OAAeA?AEUeIIA AAAIONOAI AEAEACIIAeI?IAEIIAI O?AINII?OA
O?AEUeNEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
IOOAE NIIAUAIEss
Eaoaae?a oeeinioee e eoeueoo?ieiaee
EIIO?IEUeIAss ?AAIOA
ii aeenoeeieeia: EOEUeOO?IEIAEss
ia oaio: NAIUe *OAeAN NAAOA EAE IAIssOIEEE
AIOE*IIE EOEUeOO?U
I?iaa?ee
Auiieiee
i?aiiaeaaaoaeue:
nooaeaio:
*auaai?iaa I.A.
Ieeieaaa A.A.
Oeo? 07-IO-863
Aeaoa?eiao?a
2008
NIAeA?AEAIEA
I. Aaaaeaiea …………………………………………………………………3
II. Naiue /oaean naaoa eae iaiyoieee aioe/iie eoeueoo?u …….…….4
1. Aaeiaoneea ie?aieaeu a Aeca ……………………………………….4
2. Aeny/ea naaeu Naie?aieaeu a Aaaeeiia …………………………..6
3. O?ai A?oaieaeu a Yoana ……………………………………………8
4. Noaooy Caana a Ieeiiee …………………………………………….9
5. Iaacieae a Aaeeea?iana ……………………………………………11
6. Eieinn ?iaeinneee ………………………………………………….12
7. Aeaenaiae?eeneee iaye …………………………………………….14
III. Caeeth/aiea …………………………………………………………..17
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u …………………………………..18
Aaaaeaiea
Ae?aaiee ie? ciae naiue eeanne/aneeo /oaean. Ii/oe iyoue ouny/aeaoee
iacaae auei ”nioai?aii” ia?aia ec ieo – ie?aieaeu aaeiaoneeo oa?aiiia,
caoai, aeaaaeoeaoue aaeia nionoy, aoi?ia – aeny/ea naaeu a Aaaeeiia (VII
a. aei i.y.), ca iei ii iaeiiio a noieaoea – o?ai A?oaieaeu a Yoana (VI
a. Aei i.y.), noaooy Caana a Ieeiiee (V a. aei i.y.), Iaacieae a
Aaeeea?iana (IV a. aei i.y.) e, iaeiiaoe, ii/oe iaeiia?aiaiii n?aco aeaa
/oaea – Eiein ?iaeinneee e iaye ia ino?iaa Oi?ina (III a. aei i.y.).
Yoi auee iienoeia aaeeeea i?iecaaaeaiey ae?aaieo ianoa?ia, iie ii?aaeaee
aiia?aaeaiea nia?aiaiieeia naiae iiioiaioaeueiinoueth e e?anioie. Iiiaea
a?oeoaeoo?iua nii?oaeaiey ?aciuo a?ai?i e ia?iaeia ii?aaeaee
aiia?aaeaiea ia oieueei nia?aiaiieeia, ii e iioiieia. E oiaaea aiai?eee:
“Yoi iaeii ec naie /oaean naaoa”, ioaeaaay aeaiue oaaaeaiey,
i?ineaaeaiiui /oaeanai ae?aaiinoe, i?eciaaay ca ieie ia?aainoai e
niaa?oainoai. Aiai?eee oaeaea: “Yoi ainueiia /oaei naaoa”, eae au
iaiaeay ia aiciiaeiinoue i?eieiooue e aaeeeieaiiie nai??ea.
Aeooaeueiinoue oaiu iaoae ?aaiou caeeth/aaony a iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeey
nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey e ciaeiinoaa n ie?iauie
iaiyoieeaie eneonnoaa.
Naiue /oaean naaoa eae iaiyoieee aioe/iie eoeueoo?u
Aaeiaoneea ie?aieaeu a Aeca
Yoi aaeeinoaaiiia /oaei naaoa, nio?aieaoaany ii nae aeaiue e ia
o?aaothuaa iienaiey ?aiieie enoi?eeaie e iiyoaie.
Ie?aieaeu — iaiiaeaeanoiu a?aiaie e naiua caaaaei/iua e oaeinoaaiiua ec
oiai, /oi inoaeinue iai io i?aaeeia. Iie aicauoathony n?aaee ai?y/eo
ianeia Eeaeeneie ionouie e oyioony io nia?aiaiiiai Eae?a (a ai?iaea
Aeca, Iae?iiieena ae?aaiaai Iaioena a Aaeioa) aei Oathineiai eaiaea.
Aii?aee iauaio oaaaeaeaieth, oieueei Ie?aieaea Oaiina, a ia ana o?e
Aaeeeeo Ie?aieaeu, iaoiaeeony a «ia?a/ia» *oaean Naaoa. Ii anaie?ii
ecaanoiu e inoaeueiua ie?aieaeu oa?aiiia (Oaiina, Oao?aia e Ieea?eia).
Yoi eo a?a/aneea eiaia, ianoiyuea aea aaeiaoneea niioaaonoaaiii – Oooo,
Oao?a e Iaieao?a. A?aiy eo nii?oaeaiey ioiineony e ia/aeo Ae?aaiaai
oea?noaa (2800–2250 aiaeu aei i.y.). Neiaeiua /oanoaa ioaaouaatho
iooieea i?e aeaea Aaeeeeo ie?aieae. Iie eaaeoony aeaaioneeie
e?enoaeeaie, au?inoeie ec ie?oaeathuaai eo na?iaaoi-aeaeoiai ianea, oioy
ia?aiia/aeueii iie neiaieece?iaaee niaie iii?o aeoea-nei?iaay. *aoei
au?eniauaathony iie ia oiia aeaaeiiai iaaa e aacaeeciaiiie, aaneiia/iie
ionouie. E eaaeaony, /oi iie noiyee caeanue anaaaea…
«Ai?eciio Oooo» – oae iacuaaaony ie?aieaea Oooo. Ioaeii i?ieoe oeaeue
eeeiiao?, /oiau iaieoe aa aie?oa. Aeeeia noi?iiu iniiaaiey ie?aieaeu
?aaia 233 iao?ai. Aa aunioa – 146,6 iao?ia! Aan yoie a?iiaaeeiu
i?aauoaao 6,5 ieeeeiiia oiii! Iino?ieea ie?aieaeu noieea iaaa?iyoiuo
o?oaeia. Ieeaeie iaoaiecaoeee a oi a?aiy au? ia nouanoaiaaei.
Eino?oiaiou aeey ia?aaioee eaiiy aeaeaeenue ec e?aniie iaaee e auno?i
ooieeenue. Eaiaiiua aeiee e ieeou, a eo iiiaaeiaeeinue ieeeeiiu e
ieeeeiiu, ecaioaaeeaaeenue oaeanathuei naiae o?oaeiaieinoueth niiniaii.
Ia neaea ii eiioo?o aoaeouae ieeou iaaeiuie naa?eaie, iiae eioi?ua
iai?a?uaii iiaenuiaeny ianie e iiaeeeaaeanue aiaea, naa?eeeenue aeoaieea
ioaa?noey. A ieo caaiiyee aea?aayiiua eeeiuey, eioi?ua iieeaaee aiaeie.
Aea?aai iaaooaei e io?uaaei aeuao io neaeu. Aeuao iaoanuaaee iaaeiuie
coaeeaie e oeeoiaaee. E iiaeii oieueei oaeeaeyoueny oi/iinoe iaoanee e
oeeoiaee eaiiae, eioi?ie aeinoeaaee ae?aaiea, eiay oaeoth oaoieeo. Eaiie
ie?aieaeu oae i?eaiaiu, /oi iaaeaeo ieie iaaiciiaeii i?inoiooue aeaaea
eacaea iiaea.
Ie?aieaea Oao?a ii/oe ia onooiaao ii aunioa ie?aieaea Oooo. Oioy aeeeia
noi?iiu aa iniiaaiey – 215 iao?ia, a aunioa ?aaia 143 iao?ai, ie?aieaea
Oao?a eaaeaony aeaaea aieaa aunieie ec-ca aieueoae e?ooeciu neeiiia.
Iaaeaeaei io ie?aieaeu auneony e nae/an ia?iiiay oeao?a Aieueoiai
Noeiena. ?acia?u oeao?u eieinnaeueiu: aunioa aa – 20, a aeeeia – 57
iao?ia. Auna/aiiay ec oeaeueiie neaeu oeao?a ecia?aaeaao eaaeauaai eueaa
n /aeiaa/aneie aieiaie. Caaaaei/ii e oaeinoaaiii niio?eony Noeien.
«Iooeii o?aiaoa» iacuaaee Noeiena ei/aaieee-aaaeoeiu. I?aiaeieaaay
noaaa?iue oaean, iie o?iaeiaaee, ?ac?ooaee eeoei Noeiena. Aea e
aa?iiaeoeu auee ia eo/oa. A Noeiena no?aeyee ec ?oaeae e iooae nieaeaou
iaiieaiiianeie a?iee ai a?aiy Aaeiaoneie yeniaaeeoeee 1798–1801 aiaeia.
Ie?aieaea Iaieao?a ii iauaio ?ac a aeanyoue iaiueoa ie?aieaeu Oooo. Aa
aunioa anaai 66,4 iao?a. Ii, ianiio?y ia iaiueoea ?acia?u, ie?aieaea
Iaieao?a auaeyaeeo iaiaueiiaaiii e?aneai. Iaieao? ia iia naaa iicaieeoue
nii?oaeaiea aieueoae ie?aieaeu. No?aia auea ?aci?aia iino?ieeie ie?aieae
Oooo e Oao?a. Ia/aeny aieiae. Ianaeaiea, ecio/aiiia iaiineeueiui
o?oaeii, ?iioaei.
Ie?aieaeu — naiia ciaiaieoia a?oeoaeoo?iia nii?oaeaiea a ie?a. N
eiaeaia?iie aea oi/ee c?aiey, yoi i?eieoeaiua iino?ieee, ai?u,
neiaeaiiua ethaeueie, Iaeiaei oeaeue auea aeinoeaiooa — ie?aieaeu noaee
aa/iuie iiioiaioaie, ia?aaeeaoeie ouny/aeaoey.
Aeny/ea naaeu Naie?aieaeu a Aaaeeiia
A 90 eeeiiao?ao io Aaaaeaaea iaoiaeyony ?acaaeeiu Aaaeeiia. Oioy
ae?aaiee ai?iae aeaaii ia?anoae nouanoaiaaoue, i aai aueie
a?aiaeeiciinoe naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ?acaaeeiu, eioi?ua iiaeii oaeaeaoue e
naaiaeiy.
A VII a. aei e. J. Aaaeeii aue naiui aieueoei e aiaaoui ai?iaeii
Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea. Iiiai oaeeaeoaeueiuo nii?oaeaiee auei a Aaaeeiia, ii
aieueoa anaai ii?aaeaee aeny/ea naaeu oea?neiai aeai?oea, naaeu, noaaoea
eaaaiaeie.
Nicaeaiea ciaiaieouo naaeia eaaaiaea naycuaaao n eiaiai Naie?aieaeu,
oea?eoeu Anne?ee, ii e?aeiae ia?a ia yoii aea ?anneacuaatho Aeeiaei? e
ae?oaea a?a/aneea enoi?eee.
Naie?aieaea — Oaiio?aiao — enoi?e/aneia eeoei, ii aeeciue aa
eaaaiaea?ia. Ii i?aaeaieth, aei/ue aiaeie Aea?eaoi Naie?aieaea ?inea a
ionouia, a noaa aieoaae. Iioii aa oaeaeaee ianoooe e ioaeaee niio?eoaeth
oea?neeo noaae Neiiano, eioi?ue ainieoae aa eae ?iaeioth aei/ue.
Oea?neee aiaaiaea Iaii oaeaeae aeaaooeo e aeaieeny ia iae. Naie?aieaea
auea oaeeaeoaeueii e?aneaa, oiia e ioaaaeia. Iia i/a?iaaea oea?y,
eioi?ue ioiye aa o aiaaiaeu. Iaii eeoee naay aeecie, a Naie?aieaea noaea
oea?eoeae. Iinea nia?oe ioaea iia noaea ianeaaeieoeae i?anoiea, oioy o
ieo aue nui Ieiee. Oiaaea-oi e i?iyaeeenue aa niiniaiinoe a ie?iii
oi?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaii. Iia iino?ieea oea?neee ai?iae Aaaeeia n
iiuiuie noaiaie e aaoiyie, n aaeeeieaiiui iinoii /a?ac Aao?ao e
oaeeaeoaeueiui o?aiii Ayeo. I?e iae auea i?ieiaeaia oaeiaiay aei?iaa
/a?ac naiue a?yae Ca-?inneie oeaie a Eeaeeth, aaea iia oiaea iino?ieea
noieeoeo Yeaaoaio n i?ae?aniui oea?neei aeai?oeii, a aiaeo e noieeoea
i?iaaea /a?ac ooiiaeue ec aeaeaeeo ai?iuo ica?. Aeai? Naie?aieaeu
aeenoae aaeeeieaieai. Ieieth ianeo/eea aanneaaiay aeeciue, e ii
i?aaieciaae i?ioea iaoa?e caaiai?. Oea?eoea aeia?iaieueii ia?aaeaea nuio
aeanoue, a naia, i?aa?aoeaoenue a aieoaeo, oeaoaea ec aeai?oea ni noaae
aieoaae. N yoiai a?aiaie anne?eeoeu noaee ii/eoaoue aa aiaeiae, a
aieoaue noae aeey ieo nayuaiiie ioeoeae.
Iaeiaei ciaiaieoua «aeny/ea naaeu» auee ?acaeou ia Naie?aieaeie e aeaaea
ia ai a?aiaia aa oea?noaiaaiey, a iicaea, a /anoue ae?oaie, oau, ia
eaaaiaea?iie aeaiueiu. Iie auee iino?iaiu ii i?eeaco Iaaooiaeiiini?a
aeey ethaeiie aeaiu Aieoen — ieaeeeneie oea?aaiu, eioi?ay oineiaaea a
iueueiii Aaaeeiia ii caeaiui oieiai Ieaeee. Yoio oea?ue, oie/oiaeaaoee
ai?iae ca ai?iaeai e aeaaea oeaeua ainoaea?noaa, iiiai no?iee a
Aaaeeiia. Ii i?aa?aoee noieeoeo a iai?enooiioth oaa?aeuith e ie?oaeee
naay aani?eia?iie, aeaaea a oa a?aiaia, ?ineioueth.
Naie aeai?aoe Iaaooiaeiiini? iino?iee ia eneonnoaaiii nicaeaiiie
ieiuaaeea, iiaeiyoie ia aunioo /aou?aouy?oniiai nii?oaeaiey. Ia ianuiiuo
oa??anao, iieiyueony ia naiaeao, auee ?acaeou aeny/ea naaeu. Naiaeu
iiaeaea?aeeaaee iiuiua aunieea eieiiiu, ?aniieiaeaiiua aioo?e eaaeaeiai
yoaaea. Ieaooi?iu oa??an i?aaenoaaeyee neiaeiia nii?oaeaiea. A eo
iniiaaiee eaaeaee ianneaiua eaiaiiua ieeou ni neiai eaiuoa, caeeoiai
anoaeueoii. Caoai oae aeaieiie ?yae ee?ie/ae, niaaeeiaiiuo aeinii. Aua
auoa — naeioeiaua ieanoeiu aeey caaea?aeee aiaeu. Naio oa??ano iie?uaae
oienoue neie ieiaei?iaeiie caiee, a eioi?ii iiaee ionoeoue ei?ie
aieueoea aea?aauey. Yoaaee naaeia iiaeieiaeenue onooiaie e niaaeeiyeenue
oe?ieeie iieiaaie eanoieoeaie, iie?uouie ?iciaui e aaeui eaiiai. Aunioa
yoaaeae aeinoeaaea 50 eieoae (27,75 i) e aeaaaea aeinoaoi/ii naaoa aeey
?anoaiee.
A iiaiceao, cai?yaeaiiuo aueaie, a Aaaeeii i?eaiceee aea?aauey,
caaa?iooua a iie?oth ?iaiaeo, naiaia ?aaeeeo ?anoaiee, o?aa e eonoia.
Iinoaiaiii ?ac?ineenue oaeeaeoaeueiua naaeu e ?anionoeeenue i?ae?aniua
oeaaoa. Aeey i?ioaiey caeaie, aeaiue e ii/ue nioie ?aaia iiaeaaaee a
eiaeaiuo iaoeao aiaeo ec Aao?aoa.
Aaeeeieaiiua naaeu n ?aaeeeie aea?aaueyie, e?aneauie aeooenouie oeenoaie
e i?ioeaaeie a ciieiie Aaaeeiiee auee iienoeia /oaeii naaoa. A ethia 323
a. aei i. y. a iieiyo ieaeiaai y?ona yoeo naaeia i?iaae naie iineaaeiea
aeie Aeaenaiae? Iaeaaeiineee.
Aeny/ea naaeu auee ?ac?ooaiu iinoiyiiuie iaaiaeiaieyie Aao?aaa, eioi?ue
ii a?aiy iaaiaeea iiaeieiaaony ia C—4 iao?a. Ae?aaiee Aaaeeii aeaaii
ia?anoae nouanoaiaaoue, ii eaaaiaea i iaiiaoi?eiuo naaeao ai?iaea aeeaao
e naaiaeiy.
O?ai A?oaieaeu a Yoana
Yoio aaeeeieaiiue o?ai aue auno?iai a /anoue A?a/aneie aiaeie ioiou e
aeeeie i?e?iaeu A?oaieaeu.
O?ai ?aniieaaaeny a Yoana, iaoiaeyuainy naaiaeiy ia oa??eoi?ee Oo?oeee.
Oioy iniiaaiea o?aia ioiineony e naaeueiiio noieaoeth aei iaoae y?u,
naii caeaiea auei iino?iaii a 550 a. aei i.y. No?ieoaeuenoai auei
noaneaee?iaaii ei?ieai Eeaeeaiii E?inonii, a i?iaeo aue ?ac?aaioai
a?a/aneei a?oeoaeoi?ii Ia?neoiiii. Caeaiea auei oe?aoaii a?iiciauie
noaooyie, nioai??iiuie oaeeie neoeueioi?aie, eae Oeaeee, Iieeeeaoen,
E?aneeon e O?aaeiii. O?ai neoaeee a ea/anoaa ?uiea e ?aeeaeiciiai
o/?aaeaeaiey. Aeiaieueii aeieai nayoeeeua iinauaeinue oi?aiaoeaie,
oo?enoaie, ?aianeaiieee, e ei?ieyie, eioi?ua i?eiineee aea?u aiaeia.
A ii/ue 21 ethey 356 aei i.y., /aeiaae ii eiaie Aa?ino?ao, iao?aaaaiue
/anoiethaeaie eaeaae ethaie oeaiie oaaeiaa/eoue naia eiy, iiaeaeaa
nayouith iaeiaceaoneeo ai?iaeia. ?eineee enoi?ee Ieooa?o ienae iicaea ii
yoiio iiaiaeo: «Aiaeiy auea neeoeii caiyoa caaioie i ?iaeaeaiee
Aeaenaiae?a Iaeaaeiineiai, /oiau nianoe o?ai».
O?ai neeueii iino?aaeae; iaai?aee aea?aayiiua eiino?oeoeee, o?anioee
aaeee ia?ae?uoee e eieiiiu. AEeoaee Yoana ?aoeee ainnoaiiaeoue o?ai e
aeey aai ?anoaa?aoeee nia?aee naie naa?aaeaiey, e ae?aaioeaiiinoe. Eo
iiaeaea?aeaee aeeoaee ae?oaeo ai?iaeia Iaeie Acee. A. Iaeaaeiineee
i?aaeeiaeee iieaoeoue i?ioeua e aoaeouea ?anoiaeu ii ?aeiino?oeoeee
o?aia, ii i?e oneiaee, /oi a o?aia aunaeoo iaaeienue, aicaeathuoth
aeieaeiia aai caneoaai. Yoanoeu iioeae?iaaee naie ioeac oai, /oi «aiao»
ia iiaeiaaao aicaeaeaaoue o?aiu ae?oaei aiaai.
A neaaeothuea aeaa aeanyoeeaoey, o?ai aue ainnoaiiaeai a?oaieiaaie.
Ainnoaiiaeaieai o?aia A?oaieaeu caiyeny a?oeoaeoi? Oae?ie?ao. Ai a?aiy
?aaiou ii aian iaeioi?ia eciaiaiea: iiaeiye nooiai/aoia iniiaaiea, /oiau
o?ai aicauoaeny iaae no?iaieyie, au?inoeie aie?oa iaai ca iineaaeiea
noieaoey.
Ecioo?e o?ai aue iaeeoeiaai i?aii?iuie ieeoaie. A aeaaiii caea noiyea
noaooy A?oaieaeu aunioie 15 iao?ia, iie?uoay cieiouie oe?aoaieyie e
ae?aaioeaiiinoyie. A ooaeiaeanoaaiiii ioi?ieaiee i?eiyee o/anoea
auaeathueany a?a/aneea aayoaee e aeeaiienoeu. ?aeueao aeey aeoa?y aicea
o?aia au?acae ciaiaieoue aoeineee neoeueioi? I?aeneoaeue, ?aeueao ia
iaeiie ec eieiii – ae?oaie ciaiaieoue neoeueioi? Neiian. Neooe i
ian?aaiaiiie e?anioa, no?ieiinoe, a?aiaeeiciinoe e aiaaonoaa
ainnoaiiaeaiiiai o?aia ?ani?ino?aieeenue ii anaio aioe/iiio ie?o. Ia
oaeeaeoaeueii, /oi o?ai A?oaieaeu a Yoana noae iaeiei ec /oaean naaoa.
A?oaieiae, caeioa?aniaaiiua o?aiii A?oaieaeu, ia ianoa iino?ieee ie/aai
ia iaia?oaeeee. A 263 a. o?ai A?oaieaeu aue ?aca?aaeai aioaie.
Ieii/aoaeueii aai oie/oiaeeee aieioenoay ii/aa, iinoaiaiii iiaeioeaoay
caeaiea, e ?aea Eaeno?a, iie?uaoay inoaoee nii?oaeaiey iaiinaie.
A?oaieiaai e a?oeoaeoi?ai iio?aaiaaeenue aeanyoeeaoey, /oiau
ainnicaeaoue ia?aiia/aeueiue iaeee iaeiiai ec /oaean naaoa.
Noaooy Caana a Ieeiiee
Ae?aaiaa?a/aneee ai?iae Ieeiiey, ?aniieiaeaiiue a naaa?i-caiaaeiie /anoe
Iaeiiiiiana, yaeyeny ?aeeaeiciui oeaio?ii, aaea iieeiiyeenue aa?oiaiiio
aiao Caano, e ianoii i?iaaaeaiey iinayuaiiuo aio Ieeiieeneeo ea?. Yoi
aue aaee/aeoee eoeueoo?iue oeaio? Ae?aaiae A?aoeee. A?oeoaeoo?iue
ainaiaeue Ieeiiee neiaeeeny a iniiaiii a VII—IV aa, aei i. y. Caeanue
auee aicaaaeaiu aaeeeieaiiua o?aiu aiaia, a iaeiii ec eioi?uo e
iaoiaeeeinue iaeii ec naie /oaean naaoa — ia?iiiay e i?ae?aniay noaooy
Caana.
Noaooy Caana auea nicaeaia aaieaeueiui ae?aaiaa?a/aneei neoeueioi?ii
Oeaeeai (i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueia 500—430 aa. aei e. y.). Yoi aue ia oieueei
aaee/aeoee neoeueioi?, ii e oaeaioeeaue a?oeoaeoi?, aeeaiienaoe,
iuneeoaeue. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao ae?aaieo aaoi?ia, Oeaeee a naieo
neoeueioo?iuo ia?acao noiae ia?aaeaoue naa?o/aeiaa/aneia aaee/ea aiaia.
Oaeie auea, i/aaeaeii, e noaooy Caana, nicaeaiiay aeey o?aia a Ieeiiee.
Noaooy iaoiaeeeanue a eiioea ia?iiiiai caea, aeeeia eioi?iai ninoaaeyea
64 iao?a, oe?eia — 28 iao?ia, a aunioa – ieiei 20 iao?ia. 14-iao?iaue
Caan ainnaaeae ia o?iia, naeaeaiiii ec cieioa, neiiiaie einoe, /a?iiai
aea?aaa e ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae. Ia o?iia Oeaeee aini?iecaae iaiaei
nthaeaoia ec yeeeineie ieoieiaee, aiieioee oeao?u aiieia ?aaeueiuo
ethaeae. Naia noaooy Caana naeaeaia ec cieioa e neiiiaie einoe.
Ae?aaioeaiiua ieanoeiee eneonii e?aieeenue ia niaoeeaeueiii aea?aayiiii
ea?eana. Aieiaa e iaiaaeaiiay aei iiyna oeao?a Caana auee auoi/aiu ec
neiiiaie einoe. Aieiao Caana oe?aoae cieioie aaiie ec ieeaeiauo aaoaae —
ciae ie?iethaey a?iciiai aiaa. A iaeiie ?oea aia aea?aeae cieiooth
noaooth e?ueaoie aiaeie iiaaaeu Ieee, ae?oaie iie?aeny ia neeiao?,
caaa?oathueeny oeao?ie i?ea. Ieau, ia?aeeiooue /a?ac iea/i, aieinu e
ai?iaea Caana auee ecaayiu ec cieioa. Noaooy eacaeanue aeeaie: aio-aio
Caan iiaeieiaony n o?iia.
Aiineaaenoaee noaooy Caana auea ia?aaacaia a Eiinoaioeiiiieue ai
aeai?aoe eiia?aoi?a Oaiaeiney II. A V a. aeai?aoe nai?ae, a n iei ycuee
ieaiaie oie/oiaeeee e aaieaeueiia oai?aiea Oeaeey. Noaooy Caana en/acea.
Iaacieae a Aaeeea?iana
A Aaeeea?iana, noieeoea iaaieueoiai Ea?eeneiai ainoaea?noaa a Iaeie
Acee, aue nicaeai iaeei ec naiuo a?aiaeeiciuo iaiyoieeia a?a/aneie
a?oeoaeoo?u iicaeiae eeanneee.
Aaeeea?ian aue e?oiiui oi?aiaui ii?oii, oi?ioi oe?aieaiiui naiie
i?e?iaeie. Aaeieue aaaaie i?ieaaaea ?uii/iay ieiuaaeue, aeaeaa aaa?o
/a?ac oeaio? eceo/eiu e aa ieaeieaiey auea i?ieiaeaia oe?iei ?acaa?iooay
oeeoea, «iin?aaeeia eioi?ie aue aicaeaeaioo Iaacieae, nii?oaeaiiue i
oaeii a?aiaeeiciii ianooaaa, /oi ii /eneeeny n?aaee naie /oaean naaoa»,
– caienae Aeo?oaee.
A?iaieoea auea aicaeaeaiooa aeey Iaaniea a IV a. aei i.y. oea?eoeae
A?oaieneae – aeaiie e ?iaeiie nano?ie oea?y Iaaniea. Iaanie aue
aeanoieei e iaaa?iyoii aiaaoui i?aaeoaeai; ii aaiaeee iaeia ca iaeiaii,
ecaeaeay aeioiaeu ec anaai, iai?eia? n iioi?iiiuo ia?yaeia eee aiein.
Aia?aua a a?a/aneie a?oeoaeoo?a, a eiaiii a a?oeoaeoo?a Aaeeea?ianneiai
Iaacieay, ni/aoaeenue ana o?e ciaiaieouo noeey — a?a/aneee, eiie/aneee,
ei?eioneee. Ieaeiee yoaae iiaeaea?aeeaaeny: 15-th aei?e/aneeie
eieiiiaie, aioo?aiiea eieiiiu aa?oiaai yoaaea auee ei?eioneeie, a
aiaoiea — eiie/aneeie. A Iaacieaa auea niaethaeaia no?iaay
aaiiao?e/iinoue, ni/aoaeenue ianneaiay i?inoioa, eniieiaiiay aioo?aiiae
neeu, n aeaei?aoeaiinoueth, eaaeinoueth oi?i e ieaaiinoueth eeiee.
Aaeeea?ianneee Iaacieae — o?aouy?oniia nii?oaeaiea. Ia?aue y?on
iiiynuaaea eaioa ?aeueaoa ec aaeiai i?aii?a, Caeanue iiiauaeny
caoiieieiue o?ai ieiuaaeueth a 5000 ea. iao?ia e aunioie ieiei 20
iao?ia. Aoi?ie y?on ia?aciauaaea no?ieiay i?aii?iay eieiiiaaea, a o?aoee
— ie?aieaeaeueiay e?iaey, oiaea i?aii?iay. Aai/aea caeaiea /aou?aoeiiiay
eieanieoea (eaaae?eaa), eioi?ie i?aaeee i?aii?iua Iaanie e A?oaieney.
Oi?aeanoaaiiia nii?oaeaiea aeinoeaaei 10—50 iao?ia a aunioo. A?iaieoeu
ie?oaeaee noaooe eueaia e nea/oueo anaaeieeia.
Iaacieae no?ieee ciae/ea Naoe? e Ieoee, a neoeueioo?iay eiiiiceoeey auea
ii?o/aia ianeieueeei ianoa?ai, a /enea eioi?uo aue aaeeeee Neiian.
Nio?aieeenue iaeiiee o?eca a?iaieoeu Iaaniea, ecia?aaeathuaai aeoeo
a?aeia n aiaciieaie — «Aiaciiiiaoey». O/aiua n/eoatho, /oi yoi ?aaioa
Neiiana eee aai ianoa?neie.
Aeaayoiaaeoeaoue aaeia noiye Iaacieae a Aaeeea?iana. ?ac?ooaiea
ia/aeinue n oiai, /oi nia/aea aai iaiiiai iia?aaeeei caieao?ynaiea,
caoai a?iaieoeo oea?y nianee ?ueua?e-eiaiienou, iino?iea ec iaa eaiaiiue
iiianou?ue-e?aiinoue.
A ianoiyiea a?aiy noaooe Iaaniea e A?oaienee, a oaeaea ae?oaea oe?aoaiey
Iaacieay o?aiyony a Eiiaeiineii iocaa. Iaiyoue i Aaeeea?ianneii Iaacieaa
nio?aieeanue ai iiiaeanoaa nii?oaeaiee iiaeiaiiai ?iaea, eioi?ua
aiineaaenoaee aicaiaeeeenue a ?aciuo ai?iaeao Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea, a
oaeaea a neiaa «iaacieae».
Eieinn ?iaeinneee
Ino?ia ?iaein ?aniieiaeai a ainoi/iie /anoe N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y, a
a?oeiaeaaa THaeiua Nii?aaeu. Yoi iaeei ec oeaio?ia yaaeneie eoeueoo?u.
Iiiai/eneaiiua i?iecaaaeaiey aioe/iiai eneonnoaa ino?iaa ?iaein aeioee
aei iaoeo aeiae, e iaeiei ec ieo yaeyaony noaooy Aaeeina — Eieinna
?iaeinneiai.
A III a. aei i.y. ino?ia ?iaein iiaeaa?any iaiaaeaieth. Aieneaie
oi?aaeye iieeiaiaeaoe Aeaiao?ee. Ianiio?y ia niaoeeaeueiua inaaeiua
iaoeiu — iineaaeiaa neiai aiaiiie oaoieee — iaeieaoue ?iaeinoeaa aio ia
oaeaeinue. Aienea ionooieee, a?inea ia aa?aao ia?iiioth iaeooth aeaeacii
inaaeioth aaoith n oa?aiaie e ia?aeeaeiui iinoii, eaoaioeueoaie,
ieiuaaeeo aeey aeanaioa — aaeeiiieeaeo, eioi?oth i?eaiaeeee a aeaeaeaiea
3400 aieiia. Yoa aaeeiiieeaea — oiaea naiaai ?iaea /oaei naaoa — aianoi
?ac?ooaiey i?eianea ai?iaeo iaiaeeaeaiioth oeiainiaoth auaiaeo e
anaie?ioth neaao. I?aaei?eei/eaua eoioeu aueoieee o ?iaeinoeaa
ianneaioth iaoaeee/aneoth aaeeiiieeaeo ca aaniineiaiua aeaiueae — 300
oaeaioia. Ia aeaiueae, au?o/aiiua io i?iaeaaee aaoie, ino?iaeoyia
aicaaee noaooth Aaeeina — iie?iaeoaey ?iaeina. Yoi iaeii ec naie /oaean
naaoa auei aicaeaeaiooi a 292—280 aa. aei y. y, a iaiyoue ia oniaoiie
iai?iia ino?iaa.
Noaooy thiioe aeinoeaaao a aunioo 36 iao?ia. Onoaiiaeaia iia auea ia
oi?aiaie ieiuaaee iaaeaeo ii?ai e ai?iaeneeie ai?ioaie, ia ianuiiii
oieia aunioie 7 iao?ia, iaeeoeiaaiiii aaeui i?aii?ii. Noaooy Aaeeina
ianoieueei aaeeea, /oi Ieeiey Noa?oaai, aeaeaaoaai aa, ii?aceei oi, /oi
iaei eoi iia iaoaaoeoue ?oeaie aieueoie iaeaoe noaooe. Iiao/ea iiae
thiioe auee /ooue ?annoaaeaiu, eaaeiiue i?aaie ?oee auea i?enoaaeaia e
aeacai, a eaaie ii aea?aeae ieniaaeathuaa aei caiee iie?uaaei. Neaaea
ioeeiieaoenue iacaae, thiioa aniao?eaaeny aaeaeue. Aieiao oe?aoae aaiaoe
ec ?anoiaeyueony a noi?iio eo/ae. Yoi auei ecia?aaeaiea aiaa Aaeeina —
iie?iaeoaey eo/ae. N/eoaeinue, /oi ino?ia iiaeiyo ni aeia ii?y aaeaieai
yoiai aiaa.
Aaoi?ii noaooe aue i?aaenoaaeoaeue ?iaeinneie oeiaeu neoeueioi? Oa?an,
o/aiee Aeeneiia. Eiino?oeoeey aeaaioneie noaooe ninoiyea ec o?ao
ianneaiuo eaiaiiuo noieaia, auiieiyaoeo ?ieue iii? a iiaao noaooe e
iie?uaaea. Ia o?iaia iea/ e a iiyna noieau niaaeeiyeenue aeaeaciuie
iiia?a/iuie aaeeaie. I?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii na/aiea aeaeaciuo a?oneia ia
o?iaia ueeieioee noaooe ninoaaeyei i?eia?ii 4,5 ea. aetheia. Auoa e
ieaea yoiai ianoa aaee/eia na/aiey iinoaiaiii oiaiueoaeanue. Noieau e
aaeee neoaeeee iniiaie aeaeaciiai ea?eana, eioi?ue iie?uee /aeaiiuie
eenoaie a?iicu oieueiie 1,6 ii.
Noaooy nii?oaeaeanue 12 eao. An? auoa au?anoaea noaooy, ni?yoaiiay a
?anoouae aianoa n iae caieyiie ianuie, ia eioi?ie ?aaioaee ianoa?a.
Eiaaea aieiao noaooe oe?aneee eo/enoui aaioeii e ianuiue ?acia?aee,
ii?aae?iiua ?iaeinoeu oaeaeaee aaeeeieaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa.
Auno?i ?ani?ino?aieeanue iieaa ia yoii /oaea naaoa, /uey aeeciue
ieacaeanue aanueia ei?ioeie, ii neaaa i?i/iie. A 226 aiaeo aei i.y. iia
auea ?ac?ooaia neeueiui caieao?ynaieai. Naiui oycaeiui ianoii ieacaeenue
eieaie – auoa eieai noaooy niaioeanue oaeei ia?acii, /oi aieiaa e iea/e
oi??eenue a caieth. ?iaeinoeu e eo ninaaee iuoaeenue iiaeiyoue
iiaa?aeaiiiai aeaaioa. Aaeiaoneee oea?ue i?eneae eneoniuo ianoa?ia e
ianeieueei nio oaeaioia iaaee. E niaeaeaieth, ainnoaiiaeoue noaooth ia
oaeaeinue (I?aeoe cai?aoee iiaue iiioaae). Ii/oe 1000 eao eaaeaea ia
aa?aao aooou ?aneieioay noaooy, noaaoay aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoueth
?iaeina. Oieueei a 977 aiaeo a?aaneee iaianoiee i?iaeae a?
i?aaei?eei/eaiio eoioeo ia ia?aieaaeo. Eiein aue ?ac?acai ia /anoe, e
aei?iainoiyuoth a?iico oaacee ia 900 aa?aethaeao.
Io iiyaeaiey aei ?ac?ooaiey yoiai iaiyoieea i?ioei anaai 56 eao. E ana
aea Eieinn caiye nai? ianoi n?aaee inoaeueiuo a?oeoaeoo?iuo iaiyoieeia.
“Aeaaea aoaeo/e ?aniieiaeaiiui ia caiea, yoi yaeyaony /oaeii “, neacae
Ieeiee Noa?oee. Eieinn ?iaeinneee ia aue oieueei aeaaioneie noaooae. Ii
aue neiaieii aaeeinoaa ethaeae, ianaeyaoeo yoio N?aaeecaiiiii?neee
ino?ia – ?iaean.
Oioy yoi /oaei e en/acei, iii aaeioiiaeei nia?aiaiiuo ooaeiaeieeia, eae
iai?eia? O?aioeocneiai neoeueioi?a Aaaonoa Aa?oieaee, ecaanoiiai naiae
?aaioie “Noaooy Naiaiaeu”.
Aeaenaiae?eeneee iaye
A 332—331 aa. aei i. y. Aeaenaiae? Iaeaaeiineee iniiaae noieeoeo
yeeeienoe/aneiai Aaeioa — Aeaenaiae?eth. Caeanue iaoiaeeony ciaiaieoue
Aeaenaiae?eeneee ionnaeii (iocae – o?ai ioc) – iaeei ec aeaaiuo iao/iuo
e eoeueoo?iuo oeaio?ia aioe/iiai ie?a, a i?e iai ia iaiaa ciaiaieoay
Aeaenaiae?eeneay aeaeeioaea, a eioi?ie ian/eouaaaony /ooue ee ia 700
ouny/ eiea. Aeaenaiae?ey aue naiui aiaaoui ai?iaeii naiaai a?aiaie,
iiyoiio a iae aicaiaeeeinue iiiai caia/aoaeueiuo nii?oaeaiee, e eioi?ui
e i?eiaaeeaaeeo Aeaenaiae?eeneee iaye ia neaeenoii ino?iaa Oi?in aeec
aeaeueou Ieea.
No?ieoaeuenoai e eniieueciaaiea iayeia ia/aeinue n ?acaeoeai
ii?aieaaaiey. Nia/aea iayee ia eiaee ie/aai iauaai n nia?aiaiiuie
nii?oaeaieyie; a iaiiaiaeo ia aunieeo aa?aaao ?acaiaeeeenue aieueoea
eino?u. Cia/eoaeueii iicaea ethaee noaee aicaiaeeoue eneonnoaaiiua
nii?oaeaiey. Iaeiei ec naie /oaean ae?aaiaai ie?a yaeyaony
Aeaenaiae?eeneee, eee Oi?inneee naaoyueeny iaye, nii?oaeaiiue a 283 a.
aei i. y. No?ieoaeuenoai yoiai aeaaioa caiyei anaai 5 eao, /oi naii ii
naaa i?eia/aoaeueii.
Iniiaiui no?ieoaeueiui iaoa?eaeii aeey iayea iineo aeeee ecaanoiye,
i?aii? e a?aieo. Iaye ninoiye ec o?ao aaoai, iinoaaeaiiuo iaeia ia
ae?oaoth. Aunioa iayea ii iaeiei aeaiiui auea 120 i, ii ae?oaei — 130 —
140, ii iaeioi?ui nia?aiaiiui ioaeeeaoeeyi — 180 i.
Iniiaaiea ieaeiae aaoie auei eaaae?aoiia, ?acia? noi?iiu 30,5 i. Ieaeiyy
aaoiy, aunioie 60 i, auea neiaeaia ec eaiaiiuo ieeo, oe?aoaiiuo ecyuiie
neoeueioo?iie ?aaioie. N?aaeiyy, ainueiea?aiiay, aaoiy, aunioie a 40 i,
iaeeoeiaaia aaeii?aii?iuie ieeoaie. Aa?oiyy aaoiy – oiia?ue -e?oaeay, n
eoiieii, onoaiiaeaiiii ia a?aieoiuo eieiiiao, auea oaai/aia ia?iiiie (8
i) a?iiciaie noaooae iie?iaeoaey ii?ae Iinaeaeiia.
Ia aa?oooea aaoie a iauaiiie a?iiciaie /aoa iinoiyiii oeae ae?aaaniue
oaieue, i?e iiiiue neiaeiie nenoaiu ca?eae ioaeane oaeae io?aaeaeny ia
100 ieeue, oeacuaay ianoi iaoiaeaeaiea aaaaie. *a?ac aanue iaye
i?ioiaeeea oaooa, aie?oa eioi?ie ii nie?aee iiaeieiaeenue iaiaeon e
eanoieoea. Ii oe?ieiio e ioeiaiio iaiaeono ia aa?oeio iayea auacaeaee
iiaicee, cai?yaeaiiua ineaie. Ii oaooa aeinoaaeyee ai?th/aa aeey iayea.
E?iia naiae iniiaiie ooieoeee iaye neoaeee aaeeeieaiiui
iaaethaeaoaeueiui ioieoii. Nenoaia iaoaeee/aneeo ca?eae eniieueciaaeanue
e aeey iaci?a ii?neiai i?ino?ainoaa, iicaieyy iaia?oaeeaaoue a?aaeaneea
noaea caaeieai aei oiai, eae iie iiyayony o aa?aaa. Caeanue aea eiaeenue
oethaa?, /anu e ano?iiiie/aneea i?eai?u.
Iaye, aicaeaeaiooue ia ino?iaa Oi?in, ii naiei ?acia?ai e neiaeiie
io?aaeaoaeueiie nenoaia aue aaeeinoaaiiui nii?oaeaieai oaeiai oeia.
I?inoiye ii ieiei 1500 eao, iany neoaeao naaoi/a. Iaye aeaaaeaeu
no?aaeae io caieao?ynaiee, aai ainnoaiaaeeaaee, ii ana ?aaii e?aieea
ii?neea aao?u ieii/aoaeueii ?ac?ooeee noa?ua noaiu. Iicaea ia ?acaaeeiao
iayea aicaeaeaee n?aaeiaaaeiaoth e?aiinoue. Eaiaiiua inoaoee «/oaea
naaoa» auee ano?iaiu a Eaeo-Aae, aaea iaoiaeyony e iiiuia. Iacaaiea
ino?iaa i?aa?aoeeinue a neiaie; neiai «oi?in» noaei icia/aoue «iaye», io
iaai ia?aciaaeinue e nia?aiaiiia neiai «oa?a».
A 1961 a. ai a?aiy enneaaeiaaiey i?ea?aaeiuo aiae aeaaeaiaenoaie auee
iaeaeaiu noaooe, na?eioaae, oeaooeee ec i?aii?a. A 1980 a.
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay a?oiia a?oaieiaia iaia?oaeeea ia ii?neii aeia inoaoee
Oi?inneiai iayea.
Caeeth/aiea
Eoae, a iaoae ?aaioa iu iciaeiieeenue n oaeeie auaeathueieny
eoeueoo?iuie iaiyoieeaie, eioi?ua i?eiyoi iacuaaoue e ioiineoue e
«/oaeanai naaoa».
Aieueoie aeeaae a no?ieoaeuenoai e nicaeaiea yoeo iaiyoieeia aue naeaeai
ae?aaieie ia?iaeaie Aaeioa e A?aoeee.
Ae?aaiea ia?iaeu Aaeioa i?aaenoaaeythony iai eae iineoaee aunoae
oeeaeeecaoeee, i?eauaoea eae aoaeoi ec ae?oaiai ie?a. Iie niiaee
nicaeaoue oieeaeueiue e iaiiaoi?eiue iiuo, nicaeaa i?iecaaaeaiey
eneonnoaa ia?iiiie oeaiiinoe (aeey anaai aoaeouaai /aeiaa/anoaa),
auoiaeyuea ca a?aiaiiua ?aiee. No?ieoaeuenoai ie?aieaeu Oaiina a oo
yiioo, eiaaea aua ia ciaee aeaeaca e eieana, aei neo ii? inoaaony
iaiauynieiie caaaaeeie.
Ae?aaiyy A?aoeey, ianiio?y ia iaaieueooth ii naiei ?acia?ai (anee
niio?aoue ea?oo ie?a) oa??eoi?eth, noaea aaeeeie eieuaaeueth aioe/iie
eoeueoo?u. Neea e neaaa aioe/iiai eneonnoaa ieacaeanue aa/iie. Oae
ooaeiaeiee, i?ieaey o/aie/anoai, e noaa c?aeui ianoa?ii, niiaa e niiaa
ia?auaaony e ia?acai aioe/iinoe, ?acaaaeuaay oaeio eo aa?iiiee e
iaoayaeaaiie aeecie.
E a yoeo iaeaiueeeo, eacaeinue au, i?eieoeaiuo ie?eao, ?iaeeeenue e
?anoeaaee aeaaioneea aeooiaiua eoeueoo?u, ia ninoa?eaoeany aeaaea /a?ac
ouny/aeaoey. Ia /oaei ee yoi?
A «naiue /oaean naaoa», nicaeaiiua ae?aaieie ianoa?aie, ii?aaeaaoea
aiia?aaeaiea nia?aiaiieeia, i?iaeieaeatho aaeioiiaeyoue ooaeiaeieeia,
a?oeoaeoi?ia e iiyoia iineaaeothueo iieieaiee.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Aa?ae/ A., Ieaoi?aa A. C?aeeua ae?aaiaai ie?a. I., 1991.
2. Aeaeeii C. – I?ino?ainoai, a?aiy, a?oeoaeoo?a. I., 2002.
3. Aeieo?eaaa I.A. E?aoeay enoi?ey eneonnoa. I.: «Eneonnoai», 1986.
4. Ea?ie/a/e A.E. Aaeiao: eneonnoai e enoi?ey. Eoaeey, 2006.
5. Ethaeiia E. Ae. – Eneonnoai ae?aaiaai ie?a. Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a., 2003.
6. *a?iye A. C. – Naiue /oaean e ae?oaea. I., 1990.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
