1.1 I?????? i ????? ????i-????e ?y????e.
N????ay ??a ?y??? n???ue ??? n ??i ? ?eth?a ???/??e ?y????e, ?ny?e a ??i
????a? ????: «??? – ??????», «??? – ???, «??eyth?e ?ae ??a??e –
??????ath?e ?ae ?????» e o.i. I????a?a ? ??? ?????y ?e i ?y????e, ?ath?e
?????????a ?????, ????ath?e ???a ?????, ??????a ??u ?????e.
A?? oy??ue ???? ????e aeay????e a ?y? n ?? ?????y?, ???a ???e ????o a ?
????. E???i, ?i ?????e ???? ???i ??i ????ue ? ?e ??:
ue ????a, e? ?????, – ???????a ?????e a ???, ??, ?????e ?? e ?.; ????? –
a ??? ??o?, ??????? e ??????o ???yo ??e; ?????? a ???o ??????i ???, ???o
?i??? e ?.;
ue ????? – ?????e a ???e, n????i ????a?e, ?????? ?????? e ?.;
ue ????ua – ?????e a ?????e, ???? ????, ???? ??????? oe???? e ?.
A?e n ????? ?????y? ???e ????y e ?e ??o ??? i ?? ??ue ?i???i ??iy??
????a, ? ????? e ????? ?????e ? ??? o?i?oth?y ????? ???, ??i ???ny?y n
?i ???i, ????? ????, ???i ?????y, ??i ????i ????. A ???a ? ????o ??i?a,
???a ??a ????u a ??o ?iy??eyo, ???????a ?????e ???oth?y ??ei a ???????e
??a e ? ?? ????ey e ????ey ????. N??????? ?o???? ??th???? ??????,
?????tho ???? a ???a ?? ?i ?????? ??e. I??a ? ?o ????atho ??? ???/?e
????, ??? ???iu? ? ?????? ??????e ??o ??a? ??e, ??iy ?????y, ?????i
????y, ?? e ?.
A ??? ???e ????o ?a ?e ????o ?? ?????? ?? a ??? ??????, ?? a ????e
??????ue??e. Ia???, a ??n???? ????a? ???e ?????? ????? ??o a ???????i
??? (????y ?????ue), ???e (????ay), ??????? ???? (????ay) e ?.
I? ?????i ????e ?y????e ?????ath?y:
ue ???????? ???a?ey, ?????y e ??iy?y, ???a ????? ???e, ?eth??? a ?????
?ae ????ao ?iy?y e ?i ??i ?????yth?e ?? ?????e;
ue ????? ????i ??????? ????ee, ??????? ???a, ??? ?????i ????a, ???e a
y?e ??y ?????y a ??? ?i ???ey;
ue ?i ???, ???a ???atho o ?? ? ??? ???? ???, a ??a ??a, ?? ?e ?o
???ath?y a y?i ?i??a.
A??o??i, ?i a ??? ??? ???e ???ony ???? ??????a y??e, ???????y ? ???????
??yo, ???? ?????? ??? – ???, ???ny ?o ??iy?e, ???a ?y?? n ??????i y?a??.
Ae??e ???, ???yth?e ???ny ????i ????ey, ?y?i n ?????e ????i ? ??? ??o
o?????, ???a?y ?????e ????e ???e. Y? ?????a ??? ??i ????? ?e ????a ????
e eth??? ?? (??e). O?, ?i ? a n??y?e ?????ue ?ay ? ???, ?? ???? ?????a
??????i ??????y, a ??i?? ??y ????y ?????? ??? ??o ??y??? e ????? a
eth??i ?iy?e, a ???i ??i ?iy?? ?ay n ????? ???? e ???e. C?y?y-??e
???ytho ??? ethaeyi ??aiy? ???i ????????, ???ue ??iy?a ????i? ??a?,
???????.
A ?? ????i ????ey ???? a ???o ????y ??e ???? ??th???? ???i ??????i
y???i, ?oy ? ???u ??e ??o ????ny, ?i ???e ?iyo ??y??. I??i ?????? ???
??i ?iy?, ?i ??a ????y ???atho ?y ???a ???? ?????? ?c????. E??a ????
??i?a ?? ??aeay???-????o ?iy?e, ?e ????tho ? ??a ??? e ???, ???a ???tho
? ???????e ??n.
O??i ?a ?? ?????ue n??ae????i ??? – ???y?a ?????? ????a. Eth? ???th?y e
????o ?-???o – n ??????e ?ey?, ???e?y ??? ??i ???e e o.i. I??i ???e
?iy?y? ???n ? e ????o a ??i, a e ????i ?i ??i e ???, ???a ????tho ?i a
????? ???e.
A ????? ??? e ???? ???o? ??i ??a ?? ???a ???? ????? (NIE). Oa????a ???
?y?, a ??a ??????y ???a ?????ytho ???????e ????e ??e ??????? ?????e
?????y n ?????, ???? ??????? ??a??ey ? ??? a ???? ???yo, ? e a ?c???
???eyo ?????e a eth?a ??y ??e.
1.2 N?????a ?? e ??? ????i-????e ?y????e.
Oe?e e ??? ???ea, ???th??ny e ?i ?e ?? ?n?i?i ?iy?yi, ?e ???i, ???oth?y
? ??? ????, ??i??? ????a, ??a??i ??a. A??a n ?i ???e ????y ? ??? ??????y
n ?i-? eth??o?i, ??? ?i-? ?y ?ay ??a. Ii n??aai ????y, ???ay ? ?e ??
????a ?iy?y e ?? ????a e ?i, ?? ? ??o ? y?i ?????i. Iiy?? ?????? ??? ?
??iu ??????ue ?i ????th ?????? ?? ?e ??i ?iy?y. Ii ??cy e ??????ue ?.
O??i ?i ???e i?? ????ue y???? ??? ???.
I? ?ey? ??? ???th?y ??????y i ???i?i ?????, ???? ??o ???ny ??a? a ?o ?e
?? ????o ?iy?yo e ???a ???th?y ? ?e ????????, ????. N??e??? oe?e ????
??a ?????? ?????u, ??? ?? i??????o ?iy?e. A?e a ???? ?y?e???, a ????
?cy??a ???e ???????y a ???? ?ey?, ?y???e n ?????? ???e, y???? ????? ?e,
?????? yo?eo? ??e ???, ? ?? ??? ???e ???ny ???e ? ?????a ??e. A ???? ??a
??, ?????, ???ytho ??????a ?e ????? ???e, ?y??? n ?????, ?oy ?i ???e ??o
a ?o ?????ue ???? ??????.
A??? a ??? – ???????e, ??????e ???? ?i???y ????? ???e, ???a ? ????o
?y????e, ?a???y ?o ???? ?????i ???ey, ???a ??????? ?o???? a ??? ???yo
????. Iiy?? ??a a ???aa??e ???? ????? ???i ??yi, ?????? ?y?????i. ????
i????.
I??u ??? ?atho ??a ???e ????, ?i ??. A?e ?? ??? ?? ??i ????oth?y ??i
????i, ? ??? (?????? ????? ?????e e ???o ???) ? ??? ? ???th?y a ??? ?? e
? ?? ???. I? ??o ?????ue ?e ??u?e, ?e e ?y?? ?y ??? e ?y ???? ????,
?????y ?e ?????a (???a), ?e e ?????i ??y?a (?????).
I???eth ??? ae??i ? ??? ??i ????? ? ????a?yi ????. C??, ?e ???i, ???
?????u ?????e, ?????? ??, ???????a ?a??y, ?y?? ???y e ?i??? ????. I??u
????y e ?? ?e ??o ?? ??? ??th??eue? ??????, ??? ??e, ??? ?????, ????y
?????? ?????ey, ???a ??iy????, a ??a ???a ????e, ???a ?i ???e ? ??? ??o
?????i ????ue.
I????, ??e ?????tho ???? ???? ???? ??? a ????? ????i-???? ?????. Ii ?
???? ?y ??? ??? ???, ?a ??? ??e ?????a ? ?i ?????th, ??yy ???ath?o, ?i
??? ???? ????. A y?i ?o?a ??? ?i ????y ? ?y?? n ???? ???ny; ?e a ???e
???e ??????u ? ??a ??i??a e ???o ????.
I???ey, ?????ay ? ????a ???u a ???yo ??? e ???, ? ??eth ????a??e, ?? ?
???o ??????e ???. N???? ??y e ??a ?????ath?y ???e eth?? ?e ???ae ?????y,
?e ????????ue ?????? e ??e?i iay???oyi. Ae??????, ?????? n ?y???oy? ?
???, n ???????e ????ie a ???? ?cy??a ???e ? ??? ??o a ??? ?? ???ue
?a?????ue ??? ??? ?? ?e ?i? ?iy?y. O??? ???u ???? ??? ??i ?y ????, ???yy
?o ???????ue ? ?????, ???a ? ??a? ia ??? e ??, a ???yo ????? e ????? ??e
a ?????o ????o ???yo.
I??i ??????e e ?????? ??aa ?y?? ????ue e ???a ??? ????o ?iy?e ?????.
A?????e ??i?a A. I??? ???o ??a ?????i a ?e ??, a ??e ? ?????ny ??a?i, a
??a ???o ? y??????i ?e??ey ???? e ?????i ????. A?e ??a ??? ???? ??? ?
i??, ? ?yae ? ????? ???? i ???a ??? ????o ??.
E?? ??, ??u ?e ????i, ?e e ???????i ??? ??o ??ue ??ia ?????a ??u, ???a
???? ??? e ?eth ?????a ????? ??y??????ey. «N??? ??????, ????? ??? – ??ay
???a. A??i ????ey ???? ????e ?a ??o6ey? ???n ?i ??????y». I???i ?????i
??o ??ue ????a ???ea e ??ueth??? ??i e ?????th, ?a ???otho ?????,
??e????? ?? e ????u, ? ????ath?a ?, ??. O?? ??a ???ey? ????? ??????
????.
E?? ???a, ?y??? n ??????? ?ey?, n ????e? ???u ae???y, ????i-????y
?y????ue ???? ?aei? ?y ?????i ???ey ???? ?????e: ????? ?c???i ??a, ?????
n?????i e ??? ??????y, ????a ????? ?????? e ??????? ?? ???y, ???a ?????i
???, ????a ?????, ????? e ??i?o ???? e ?.
Aeae. Aeth???a ???o, ?i ??a ????ey? ??e ???? ?? ??????o ?????e, ??th?o
??oth ?? a ???? ei???: a) ???a ???ny ????? e ?????ey ?????e; a) ????ue
??i ??o ???, ???ue ???y ?y ?? y??e e ?iy?; a) ????ue ?????e ??? ???y a
????? ????? ???e e ???????? ????????i ?u??.
Y? ????, ?i ???e, ???y? ??iy?y ???? e ??????? y??? a ???? ????e ?????,
???? ?????? ?????ue ??o ?yae ??o i?????e. O?? ???i, ????a ?iy?y ????
????ue o ???? ???? ?????e ??? ?????i ??, ???u ni????? ??y, ???? ? ??
????ey ??? ????? e ??????ui ?????i.
I?????ey i ?? y?e ???u e ?????e o ??? eth?e ?????u. A?e ?? ??iy?y a
????a ??y ????ue ?? ?????a, ????ue ???? e ?? ????a, ? ??? ??? ? ???
????y ?e ???? ??y a ??o ???o ??????a. Ii ?? n ??? ??? ???a, ?????? ??e e
????ey ????o ?iy?e ?? ? ???e ??????ue ? ????? ?e ?y ??? ??aa?, ?e e ?y
i???a.
1.3 O??? ????e ?y????e a ???ay????e ????.
*??? ?????? ??i ???? ??????? ?? e ??? ??? ???, ? ?o ??? ???? i ???yo
???, o.a. i ?i ????i ?????a?e e ??a a ??e.
Ae?? ???o ?y ???? ?????e ?????ue ?????e e ???u ?i ?????i ???ey, ?i ?????
a ??? ?? a ???e ??a, a ???? ?cy??a, ? ?? ????a?o ??o. O? ??i ???oth?y
??????? ???e, ???ue? a ?????o ???yo ???? ????? ???a ???? e ???. C?? ???e
??? ? ??? ??o ?????ue ?? ????? ??i??, ????ny e eth??i ?iy?yi, ????
???????e yo??, ??ath?e ????? ??y??a, e o.i.
I?? ???o ???? ??????? e ???????a ?i?? ???. Ia ??? ??yae ??o ????ny, ?i
?e ???u a ???? ?y ??e e th????. Ae??????, a ??? ????a?e e ???????i ???ey
???? ??a ?????o ??i?a ??????? ????. A??a n ?i y? ???e ??th?y ?ae???e e a
??a ??? ???? ????. A y? ??y ?o a ???e ???e, ? ?a ? ????? ???y? ????,
???y? ????? ?y?, ????ny ? ????ey ???e. O ???? ???? ???? ??????e ???tho ?
?????i, a ????e ??????e, ?i ? ???? ?? ?y?? n ??????? ????i. Ae?? ?????o
???? ?????y? ????ey? y? ????th ?????eth ???? e ???o ethaeae n ???ue?i
y???i.
A ?????? ??e ????y ????? ???y? ????i ????o ???e ??????-???????? e
???????? ??. A? ? ????? o ??? eth?e ????i ???oth?y ??iy?a ???a, ?????
i????, ?????y ?????????, ???aey?a a ????? ???e.
E?? ??, ????y ????? ???y? ???? ???? ?i?????? ???u n??i ??????y. N ??e
???u, ????a ?iy?y ??atho ?????ue ??????? ????e??y ? ???e ?????e ethae?e
(? ??y ?????, ???? ?a?u, ?????e e o.i.) e ?i ??i ??atho ???? ???ey, ????
?y???? eth?e ?? n ???. N ??? ???u, ???e ? ??? ???i ????y ???ny ?ei,
???ue oi????yth?e y??o ????y, ????ny ?ae ?? ????e ??? ??y, ???a a ??????
???o ? ???tho a ??n ?i ???ey. A??a n ?i, ? ??? ???e ?c ??a ?ay??? ?????,
????i e ???? a??????? n ???e ethae?e. Ii y? ???a ???y? ??? ?iy? ?i?th
????? ???o eth?e, ???? ?? ???i-?????o ????e.
A ??i ????y ????? ???? ???y? ???e ?????ey ???e, ???ey ?????i ??, ????ey
??????? ????e ??u. O?? ???i, ??a ?????o ??a?? ?????? ???? ae?? ???? a
??? ??a, ???oy o ?? ??????y i ???a ??? ??????y. A? ??? ??ue ?????? ????
?? ? ? ??? ????, ?a e???ue ? ??? ? ??o ???o ????, ??a ? ????????e.
1.4 N???u ?e???-????e ?y????e.
A????e ?i????e ????i-????e ?y????e ???atho eth?, ????ua ???, ?????e e
??u, ???a ????yth?y a ???? ? ????a.
A??? ??????? ??a????o e ?????? ????a ????e ?????, ???oth?a a ? ????? e
?????e. E??i ?e ????ytho ? ??, ???, ?????. I? ????? ?????ath?y ?e ?????
eth? (????, ???th?a ????? ?????y?, a ??a ???????e, ?????u. ??o?? ?????
????, ???th?a ?????? ??a ?o?o eth?e), ?e e ????? ???? (????? ??, ?????e
e ????ey, ???????? e ??ei???? ??? ??u ???? e ?.).
E??????a ???? ????i-????e ?y????e ?ae???yth?y ?:
1) ???? ????a ????e ?y????e; ?? ?? ? ????o, a ??a ????o ???o e ?????o
?????, ??th?o ???i?? ?? ?????e a ????o ?iy?yo. N?? ???? ????a ???i:
ue ???y???o ?a???. I? ??????u a ???y???-???? ??o ??? (? ??, a ????o
???eyo e ?.) e ? ??uath?y e ???i ??????a-???????. Na??y???? ?????
???atho ??????? eth??? ??u, ???e, ?????e ?????, ??o ???a e o.i., ???a
???iy??? ????tho ?? ????a ?iy?y;
ue ????a, ???ath?o e ??? ??????a ? ???u (a ? ???? a???tho ?e ????a ????,
?e e ????? ?????). A y?i ??aa eth?, ??th?a ?????y, ?????, ?????y a
??????a ?????a, ????ny, ???th?y ???? ?????oth?o ??, ???a ????aeytho ?
??a ?????e;
2) ??????a, ???oth?o a ????e ?y????e ? ?i???i??? ???, ??ath?o ???y e
???th?o ???? ????i ?y????e ?????ue ?????e a ??? e ?????e. C?? ??a
??ey?ny ?yae ???iy???o ??a ????ia:
ue ???aey?e ??? ???????? ??????a ??? ???a ????u ????o ??, ????u, ??????
????? ????, ???th?a a ??? ???yo ????? e A ??i ???????? ???a. I?????? y?e
??? – ?th/?? o??u a ???????, ?????e e ???a?e ???? y??a ????e ?y????e e
??????ey ??a ?????yi; ? ??? ??ayo ?e ??o ???????ue ? ?????ue e ??????
???e ?????e ???;
ue ???????i-????? n??a ????ia ????a e ???a ???? ????? – ??????e ??? ???
????eytho ???????? ???o n ????? – ??n?-?????e, ???th?a a ??? ??o e ???
???o?, ???a ????a, ???????u, ????, ae???n?, ???a ??i- e ?????? e o.i.
E??i ? ????? ?????e, ???????? ?????, ???????y ????? ???athony a ???
???ey ?????e ????o ???ey?e n ? ????;
ue ???????????a ????e e ni????u ??? ???? ??c???a ???a e ????a ?????i
??a??y, a ??a ???? ????? ????, ?????e ??u ??e? (????e ??? e ?????a, ??e,
???u, ????u ?e????? ???a, ?? ????ey, ?????? ????? ??i, y?????u, ????,
?????? e ????? ??e ?y? e ?.). A ?????a ???a ?e ????u e ???a?e ???? y??a
?????e e ??????y ???, ??y?th ??????oy n ?????y? ?????i ??o?a;
ue ?y??a ?????e e ??????e ??a a ???e ??? – ?a??? ????? ????, ????o ???a
e ???i, ? ??????a e ???aey?? ???o, e ???????e???? ?????? e ????? ?????.
Y? ?y??a ?????e, ? ????e. *?? ? ?o ??y?th ????e??tho n ?????? (????
????a, ???? ????u e ?.), ??? ??o y?????e ??????? ?e ??? ? ?????ny n
?????y? ????o ????a;
ue ???????e ???? – ?o???? ????e ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? e ?., ? ???th?a
a ??? ???o n ?????y? ??a. I??ay? «a ??», y? ????e ????eytho ??? ???e:
?????ytho ??e?a ???, ?y??? n ?????? ????? ?eia? ??a ??????-??????a e
????e ?y????e ????y. Y? ????e ?????tho ?????? ???, ???a ?i?, ??????e ???
y?????? a c???o ????yo, ???oth ??? ???e e ?.;
ue ??????e ??????? e ????o??? ??? a ??? e ? ???, a ??a ????e ?????,
???i-?????o, ????i-????? ?????, ??????? ????? e ???? ?????e. ????? y?o
????? e ?????e ????tho ???????th, ?????oth e i?????oth ???? a ???e
??????e e ????i-????e ?y????e, ?????tho ????? ???????-???? ?? a y?e ??a;
ue ?? e ????u, ???o?yth?a ?????????a ???e, ?y??? n ???????i, a ??a
?????yth?a ????th ?i?ue ??????i ??? (??thn?u, ??? ?a?e, ?????? ??u,
????, ????, e ?.), a ??a ???? ? ???o (????? ????u e ?.).
E??ny ????i ???? e ??????e ?????? ??????a ???. A????e ???ey? ? a????? e
???a?y ???atho ??oth?a.
O?? ??????e ???ey?e e ????? ??? (? ?e?? ?????e ?????e O????):
ue ????ey ?????e ??????e;
ue ????ey ????a ?O;
ue ???a?y ??????e ??????e;
ue ?????e ???e ??????e ????? ?e th????? ?oe.
???a???ue ?y????e e ?ae ????i-????? ???? ???ey?e e ????? ???:
ue ????y?a ??? e ???? ?????i ????ey (???????a ????u, ??????? ?????, ???e
??ae?o ????a e ????a e ?.);
ue ???ath?a ???i ?? ???: ????ue?a (???????a, ?????e, ????? e ?.),
??????? (??ath?a, ????i-???ath?a, ????e??a, ???a e ?.);
ue ????eyth?a a ???? ???eth ?????e ????, ????? ????a.
Oe??ay ??????? ???ey?e e ????? ?n?a:
ue ????? ????????, ??????? ?????, ??e?a y?????o ??? ????e ???;
ue ??o e ?????a ????e.
N??a ?cy????e ?y????e ???ey?y ? ????ey ???:
ue ?????? ?i. I???? ? ???? ???? ?y???n?, ????a ????? ???e, ?????
y??????i yo??a – ??u, ???ath?a o?o? a ??? ??? ???? e ???, a ??a ???a
?????e, ?????? ????? ? ??c???o, ?????? e ???? ???? ?????i ????ey;
ue ??????? ?i. A ???? ??e i????tho ????i-??????? ???u ?y?e???: ?????
??????? ?i??? e ????, y?????a e ?????? ?n???a ????, ?????a ?????i ???aea
??e, ???? ???????i ????? e ?. – ?????? ??? NIE, ???????a ???, ?????,
??e, ??u;
ue ????e ?i. I??????a ? ??i ?eyi ???ey?y e ????ey ??o ???e?????oth
?y????ue, a ???, ????? ? y?e ?y????e, ???eytho ? ?? ????, ??????eyy
??????? ???? ??? ??e ?????e – a ??aeyo ??????? ??????ey a y?o ?i ????y
??ue ??i????o ?????e.
2.1 I?????e ????e ae??a.
*?????i ????? ??? ?i e ????th ?????? ????? ????? ???e e ???? ???. A ???i
?????? ????e ??? ??ae? ???y?y ??c ???th. ?????ay ????y e ???a ?? ????
??u ????y e ??????e i ????, ???a ??a??? ????i-??????a ???? a ???a?
?iy?yo. A ????o Ae???i ??a, a ??????e A??a ?? ???o? ???? ? ?? ? ??, ? ?e
????a ?????? ??y? ? ??, a ??i????, ?e ??ey?? ?????? ????e, ?eth?y e
????y a ???? ?n?a. A??n ???ny ??oth?i ???i: ?? ?? aei?? – ??????? ??? e
?????i ???? ????, ? e aeey ???? ?????o ????? ????.
A y?? I????ey a ????????? ?????e ???tho ??????ny ???? ????????y ? ???
????, ? e ????. A??n i ??? ????ny ??a: ??? ?o ??a, ???e ???? ?????
?????i ? ????th e ???? e ???th?i ethaeyi, ??o ?? ???i ??????i ?y ??i
????, o.a. ? ???????o e ????o ??? ??i ??? ? ??? ?c???e ?? ???? ?? ?e ??i
???. I?????? y?? I????ey ?y??? ??????ue ??a n ??????? ? ????????,
y?????i, ????? ???? ????, i ???e ???ey ????i ????? ?????th?e ????,
?????? ??.
I?a ????, ?i ????????ay ???? ? ??? ????ue ??????? ??e?? y?o ????a. Y??
???a e ?????a ????, ?i ???? ????????? ???? ????? e ?? ???oyi – e ??????
??o?, ???????i ????, ?????eyi e ?????yi.
N????? ???e ?? ??????o ??a ?e ??? ??iy?a, a ??? ???? ? ????o ???o ????.
E???, ????y ?y????ue ????a ?y ????, ????o ???y? ?o ???????ue ????????ue
(??o, ?? ? ???a, i???e???a ?iy?y), ???y? ?????? (i???? e ????o, ????e),
?????????y e ???ue ???u (eth????? ?iy?y, ?????y). Ae?? ?????y? ?????ue
????ue ??????? ?????e: ????? ???? ????a, ????? ???e?, ???ue ????????i
???ey. A ?iy?yo eth??i ??i, a ????e ???e ???? ???????y ? ??o ?i????-??a?
?????yo.
Ii ? ??? o? ?e ?? ?iy?e a ????a ??y ?eytho ????? ???u: ??, ???a, ?????
???. Ei?? ? y? ?ae?n ???a ? ??? ???? ???u ??? ??? ?????tho i?????u
???????o ???ey?e. Iiy?? ??ue ???iny e ?u????e ?a???e ????e ?y????e.
E?? ????i eth?e ??tho a ??? ?? e ? ? ???, ?y??? n ?????i ???uey, ????i
????, ????? e ?c????? ????? ?y?e, ???ae???a ?????e ????th?y a ???ua,
????ay ?i ??i ?????? o???? e ????. E?? ??, a ?? ????o ?iy?e ??? ???e
???? ?ith ?????? n ????? ???, ??? ??????y a ????a ?????? ??i ????. Iiy??
???? ??i ????a /???a e y???????i ??i ????o ?iy?e, e ?e????? ???eyi
(?????i ???o ??o ?????? ????), e ???? e ????i ??i ???, ???th a ?????,
?ey?yo. I?????e i???? ??? – y? ????y ???a aai ??????? ?????. I? n???
??cy ???? ?? ? ??a, ?e ???atho ??????????e ????e ??ai e ?? ? ???? ??????
???ay????e.
N????? ???? ??????o ????th ?y????ue ?e ???iy???th ??o ???ay????e, ???y
??i ?????ny n ??? ???e ???e, ?e ??o e ?????y, ???y e ????i, ???i-?????a
????y e ?o, ???a ????? ?????? e ???? ???? ???, ??????? ???a?ey e ??/?ey.
Ii ?? ???ey ???? ????a ??y e ??a ??a y?eth?????e, ????oy ?????a ???e,
???ay ??a y????? ???????a ?????.
2.2 N????y n?????????ue ????o ?iy?e e ??????.
E??????a ???? ???? ??????? ?i ????? e ??o??a ?????e, ?eth?y e ?, ???a
nay?? n ?????i ????? ???e. A ??? ???? ???y ????e ????e ???o ????, ???e
??? ?? ??e??i a y? ??y, ? ? ?iue? e ? ??a, ??a ?? ???u ??o ?e e ?
?iy??ny. Y? ??????? ???? y?i ?iy?y?ny a ??? ???a, a ???i ????.
E??i a y?i ???? ????y ??a??y ??a, a ??a ???? a ??i ??? ???ue ????y??
???y ?y ??, ??u ??????e ???? ????y ??e, ?-???, ???ue ?????a ????, ????,
???? ??, ???, ????a ????i?a ????; ?-???, ?????ue ?? ????? ????e, a ?e?
????? ????, ???a ii??eytho ???o???a ??e?a ???? a ???a ???oth?e ??e.
Iiy?? a eth?i ???? ??????ny ???? ??i ????a, ??, ??a e ?????e, ???a ?????
????? ? ??????? ???? ???a???e i???ath?? ??e?ey.
I??? ???ey ???o ?????y ??? ??e th?? ????, ??a ? ??? ?? ???o ??????ue a
????? ????? ?????, a ??????? ?y????e, a ??a ????? ????ue ????a ??y ?
?????? ?? ???y.
N?th ????o ??o ??a ???o ethae?. I?????u ??? ??? ????ue ? ?????ey, ?????e
????? e ?i??a. A y?i ???? eth? ???i ?y??tho ?? ??? n ??????? ???e, ???
?iyo ??y??ny ????? ?y?. Ii ???? e ???a ????? ? ??iu ??ue ??????i
?aiy???i ?y ??i??? ??o ??a ??? ??e ???o eth?e. A ???e ???? ??? ????o
????e ?y?y?? a ??? y?o ????? ??i.
A?e ???? i ??????yo ?a?? ????? ??i, ? ? ?o ????i?i ??????? ??a a eth?e
???. I? y?i ?e??th?y ??a ????? ???o? ??e eth?e, ?e ??i ? ?i???y, ????
????a, ???? e ???ue ??? ??a, a ?e? ??????? ???/??y a ????o ?iy?yo. I??
??o? ???ue i ???? ???. E??????? ?e ????? ??o ??? n ???e ??e ??? ?? ???
?????a. A ????a ?ny???y ?????? ???atho ?????e ???? ??o. Iiy?yth?y ??a
ae? ?????e ????? ???e, ?e ??e?e ???, ???? ????ou, ???? ??u e ?.
I??i ????, ????i ????y e ?????i ???a ????tho ??? ????, ???a ???ytho
??????? ????a?e ????? ???a, a ????? ???e ???ay ??????a ?????e ????o
?????? e ????. I????, ?????ny ??????e ??a ??????? ???e, ?????i ?? ?c??
?e ??ath?y ??aey ?y ??? ????? ???? ????, ????a ??u e o.i.
A ??? ???o ????tho ??a ????? ???, ??oth?a ? ??????a ?n?a ???i ???ey e
????: ???? ? ????? ????e, ????e, ???????, ????? ?? ??th??y e ?.
2.3 E???a e y?? ????e ?y????e.
E???a ???????i e ??????i ??? ?y?? n ???? y???? ?? ????e ?y????e, ???a
??ae?ath?y o ???, ???i ?e ?e ?? ??? e ???a ?????u n ??a???e ????? ???,
y????e ????? ??????e ?y????e. E???a ??? ?a?a ?????y e ???o ? ?????i ?iy,
?????e (???ue ???a, ?? ???????o ?????? ??? ??i ???th?o, ??th??a ??????
??? e ?.), a ??a ????ey ???.
A ????? ??? ?????a, ???? ???a, ??????, ?????o ?????e, ????i ????ey, ???a
???atho n ???????th y???????o ???? a y?e ??a, a ???? ????th?y ????e?ey i
???? ????a ???, i ?aae?????? ?iy?yo a ????a ??y, a ??a i ????o ??i??yo,
???a ??uy?yth?y e ??????? ????i ????e ?y????e, ?eth?y e ? ?a?????. Y?
????ey ??aeyo ? ???iey ??, ?i ??a ???? ? ??? ???ae???e, ? e ??????
c????ueth e ?i ??i ? ???i ? ??? ???? ?????a y?o ??? ??aa. E ???? ????i
????ey e ??i??? ??? ??uy?yth?y ????i ????a ????ey ?????, ????????,
???i???i? e ????i ????a. Ana y? a ?ith ???ue ????o ??????a ? y?? ????e
?y????e.
I? y??e ??? ???th?y ????a ???? e ???? ????, ???eyth?a ?i ??, ???e e a
??i ????a ???? ? ???, a ??a a? ??????ey n ???th?? eth??, ?aey?a ????a e
i???. Y?? ??? ???? y?i ?iy?y?ny a ???e eth?e ? ???, a ??? ? ????? ????y.
A????ath?y ??a y???? ????ey e ????th ???? e ????ath?? ??i?? ? ????th e
????e ????a e ????eyi ????o ?????.
2.4 A?u ???a? ?iy?e, ??????? ???eyi, ?????i? ??eth ?e ????oth?o n ???i.
A ???? ??? ?ath?y ????a ??????y ? ??? e ?????yo, ???a ? ???atho n ????e
e y??e ???, ?i????o ???? e? ?? ???. I????, a ????o ???o ??????? ????a
?iy?y, ???a ???atho ????? e ???? ???? ?e??a (?y??i, ?????? ?????), ?i??a
????a e ???th?i ethaeyi, ?????a ????a ??o?? ??? e ?.
O?? ???i, ??o ??????e ???i?e, ????i-y????e ????ey? ????ey ???, n ??e
???u, e ???o?? ?n???e ?iy?y? eth?e, n ???, ?ea? ? ??? ????tho ??????a
?y?. I???????i ??????i ??? ?a?? a ??oth ???ue ????????y ????o??i-????e
??????y? ? y?o ??. A??a n ?i ???????i ??a ?a????ue ??????e ???eyie,
????e ????? eth?e a ????? ????? ???e. Y?? ????ey? ???? ?ae? ????????y a
?i ???, ??a ??? ?????o ????a ?????a ? ??e ??? a ??oth.
I?????ey i ???? e y?? ??aa a ??? ???o ?????u e ?? ??????u. I????, o
????o ???a ?? a ????i ???? ??y? ?i????a ??, ?????o ????. I??i n???otho
???? e ?????y, ???a ? ???ytho ??????y ???? ?????i ?????yi. O ??? ? ???a
? ????ue ????? ??????a ??u, ?y?? o ?????? ??e eth?e ????o a????ay ???? e
???eth, ???? ???????ay ??e ??????? ????o ????? ??i.
I???i ??????i ????y e ??? e ?? ? ????? ?iy?th ??o ?? ????y ??a n ???????
????. A ??o, ????o ????tho i???? ?e, a ??? – ???e. A E??? e I????e ???a
???????? ???? ?? ???a – ?e ???? n ?cuy??? ?e?. Ii o ??? ???? ??a ?????y
??ath?y ???????ie ?e ? ????th e ????, ?e e ? ????th e ???yi. I?????a
??ea ? ????, a ??i ??ae? ????o.
3.1 Y???? ???? e ? ????? ????.
A ?????e ye???a ?????y ???ay ???ue ??????, ?yc??y n ????????i e ??????i
?a??? ?? ?? e ????a ???? – ?????? ????e eth?e, ? ????o ?iy?e, ???u
?????y, ????a, ?????. O??? y? ??noue ?e e ????tho – y???? ????. Ii ???o
??e?, ?i a y?i ??? ?? ?? ? i ?? ????? ????, ???ath?e ?o????i ?????
???ay????e ???, a ?? i ???????a ????o ? ?e??e e ????a a ???a y?i?????
??????. A? y? ???e e ???? ????atho ???? ?a??a a ?????? y???? e ??????
????otho ???????i ?????? ???? ? ?y? ?????e, ?????y ?i ??i ? ????a ???? a
?????i ?ae?a.
O?? ???i, ??i ???, ?i ????? ?e ??e y????, ???y ?y?? n ????e, ???i,
???????e ????, ?i??y e ????? ???e, ????? ?:
ue ??????th e ?????eth ??o ????e;
ue ?????a ????? ?yc? e ???????;
ue ?????e ???? a ????e e ???????, ???????i a ????a ??y;
ue ???? ???? (y?????a, ??????, ?????a, ???????? e ?.) ?e ??i ????, ?e e
??? ????? ??i, ????uo a???.
A ???o ???o ????tho ??????a e ?????? ??e??? ??uey, ? ???o ??e??ny
????i-????y ??a ?e ??ue ye???e. *?a ??i a ?a ?eth?? ???ey?y, ???ath?a
??? ?????i ????ey, ????ey ???? e ?????e, ?????yth?a ????a ???, ??u,
??ath?a e ???e?th?a ??-, ??-, ??????eth, a ??a ????? ?????e, ???????a
??? e o.i.
Y???? e ???? ????y ???? ????ue ??? ??????? ???e ? ????th e ???eth ???? e
???. O?, a ??aeyo ??a ?????th?y e ?????yth?y ??a ??????a e ?????????
????a ?????e, ???y?ny ??y ???a, ???ath?y ??a y????? ????? ?????i e
????i?i ?????ey e ?.
A??a n ?i ???? ????y a ??a ???? e ??? ?atho ?ith ??e??, ?e ?e ?e ??????
????otho n ????th ?????i ???ey. N?? y?o ?????o ???? ?? ?, ???a ?y?? n
?????i ??o ????e, n ???? ????i ????, n ????? ?y????ueth a ????a, n ???i,
n ??i???? ?ey? e ???????e ???? ??i ????. I????, ???? ???? ??a ? ????th e
????eth ????, ????o, ??? ??th?th?y a ?i ?????? ??? ??i ? ?e??, ??????e
???? ?????i ???ey ????, ???????i ?????, ?????? ????u ?e ???i ???.
??? ? ??? ???ny ????????i, ???ay ????oth ????????, ???????, ???? ???????
??????, ??????e ?????? (?????????ueth, ???y???i ?????i e ?.). Iiy?? ??a
???? e ??? ??? ?????eay ???ue y?????? ????, ??oth?y ???i ???ey, ???aa?y
????a?e, ???a ???ath?y ? ????? ????????e.
A ???a OO a. y?????y e ???????ey ??u ???? ????? ? ??? ???o, ?i ?????i ?
???? ??o ????-?cy????o ????e ? ???ieth e ? ???eth. A ?? ????tho ?e ???a
??? ????? ????, i??eyth?a ??a ???? e ??? ???i ?????y a ???? ????yo (???a
???????? i ???? e ???, ath??i? ????i??a, ????a ??? e ?.), ?e e ???
?aae??, ????u, ?e?th?a ???? ???????? ????.
4. ??ue ?????e ???? e ???? ????? a ???? ????e ?y????e
4.1 ??ue e i????a ?????a a ???? ???. A I?? ??y, e ???? a y?? I????ey, a
???? ???o ??a eth?e ??????y a ?????? ?????o ???a ?????? ????. A ???????e
???? ?? ????? ??iu, ???????a ????? ???? ???, a ??a ??????? ????y ????ay
???? n ???? ???ey?e e c??????i-???? ?????, ????ey?? ???? ??? n ??th
?????i ???ey ?e ????o ??i ????y (a ????e, ??e, ?????, th????), ?e e ??i
????.
I????i a ???o C???e A??u e N???e A??? ?yaey?? ???????a ???u ??????e ????
e ????ai ???e ? ??? ???o ?????? i ???????? ?????e ??a e ??oa, a ??a
??????ue ???????a ????u ???ey ????e ?y????e. A ??n?a ??? ???i-????
(?????o) e ?????o ????? ????? ???????a ????e, ?y??? n ??????e e
????i?-??????e ???. Y? y??? ????? ??, ?i ?????a ???e ???e e ??a ????y
???? ????ue ???? ????y ????i ??? ??????i ???? e ????ue o eth?e ?????a
???a.
A ?? ??y ????ay ???? ??eo ????? ??, a ??a ????u ??ae????i-????i ??????y
???otho a ?c?o ???yo ??? a ??????o ???. I?i ? ????o ?????e ????ie ????
???ny e ??????eth ???i ???a e ????? ???oyi ??????yi ?? ????? ??a e ??i
????y. I??????yy ????? ???u, ?????i ??e e????e ????e ???o ????y?? ???y
?y ??, ??u ?a????? ???o ????e, a ??a ???ue? ?????? ??a (????????a ????e,
????, ?????a ??e, ?????) ??e a ????a ??y ?????y e ???a?i?o ???eth,
?eth??ny a ??/??a ?iy?y, ??????y n ?????? o??? ???. I??i ?????i ????o
i?u ? ???eth e ??????th ?y????e NIE, ???, ????e, a ??a ???, ???a,
???????e ???u, ???ey? ?e?y ? ????? ????th?o ????e e o.i. I??a ???u
?????e i???e, ?eth?y e ???? a ??a ???, ?????th?y ???????e ????e, ??i???
?????????e ????, ??????i ???ey, ????i ???????a.
I?a ? ?? ???????-????i ??????y ??? ?y?? n ??????? ?y????e ???a a ??a
???? e ?e???, ???? e ?????o ?iy?e ????y a ????a ??y
I?? e ??u ???????-????i ?a????ey ????i ??? a ??? n??? ?????u. A??????ay
??? eth?? ?????a ????y ? ????, ????o?ny ? ????o ?c??, a ??a ?????? e
?????o ?????e, ????o ni?iy?a ??????i ???ey.
A ???yo ?????e ???????e ??u, ?a ???? ?? ???o a ???? ? ???????o ??a, ?e
???i, ?????th?y ???, ???ath?a ??? ????a ??? e ???th ??? ??a ????i??
????i ?? e ? ??i (?? y? ? ?y?? n ???? ?????). A ??? ???o ???????e e
?????? ??? ? ????a ?? ???? ?e ????o ?iy?e ?y?i n ?????ie ???ey? (?e,
????, ??? ? ???o e ???? ?????o ???? a ?yaea ????in?o ??i).
A eth?e ??? ??a ????i ??????ey ?????e ??? ?????y ?e ?n? y???? (???????e
e ????e ???n) e ??? ??????e ???a (??? a ??a ????, ???????i ?????y, ????e
e o.i.). I?????u ???a? ?y????e ??ath?y ? ????????a ??? e ???? ????u,
????th?a i????????oth ?????, ?cy????th ???? a ??a ????, ????e e ???.
C??????? e ??????? ????u ??ae?ytho ??u ??????e a ??a ?????? ????? ????a,
a ??a ????a ???? y?????? ?y????e a ???e ????? e ????? ??a, ?eth?y ????a
???. Ai ??? ???o ??y? ?????i-????????a ?????y ? ??i? ???? ?????? e
??????? ??a a ???yo ???. O?? ???i, ??? ????u ???otho ????????-???oth ???
?c??y ????? ????? e ????e ?y????e ???i.
4.2 ?????a e ??????a ?????? ???? a ???e ???? e ???. A ??? ?????????e ?e
?????? ????? ????, a ??a ????y ??????e ?e ????i?e ????? a ??? ???o
????eyth?y ???a ??????a ???u a ??a ???? e ???. ?????y ???? ???? ???y?
?i????i ? ??? ????ue ??? ???? y??????i ???ey ?????i ???a, ? e ???? ?????
???ae ??? a ??i.
A y?i ?? ???? ??a ?? ???? ???a. E??i ???????y ?e ?????ay ??? ????o
??????i e ????i ????? ????a a ????i??e ??o ?? ????? ????? e ????o ????.
A ????o ??ayo ?? ?????a ?e ???o ???a ??? ia ??o ?? ???? ?y????ueth
???ia?a, ????a. A???a ??? ?e?atho ???? ?????y? ??????ue ??a??o ???a,
????? ???u, ???????ua a ?i ????? (?????, ??????? ??? ?????e ???a e ?.),
???ae?ue ????a e ????? ??eoea ???i ???a a ?????? ????. ?????? ????i
??????i ???a a ???e ?????? ???? ??????a ??e ????? e ????? E????
??o???ey. Ii ????ny a ???yo ???i ????? ?????i-????uo ???? a ?????? O???
e ???ny a 1946 a. a ????i e???? ??? n ??th ???ue ?i ??o??th ??ue a ???
????? ???a. N ?o ?? ??????ue ???? ??ue ??? ?a ??. Ae??i ???? ???? ???a,
???????i ?????i ???????e ???? e ????? ????ue?? ???a, ??o ???ue ????
??????e ??????? ????i ???a e ????ue???i ?????ey a O??e.
A ??e ??? ????i ????i-???a? ???? ?? ????a? ?????? a ????e ??? a ???
????? ????. A ?????o ???yo ??????ea e ????ey ??o ?i??a ??i ?? ????ey?ny
? ???????? ?????e, a ??????e ??oy?.
O?? ???i, ??c ????oth ????, ??i ?a ??ey?? e ??? o?? ???a ???? ????y
??th?? ?n? a ??i?a ??????, a ??? ???? ???? ????y ????y ????. Ca ????e
y?o ??e, ?e ???i, ??a?ny ???? ?ae? ????th e ????? ie????, ????? ? ????ey
e ???. I? y?i ???ue ??? ?o??y ????? ???e ??i?e ??? a ????e n ???
????????? ???? ??a??ueth e ?????? ????? a ???? ?cy??a.
5. I????? ?????a ????i-????e ?y????e
5.1 I?? ?????e ?????a ????? ???ey?y? ??o?u e ???.
A??y i ???????i e ????i ?????a, ??cy ?????ny ??????: ?y ?? ????? ? ?
?????e, ?i e ?y ?????a eth?e ??? ???e y????. A ????i-????e ??a ???????a
e ??????? ???u ?y????e ????atho ??? ???? ?????e, ?y??? n ??th ?????i
???ey, ???oe? a ??e ???? e ????.
???a ????? e ?a???? ????i-????e ??u a ?? ??? ?????????i ????ey ????y a
??? ??????i ???ey a eth?e ???; e ?e ?iy?y? ???n ?a i????. *??? ???? a
????ey ??o?u e ?????e ??? n ??th ??e ??i??? ?y ?????i ???ey, ????ey
??a????o ??????, ???/??, ??????ey ????? ?e e ???i? ????ey. C?? o ?? ??
????i?y ???a ??? ?iy?e ?? ??? ?????, ???a ?????tho ???th ???oe? ????????
?y????e, ????e ???? ?????? ??o.
A? y? ?????e ???atho a ?????i ???? ??i?a ???ey ??????o y???a, ??o ??o
?????e ? ???. Iiy?? ???? ???????o ???? e ???/??e a y?e ???e ???i ??a
??????, ??????i, y????ue? e ?????i ???i, ??? a ??? ??? ??a (???o, ????
???o, ?e?? ?y? e ?.). O?? ???i, ???? e ??????? ?????a ??u ???? e ??aa ?
??? ???ey?ny ??????i ??????o ??????, ???? ?e??e, a ??a ???? ??????i
??ey, ????y? ??.
I?????i ????? ??? ???e ?e ?e ??a ?????y n ????? ?e???, ????? ????????,
??i???? e ??????? ???? ???, n oe?y? ????i?o ?????e. A? y? ??a? ???y ?y
????? ?????i? ??a ?????e ???? e ??? a ???ua ????y ??c ????u ???????
????e, ???ythuea ?y??ue ???????eth ??? ??u, ? ??e y????. N y?e ??th a
??? ??? ????tho ???u ???????e ????e, ???? ????a, ???ath?y ??? ????e
????ey ???a ?????e ????. I??i ????u ????i?e ????e ? ??iytho ?o ?????e,
???a ??atho a ??a ???? e ??? ??o???a ???y, ????oth?a ???????e ?????
????ue ??a ???u ?y????e e ????ey.
??????e ????? ???? e ??? ????u ????ue ?a ??????a ??????? ????? ? ??, ??e
???????-y?????? e ??????-???? ??? ??o ? ?????y (??i ??????, ??????? ?e
????e) e a ??i ????? ???? ?a ?????y.
5.2 N???ee ???ey, ????? e ????a ????.
Ia ?ae??o ???eth ??, ?i ????? ??u ???? e ??? eth?e ??? ??????i ????? ??
???? ???? ??a??y, ???a ????tho a eth?e y?????? e ?????? n?? ?y????e.
??ue ?? i ???a???i ???a, ????a ?i???o ??e e ??????o ???; i ????-??????e
?y????e, i ????? ????, ????? ??? ??????? e ???? ???ey, i ???o ? ????ey.
Ii ??ue ?e e?tho ?ith ????o.
I????, ??????? ????ey ???? ????????, ??????i e ??????? ??iy ?e ?????e
????a ??? ???ey ? ??? ??nyo ? ?????e ae?????i ?a????y, ?????i ???.
????ae???? ??u ?nyo ?????th?e ????; a ?o ??? ???ath?y ?????a ???ey
?????e ??? ???i ???ey?y, ???a ??? ?n? ?ith ?y????ue ??i ???i, ??u ?????
????ey ? ?? ?????o ?????e.
I????o ?????? ?????e ???? (???? a ?i?o ???? e ???? ???a) ???iy??? ?????o
??yo???a ????e ???ey ??? ???? ???? e ???. A??c ?e y?i, ?????, ????y ?
????? ??????o ?ne????. Ia ??? ??? ???a ???ey?ny ???c ???ey ???e. N???ue
???? ?y?? n ?????? ???i e ???o ????e, ?????? ?????i ???? ??u ???, n
?????e ?c??? ????a ?i ???ey a ????i ?e ????? ???i. Ia ?? o??i ????
?????? ????u?tho ??????a ??u ??u, ????ath?a ?????? (? ?????o 3-5 ?o e
??a) e ??????e (1- 3 ??) ????. A ?????e ??y?i??o ????e ???ey ????i-????e
??u ??i ? ??? ???, ????o ???e ??o ? ????th ??th. O??e ???c ???o ??? ?y
????ey ?yo??i?e ??u, ????? ????? ???? e ????y ????a?e.
I??????a a ??a ???? e ??? ????o ??????ueth ???????i-y?????? ?y????e,
?????? ? ????? ?ath??y ?e ? ????? e ????a ??o ????? ???? ????a, ?????,
?????o ?y?e, ????o?o ??????? e ???? ????e. Oe?e, ???, a ??a ????? ???? a
??? ??o ????e ?y????e ?atho ?? ?????e, ?y??? n ??????i ???, ?????i ????.
A?e ???? i ??a ???? a ??i, ? a ? ??? ?? ??i ?????ath?y ???u:
ue ?y??ua n ????i ???????o ????a;
ue ?y??? n ????? ????;
ue ??????i-?????? (????e ???, o????);
ue ?????a (???, y???, ??, ?o);
ue ???????a (???y e ????ay ????y);
ue ???????a (???ue ??? ????i? ???ey);
ue y???????? (a ??o ??? ????? ?y????e).
I??nn ??????ey ??? ????? ??u ??th?? a ?? ??oth?a y??: ??? ??e??e ????,
????o ??e, ??/ ? ? ????eth, ??????? e ????? ??o ?? ????? ????a. I???
???ey a ????? ???? ???o ??yae???ue a ?o ???????, ???????-??i?????,
?????o ???? n ?????? ??????i-?????i e ????i ??a. Nai ???n ??/??a ?a???i
??????ue ??? ? ????, ?i e ????a ?????; a ?i ??? ???ey?ny ??????th
??????i ????? e ???????i ????y. Ii a ????? ??????? ??i ???e??y n ?? ????
???????i ????? (?????a, ??????, ???o ?ae???a) e ?????i ???????a (????,
???, ?????), ?y????ue ???o ??????y a ??e ????i-????e ???o.
A? ?? ?????? ?????. I??????? e ????a ????e ? ???o ????ue n ???i ??????
??? ??a ?e n ?????? ?????? ?????i ????a ??i ?? e ???. I??????a, ???ay
?????e ?????? ???u ??o ?????, ??ath?o ???? ?????? ????? ?i??, ??? ? ???
?????y ???? ?????. Ae?a ????????a ?????u ? ???????? ??????eth, ? a
??iy?e ???a??, ?e ??? ??o ???? ????, ?e ? ??? ??????ue a ????thny ????th
????.
I??????e, ??????i-o????a ?????? e ????u-?????? ae??u ???? ? ??, ?i a
???? e ??? ?? ???? e ?????e eth?e ??ath?y ??????? ??????e ??a, ??? ??, ?
?? e ??a, ???a ????? ?a????? ?????i ?????? ?e ?????? ???.
Ia ??? ????y ??? ?????o ?????th ??o, a ??i ????o ? ???ue ?????y ?????
???. I???ia ????y ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??i????y ??o ??i??e, ????
???? ???i ??????y (???? ? ?i??, ??? ??? ??u e ?.), a ??a ???? ???? ?
????e ?????a?y, ???u ????? ??????o ???a.
I?i ????y ??th?? a ?? ???ea ??? ??a ??o, ? ?????, ?????? ? ??? ???????e
???o?e, ?a??th?e ? ????e ???a, a o?? ??a ?????, ??????o ? ??e??th
??????i ?????y ??? n ????i ?i?a ????ey e ????i ?a???? ?????y ???i
?????y.
I????-??????? ??? e ??????a ??u, ??e????a ????e e ????e???a ??a y?????
?????e ?y???n? – ?a y? ??? ???i ????? y???a?o ????? ????a e ????o ??a,
???th?o ????eyi ???e.
Ia ?? y??o ????e ????e, ??????ey e ????y ????? ????e ???? ???? ?y ???
??i???a y?? ????? ?????o ??????y ?y????ue.
5.3 Ci??? ???e?a a ?????a ????i-????e ?a?.
I????o ?th?y ??? ?????y, ???a ??i ??? e ??oth??: y? ?y????ue, ?????ay ?
????? ??o ????? ???a e ????o ??o??, a ??a ? ? ???? ?i???? ?????i ??????o
????-???????? ?e?e e ??????? ???a.
I???? ????o ?????oth ????th ???ey ????? ???ey?y, ?????? ??????a ???u,
????? ?????a ?o???e e ???, ???a ???ytho ii??? ?i?? ??????????e ???ey?y.
A ????? ???i ????th?y ??? y?????? ????, ???y?y ?????a ??a???y ??? ???i
?? (??????, ?????e, ???a e o.i.); ????y ?????a ??? e ??e??ey a ?????
???? ?i?, ??iyth?y ?????e ??? ??? ????e ??????. ?????u ??????? ???a ???
???yth?y i? ????a ??????e ????e e ? ????e. I???????a e ????ey ?y?e???
???i?i ???ey?y ??a ? ??? ??y?y ? ?????eyo ??? ???a. E???oy ??? ?????,
???a? ????o ?? ??o ??a ???? ????ue ????a ????, y????oth ?R-?e??o, ????
??? ?????? ????e???y ??ai ???? ? ??a, a?????ue ??? ?????a ?y????e
???ey?y.
C???a ????? a ?????a ?????-????e ??u ???? ? ???a ?? ?i ?????e, ???a
????? ???? ????tho ?i ????: ???? ????i ???a ? ????? ?i??u (????? ????a)
e ?????a ??o ????o ?iy?e e ??o ????o ????a.
N??? ?????y ? ???? ????i? ?????. I? y?i ????ny ??? ????? ??????, ??????o
????e ?iy? ????y ?????i ????, ?eth/ay e ?o ???a???e, ???i ????? ???? e
??? n ???e ???e ???e. O???y ????? ?????i ?????, ????? a ??a ???? ? ???
?????? ????a ?? ?????? ??a?, ?????o ????thny y????n?th ??th??? a ????e
?y????e, ? e ?????? ??????? ?? ????i?? ???ey, ?????? ?????y ?? ??????
??. Ec y?? ???o, ?i n???????? ??? ?????a ??o?u ? ????iy?o ????o ????o ?e
??? ? ??n, ?y??? ??th??e?i n ?i-?????, ??? ?e ?y ??e?y ????? ??u, ?e e
?y ???ey ????. A ????? ???? ????e ???o ???? ???? ????ey ????ue?o ??e?e,
????e ???ath?o i????? ???, a ??a ????ue ??n ????i ?????? ??a ????y, ???
??i ??e, ????, ?e ??????? ??? ???ey ??? ???a. A??c ???? ?? ???y? ???, ?i
???a ??e??a, ??ey?? ???o ???a ?? ?????ue ??????i, ??????eyy ae?i?, ????
??a ???oth a ??????e ?????a ???th ????, ????. O? ??i ???? ???ytho
???ath?th ?i?eth ? ????th e ????th?i ??ea?yi e ???otho ??i???th ????th
??e ???e. A ????i ??? ?a /?? ?ny? ?o ??? ???? ?????ay ????y ?? ????? e
????. Ana y? ???o i ?i, ?i eth?e ?????-????e ??? ??? ??a ????i e ??on???
?????? ????th ??? ???ey ? ????a e ?????ia ???a.
O??ue ????? ?????th ???o ?i???ey ??o ????o ?iy?e, ???y ?ao i ?? ??ue ?
??? ????o ??u ?????e ???? e ???. I???? ?a??y?y, ????y? n ???i ???i
?????e a ??i ???? ???, ????u ? ??? ????y ? ????eny ?????? ?e e ??y??ny
???i, ? e ????? e ??????? ????a?th ??? n ????e ?????e. A y?e ????
?????th?y ?????ue?a ?????, ????? ?????th?a ? ???a ??? ??a???e. I?? y?
????y ????o a ???????a ????i eth?e.
Ii, ?e ?????? ??????? ??a, ??a ???? e ??? ??o ??? ????, ?a ?????y
???????ey ?y????e ???? ???? e ?????i, ?????i ?y ???? e ?????y?? ?y ???
???a.
N????? ? ????? eth?? ???ey?y ???? ??? ???? ???i ???i?i, ??? ??ue ??u?
????e a ???? ??? e ????, ??ue ? ???????. I????a ??????? e ??a??o
??????e, ??????a e ???a?i ???? ???oyi e ????ey ?? ? ????a ???u ??o ???o
??i ???o ???a ???? a i????? ????e.
I????a ????? ????? – ??oue ??? ???a e ?????a ? ??????a ????? ???u,
??????? ??, y?? ????, ????? ?????? ?????e. N y?e ??th ????a ??? ??e????
??n ??? ??i ????, a ?i ??a ??????o, ????i ????i?o, ??????.
N????e ?????e ????e a ??? ? ??iy???o ?????? ??? ???oth ? ???ath?y n ??e
????, ??ay ???? ????ny ????? ????a?, ???ue ? ????? ?????y? ??n?a e
???????o n ?????? ??e ??ey ??i ????y. Ae??????, ???eyy ?????oth ??ue
????y, y? ??? ? a ??iy?e ????? ????iy?a ???. Ii, ?-???, ????a ? yo? ??a
(????, ??ayny ????) ???? ????? ??th ?? a ????? ??aa, ??a??ny ? ??????e
???? ????y. N??iy?yy ???? ??? ????ny ???e ??e ????, e y? ???o ?e???.
Ai-???, y?????ay e?uth???a a ???yo ?????????i ???? ?i? ????a, ?i eth?y
??a, ?e ???i, ????y ????? ????????oth ???a?th ? ??????a ???? ????????
??a.
A? ?? ?????? ?????a: ???i??? ?? ??????i ????????u ????th e ?????? ??i
???. A ??e ???? eth?y ??a, ?? ?????ay, ??? ??? ???a, ???a ?? ??????i
???? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????o ??a, ???y ?i ??i ???a?? ??ae e ??????
???? ???ey?y.
A? y? ??iy???? ??tho ????? ????a ??? ?????? ?y????e eth?? ????i-?????
???ey?y.
A ????a ?ny???y a ????? e ??????e ???? ???? ???oth?y ?????y ?????, ?y???
n ????? ?????e e ????i ??? ????a?e ???? ??a, ??????, ?????o e ?. A???
???oth?y ?????e ??? ?????e ????i-????o e ??????-????o ???ey?e,
?????-????? e ?????i ???.
E?? ?? ?y?yth?y ???e??? ?????ey a ???e ?????i ?c??y ??? ????? (?e
?????????, ?e e ??? ????? ???), ????, ???a, a ??a ??ath?y ????? ???u
???i?? ??? ????e, ?????? ???, ?????? ????.
5.3 Ee?? ????? ??????e ????? ????u e ???.
I? ??? ?????? ??a???y ????ny ?i ?????ue e ???a????, ?????, ?????eth,
o.a. ??n??, ???a ????atho ???a ???? a ?y????e ????a ?????e ????u. ????ay
??a ????a ????i-????e ?y????e ???????o: ???? ?????ey, ????a-?????? ????
?y????e ? ??o ?? ????i?, ?y?????, ath?????? ??????. N ??e ??i?, ???e a
y?i ??? ????? ??i?a ???????a e ???????? ????; ?i ???ey ?????ath?y a ???i
ae???? ??????, ???????? ???i e ??????i-????? (?????, ??????o, ????? o
?.) ????e. I???? ? ?????y a y???? ?????o ?i???, ???a ?e ?e ??a ?y?? n
???i, ?????? ?????e, ??e. N ??? ???u, ? ??? ??? ???????y a a??n-????eyo,
?? ???o??i ???i a ??i ?????, ??ue ???y? ???????a ????e, ???ath?a a ??
?????? ???. Eth?e ?? a ????? ???o ????? ???? e ae???? ????a ??? ????? e
???-????? ????, ??e, ??????e. Iiy?? ???a ?????? ?atho ???oue ??????a
???u ? ???????o.
??????e, ???a ??y?th ???aeyo o????e ?????? ?y????ueth (???a ?ae???,
??????? ?????? ?o-???a e ?.), ??? ???? ???i ???ue ith??? ??????? ?????a,
o.a. ?????? ????, ? ????ue a ??e ??? ??? ???e, ? ????ue ????u ??o ???a?,
????? a ???th?i ???a ???th ???, ???ue eth?th ????o ?????i ?????yi.
???? e ???????a ???? o i???? ???? e ??? ???oth ????aeyo ?y?a ??u, ?e ?e
??e ?o ????ny ???? ??e ??????i. I??y ??ue ????? ?y ?iy? ????y?, ?????i
??????, ? ???i, ?e i???, ??a?a ?????? ?????e ???a?e ???? e ???. I??c? a
???ua e ?????a ?e ???i ????tho ?????i.
N???y ?????y a ?i ???, ?ee ???e ?????? ?e ????-??ie??? ????e ?y????e ??o
???a ?????a, ????? ??? ?i ????i-??????, y?????? ???, ???????o ???. A ???
????ey ??e ????? ????? ?? ?i ?????ey e ???????e, ???? ???uo ???y?ny e ?e
???e ???????? ?????.
I???i ???e ????? ????a e ????y ????a ???? ???o ???? ?i ????????ue, o.a.
??? ????????ue e ???ny ???o ??e a ??? n ???e eth??, ?a?a ????ue ??? ?
????oth ?y????ue. O???? ???? ??? ? ??? ???u o ??a?a ? ???ey. A?e ????
???i e ???o ??e ???e a ????i-????e ??a, ? ??? ?i ????ue ? a ??. A??e
????th?i ???i a e????a, ???? ?y?i ?? ????i ?????????, ??? ? ?i?????e.
I???th ??? a ?????? y?o ???a ???? ????ue ?????? ???e ? ?ae, ???a, ?
?nyoe, ? ??eth e ? ??? ??. I??? ????, ??a i??????i ??i??y ?????ue e??e
?n ??? ???? ???e.
Ia ??? ????-?????? ??i ??i????? n ????ey? ????? ?????, ????e ???ey?e
???. Ii ?ae?e ??? ?? ??a ????ue ??? ????ey, ????ue e ?c??? ?i ????. A
y?i ??? ??oth ???? ?????o ????yy ????, ???? ??, ??? ???? eth?e e o.i.
I??? ???ey ???o ???e ?ae e ??? ????y, ???? ????y ???ae??y, ????a-??????.
A y?e ??a ????ue ?? ????, ????ey e ??i?o ?? e ????th ????? ??? ??iy. Ai
??? ????eyo ?????? e ?????? ??ey? ??e ??? e ??o?? ?????tho ?y? ?i???????
??a n ????? ???e, n ?????e? ???, ? ??? ???, ???, ????a.
A??? ?????a ?????? ????? ???a a ??? ????e e ?e??a, ?????, ?y?? ? ???i n
???i ??i, ???i n ????e ????y e ????? ????e a ??i, n ???i ?? ?i?????i
???? e??a.
5.4 O?????a ??????th?e ?? ?????e ????, ?o???e e ??? a ?????o ???yo.
A ??iy?a ??y a eth?e ??? ????? ?????a ??u ????, ????? e ??? ?????y ? ???
??????? ?????.
I?????th ??ue ???? ??o ? n?y ??? ???, ??e?th?a ???????th, ?????oth e
??????th ????. A ??? ???o ????? ?????? ???u e ????ue ?????? ???? ???a?y
???? ? ???? ??o ????? ath???? ??iy?. A ???? 1990-o ??a a O?ey??, E??e,
O??e ??a ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????ue ? ?eth ?????o ath???, a ? ??y ?e a
A???e, I?????, O???? ?????nue ???????y ???a: ??ue ???ay oy??ue ath????
??????ey ???? ???? ? ????ue?a e ??????a ??? ???.
Ii ??e ?th? a ?? ????ay i???a, ????ay ???? ???, ? y?y?ny ?????? ?????
??????ey ?????e ????i-????e ?y????e. A y?o ????o ???otho ??a ??? ???ou,
?e ????? e ?????????a ??e??, ????a, a ??a ??? (????, i???u). N?e ?c?????
????i-????e i???e e ?ia?? ???u ? i?a???e ???i ??y?y ??o ??e ? ??ith
??????, ?????yi ???????e. Ia ??i ?eth? ???? ???? ??? ?????e e ??, ???a
???? ?i??y??? ?????ue ?ith ??????th?th ??ue ??c ?a???????oth ?????,
????y ???????i ? ?? ???e????i ??a. E ??i ?????yi ???e?? ?????e ?o-???a,
???? ??a?, ??? ??u ????e ?????e, ????ay ?y????ue e ?. Ia ??? ?eth?
ae???tho ????ey ????, ???a ??i?ueth ??nyo ? ?????e e ???a (?????, ???a
??u, ???????? o????y e ?.). I?? ?? ?????y ??e???a ??i ????? e ?????e
????, ????ay ?? ???o ?????y ia ????e ???.
C????a ??????e ? ??? ???a ?y????e ????? ????? ?????i???o ??i ?????e
???????th ??o, ???y ????? ?eth ?????o ???a o ?????e ???? ???i ?? ? ??
????a???i ??a, o.a. ? ?? ????y.
0 25% 50% 75% 100%
A????e, Oa???e, O??u, ??e, I??th???a O?-???, ??u, ????
????? ????a ?????e,
???????a ?????e ??u ????e
????ey ?????e
??. 1. Aeiey ???a, ????? ? ?? ???????? ??a a ????eyo e ?????yo ?e??u
???i ??
I?????? y????u ???tho, ?i ?i?y ??a ??????th?e ??e ????? ???? ???o ????y.
N?? ???ny ?? ? ??? ??????th?e ??e, ????? ? ?? ????y e a ???? ????y?i
????th??y ???? ??th???. Ii ?y ????? ???? ?ath?y e ??? ??e ????y ???a,
??? ??i ??e ???a (????????o ???, ?iin??, ????a), ???-????a, a ??a
???????o ????, ???a ?????ytho ??????? ???? ??o ath???? ??????ey. A y?i
??? ?????a ???a a ?c?o ????eyo ???? ??o ??. E?? ??, ??ay ??a ?e ???e
????o ??o ????e ??o ????? a ??? ???o ?????? ????e ????? ?????. Y?
??ae?y?ny ?i, ?i ??? ?????? ?????u ????a ??? y??????i ???ey, a ?o
???otho ?????? ???? e?ue???i ?????? e ????e ?y????e, ?????th?y ???? ??
e????e ????.
I??i ???a a ?i, ?i a ???a?? ???yo ??????th?y ??ue a ??i??eyo ???? e ???
?????ny ? ??????o ?????, o.a. e?? ????th ???o. I? ?????y ? ???:
ath??a (???????? e ??????i ??iy), a ??a ?? ?????e ? ??ae??? (???????o e
???o ???a ?a?e, th????? e ????? ?oe);
???? ???o ??a ?y????e ????? ????;
???? ? ???? ??a ? ????i n th?????e e ?????e ???;
???? ???;
????o ???a (?????? ??????e, ?????e ??? e ?.);
??? ???a e ?????e, a ?i ??a ???a ? ????? ?????????e ?y????e, ?eth?y ?,
???y ? ????y e ????? ?y????e.
*?? ?????i-?????e e ????? ???, ???y ??????ny ??????, ???? ??oy?, a ??a
????ey?, ???ie, ????o ?????oth?e ??i ?????-????o ??a ??????? ????? e
?????e ????, ?y ??a???e ?? ????th, ?? ???? ?????. O?? i???, ?????
??????y ???? ???ae ???ey ???? e ???. Y? ????iea ???ey ??a ????th ??iey?
????? ??????i ????i ?????? ??, a ??oth ???ue ??e e ?????, ?????a ??e,
????????o ?a???a, ????a e ?.
C?????e ??i ????i-????o ??a ?????y ?eaea ? ?? ?????????e ????? ?????e
???? e ?n?a. A y?i ??? ??? ?y ?????? ??????, ?oy ? ???????a a ae??i ???
??o ?? ????th ???? ? ??th??? ???, ?? ?????ue ?aey?e ???? ??i??y ????a
?????e ???? e ??? ??a (????i ???????y, ???? i ??????? ?????a n ???? ???,
??? ??? ??? e ?.).
*? ??a ?y????ue ????? ???c?? ??? (???, ??y, ????e ??u e ?.) ??o ??????
????, ?i a ???e ???e ? ???? ????a?o ? ????oth ??? ??a, ? ??? ??????y ?
???????e ??n. Iiyo?o a ???e ???? ?????y, e ?e?o ?? ?????e ???? e ???
i???ny ei???? ?????: ???/???, ?????n?? ?e ?????. O?? ????? ?y?? n ???e
?ey? y?o ??i, ??????e ?????e ????y ???a.
Ia y?e ??? o ???a ??? a ??? ???o ? ????th e ??? ? y?o ??i ????? ????a
???u e ??? ????? ????, a ????e, a ???e ?y?e e e???? ????e, ???????y, ??o
e o.i.
?????i ?????? ????? ??????th?e ??e ?????e ???? ? ???a NOA. E???i, ?i
???th ?eth ? ???i ??????? ??????? ????oe? ???? ??ue ???eytho ??? (???
??a) ???? ??a ???o ?oe. Ia ?i?i ??a – ???? ???a????? ???; ? ???i –
??????y ??????i ???a; ? ????i – ????o??? ?i??y (????, ????ey??
???a?????e ?????e).
E??i a NOA ??e ???? ???a ?y ???ey ????? ?y????e, ?eth?y ????a ???ey?y
????y, ?? ??ia???ueth ???????? ??????? ?yo???? – ??????i. O????? – y?
??? n ???? ????? ?y????e, ??? ???? ???u a ??????? ?????e ???? ??o ?????
?y????a ????ey, ???a ? ???? e ??????? ???? ?y????e.
A??????? e ??????? ??????? ??????? ????i-????o ????? ???y? ??????? ?e a
?a????e ???e ?y??ue ????, ?????a ?????? ???i e ???? ??th???e ?
????i-????a ?iy?y. I??????a ????ey ???? e ????a ?????e ? ??th?? ? ????
??u, ? ????eytho ????a ?? ??e ?y????e ? ?????? ???.
5.5 I??? e ?????eth ???a ????i ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? e ???.
I????? ??e???y ???n?e ???u ??????o ????? ?????a?y ???? ???? e ??? ?????
???a ??????i e ??i????i ???ey?yi e ?????yi, ?e ?e ??? ?e ???ath?y ????
??a?e ?????y a ???? ???yo.
Ca ????a ?ny???a ????? ??o??ey, ?y??? n ath???i ???????i, ????? oy???
??? ????? ??u ???? e ???. A ???yo ??y?e e y??????i ?e?? ?????y ?ey ?n??a
? ???? a ?????i ath??a ???ey? ?????i ???th ??ue, ?i ??????i ????????i e
????e c??ey?. A ???? ???i ????e ?a?e?ue ????ey ????, ???a ????? ec
?????? a ?????? ????ea e ???????ue ? ???o ath??ia. A ??o ???yo ?e ?????
???e?atho ????? ???? ? ?? ????. C????y ??a ????? ??u ???? ???ny ???? ???
??e ??? ???? ??????e y????.
A ???yo ????????i ???y ????? ??? ???e??o ????? ?e??u ??? ??? ?? ? ?????
?c????e ????ey ? ??????th?e ??e e ??yo ?????ue ?????e ?y ??? ? ?o
???????. O????e ?y?iu ????ue ia ?ay ?y???? ii ????? ?e ???o ??????eth
??ou ?????, ? ? ?atho ??a ?????y a ?i ????? ????. I??a ???u ????e, ???a
????ath?y ??o ????ey? e ?????? ????, ????th?y ???????a?, a ??a ????u?
????y? ??o ??. E???o ????e??a a ??a ???? ??? ???th ?eue a ?a???? ????
???o ???? ?????i ???a.
A?ue ?a ?? ?????ue ????ey ae?????oth?e ??e ????? ??????? ????? ???? –
??e ???a (?????a), ???o ?????? ????? ???? ? ?i ???th ???, ? ????? e
????a ????? ????, ? ??e??th ?????o ??????o ????.
I?a ???? ???, ????th?e ????o ???a a %, ????? ? ??? ????? a ?????e
?y????e A??????? O??y???e ???e:
5% – ???? ????;
18% – ???y ??a, y????, ???;
33% – ???, ??????y, ????????a ???;
35% – ath???a ?i?????a;
7% – ?????????y ?y????ue;
2% – ??? ????e.
A ??e ???, ? ????, ?a ? ????ue ????u e ??e?? ????a ???????? ?? (??? ???,
????n?a ????, ????????a ??u), a ??a ? ?ya??ue a ??a??? ????aa ?????i
???? ??? (???a ?????, ????a ?????? ?y??), ???a ???? ???? ???u ?y ????e
?yo???? ????? ????. C????e ? ??? ???a (a ????e, ????????o ???) ???ny ?y
????? ???n?e ??u ???? ??????i.
A ???? ??????? ?????? ???a ???? ??a??? ?? ?y????e ????? ???? ???o ???a,
a ???th ???ue ?? ???.
5.6 O????a ??????th?e ??e ??????o ??????? ????? ? ?? ?????????a.
I?? ???????? ????o? ???? ?????????e ?y????e ?e?????o ?????, ?????ey
??????th?e ??e ? ????e ???. A y?i ?o?a ?????????i ??o ??ue ??e?? ??u e
???????y ? ??? ???. ???o ????? ???????i ????ey ???? n ????ey?, ????, ?
????, ??a ??i ???ue ??????ueth ?????a????. I?i ? ??? ?i???? ?????????a –
??? ? ??a ??????. Y? ?????a ???yao ??????? ????eyi ???? (??yi, ?????i,
???i e ?.) ??? ??a?e ?y????e ????ue ????a ???, ?o?? ??o ?? (??o e ? ??)
?y?? n ???e ?y????ueth, ? ???a ?????? ?????.
N y?e ??th ??? ????? ??yo ??? ???????ey, ??? ?y ????e ?????? ?????,
?????a ????????o ???a; ??e ????tho ?????? ????a ? ??e ?????, ????tho e
??atho ?????oth?th ????i????th ????? e ?????eth. O????? ????? ?i?aeyo
?????a ??????? ???eyoey, ???, ???e ? ???e ???.
I????????ay ?y????ue ????/??o ????? ???? ??o ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ????a
????i ?cye?? n ??? ? ?????oth?a ????? e ??? ?y????e. ??ue ?? i n??
?????, ???? ??????, ??a??e ??????o ??????, ??ai?o ???? e o.i. E?i? y?
???u ?????????e ?y????e ???ath?y ??o??? ??????o ????? ???? e ??? n ????
????y?.
A ???o ????? ???o ???e ?????????y ?y????ue ??o ?????ue a n???? ???a ?
10-15% (a ???o ????eyo, ?????o) ? 45-55% (?????, ??? ???? e ???, ????
????? ???) ????? ???a.
5.7 I????? ?????????e ????? e ????y ??ae? a ?????? ????o n?? ???? e ???.
I??e??e ???? e ??? ??????i ?? ????? ??yo ?ith ?y????ue ??a, ??? ???????.
N?ae???a ?e y?i ???, ????? ???? e ???, ?????, ????? ? ??a??? eth?e, ? a
???e ???e ?e y?i ???ath?y ??a ?? ???, ?e ????, y??th???, ?????e, ?????.
I?????? ?????i ???? ??????u ???????i ? ????a ???e e ??o ??????ue ? ???th
???, ?????i ???e ??/e??tho ????? ??e ??.
A??a n ?i ???????ue ?y ??e??e ??o ???? ??i ????y a ???o ????o, ???? o ??
? ?????y. ??e ????ey ???? ? ????ny e ?????, ?? ???? ????a, ??o ?????
?o?, ????y eth?th ?????ue ?y ????ey ?????? ??/. A ?y? n y?i ? ????o a ??
??a ???????a ????, ?e ?????? e ????? ?? ? ??. A? ?????????y ?y????ue
????a ???eth ?????????? e????? ????, ???e ???? ???ue ?????? ??u ???e.
Ae?a ?????e ??????a ???? e???? ?????e (???e e ?o-???) a ???e ?? ? ???e
????i, ??u ??ue ??/??? ??????ey a ???a ???u ?e???-????? ?a?. Ath???a
??????a ???a e ??? ?????a ????tho ????ny ???? ???? ?n???ey ???? a ??o
???? e ?n?a, ?oy y?o ???a ??? ?????o ?y ? ???ey a ?????i ??.
N??????a?a ????? ???? ?????? e ????ue?? ???e a ??o??o ???yo ???ny ????
????, ???yth?i ?????? ???y ?y y?????i ????????y ????? ???a ? ?i??e ??? a
??a ???? e ?????e ?no?. I??u ??? a ???th ???ue ???? ???ue ???a ????,
???????i-???????a ?????e ???????i ??????ey ?e ???????, ?e e ?????? ????a
y?e ??u. Oe??a??a e ???a ??? ??? ?a ? ???e ???e ?? e ????i ?????? ???e
????. Ia?? ???? ???? ???iy????e ??e ? ??? ????o ????a ? ??ae. I???a
?ae??e ???????e ???? a ????? i??ae ???i ???ath?y ??????y? ???n?? ???a a
??a ????, ?????e ?????e, ????a?ey?, ?????ue?? ???????th.
I???a ?????e, ???? ?y????e
E?II «C???a ????» – ?a????y ?????ay ?????y, ???th?y a ??a ????. A 2001
?? ?? ???ia ? ?? Oe??a ?????e ?????e a. E??iy??.
O??? e ?????th «C???? ?u??? ????i ???a ????ue n????oth ?????th a ???a ?
?i ???, ? ???i ?a ????y ? ?? ??, n???y ???y ?y ???y ????? ???? e ?????a
n ?????e ????e. I???? ?y ????i ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????ue «A????, ?????
?? ???? ? ??e A???u Ae??i, ??????? ?????? ??a. Ae??a ???ey?a y?y?ny ??i
????? e ????i ???? «C???? ????» e n 2001 a. ???? ????ny a ??a ??ey – ???
?y.
N?? ??? ???? ?y????e ?????e ??i ????:
ue «Ea?yy ??? – ????? ??? ???a n ???? ????o ????? ??a?? ?y ???? e
?????a, ???? ??o ??i a ???ithth ??eth ???a. E? ???i, ??a ???? ????? ?
???a N??e e Ae???i A???.
ue A?????? ????ue «C???e ???, ?eth?th?e ????oth ????o ? ????i ????yi
(????a ?? ??a, ???? ???oai, ????a ????? e o.i.), ??? ??? ? ????i ?????yi
o ?n???o ????a.
ue A?????? «O?????e ???, a ??? ???? ???? ???n ?????? ?????a ? ????i
??i?eyi. O? ? ???y?y ??? ??? ????? ????a ?y ???? e ?????a.
O?????y ?y????ue ?? ???a ??????? «C???? ????» ? ??? ?e. ????? ????e e
???? – y? ?? ? y??????o ???? ??????ey ????? ????? n ??e ???u, e ????y
???? y?e ????? n ???. O???? ?? ?????ue ethaeyi ? ??? ???a ?????ny ???,
?????ue ??????y e ????i e ??????ue?? ???ey. Ia eth?i ????a ????e ???th?y
«? ?????, e ????a ???????e e ????y ???y? ethaeyi ?a ??a ?e??ny. E?? ??,
????ay ????a ????y, ??i ????? ????? a ???? ????? ???e – y? ?????? ??? ?y
????, ???e ??? ?i ??a ??????i, ???ey? ?????? ? ?????e ???c?, i ???o ??a
? ? ?????. A ??a, a ???? ???? ????? ??? ???, e ? ????o ?????a, ???o ?e
????i ???a ???ey ii ? ??? ? e ? ?ae.
O? ?e ????e ???th?y ? ??? ???a – ??a ????y ?e ??????ytho ????? ?? ? ?ae
o????e ???, ?i ???ao ???ue ???ey ??? a ??i.
A y?i ????e E??iy?e – ?? ? ????o ?? ????ey ???? ?????, ??? ?e ? ????y a
??????? ??? ???e, a ??? ??a ??o?i ?y ?o?? ????? ????, a ???a ? ???.
N???? ?????e e ????.
E? ?????ue ??a, ?????y ?? ????ia ? ??? Oe??a ?????e ?????e (OeNO).
Ae?a?? OeNO ?????? y?y?ny ????? ?? ???? «C???? ?u???. O? ?e ?????ay
?y????ue ? ???o ??iy??i ??a ?????a, ? i???i ??iy?? ????? ???ey?e
y?ythony ????e OeNO –???????, ????a i???e ???. I?? ???o ??y?? i ?i, ?i a
??? ???? ???e ????, ???e ????ey? ?y????ue ? ????? e ????eth ?? ???????o
?????? ?????e, ??o ?e: ????a ??, ??? e ?????y, ?????u e ???u, ????e,
???u, ??????? a?oth?, ?????; e ?. Oae ? ???? ???? ????ny ????????i OeNO.
I?a ?????? ???????y ????? Oe??a ?????e ?????e.
I??????ay ????a Oe??a ?????e ?????e
Ae????
ae???????????
??????? ???
A ?????e ? ?????i ???ey?y ???????y ????a ??o ???i ????iy?ny.
I??????ay ????a ???ey?y «C???? ????»
Ae????
O?????
i????I????-??????
A??????uIa????e
Ae???? ????ny ???????e ???? e ????o ???? ????ey ???ey?e. E?y ?????oth
?????ue a ??a ????? ?y????e, ????o ?e ??????ue, ?? ????y e ???????o n
????e ?????th?? ????oeey?: ??ae?????e ????ie, ?????, ?????ey?, n ??, ?
?? ??nyo ???? ???? e ??, ?i ???? ???ue ????oth, ??????oth e ?oth ??a??.
O? ? ???? ??o ??? n c????? e ?????e ????? e ???e?ey?, e ??aey ? y?o
?????? ???? ????o ????o ????y.
O????? ???? ???? ?????? ???ey?e e ?????i ?????o ?????. A??? ?????e
?????e i ???a? e ????o ?a ???u ?????? o????. E? ???i, ?? ?????? ????a
???y? ???e ???? OeNO. A ?y? n y?i ? ??y ????ee e ????th – ? ??????o ?th
???????th ????th e ????th e ????ny ????????i.
A??? ???u ?y????e ????a-?????? – ?????? ???? e ?????e, ???o ?? ????? ??
?????i ???? ????a ????y e ? ?????eyi. O????e y? ??? – ??u ?a ?? ??,
????, ??????? ???y ? ????yo e ?iy?yo, ???i???ue ??????e ?e ??????e.
I??i ? ????a ???? ? ?? ? ???o ???????a. I? ???tho ?e n ?????e ????y
(?o?? ? ???a, ??????? ?????, ???a ???a e ????? ????e), ?e e n ?????u?
????? e ?????y? (???a, ??????a, ???????). E? ???i, ?y???? ?eyo ??o n??
?? ??????? e ???tho a ?e?-? ??i ?????e (????, ?????a ???????e ????e),
?ay ?????ue ??iy? ?? ??a ?e ??????e. Ae???? ??????? ?????? ??iy?? ?????a
a ??? ????ey ????y e a ??? ? ??o ??????. Ca ?? i????y ????y ?e ?????i
???? ??? ???????a, ???e ??? ?c ???eo??i ?iy?ny.
A ??? ??? ?????a ??a ??o ??????. I???y ????y ?????? – y? ?????ue ????
y?? e ?n??ey ?? ???ey?e ????y. ???a ??th??ny a ?????e ????y ??o ?????? e
??e, n ?i ?e ??oatho: ???? ??? ???a, ?????e ???? ? ??y ????e, a ?e ?
????e ?? ???y ??? ????e. I?a? ?????e ???tho ??? ? ??y o???ey «A????, ???
?i y? ????i?e ??????e ??? «C???? ??n??.
I???u.
A ???a ??? ?o «C???a ????» ???? ?ae ????i ?????i ??a ????a, ???ath?o
??????a ?ey?a ? ???? e y?????? ????? ???ey?e. A???i y?o ??? ???y?ny ???
?????, ??ue ec ???o ?????y ? ??? ????. I???th ????oth ????o ???ey?e
???atho:
· O????a E???u a. E??iy??;
· O?ae O?? (Ford Foundation), ?ae?yth?e ????? ???? ? ??? ???i??o e ??
???? ?????? ?????a;
· «Ae?????, ???i ?????? ???, ??e e ?n????;
Ii ????i ???????i ???? «C???a i???? ????/?o n A????i ???a ??a «OeAO» (a.
I??a), ???th?i a y?e ? ?a? e ?ath?i ???e ?? ?????e ???eyo? ?????? ??a.
O? ? ? ?? ??? ??iy?? i???? ?? ???i ????? ??? «Beneton», ???ath?e ????th
????oth ????o.
Oe?? ?????e ?????e y?y?ny ??iy?? ???? ???? «*??y ?? N???, ???y ?? ??? ??
??ae – ?????? ?a ???ey?y ?????e ???? ??e e ????.
E??????th ????o ????y ???atho ??ey?? ????a ???? ???y («N??iy?yy ???»,
«A???? ???», «Ae??? ??????», «A???» e o.i.), a ?e ? ????a ?????a.
A???ey
N????? ??oe a ???e ?????y ??ue ??????. A ???? ??????o ??i ?????e, ???y?o
??e?? ?e ???-???. Ae??a ??????ey ???ytho ??i ???? e ?????i ?? a ??a
????? ????, ??iy ???ey ?????? ??a. Ii ??ay ???? ???e – y? ???? ?????.
N?????????e ??? ???????i ??? ? ??? ??o ???? ???u, ?y??? n ????, ??a ?e
???, ????ea, ????. Iiy?? ? ??? ?a?o ???ay????e eth?e ???u e ???iay ??ue
??? ????tho ?e ? ???ii ?? ? ??a, ?????i ???y? ?i?? ???ey.
E??iy?e ????ey? ??e ??????? ??? ???e. I??????e ??ue ??e?? ???y? ???ue
????th ?e n ???? ??e ???, ?e e n ????e, ???? ????y ???? eth?e ? ??o? a
????a. E?? ?? ???ue ?i a E??iy?? ?????i ?? ?????.
Oe??ay ????y ???ey?e
ue «E?iyy ??? ???? ? ???? e ?????a E??iy??, a ?e ? ????? N??e e Ae???i
A???. N??? ???o ??o??a ? 15 ? 25 ?o. I???????e ???ue ????, ?e ???i,
???e. I??? ??nu ??????u ?e ?y eth?e, ? ???? n ?a???e ?????y? ??a, ?e e
?y ????th?o.
ue A?????? ????ue «C???e ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???th?a a ??o ????o
?????yo: ? ????i ??a ? ??ea. A??? ????? ? ??????ny ??a?. E??e ?ae, a
?????e ? ??/??a ?y?e ? ???a a ????? ????e, ????a ????y ??o ???i
????iy?ny. I???y?a ???? ? ????? ???? ??iy, ??th?a ???? ???????oth ???
??e ?y????e e ??a ????? ?i? ????. O??????? ??o ????y – N??ue e Ae???
A??e.
ue A?????? «O?????e ??? ???i ? ??th??e?i ?????? ?????, ???th?a a ?c?o
??? ??a. O?? ?eth?? ???-???, ???a ???ytho e ???e ????e ??????? ?????a,
??th?o ???? ?? ???????? ???ue, ???o ???o ? 15 ? 25.
I?????a
I??e ????e, n ???e ????ue ?????ny ??? ?ae, ????i ???y??? ??a. A? ?a ???
?o ?????? ?o?? ??th?y ? ?????? ??o ??i?y?e, ????ay ??ey e ?? ??? ? ????.
C????? ?e – y? ?????? ????i-y?????? ????? y?????? ??? ????? ????y.
A????y ?????th ??? ? ????? e ??e ?n???e, ??i ???? ????a ??a ?e ??a
?????a ???u, ? ???o ???o ???y??? ??.
N????? ??oe ?? ? ??o ???e ?????e a ??e ???. A?e ? ???i ???e ??o ??????a,
/? y? ? ?ae ????a, ??o i?i?? ??a ??????, ?????? ????, ???a ??a, ? a
?????e ???e ??? ?o. O??i a ??a ????, ?e ???i, ???tho, i ?i ?? ??, ??a
???ath?y ??a I?u A?o??, O?uey? A????, A????a A??y??a, Aey?? Ae???a ?e
E??a E??a. A ?? ?a ?e – ??e ????e, ???a ???? ??ae a ???? ?????? ????
????a.
E ?y?? ia ?? e ? ? ????e a A??a e NOA ???th?y ???e, a a ?????a ???o ???a
???e – ?? ????? ??u.
N??? ???a ???e ???? ?? ????e ? ???? eth?e ???? ???u ????ey ????? ???e.
I??i ??i ????? ?????y, ??? ?e ??? ?? ????? ?y i? ?e ??i ????i ? ???e e
n???? ??i ???. E?-? ???? ????y ????, ?th ?ith ??ue ??y?a ???. O? ? ??e
eth?e ?? ??i ?????a «???i ???i ???????», ?????th?o ??a ???y n
???????ueth ?e ?? ??ey?ai. C???ue ??o eth?e ? ???? ?????? ????ue ????
???.
A? ??i ??? ???? ?y ????y y?y?ny ????a ??? ???. E??iy?e – ??i ???ath??y
??ae, ????? ????? ?y?y? ????? e ?????? ??e. N ??e ???u, y? ??o ???ny
?th?i, ? ?e ??a ???i ?n????e ?????y ?????? ????e. E?? ??ae ??i ????ey?,
???ny ???a??i a???e ??e ????y, ???e ?? ????a ????ue. E?? ???e, ????i
????? ?? ??o ?????oth ?????oth ??? ? n??i ???y. I? y?i ????? ?????
?????? – a ??i ?y? ??o i???ny ???y, ??? ?? e ??u ?????? y??. N???th?y
??o ??e eth?a ?????e ??? – ???????a, ??a????a e ??. A?????a, ?i ???iy?
?????a – y? ????a ??y ???a e ?????, ????? ??? e ??? ??.
O???? ??ny ??eth, ?a ?? ?? ???? ???? ???yy ????a: ?????a e ????? ?????
i????ytho ?? ????e e ???th?, ??o ??c ?????a. ??????yy ????eth i ????a,
n??i ???? e ?????????ue ??a-? ????a ???ey?a. C??? ?????? ?a ??a e ???ey
???, ?ae ??? ?n??ey, e y? a ??e-? ???e ???eyao ?i ????, ?eia ? ???e
????, ??ay ????thth ?????th ???ey?e ??o ??e.
E?? ?? ???i ??i ???????e ???ue ??? ?? ??? ??aey ? ?????y ?????a ???ey,
??????e, ???oy ? ??a «??-????, «?????» e ?. E ? ?? ???ey?e ?a??o ????
?iy?? ?o ??a, ? ??? ?????oth?a ????o ????eth ???.
C??iy??? ??a – ????y ???? ???y??i ?y a ?????i ??a, ???ay, ?i ??i ??????
???ey?e ???tho ? ?ie ??o, ? ?? n?? e ??, ?????e ? ?ay ???o ?????
??????ey.
I??i, ???y? ?????? ????y «C???a ????» ??? ?c ?? ??o ????a e ????a, ????o
????? ???ey?a, a ?e ? ???? ? ???e, ?a ??iy??e ?????e ????y. I??i ??o
????y ? ??i, a ?y? n ?n ???ay ??ue ???? ???y ? ??e ?????y e ??????.
O?y ?????i n ??? ??i ????y ????ue ?? ??? ???ey ??a e???u, ? ??? ?u????o
?????yo y? ????y ???th?y ??. Y?????ay ???ey ???y ???, ?i ?????i ????
??????e ????? ia ???? e ?????a ??iy ???? a ???, ?y?? ??ey? ????, a ????
? ??a ?iy?? e ?e??? ????th ?? ??? e ???o?. E?? ?? ?????i ?????o ???a
????ey, ???i ???th??y ?????? ?y????ueth e ??????? ??????. I???i ???
????ey ??o ???ue TH?i-????e ???????e ?????o a *?y???, ? ?? ???? ????
??o??e ????ue «A?? TH??», ???th?e ?i???a ????? ????? ? ?? ???. I? ??e
?????? ???ey?y e ???? ??? ??????a, ???u ???e?a ? ?i ????ue ?????, ??? ?e
?????oth ??ue ?ae??e ??? ?????y ?????o ?????i.
Aeey ?????? ? ?????e, ????o ???i ??i e ???th?o a ???? ??i ?????e ?
???oth ?n. ????o ?????? ? ????ny.
A NOA e ???o A??u ??? ????? ????u ???yo ?e ??n?????? ???e ???????o ???a,
???a ?????? ???eth e ????e???th ???, ????o ?????? ???? ?????? ????a. A
??e ??? ?e ? ????tho ??u, ?????th?a ????a ?? ????a, ??? ?e ?????otho, ?e
???i, ??? ? ????? ??? e ???tho ??? n ??? ???? ?????e ??????? ????
???ey?e.
A?e ???? i ??????? ? ???u ???o ???y??o ???ey?e e ??, ? ??ue ?? ??iyo ?
??a. Ai-???, ??? ??iy???? a ??e ??? y?yth?y ?????? ????, ???a ? ???????
a ????a e ia ??? ?i ??????. Ai-???, ? ???y?? ?? ??????a ???ey?y ? e?tho
????? ?????i ??iy?y, ?n???? ???a ?y ???ey ?????e ?ae???. I???y??? y????
??? a ?e? ? ???y? ???ey?yi ???ey? ??i??? ?????? ??u ???ey.
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