An English Speaking Country

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ

КУБАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ ДЛЯ ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

Реферат по английскому языку

на тему

“An English Speaking Country”

New Zealand

Выполнила студентка

1 курса

Факультета управления и психологии

Отделения психологии

Михайлусенко Екатерина

проверила ст.преподаватель Т.В. Оберемко

Краснодар 2005

Content

Geography Location 3

Flora and Fauna 3

Government and Politics 3

Flag 4

Population and People 4

Religion 4

Education 5

Language 5

Holidays 5

Newspapers and Magazines 5

Radio and TV 5

Arts 5

Maori Arts 6

Literature 6

Cinema 6

Summary 7

Glossary 8

Bibliography 9

Geography Location

New Zealand stretches 1600 km from north to south it consists of two
large islands around which are scattered a number of smaller islands,
plus a few far-flung islands hundreds of km away. New Zealand’s
territorial jurisdiction extends to the islands of Chatham, Kermadec,
Tokelau, Auckland, Antipodes, Snares, Solander and Bounty (most of them
uninhabited) and to the Ross Dependency in Antarctica.

The North Island (115,000 sq km) and the South Island (151,000 sq km)
are the two major land masses. Stewart Island, with an area of 1700 sq
km, lies directly south of the South Island. The country is 10,400 km
south-west of the USA, 1700 km south of Fiji and 2250 km east of
Australia, its nearest large neighbor. Its western coastline faces the
Tasman Sea, the part of the Pacific Ocean which separates New Zealand
and Australia. With a total land mass of 268,000 sq km, altogether New
Zealand’s land area is greater than that of the UK (244,800 sq km),
smaller than that of Japan (377,800 sq km), and just a little smaller
than that of Colorado in the USA (270,000 sq km). With only 3,540,000
people, and almost 70% of those living in the five major cities, that
leaves a lot of wide open spaces. The coastline, with many bays, harbors
and fiords, is very Ion relative to the land mass of the country.

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A notable feature of New Zealand’s geography is the country’s great
number of rivers. There’s a lot of rainfall In New Zealand and all that
rain has to go somewhere. The Waikato River in the North Island is New
Zealand’s longest river, measuring in at 425 km. Also in the North
Island, the Whanganui River is the country’s longest navigable river,
which has made it an important water-way from historic times down to the
present. New Zealand also has a number of beautiful lakes; Lake Taupo is
the largest and lakes Waikaremoana and Wanaka are two of the most
beautiful.

Flora and Fauna

As is the case for most Pacific islands, New Zealand’s native flora &
fauna are, for the most part, not found anywhere else in the world. And,
like other Pacific islands, NZ’s native ecosystem has been dramatically
affected and changed by plants and animals brought by settlers, mostly
in the last 200 years. Wild pigs, goats, possums, wallabies, rabbits,
dogs, cats and deer have all made their mark on the native’ wildlife,
and blackberries, gorse, broom and agricultural weeds have infested huge
areas of land.

New Zealand is believed to be a fragment of the ancient southern
continent of Gondwanaland which became detached over 100 million years
ago allowing many ancient plants and animals to survive and evolve in
isolation. As a result, most of the NZ flora & fauna is
indigenous/endemic. It has the worlds largest flightless parrot
(kakapo), the only truly alpine parrot (kea), the oldest reptile
(tuatara), some of the biggest earthworms, the smallest bats, so me of
the oldest trees, and many of the rarest birds, insects, and plants in
the world. The first Maoris brought some rats and the now extinct Maori
dog (kuri) with them but the only indigenous mammals at that time were
bats.

Much of New Zealand’s unique flora & fauna has survived, but today over
150 native plants -10% of the total number of native species – and many
native birds are threatened with extinction.

Government and Politics

The governmental structure of New Zealand is modeled on the British
parliamentary system, elections being based on universal adult suffrage.
The minimum voting age is 18 and candidates are elected by secret
ballot. The maximum period between elections is three years, but the
interval can

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be shorter for various reasons, and the government of the day can call
an early election. Voting is not compulsory, although on average more
than 80% of those eligible to vote do so.

The difference between the UK’s Westminster system and the NZ model is
that New Zealand has abolished the upper house and governs solely
through the lower house. Known as the House of Representatives, it has
120 member’s seats. The government runs on a party system. The party
that wins a majority of seats in an election automatically becomes the
government and its leader. The prime minister. The two main parties are
the National (conservative) and Labor parties.

Like the UK, New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. The traditional
head of state, the reigning British king or queen, is represented by a
resident governor-general, who is appointed for a five-year term. An
independent judiciary makes up another tier of government.

The two-party system has traditionally made it difficult for other
parties to gain much power. Nevertheless, in the 1993 election the
Alliance party, composed of the Greens and other groups including Labor
groups and former National Party MPs, gained 18% of the vote. Election
results in

1993 were so close that the National Party was only voted in by a
majority of one seat, ahead of the Labour Party, and the smaller
Alliance and NZ First parties, which both had two seats.

After a referendum in 1993 to assess the public’s ideas on a number of
electoral reforms, New Zealanders voted overwhelmingly for proportional
representation. The government has introduced the MMP (Mixed Member
Proportional) electoral system, which is a limited form of proportional
voting based on the German electoral system.

Under MMP, electors have two votes: an electorate vote and a party vote.
Of the 120 parliamentary seats, 60 are general electorates, where the
candidate who receives the most electorate votes in an electorate is
voted in direct1y as the member of parliament. A further five MPs
represent five Maori electorates, chosen by Maori voters using their
electorate votes. The remaining 55 ‘list’ seats are allocated according
to the percentage of the party vote received from a list of candidates
nominated by political parties. A party must have at least 5% of the
party vote or win an electorate seat to get its allocation of
proportional list seats

It remains to be seen how the new system will affect the existing
political power base. The big winners from the changes are the largest
minor parties, such as the Alliance, but small parties will still have
difficulty gaining seats. The two main parties will continue to dominate
parliament, but majority governments may become a thing of the past.

Flag

The New Zealand and Australian flags are very much alike. With the
British flag in the top left-hand corner, the New Zealanders show the
stars of the Southern Cross in red on a blue field.

Population and People

New Zealand’s population of around 3,5 million is comprised

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of 78.3% New Zealand Pakeha, 13% New Zealand Maori and 5% Pacific Island
Polynesian, while 1.3% are Chinese, 0.9% are Indian and 1.5% are
‘Other’. Europeans are the only group declining, percentage-wise, while
Maori, Polynesian, Chinese, Indian and ‘Other’ peoples are on the rise.

Many of the islands of the Pacific are currently experiencing a rapid
population shift from remote and undeveloped islands to the ‘big city’
and Auckland is very much the big city of the South Pacific, with the
greatest concentration of Polynesians on earth. It sometimes causes a
great deal of argument, discussion and tension and much of it is not
between the recent Pacific immigrants and the Pakeha population but
between the islanders and the Maori, or among the various island groups
themselves.

Asian migration is also increasing. As well as a sizeable Indian
community, mostly from Fiji, New Zealand has been attracting migrants
from East Asia, many of whom have migrated under New Zealand’s recent
immigration incentives to attract skilled people and especially finance
to the country. Over the last 15 years or so the economic situation has
led to a mass exodus to Australia and further a field, though improving
economic conditions has seen a slowing of emigration.

With only about 12.6 people per sq km, New Zealand is lightly· populated
by many countries’ standards but it is much more densely populated than
Australia with its stretches of empty country and 2.2 persons per sq km.
The South Island once had a greater population than the North Island but
now the South Island is the place to go for elbow room-the entire
population of the South Island is barely more than that of Auckland. The
nation’s capital is Wellington but Auckland is the largest city.
Altogether the population of the 15 largest ‘urban areas’ comes to
nearly 70% of NZ’s population-Auckland alone has 28% of the entire
population. Despite its rural base, New Zealand is in fact very much an
urban country.

Religion

The most common religion in New Zealand is Christianity. The ‘big three’
denominations are Anglican (Church of England) with 25% of the
population, Presbyterian with 18% and Roman Catholic with 16%. Many
other denominations also have followings, with Methodists, Baptists.
Mormons, Brethren, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Pentecostals, Assemblies of God
and Seventh Day Adventists all well represented, along with various
other faiths including Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Baha’is. The Ratana and
Ringatu faiths, also with significant followings, are Maori adaptations
of Christianity.

There are also a significant number of people (16.7%) who have no
religion.

Education

New Zealanders place a high value on education, and virtually the entire
population is literate. By law, education is mandatory and free for all
children between the ages of six and 15; in fact most children enter
school by the age of five, and many also have attended preschools before
that, all subsidized by the state. Correspondence school is available
for children who live in remote places.

New Zealand has seven universities, a number of teachers’ colleges and
polytechnics and one agricultural college. A new and growing facet of
education in New Zealand is that it is gaining a reputation, especially
in Asian countries, as a good place to learn English. There are numerous
language schools throughout New Zealand (but most are in Auckland) and
student visas are available which permit foreign students to study in
New Zealand for up to foul’ years.

Language

New Zealand has two official languages: English and Maori. English is
the language that you usually hear spoken. The Maori language, long on
the decline, is now making a comeback. You can use English to speak to
anyone in New Zealand, as Maori people speak English. There are some
occasions, though, when knowing a little Maori would be very useful,
such as if you visit a mare, where often only Maori is spoken. It’s also
useful to know since many places in New Zealand have Maori names.

Holidays

People from the northern hemisphere never seem to become completely
familiar with upside-down seasons. To them Christmas simply doesn’t fall
in the middle of summer and how is it possible to have mid-winter cold
in August?

Public holiday’s inc1ude:

January

New Year’s Day and the next day (1st and 2nd)

February

Waitangi Day or New Zealand Day (6th)

March or April

Good Friday Easter Monday

April

Anzac Day (25th)

June

Queen’s Birthday (1st Monday)

October

Labor Day (4th Monday)

December

Christmas Day and Boxing Day (25th & 26th)

Newspapers and Magazines

There is no national paper although the New Zealand Herald (Auckland),
the Dominion (Wellington) and the Press (Christchurch) all have wide
circulations. Backing up the city newspapers are numerous local dailies,
same OK, some not. The closest to a national weekly news magazine is the
Listener, an excellent publication which provides a weekly TV & radio
guide, plus in-depth articles on the arts, social issues and politics.
The international publications such as Time and Newsweek are available
almost anywhere.

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Radio and TV

There are two national noncommercial radio stations and many regional
01′ local commercial stations, broadcasting on the AM and FM banes.

There are three commercial TV stations (Channels One, Two & Three) plus
Sky, a subscriber television service with news, sports, and movie and
documentary channels.

Arts

New Zealand has a multi-faceted arts scene with both Maori and Pakeha
engaged in all kinds of traditional and modern arts. Although there are
distinct ‘Maori arts’ and ‘Pakeha .arts’, in fact there is rarely a
division in who practices which arts. There are Pakeha people who enjoy
carving In bone and painting in traditionally Maori styles; Maori songs,
poi dances, and a little bit of Maori language are taught In schools and
all New Zealand children, regardless of background, learn them.
Likewise, there are many Maori people who excel in the traditionally
Pakeha arts – there are Maori in theatre, music and many European art
forms. Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, a Maori, is one of the world’s best known
operatic divas, and there are many other examples.

New Zealand literature, especially, is an arena in which the Maori are
making a strong mark – though the written word was not traditionally
apart of Maori culture NZ is experiencing a movement of dynamic Maori
writing in fiction, non-fiction, poetry and every other written form.

Maori Arts

Maori arts are dramatic in many ways, and they include various arts that
people of European backgrounds might not be familiar with.

Traditionally the Maori did not keep a written history; their history
was kept in long, very specific and stylized songs and chants. As in
many parts of the world where oral history has been practiced, oratory,
song and chant developed to a magnificent art in Maori culture. The many
rituals associated with Maori protocol are also quite stylized- if you
ever visit a mare and are greeted with the traditional haka (war chant)
and wero (challenge), you will appreciate how artistic they are. The
Maori arts of song and dance include so me special features such as the
poi dance and action songs. Martial arts, using a variety of traditional
weapons and movements, are highly stylized and developed

Other Maori arts inc1ude crafts such as wood, bone and jade
carving, basketry and weaving, including a distinctive form of wall
paneling known as tukutuku, which can be seen on mare and in Maori
churches. Wood carvings, tukutuku wall panels and distinctive styles of
painting (especially on the rafters and ceilings) can be seen in most
Maori meeting houses. These traditional Maori arts are not used only on
the mare, though – wood and bone carving, painting, basketry and various
other arts are being used in both traditional and new ways, creating
some vibrant artistic works.

Literature

New Zealand has an active literary scene, with a number of modem
authors and a few old c1assics. Probably the most internationally known
New Zealand writer is still Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), who was
born and raised in New Zealand and later moved to England, where she
spent most of her short adult life and did most of her writing.

Frank Sargeson (1903-82) is another c1assic New Zealand author. Within
the country he is probably as well known as Mansfield, especially for
his three-volume autobiography, his novels and many short stories, but
since he lived all his life in New Zealand, his work did not become as
widely known internationally.

Maurice Shadbolt is the author of several fine historical novels a bout
New Zealand – so far he’ s published nine novels, foul’ collections of
short stories and several nonfiction books. His best known novel is
probably The Season of the Jew, which won the NZ Wattie Book of the Year
Award in 1987 and was chosen by the NY Times as one of the best books of
that year. This book follows a dispossessed band of Maori who identify
with the Jews of ancient Israel.

Janet Frame is another popular novelist, poet and short story writer.
Her three-volume autobiography (To the 1sland, An Angel at my Table and
Envoy from Mirror City) was made famous by the film An Angel at my Table
by acc1aimed local director, Jane Campion. Janet Frame: An Autobiography
is a fascinating insight to her life, and her many works are widely
available.

Shonagh Koea is another popular author; her better-known works include
The Woman Who Never Went Home (1987), The Grandiflora Tree (1989),
Staying Home and Being Rotten (1992) and Fifteen Rubies by Candlelight
(1993).

Other favorite New Zealand authors include Maurice Gee, whose novel
Going West won the NZ Wattie Book Award in 1993; Fiona Kidman (The Book
of Secrets); Owen Marshall (Tomorrow We Save the Orphans); Philip Temple
(Beak of the Moon); and Dame Ngaio Marsh (murder mysteries).

Cinema

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The history of New Zealand film doesn’t really begin until the late
1970s when generous tax breaks were introduced to encourage local
production. From some early stumbling attempts, notable feature films
have survived the test of time and launched the careers of New Zealand
directors and actors.

Sleeping Dogs (1977) is an accomplished psychological drama that was at
the forefront of the new film industry, and which launched the careers
of actor Sam Neill and director Roger Donaldson.

New Zealand films moved into art-house cinemas with Vincent Ward’s Vigil
(1984), a blooding film about a girl’s coming of age in the
rain-drenched back blocks of New Zealand. It proved too ponderously
artistic for many Kiwi film-goers but wowed them at Cannes. Ward’s
follow-up The Navigator (1988) is a strange modern medieval hunt for the
Holy Grail.

New Zealand’s best known director, though Australian based and trained,
is Jane Campion. Her greatest films explore New Zealand themes. An Angel
at My Table (1990), based on Kiwi writer Janet Frame’s autobiography,
shows all the fine character development typical of her films Campion’s
masterpiece, The Piano (1993), about the trials of a mute woman in New
Zealand’s pioneer days, received Cannes and Academy A ward success.
Suddenly the world noticed New Zealand’s already accomplished movie
Indus try. Once Were Warriors (1994), a brutal tale of modern. Urban
Maori life, stunned movie-goers around the world. Heavenly Creatures,
directed by Peter Jackson, also achieved critical acclaim. It is based
on a famous case of matricide in the 1950s committed by two schoolgirls.

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Summary

New Zealand stretches 1600 km from north to south it consists of two
large islands around which are scattered a number of smaller islands,
plus a few far-flung islands hundreds of km away. The North Island
(115,000 sq km) and the South Island (151,000 sq km) are the two major
land masses. A notable feature of New Zealand’s geography is the
country’s great number of rivers. The Waikato River in the North Island
is New Zealand’s longest river, measuring in at 425 km. New Zealand also
has a number of beautiful lakes; Lake Taupo is the largest and lakes
Waikaremoana and Wanaka are two of the most beautiful. As is the case
for most Pacific islands, New Zealand’s native flora & fauna are, for
the most part, not found anywhere else in the world. And, like other
Pacific islands, NZ’s native ecosystem has been dramatically affected
and changed by plants and animals brought by settlers, mostly in the
last 200 years.

Much of New Zealand’s unique flora & fauna has survived, but today over
150 native plants -10% of the total number of native species – and many
native birds are threatened with extinction.

The New Zealand and Australian flags are very much alike. With the
British flag in the top left-hand corner, the New Zealanders show the
stars of the Southern Cross in red on a blue field. New Zealand’s
population of around 3,5 million people .

The most common religion in New Zealand is Christianity. New Zealanders
place a high value on education, and virtually the entire population is
literate. New Zealand has seven universities, a number of teachers’
colleges and polytechnics and one agricultural college. New Zealand has
two official languages: English and Maori.

New Zealand has a multi-faceted arts scene with both Maori and Pakeha
engaged in all kinds of traditional and modern arts. Maori arts are
dramatic in many ways, and they include various arts that people of
European backgrounds might not be familiar with.

New Zealand has an active literary scene, with a number of modem authors
and a few old classics. Probably the most internationally known New
Zealand writer is still Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923).

Glossary

Articles статьи

Bay залив

Blackberries ежевика

Careers карьера

Channels каналы

Christianity христианство

Climate климат

Coastline береговая линия

Concentration концентрация

Conditions условия

Ecosystem экосистема

Elections выборы

Exodus массовое бегство

Fauna фауна

Film industry кинопроизводство

Film-goers кинолюбители

Flora флора

Geology геология

Gorse утесник обыкновенный

Harbor гавань

Immigrant’s иммигранты

Islander’s островитяне

Isolation изоляция

Land masses континентальный массив

Literate грамотный

Mammal’s млекопитающие

Martial arts военные искусства

Masterpiece шедевр

Muslims мусульмане

Navigable судоходная

Noncommercial некоммерческий

Non-fiction научная литература

Novels романы

Paper бумага

Poetry поэзия

Polytechnics политехникум

Population население

Possum опоссум

Production производство

Referendum референдум

Reputation репутация

Rural сельский

Settler поселенец

Subsidized субсидирования

Suffrage избирательное право

Tale рассказ

Tax breaks налоговые льготы

Territorial территория

Voting age возрастной ценз

Wallaby’s кенгуру-валаби

Bibliography

1. Spotlight on English-speaking countries N.Timanovskaya , изд.
.Автограф, 1998.

2. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture Pearson Educated
Limited, 1998.

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An English Speaking Country – New Zealand