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Accounting ruinsles for regulations in banking sector

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Міністерство освіти і науки України

НТУ «ХАРКІВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ»

Кафедра «Англійської мови і ділової комунікації»

Тема: «ACCOUNTING RULES FOR REGULATIONS IN BANKING

SECTOR»

Харків – 2008

As many banks and other credit institutions start offering their
services globally, they should change the way their business is
conducted. This is the main reason way different international rules
become more and more popular. Among the others, Basel Committee on
Banking Supervision and the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB) issue many important rules that are implementing into banking
sector. This paper is going to present the most important Basel
Committee’s and the IASB’s standards which affect banking activity.

As for the European Union’s legislation for banking sector, it’s
necessary to point out the following.

As more and more countries want to join the European Union, they usually
try to apply European law their own law system. That situation refers to
banking system, too. There are several European Union Directives which
regulate banking activity. One of the most important is the First
Council Directive on the coordination of the law, regulations and
administrative provisions relating to the taking up and pursuit of the
business of credit institutions [1] and the Second Council
Directive [2]. They consist of framework for banking institutions having
their headquarters either inside or outside the European Union.

Other European directives regulate deposit-guarantee schemes [3], amount
of banks’ own fund [4], supervision of credit institutions on a
consolidated basis [5], large exposures [6].

There are also some directives regulating accounting policies of
commercial entities (including banks). These are:

1) the Fourth Council Directive [7],

2) the Seventh Council Directive [8],

3) the Eighth Council Directive [9],

4) the Fourth-Bis Directive [10].

The 1 – 3 directives refer to all commercial entities and the 4th
regulates banking activity. It gives the framework for banks’ financial
statements. It makes banks disclose some special, specific for credit
institutions, as income statement and balance sheet positions. According
to that directive every bank’s financial statements material differs
from that of «normal» enterprise. Due to that solution the reader of
financial statement may discover those parts of banking activity that
generate incomes and losses.

Since 1992 over 100 countries have implemented the Basel Capital Accord.
One can say that generally the document deals with bank capital level
and its adequacy to the business size. The First Basel Capital Accord
focused on the total amount of bank capital, which is vital in reducing
the risk of bank insolvency and the potential cost of a bank’s failure
for depositors. It emphasized single risk measure [11]. At the end of
2001 the Committee released another, newer version which is called the
Second Capital Accord. It is considered to be more flexible to the
modern, changeable world of business. It also allows banks to implement
their own, internal methodologies on measuring the risk exposure.

The structure of the new Accord consists of three pillars:

1) minimum capital requirement,

2) supervisory review process,

3) market discipline.

These three pillars together should contribute to the safety of
international financial system.

As we consider the international regulations on a single commercial
bank’s situation, we do emphasize the first pillar, and briefly
summarize the rest.

The first pillar of the Accord was implemented in almost entire world of
business. According to this many national supervisory bodies demand that
the banks keep capital adequacy on at least 8% level. But there has been
a great change in defining the capital adequacy. Before 2001,
supervisory bodies described it as total bank’s capital over weighted
average in assets and off-balance sheet liabilities. The new Accord
differs slightly, because right now the capital adequacy is defined as
bank’s capital over total of credit, market and operational risks. The
temporary problem is how to measure these kinds of banking risks.

The Capital Accord introduces new models of measuring the risks:

1. The list of approaches to measure credit risks:

a) standardized approach;

b) foundation internal rating based approach;

c) advanced internal rating based approach.

2. The list of approaches to measure market risks:

a) standardized approach;

b) internal models approach.

3. The list of approaches to measure operational risks:

a) basic indicator approach;

b) standardized approach.

c) internal measurement approach.

The first pillar is generally accepted all over the world and almost
every commercial bank must keep its capital of 8% of risk-weighted
assets.

That requirement is very important for bank’s management, because when
they have very poor (of low quality) credit (and other assets)
portfolio, they must either raise the capital or release that asset.
Otherwise, they may face very serious consequences, including license
withdrawal.

But new Accord allows banks to establish their own systems of
calculating probability of creditors collapse. According to this banks
may implement external or even internal ratings into their clients
evaluations. If they do this, they may create new, much more flexible,
systems of calculating provisions for likely bad debts.

The second pillar «Supervisory review process», considers how national
supervisory bodies should ensure that each bank implement Basel
recommendations. As the new Accord stresses the importance of bank’s own
systems for calculating capital adequacy, the role of supervisors has
dramatically changed. Instead of being standards setters, they must only
evaluate and consult appropriateness of these systems.

The last, the third pillar concentrates on market discipline as a power,
which push banks into clear and fair disclosure of all risks. This is
the power of market that should make banks interested in publishing more
information covering banks’ risk profiles and capital adequacy.

As we can see, the Basel Committee propositions, which in fact are not
obligatory to any single bank, have a huge influence on their activity,
because many national supervisors state them as a bench-mark.

And now let’s consider the International Accounting Standards Board’s
principles.

The international Accounting Standards Board (IASB), previously the
International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC) an independent
standard setting body. It issues the International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS), previously the International Accounting Standards
(IAS) covers main problematic areas and advises how entities should
disclose, measure and present different accounting positions. Among them
(are four standards deeply connected with banking activity:

1. IFRS 30 – Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and
Similar Financial Institutions [12].

2. IFRS 32 – Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation [13.]

3. IFRS 39 – Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement [14].

4. IFRS 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent
Assets [15].

The international Financial Reporting Standard 30 – Disclosures in the
Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions, should
be applied in the financial statements of all banks (and other
institutions which are allowed to credit and receive deposits. This
standard describes what kind of information has to be included in banks’
financial statements. These are:

1) in the income statement:

a) interest and similar income;

b) interest expense and similar charges;

c) dividend income;

d) fee and commission income;

e) fee and commission expense;

f) gains less losses arising from dealing securities;

g) gains less losses arising from investment securities;

h) gains less losses arising from dealing in foreign currencies;

i) other operating income;

j) losses on loans and advance;

k) general administrative expenses;

l) other operating expenses;

2) in the balance sheet (assets):

a) cash and balances with the central bank;

b) treasure bills and other bills eligible for rediscounting with the
central bank;

c) government and other securities held for dealing purposes;

d) placements with, and loans and advances, other banks;

e) other money market placements;

f) loans and advances to customers;

g) investment securities;

3) in the balance sheet (liabilities):

a) deposits from other banks;

b) other money market deposits;

c) amounts owed to other depositors;

d) certificates of deposits;

e) promissory notes and other liabilities evidenced by paper;

f) other borrowed funds.

According to that standard every bank institutions should also disclose
an analysis of its assets and liabilities, based on the remaining period
at the balance sheet date to the contractual maturity day (e. g. up to 1
month, from 1 month to 3 months, from 3 months to 1 year, from 1 year to
5 years and over 5 years). Other obligatory notes to the financial
statements refers to concentration of assets and liabilities, off
balance sheet items, sources of banking risks and related party
transactions.

The international Financial Reporting Standards 32 and 39 seemed to be
the most difficult standards for applying. They treat of disclosure,
presentation, recognition and measurement of financial instruments – an
area which is not the easiest to understand. Although these standards
refer to every entity collecting financial instruments, the banks and
other financial institutions are the most interested groups among them.
They define financial assets as any assets that is cash, a contractual
right to receive cash or another assets from another enterprise, a
contractual right to exchange financial instruments with another
enterprise under conditions that are potentially favourable, an equity
instrument of another enterprise. And the financial liabilities are
contractual obligations to deliver cash or another financial assets to
another enterprise, or to exchange financial instruments with another
enterprise under conditions that are potentially unfavourable. The
standards classify financial instruments into 4 four groups:

1) loans and receivables originated by the enterprise;

2) held-to-maturity investments;

3) financial assets held for trading;

4) available-for-sole financial assets.

Initially measurement should be at cost and subsequent measuring at fair
value (except for loans originated by the enterprise, held-to-maturity
and assets without quoted market, which have to be valued at amortized
cost).

The international Financial Reporting Standard 37 – Provisions,
Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets states what kind of
situations entitle banks (and other entities too) to recognize
provisions. Generally, provisions are sub-class of liabilities and
should not be disclose separately. They should be estimated on a prudent
basis. Any provision is allowed if (and only if) the liabilities
connected with provisions exist in the face of balance sheet.

It is necessary to tell a few words about the polish commercial banks’
situation in international environment.

As Polish banks, in many cases, belong to foreign capital groups
(including international or even global banking institutions), they are
generally well prepared to implementing international regulations. For
example, if Polish bank belongs to any institution that presents its
financial report in accordance with the IFRS, it ought to apply these
rules, apart from local accounting requirements. As far as Basel
Committee Accord is concerned, banks are trying to introduce the best
system for estimating different kinds of risk (credit, operational and
market). The banks’ staffs realize that earlier or later, the same
regulations will be obligatory in Poland too. The easier situation his
in those banks, which have foreign branch investor. They have unlimited
source of global know-how.

The banks that are quoted on Warsaw Stock Exchange, must also be
prepared for implementing new corporate governance to be in accordance
with Polish Security and Exchange Commission’s law. An appropriate
corporate governance policy and investor relationship will make reports
readers more familiar with what they read.

As one can see, every bank and credit institution should apply different
law regulations set by international bodies. Some of them are included
into the law system, in a fact, but some of them must be applied by
banks themselves, because it makes their activity and financial
statements clearer to the investors. Otherwise, they will look like
entities that have something to hide, which is not favourable to modern
commercial institutions.

References

1. First Council Directive 77/780/EEC of 12 December 1977 on the
coordination of the law, regulations and administrative provisions
relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit
institutions, Official journal No. L 322, 17/12/1977 P. 0030–0037.

2. Second Council Directive 89/646/EEC of 15 December 1989 on the
coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating
to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions and
amending Directive 77/780/EEC, Official journal No. L. 386, 30/12/1989
P. 0001–0013.

3. Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 30
May 1994 on deposit-guarantee schemes, Official journal No. L. 135,
31/05/1994 P. 0005–0014.

4. Council Directive 89/299/EEC of 17 April 1989 on the own funds of
credit institutions, Official journal No. L. 124, 05/05/1989 P.
0016–0020.

5. Council Directive 92/30/EEC of 6 April 1992 on the supervision of
credit institutions on a consolidated basis, Official journal No. L.
110, 280/04/1992 P. 0052–0058.

6. Council Directive 92/121/EEC of 21 December 1992 on the monitoring
and control of large exposures of credit institutions, Official journal
No. L. 029, 05/02/1992 P. 0001–0008.

7. Fourth Council Directive 78/660/EEC of 25 July 1978 based on Article
54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on the annual accounts of certain types of
companies (Official journal No. L. 122, 14/08/1978 P. 0011–0031.

8. Seventh Council Directive 83/349/EEC of 13 July 1983 based on the
Article 54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on consolidated accounts, Official
journal No. L. 193, 18/07/1983 P. 0001–0017.

9. Eighth Council Directive 84/253/EEC of 10 April 1984 based on Article
54 (3) (g) of the Treaty on the approval of persons responsible for
carrying out statutory audits of accounting documents, Official journal
No. L. 126, 12/05/1984 P. 0020–0026.

10. Council Directive 86/635/EEC of 8 December 1986 on the annual
accounts and consolidated accounts of banks and other financial
institutions, Official journal No. L. 372, 31/12/1986 P. 0001–0017.

11. The New Basel Capital Accord: an explanatory note, Secretariat of
the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International
Settlements, January 2001, p. 3.

12. International Financial Reporting Standard 30 – Disclosures in the
Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions,
International Accounting Standards Board, London 2001.

13. International Financial Reporting Standard 32 – Financial
Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation, International Accounting
Standards Board, London 2001.

14. International Financial Reporting Standard 39 – Financial
Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, International Accounting
Standards Board, London 2001.

15. International Financial Reporting Standard 37 – Provisions,
Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, International Accounting
Standards Board, London 2001.

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