 7. І? ?щ. Не ??дь, ? ????ш.

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Environmental protection

Abilities and powers of man are increasing now. Technological progress
allowed to use nuclear, chemical, laser, biological, and other machines
and technologies instead of hand-operated and mechanical techniques.
However, scientific and technological progress, as a rule, was separated
from social progress. Such approach has let a man use the means negative
consequences of which are globally destructive. 100 billion tons of
minerals are mined annually, and more than 90% of them go in waste.
Amount of oxygen, consumed by certain countries, already exceeds its
manufacture by the plants of these countries. Tropical forests-main
‘lungs’ of the Earth-is more than 40% felled. The speed of its felling
is more than 20 hectares per minute. Almost one thousand of species of
animals and 25 thousand species of plants are now under the threat of
extinction. Recently medicine has aced the problems of worsening natural
ecological conditions, chronic stresses, reduction of immunity, change
of nutrition ration, and many other factors, unknown by now. Felling
forests, pollution of environment by industrial waste and automobiles
have already caused global warmth on the planet. Misuse of pesticides,
mineral fertilizers, water pollution, impact of Chernobyl accident on
the people-this is not a complete list of the factors determining
dangerous changes in human organism and growth of diseases and death
rate. Man is now using permissive principle and its trying to take
everything from his life today. Mankind has driven itself into a
dead-end… However, we still have an exit from it. The quality of man’s
life is impossible without solving ecological problems: preservation of
genetic fund of flora and fauna, preservation of clean and productive
natural environments (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils, and forests),
preservation of ozone. Only having realized that the reason of the
ecological crisis which burst in the 20 century was lack of unity of Man
and Nature, civilization can achieve progress.

6. Language work:

1) Translate from Ukrainian into English using the infinitive:

1. В?а ? ???, ? її ?н ?????я ?к ??.

2. В?и х?і?, ?б я ?я? ??? у ???ії.

3. Я ? ?? уя?? ?? ?я??ою в ?? ??ю.

4. Ми ? ??? ?????и ?? ?? ?т.

5. Ви ?н??? ??й ??д.

6. П????е? ????и ?? ?я??и, ? ?????ся в ??.

7. Ч??з ??в, ?б ??і ?????ь.

8. Ми ?ч?и, ? ??м ?????ся ?? ???.

9. Я ?в, ??ь ?? ? ???і?о в ???ій ???і.

10. Я ? ?? ????и, ?б ?? ???ь.

2) Finish the sentences using the infinitive and translate the sentences
into English:

1. Dick is always the first (???ся) when anything goes wrong.

2. The captain was the last person (????) the sinking ship.

3. Who was the last (??в з) the building on Friday?

4. Douglas isn’t the man (?ля??) easily.

5. There is some packing (???и).

6. There was nothing (?д?) in the passage.

7. There is nothing (?я?ся).

8. I’ve got kids (?????я).

9. He had no home (??).

10. Here is the problem for you (????).

Lesson 17

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

CD-ROM

A CD-ROM is the same size, and works in the same way, as an audio
compact disc. On one side of the CD-ROM are tiny pits and flat spaces
that represent 0’s and 1’s. A laser device uses a beam of light to
‘read’ the disc, producing bit charges. Most new PC’s have a built-in
CD-ROM drive to play the discs.

A standard CD-ROM can store about 650 megabytes, roughly equivalent to
325000 pages of double-spaced typewritten text. Because of their high
capacity, CD-ROM’s are the primary means of distributing multimedia
programs. Such programs combine several forms of information-text,
illustration, animation, and sound.

A kind of optical disc called the DVD appeared in 1996. A DVD is the
same size as a CD-ROM but can store much more information. A DVD stores
data on one or more sides. Capacities range to a total of 17 gigabytes
for storage on both sides. The DVD requires a special drive, which can
also play CD-ROMs.

Yet another kind of storage disc, called a platter. Works like a CD-ROM,
but is much larger and can hold many gigabytes of data.

Platters are expensive, so most of them are used by businesses,
government agencies, and institutions for storing large databases.

Tape drives, that is used to store data works in much the same way as
audio cassette tapes. Tape drives are much slower than disc drives are.
The main use of type drives for file storage is to back up information
stored oh hard discs.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Works in the same way; an audio compact disc; flat spaces; a laser
device; producing bit charges; to play the discs; roughly equivalent;
high capacity; combine several forms; storage disc.

3. Use the correct form of Past Simple or Continuous in the following
sentences:

1. The film wasn’t very good. I (not, enjoy) it very much. 2. I knew
Sarah was very busy, so I (not, disturb) her. 3. I was very tired, so I
(go) to bed early. 4. The bed was very uncomfortable. I (not, sleep)
very well. 5. Sue wasn’t hungry, so she (not, eat) anything. 6. We went
to Kate’s house but she (not, be) at home. She (study) at the library.
7. They (have) dinner from 2 to 3. 8. It was a funny situation but
nobody (laugh). 9. The window was open and bird (fly) into and out of
the room. 10. The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It (not, cost) very much.

4. Find out which form- Present Simple or Present continuous should be
used in the following sentences:

1. He (play) tennis on Monday afternoon. 2. She (go) to the dentist on
Tuesday morning. 3. They (have) dinner with Ann on Friday. 4. What (you,
do) on Sunday evening? I (go) to the theater. 5. What time (Cathy,
arrive) tomorrow? At 10.30. I (meet) her at the station. 6. I (not,
work) tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere. 7. Tan (not, play) on
Saturday. He’s hurt his leg. 8. What (you, go) to do on Saturday
evening?

5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:

Shopping

Last year I was in Great Britain on an exchange student’s trip. On my
last day in London I went shopping to Oxford Street, as it is one of the
busiest trade centers in London. The shops in Great Britain are always
well stocked but the prices are too high. Most of the people were
wandering from one department to another looking at various articles on
the counters and rails.

First I bought some souvenirs for my relatives, I bought some English
books, an umbrella for my sister, a pullover for my brother and a woolen
skirt for my mother. Then I made some purchases for myself. In the shoe
department I tried on a pair of shoes. They were not too expensive and
looked great. Unfortunately, they pinched a little, so I asked for
another pair, a size larger. The shoes were just my size and I took
them. Then I bought a raincoat, which fitted me perfectly and was very
much in the latest style. I also wanted to buy a shirt for my father but
the one I liked very much was too loud for him in my opinion. I found it
hard to choose a scarf as there was a great variety of them and I was at
a loss which one to take. I also bought some souvenirs for my friends in
the souvenirs department. So, it was a great shopping day for me.

6. Language work:

1) Read and write the following cardinal; numerals:

– 3; 13; 30; 4; 14; 40; 5; 15; 50; 2; 12; 20; 8; 18; 80.

– 21; 82; 35; 44; 33; 55; 96; 67; 79; 41; 53; 22.

– 143; 258; 414; 331; 972; 205; 101; 557; 999; 313.

– 1 582; 7 111; 3 013; 5 612; 2 003; 9 444; 4040.

– 15 500; 57 837; 45 971; 92 017; 65 331; 11 443.

-235 142; 978 218; 106 008; 321 103; 627 344; 552 331.

-1 352 846; 4 125 963; 35 756 394; 257 382 761.

2) Form, read and write ordinal numerals from the following:

a) 7; 4; 8; 9; 5; 12; 3; 2; 1; 13; 15; 11; 10.

b) 20; 21; 30; 32; 40; 43; 50; 54; 60; 75; 80; 98.

c) 100; 120; 125; 200; 230; 231; 300; 450; 563; 892.

Lesson 18

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Computer Networks

The communication of data over telephone lines and by radio is one of
the most important and influential uses of computers. Using modems,
people can send texts and graphic files, exchange messages, and search
databases over worldwide computer networks. As more of the world’s
information is digitized, more people seek access to the global ‘digital
library’. The combination of computers, modems, databases, and
communications lines has become known as the information superhighway.

The World Wide Web consists of tens of millions of documents, databases,
bulletin boards, and electronic publications, such as newspapers, books,
and magazines. Much of the information has been converted from print
into digital form, but even more has been created specifically for the
Web.

Every site on the Internet-whether a World Wide Web site or not-has a
computer address is known as the site’s uniform resource locator (URL).
Using software that connects to the Internet-called navigation or
browser software-a computer operator can select a URL that contains
information the operator wishes to examine. The computer then contacts
that address, making the information available to the operator.

Computers can connect to the Internet through local access providers,
computer services that operate in most communities. The user pays the
provider a monthly fee. To gain access to the Internet, the user
contacts the provider via modem. The provider then connects the user to
the Internet.

On-line services are commercial computer networks to which subscribers
pay monthly or hourly fees. The largest on-line services have millions
of subscribers. Most services provide news, bulletin boards, databases,
games, software libraries, and other features, often including Internet
access.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Communication; telephone lines; using modems; exchange messages; search
databases; worldwide computer networks; information is digitized; seek
access; information superhighway; a computer operator.

3. Use the correct form of Past Simple or Continuous in the following
sentences:

1. Who (cook) the cakes when Sue (phone)? 2. I don’t want to go to the
zoo today because it is raining. The same thing happened yesterday. I
(want, not) to go to the zoo because it (rain). 3. I (call) Roger last
night, but he (be, not) at home. He (play) tennis. 4. He (cry) a lot
when he was a baby. 5. I often see Mike. I (see) him again only
yesterday. 6. As teenagers, we always (understand) each other very well.
We still understand each other. 7. I hardly (know) Ray’s wife. Did you
know her at all? 8. We always meet on Sunday. We (meet) last Sunday from
5 to 7 o’clock. 9. I often find things on the beach. I (find) this very
old bottle yesterday. 10. Someone’s always leaving that window open. Who
(leave) it open last time?

4. Find out which form- Present Simple or Present continuous should be
used in the following sentences:

1. The train (leave) Plymouth at 11.30 and (arrive) in London at 14.45.
2. What time (the film, begin)? 3. It (be) Wednesday tomorrow. 4. I
(start) my new job on Monday. 5. What time (you, finish) work tomorrow?
6. What time (you, meet) Ann tomorrow. 7. What time (you, leave)
tomorrow? 8. What time (the train, leave) tomorrow? 8. I (go) to the
cinema this evening. 9. The film (start) at 8.15 this evening.

5. Language work:

1) Answer the following questions:

1. How much is 17 plus 19?

2. How much is 25 plus 32?

3. How much is 120 plus 205?

4. How much is 13 minus 4?

5. How much is 200 minus 45?

6. How much s 7 multiplied by 8?

7. How much is 42 divided by 6?

2) Read and write out in words the following common and decimal
fractions:

a) 1/7; 1/5; 1/9; 1/3; 1/12; 1/15; 1/25; 3/8; 2/5; 4/7; 9/23; ѕ; 5/9; 1
3/40; 1 3/5; 2 5/7; 5 1/3; 4 1/6.

b) 3.5; 2.34; 12.3; 52.51; 0.1; 0.25; 0.302; 132.054; 5.37; 6.4.

Lesson 19

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

The Computer Industry

The manufacture, development, sales, and servicing of computer hardware
and software make up one of the largest industries in the world. The
United States has the world’s largest computer industry, employing more
than 2 million people. The United States also have more computers than
any other country. Japan ranks second in number of computers.

Manufacturing. From a few dozen companies in the early 1960’s, the
computer industry has grown to more than 10 000 firms throughout the
world. These companies manufacture computers and such peripheral
equipment as modems and printers. They also develop and publish software
and provide computer supplies, such as magnetic discs. Many companies
make computer components, including processors. Others make the boards
and cables used to create networks.

In the mid-1990’s total annual sales of computer hardware and software
in the United States exceeded 200$ billion. The largest computer
manufacturer in the United States-and the world-is International
Business Machines Corporation (IBM), the Hewlett-Packard Company ranks
second. Other leading U.S. computer makers include Digital Equipment
Corporation, Dell Computer, Apple Computer Inc., Compaq Computer
Corporation, and Sun Microsystems Incorporated.

The largest computer manufacturers outside the United States are Fujitsu
and NEC Corporation, both o Japan. The leading computer companies in
Europe include Group Bull of France and Siemens AG of Germany. The
largest software company in the Unites States and the world is Microsoft
Corporation.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Manufacture; servicing of computer hardware and software; largest
industries; the computer industry; peripheral equipment; publish
software; magnetic discs; computer components; leading computer
companies; printers.

3. Which form of Past simple or Past Continuous is correct in the
following sentences:

1. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The
sun (shine). The birds (sing). 2. I am sitting in class right now. I
(sit) in class at this time yesterday. 3. –(You, go) out last night? –
Yes, I (go) to the cinema but I (not, enjoy) the film much. 4. When (Mr.
Nickolson die)? About ten years ago. 5. I (not, listen), so I missed
what the teacher said. 6. They (not, invite) her to the party, so she
(not, go). 7. We stayed because we (enjoy) ourselves. 8. – (You, have)
time to write the letter yesterday? – No, I (do). 9. –What (you, do) at
6 o’ clock yesterday?- I 9not, do) anything special. 10. I work in
travel agency now. Before that I (work) in shop.

4. Find out which form- Present Simple or Present continuous should be
used in the following sentences:

1. I (go) to the theater this evening. 2. (The film, begin) at 3.30 or
4.30? 3. We (have) a party next Saturday. 4. The art exhibition (open)
on 15 of June and (finish) on 15 August. 5. I (not, go out) this
evening. 6. – (You, do) anything tomorrow morning? – No, I’m free. I
(stay) at home. 7. They (go) to a concert tonight. It (begin) at 7.30.

Lesson 20

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:

Computer Security

Many people fear that their right to privacy is threatened by the
possible misuse or unauthorized disclosure of information in computer
databases. Certain databases hold private and personal information, such
as medical, banking or tax records. Others contain business plans or
inventions that a company wishes to conceal from competitors. Still
others store top-secret military information and other kinds of data
important to a nation’s security. Laws limit the disclosure of
information in databases, and operating systems are designed to prevent
unauthorized entry into a computer. Many computers require a user to
enter a secret password. In addition, some computer systems
automatically scramble information so it can be decoded by authorized
personnel. But, computer crimes still occur. Industrial spies and
thieves often use telephone lines to gain access to computers. Some of
these criminals steal or change the information in a computer database.
Others steal money by transferring funds electronically. In the late
1980’s computer experts became aware of a dangerous type of program
called a computer virus. A computer virus s designed to do mischief,
sometimes by deleting or changing information and sometimes by simply
inserting a message. A virus can enter a computer’s operating system via
a modem, a floppy disc, or a CD-ROM. A virus can spread through a
network. Antivirus programs are available to prevent viruses.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Fear; right to privacy; threatened; possible misuse; certain databases;
personal information; contain; to conceal from competitors; top-secret
military information; automatically scramble information.

3. Which form of Past simple or Past Continuous is correct in the
following sentences:

1. He (work) in the garden all weekend. 2. We (invite) them to our party
but they (decide) not to come. 13. The police (stop) me on my way home
last night. 4. She (pass) her examination from 6 to 7 yesterday. 5. I
(be) angry because they (be) late. 6. Jack and Sue (constantly, improve)
their farm before they moved. 7. (The weather, be) good when you (be) on
holiday? 8. They weren’t able to come because they (be) so busy.

4. Find out which form- Present Simple or Present continuous should be
used in the following sentences:

1. Excuse me. What time (this train, get) to Moscow? 2. I’m bored with
this film. When (it, finish)? 3. My wife has an appointment with the
doctor. She (see) dr. Mike next Tuesday. 4. Sam has already made his
plans. He (leave) at noon tomorrow. 5. What (you, go) to do this
afternoon? After lunch I (meet0 a friend of mine. We (go) shopping. 6.
The museum (open) at ten tomorrow morning. 7. Classes (begin) next week.
8. John’s plane (arrive) at 6.05 p.m. next Monday. 9. I (take) four
courses next semester. 10. My brother’s birthday is next week. I (give)
him a sweater.

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