15
Лекции
(краткий курс)
Основные правила для начинающих
Кафедра иностранных языков
аНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Unit 1
1. Личные местоимения
Единственное числоМножественное числоI – я
you – ты
he – он
she – она
it – он, она, оно (о неодушевленных предметах)we – мы
you – вы
they – они
2. Глагол to be в простом настоящем времени
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI am (I’m) in
Kiev.
You are (you’re) in Kiev.
He (she) is (he’s, she’s) in Kiev.
We are (we’re) in Kiev.
You are (you’re) in Kiev.
They are (they’re) in Kiev.Am I in Kiev?
Are you in Kiev?
Is he (she) in Kiev?
Are we in Kiev?
Are you in Kiev?
Are they in Kiev?I am not (I’m not) in Kiev.
You are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
He (she) is not (isn’t) in Kiev.
You are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
You are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
They are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
Краткие ответы на вопросы
– Are you in London?
– Is he (she) in London?
– Are they in London?- Yes, I am.
– No, I am not (I’m not).
– Yes, he (she) is.
– No, he (she) is not (isn’t).
– Yes, they are.
– No, they are not (aren’t).
Ex.1 Составите предложения:
1. I
He
She
We
You
They‘re
‘s
‘m
aren’t
‘m not
isn’ta teacher
a businessman
in Moscow
in Russia
Russian
Ukranian2. Are
Am
Ishe
she
you
we
Iin Moscow?
a businessman?
Estonian?
in Minsk?
a teacher of English?
3. The Present Indefinite Tense (простое настоящее время)
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI work on
Omsk.
You work in Omsk.
He (she) works in Omsk.
We work in Omsk.
You work in Omsk.
They work in Omsk.Do I work in Omsk?
Do you work in Omsk?
Does he (she) work in Omsk?
Do we work in Omsk?
Do you work in Omsk?
Do they work in Omsk?I do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
You do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
he (she) does not (doesn’t) work in Omsk.
We do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
You do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
They do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
Краткие ответы на вопросы
– Do you live in Ottawa?
– Does he (she) live in Ottawa?
– Do they live in Ottawa?- Yes, I do.
– No, I do not (don’t)
– Yes, he (she) does.
– No, he (she) does not (doesn’t).
– Yes, they do.
– No, they do not (don’t).
Ex. 7 Составьте предложения:
1. You
I
he
She
We
Theylive
works
speaks
speak
don’t work
doesn’t speak
don’t live
doesn’t workEnglish
in Moscow
in Russia
Russian
in Novosibirsk2. Do
Doesshe
we
he
they
youwork
live
speak
in Tumenj?
in Moscow?
English?
Russian?
German?
French?
4. The Present Continuous Tense (настоящее продолженное время)
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI am learning
English.
You are (you’re) learning English.
He (she) is learning English.
We are (we’re) learning English.Am I learning English?
Are you learning English?
Is he (she) learning English?
Are we learning English?I am not (I’m not) learning English.
You are not (aren’t) learning English.
He (she) is not (isn’t) learning English.
We are not (aren’t) learning English.
Краткие ответы на вопросы
– Are you learning French?
– Is he (she) learning French?
– Are they learning French?- Yes, I am.
– No, I am not (I’m not).
– Yes, he (she) is.
– No, he (she) is not (isn’t).
– Yes, they are.
– No, they are not (aren’t).
5. Артикли
He is a visitor.
They are __visitors.
The visitor is in the office.
The visitors are __ English teachers.
Артикли не употребляются:
1. если перед существительным есть притяжательные местоимения
It is my office.
2. перед большинством названий стран
He lives in France.
3. перед именами людей
My name is Ann. My name is Ann Brown.
5. перед существительными, после которых идет номер или индекс
Lesson One, Unit Two
6. в некоторых сочетаниях
to go on business, to be on business
Неопределенный артикль – определенный артикль
Неопределенный артикль употребляется с существительными в единственном
числе:
It is an office.
It is a big office.Определенный артикль употребляется с существительными
в единственном и множественном числе: He is at the office now.
They are at the offices now.
Две формы неопределенного артикля
aana man
a lessonan office
an Englishman
6. Притяжательные местоимения
Личные местоименияСоответствующие притяжательные местоименияI
you
he
she
it
we
you
theymy
your
his
her
its
our
your
their .
7. Объектный падеж личных местоимений
Личные местоименияПритяжательные местоименияОбъектный падеж личных
местоименийI
you
he
she
it
we
you
theymy
your
his
her
its
our
your
theirme
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
8. Конструкция there is / there are
Утвердительная формаВопросительная форма – краткие ответыОтрицательная
формаThere is a chair in the corner.
There are two chairs in the corner.Is there a chair in the corner?
– Yes, there is (one).
– No, there isn’t any.
Are there any chairs in the corner?
– Yes, there are some.
– No, there aren’t any.There is no chair in the corner.
There isn’t any chair in the corner.
There are no chairs in the corner.
There aren’t any chairs in the corner.
Unit 2
1. Модальный глагол can
I can drive.
I cannot drive.
Can you drive?
Can you come tomorrow?
Can you bring us the bill, please?
Can I have the bill, please?
Can I see the menu, please?Я могу (умею) водить машину.
Я не умею водить машину.
Вы можете (умеете) водить машину,
Вы можете (не можете) прийти завтра?
Вы не принесете счет?
Вы можете принести счет,
Принесите, пожалуйста, счет.
Можно посмотреть меню?
Утвердительная формаВопросительная форма Отрицательная формаI can meet
him.
You can meet him.
He (she) can meet him.
We can meet him.
You can meet him.
They can meet him.Can I meet him?
Can you meet him?
Can he (she) meet him?
Can we meet him?
Can you meet him?
Can they meet him?I cannot (can’t) meet him.
You cannot (can’t) meet him.
He (she) cannot (can’t) meet him.
We cannot (can’t) meet him.
You cannot (can’t) meet him.
They cannot (can’t) meet him.
2. Модальный глагол Should
1. You should wait a little.
2. You should not smoke so much.
Вы должны немного подождать. (Вам следует немного подождать.)
Вы не должны так много курить. (Вам не следует так много курить.)
3. The Past Indefinite Tense (простое прошедшее время)
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI opened the
door.
You opened the door.
He (she) opened the door.
We opened the door.
You opened the door.
They opened the door.Did I open the door?
– Yes, I did.
– No, I did not (didn’t).
Did you open the door?
– Yes, you did.
– No, you did not (didn’t).
Did he (she) open the door?
– Yes, he (she) did.
– No, he (she) did not (didn’t).
Did we open the door?
– Yes, we did.
– No, we did not (didn’t).
Did you open the door?
– Yes, you did.
– No, you did not (didn’t).
Did they open the door?
– Yes, they did.
– No, they did not (didn’t). I did not (didn’t) open …
You did not (didn’t) open …
He (she) did not (didn’t) open …
We did not (didn’t) open …
You did not (didn’t) open …
They did not (didn’t) open …
4. Простое прошедшее время глагола to be
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI was hungry.
You were hungry.
He (she) was hungry.
We were hungry.
You were hungry.
They were hungry.
Was I hungry?
– Yes, I was.
– No, I was not (wasn’t).
Were you hungry?
– Yes, you were.
– No, you were not (weren’t).
Was he (she) hungry?
– Yes, he (she) was.
– No, he (she) was not (wasn’t).
Were we hungry?
– Yes, we were.
– No, we were not (weren’t).
Were you hungry?
– Yes, you were.
– No, you were not (weren’t).
Were they hungry?
– Yes, they were.
– No, they were not (weren’t).I was not (wasn’t) hungry.
You were not (weren’t) hungry.
He (she) was not (wasn’t) hungry.
We were not (weren’t) hungry.
You were not (weren’t) hungry.
They were not (weren’t) hungry.
5. Три формы неправильных глаголов
ИнфинитивПростое прошедшее времяПричастиеTo become
To bring
To buy
(can)
To come
To drive
To fly
To get
To give
To go
To have
To hear
To hold
To keep
To leave
(may)
To meet
To put
To read
To see
To sell
To send
To show
To sit
To speak
To take
To understand
To writeBecame
Brought
Bought
Could
Came
Drove
Flew
Got
Gave
Went
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Left
Might
Met
Put
Read
Saw
Sold
Sent
Showed
Sat
Spoke
Took
Understood
Wrote Become
Brought
Bought
–
Come
Driven
Flown
Got
Given
Gone
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Left
–
Met
Put
Read
Seen
Sold
Sent
Shown
Sat
Spoken
Taken
Understood
Written
6. Употребление many, much, a lot of, few, little, a few, a little
Many – много
A lot of – много
Few – мало
A few – несколько
Употребляются с исчисляемыми существительнымиMuch – много
A lot of – много
Little – мало
A little – немного
Употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными
Исчисляемые существительныеНеисчисляемые существительныеTable
Restaurant
Bill
Letter
Briefcase Food
Soup
Wine
Coffee
Luggage
Many – a lot of – few – a fewMuch – a lot of – little – a littleHe
hasn’t got many friends.
There are very many letters on the table.
There are a lot of letters on the desk.
There are a few letters on the desk.He hasn’t got much information.
There is much wine in the bottle.
There is a lot of information in the little.
There is a little wine in the bottle.
7. The Future Indefinite Tense (простое будущее время)
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI will (I’ll)
learn French.
You will (you’11) learn …
He (she) will (he’ll, she’ll) learn …
We will (we’11) learn …
You will (you’11) learn …
They will (they’ll) learn …Will I learn …?
Will you learn …?
Will he (she) learn …?
Will we learn …?
Will you learn …?
Will they learn …?I will not (won’t) learn …
You will not (won’t) learn …
He (she) will not (won’t) learn …
We will not (won’t) learn …
You will not (won’t) learn …
They will not (won’t) learn …
8. Модальный глагол may
May I have the bill, please?Можно получить счет?
Ex. 13 Переведите на русский язык:
1. May I come in?
2. May I see the menu, please?
3. May I take your earphones?
4. May I wait here?
5. May I listen to the song once more?
6. May I have my passport back, please?
7. May I join you?
8. May I cash the cheque here?
Ex. 14 разыграйте следующий и составьте аналогичные диалоги:
– May I have my ticket back please?
– Yes, certainly, here you are.
– Thank you.
9. Выражение просьбы
ГлаголыПримерыCan
May
WillBring my bill, please.
Can you bring my bill, please?
May I have my bill, please?
Will you bring, my bill, please?-
10. Модальный глагол must
I must drive tonight.
I must go home now.Я должен вести машину сегодня.
Я должен сейчас идти домой.
Сравните: must – should
must
shouldI must read this book.
Я должен обязательно прочитать эту книгу.
You should read this book.
Вы должны (я Вам советую) прочитать эту книгу.
Words
1. dear [di?]
Dear Sirs …
2. to inform [in?fo:m]
To inform … of
Please, inform us of the name of the hotel.
3. February [?febru?ri]
In February
He is coming to Moscow in February.
4. to begin [bi?gin]
5. talks [to:ks]
He is having talks now.
6. to make [meik]
To make a reservation at the hotel
7. let us know …
8. necessary [?nesis?ri]
9. cooperation [?koup??rei?n]
Thank you for your cooperation.
10. yours [jo:z]
11. faithfully [fei?fuli]
Yours faithfully, …дорогой
Уважаемые господа … (вежливая форма обращения в начале делового письма)
сообщать
сообщать кому-либо о чем-либо (в официальных документах)
просим сообщить нам название гостиницы.
февраль
в феврале
Он приезжает в Москву в феврале.
начинать
переговоры
Он сейчас на переговорах.
делать
забронировать номер в гостинице
Дайте нам знать … Сообщите нам …
необходимый
сотрудничество
Благодарим Вас за помощь.
ваш, ваша, ваши (употребляется без последующего существительного)
верно, преданно
С уважением … (заключительная фраза в деловых письмах)
Words
1. to regret [ri?gret]
I regret to say …
2. to reserve [ri?z?:v]
3. accommodation [??kom??dei?n]
to reserve (hotel) accommodation for somebody
4. to book (up)
We are booked up.
5. available [??veil?bl]
This book is not available.
6. national [?nae???nl]
7. processor [pr??ses?]
word processor
8. association [??sousi?ei??n]
9. to hold [hould]
10. convention [k?n?ven??n]
11. during [?dju?ri?]
during the revolution
during the interval
12 surely [??u?li]
As you will surely understand …
13. They have to reserve …
14. possible [?posibl]
as many rooms as possible
as soon as possible
15. member [?memb?]
a member of Parliament
16. to propose [pr??pouz]
We propose to discuss this problem.
17. to postpone [poust?poun]
18. safely [?seifli]
safe
19. to hope [houp]
20. to suit [sju:t]
We hope this will suit you.
21. to look forward to …
22. to hear from somebody
23. We look forward to hearing from you.сожалеть
К сожалению, должен сказать …
резервировать, бронировать
помещение, жилье
бронировать номер в гостинице для кого-либо
резервировать, принимать заказ
Все места забронированы.
доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный
Эту книгу нельзя достать.
национальный
процессор
текстовый процессор
общество, ассоциация
проводить (собрание, совещание, митинг)
собрание, съезд
в течение, в продолжение, во время
во время революции
во время перерыва
конечно, непременно (американского разговорное)
Как Вы, конечно, понимаете …
Они вынуждены бронировать …
возможный, вероятный
столько комнат, сколько возможно
как можно скорее
член
член парламента
предлагать
Мы предлагаем обсудить этот вопрос.
откладывать
надежно, с уверенностью
невредимый, сохранный
надеяться
устаивать, подходить
Надеемся, Вам это пройдет.
с интересом ждать …
получать известия, письмо от кого-либо
С нетерпением ждем (от Вас) ответа.Unit 3
1. The Present Perfect Tense (настоящее совершенное время)
Утвердительная формаВопросительная формаОтрицательная формаI have (I’ve)
seen this film.
You have (you’ve) seen this film.
He (she) has seen this film.
We have (we’ve) seen this film.
You have (you’ve) seen this film.
They have (they’ve) seen this film.Have I seen this film?
Have you seen this film?
Has he (she) seen-this film?
Have we seen this film?
Have you seen this film?
Have they seen this film?I have not (I haven’t) seen this film.
You have not (you haven’t) seen this film.
He (she) has not (hasn’t) seen this film.
We have not (haven’t) seen this film.
You have not (haven’t) seen this film.
They have not (haven’t) seen this film.
2. Страдательный залог простого настоящего и прошедшего времени
Действительный залогСтрадательный залогWe enclose a catalogue with this
letter.
We enclose catalogues with this letter.A catalogue is enclosed with this
letter.
К этому письму прилагается (приложен) каталог.
Catalogues are enclosed with this
letter.
К этому письму прилагаются (приложены) каталоги.We enclosed a catalogue
with this letter.
We enclosed catalogues with this letter.A catalogue was enclosed with
this
letter.
К этому письму был приложен (прилагался) каталог.
Catalogues were enclosed with this
letter.
К этому письму были приложены (прилагались, приложили) каталоги.
3. Страдательный залог (продолжение)
Простое будущее времяWe will quote this price.
We will not quote this price.This price will be quoted.
This price will not be quoted.Настоящее совершенное времяWe have already
quoted this price.
We have not quoted this price yet.This price has already been quoted.
This price has not been quoted yet.canWe can quote a lower price.
We cannot quote a lower price.A lower price can be quoted.
A lower price cannot be quoted.
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