British education
British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of
individuals, for their own benefit and of society as a whole.
Compulsory schooling takes place between the agers of 5 and 16,
but some pupils remain at shool for 2 years more, to prepare for
further higher education. Post shool education is organized flaxebly,
to provide a wide range of opportunities for academic and vacational
education and to continue studying through out life.
Administration of state schools is decentralised. The
department of education and science is responsible for national
education policy, but it doesn’t run any schools, if doesn’t employ
teachers, or prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a
considerable amount of freedom. According to the law only one subject
is compulsary. That is religious instruction.
Children recieve preschool education under the age of 5 in
nursery schools or in infant’s classes in primary schools.
Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds and
the small proportions attend schools wholy independent. Most
independent schools are single-sex, but the number of mixing
schools is growing.
Education within the mantained schools system usually
comprises two stages: primary and secondary education. Primary
schools are subdevided into infant schools (ages 5 – 7), and junior
schools (ages 7 – 11). Infant schools are informal and children are
encouraged to read, write and make use of numbers and develop the
creative abilities. Primary children do all their work with the same
class teacher exept for PT and music. The work is beist upon the pupils
interests as far as possible.
The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits
of arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study
and others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A,
B, C and D streams according their abilities. The most able children
were put in the A stream, the list able in the D stream. Till
reccantly most junior shool children had to seat for the eleven-plus
examination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an
entelligent test. According to the results of the exam children are
sent to Grammar, Technical or Secondary modern schools. So called
comprehansive schools began to appear after World War 2. They are
muchly mixed schools which can provide education for over 1000 pupils.
Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and
Secondary modern schools.
By the law all children must receive full-time education
between the ages of 5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school
for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the sixth form
up to the age of 18 or 19. The course is usually subdevided into
the lower 6 and the upper 6. The corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects
of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3.
The main examinations for secondary school pupils are
general certeficate of education (the GCE) exam and certificate of
secondary education (the CSE) exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels:
ordinary level (0 level) and advanced level (A level).
Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 – 16 years away. GCE level
is usually taken at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam
is taken after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of
everage abilities of their age.
My future profession
What I would like to become? This question pasels me
greatly. Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest. I
think that nearly all the professions are very important in life.
But to choose the right occupation is very difficult, because we
must take in to consideration many factors. We must consider our
personal taste and our kind of mind. At the same time we must satisfy
the requirements of our society and peoples needs in one profession or
another.
The end of school is the beginning of an independent life, the
beginning of a more serious examination. In order to pass that very
serious exam we must choose the road in life which will help us best
to live and work. Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop
mind and use knowledge and education received at school. Some
may prefer to work in factories or works, others want to go into
construction: to take part in building power stations and new towns.
Many opportunities to work and to satisfy at the same time the
requirements of the society and your own personal interest are
offered in the sfere of the services transport, communications and many
others.
I have a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like
this profession because it very interest.
Art gallereys of London
Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all
mention The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The
tate gallery. I would like to tell you about National portret gallery
and about Tate gallery.
The national gallery houses one of the richest and most
extensive collections of painting in the world. It stands to the north
of the Trafalgar Square. the gallerey was desighned by William
Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and
periods of painting, but is a specially famous for it’s examples of
Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is only moderately
represented as the national collections are shared with the Tate
gallerey. The National gallerey was founded in 1824 when the
government bought the collection of John Angerstein which included
38 paintings.
The Tate gallery houses the national collection of british
painting from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the
national gallerey for modern art, including painting and sculpture
made in Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in
1897 as the national gallerey of british art. It owes it’s
establishment to Suie Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own
collection of 65 painting.
British theatres
Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build
around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any
London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no
permanent staff in British theatres. Apply is rehearsed for a few
weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time
and it is allowed to run as long as it draws the odious and pays it’s
way.
Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an
follows: there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an
advanced (bookable), and unbookable once have no numbers and the
spectators occupy them on the principal: first come – first
served. And ancient times plays were acted inside churches and later
on the market places.
The first theatre in England “The Blackfries” build in 1576, and
“The Globe” build in 1599, which is closely connected with William
Shakespeare. Speaking about our times we should first of all mention
“The English National theatre”,”The Royal Shakespeare company” and
“Covent Garden”.
“Covent Garden” used to be a fashionable promenade – it was, before
then, a convent garden – but when it became overrun with
flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved
to more exclusive surroundings farther west, such as “St. Jame’s
Square”.
The first “Covent Garden theatre” was build in 1732. It was burnt
down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after. It opened in September
1809, with Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”. Since the middle of the last
century “Covent Garden” became exclusively devoted to opera.
Now “Covent Garden” in busier than ever, it is one of the few
well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs
over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.
THE NATIONAL THEATRE
It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre
company. It’s first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier. This
is the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for
it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one: “The Oliver
theatre”, the biggest is for the main classical repertoire; “The
Lyttilton”, a bit smaller is for new writing and for visiting foreigh
countries and “The Cottesloe theatre”, the smallest is used for
experimental writing and productions. “The Royal Shakespeare company”
are devided between the country and the capital and it’s produces
plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is
“Stratford -on-Avon”, and modern plays in it’s two auditoria in the
Cities, Barbican centre.
Moscow theatres
For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of
theatres. The birth plays of the historic “Bolshoy”, “Maly” and
“Moscow Art” theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for the
development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and is famous
for it’s great number of highlygifted, interesting directors,
actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of
theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to
developing the principals of directing and acting laid down by
Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and
others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today exists
due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.
I’d like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic
building of the Bolshoy Theatre stands in Theatre Square in
Moscow’s central quater, not far from Kremlin. This is the
leading Russian opera house with the best vocalists and
choreographers in it’s company.
The Bolshoi traces it’s history to 1776 when a standing opera
company was organized in Moscow. The first opera shown in Bolshoi
theatre was opera “life of tsar” (now “Ivan Susanin”). At later times
operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky,
Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here.
At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas and
ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber, Verdi and
others.
The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the
world’s finest. This is equally true of it’s brilliant realistic style
of perfomance and repertoire.
My favorite painter
One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch
master, one of the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this
day the art of Rembrant remains one of the most profound witness of
the progress of the soul in it’s earthly pilgrimage towards the
realisation of higher destiny. The son of the prosperous miller,
Rembrant was born in Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden
University, but his real vocation was painting. His rapid sugsess
promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631.
In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection of
paintings and rarities.
The universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant
created a number of portraits and some group portraits which were
traditional to the Dutch art. The best of them are “Anatomy lesson of
Dr. Tulp” and “The night watch”.
In 1655 Rembrant found himself in the midst of several
financial troubles. At that period he painted “The Polish Rider”, which
is an allegory of the man’s earthly journey.
Probably in 1669, the year of his own death, Rembrant
painted his famous “Return of the Prological son”, which stands at the
ultimate peak of Cristian spirituality, illuminating the relationship
of the self to the eternity.
The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant. He painted
“Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir”, “The Saint Family”.
Rembrant was not understood when he was alive. He died in
poverty. But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes
Rembrant from his Dutch contemporaries making him the greatest artist
of the world.
Art in Moscow
Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the most
famous gallereys.
The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture
gallereys in Russia. It takes it’s name from it’s founder Pavel
Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant. In the 19’th century Tretyakov began to
collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and art
studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov
extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian
paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St. Peterburg his collection to
the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since
then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from other museums and
private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects the whole history
of Russian paintings from 11’th century to the present day. The gallery
contains such halls devon-ded to the works of 18’th century painters, as
Рокотов, Левитский, Боровиковский. The first half of the 19’th century
is reprisentive by brilliant paintings by Брюллов, Веницианов and
others. The gallery has the best collection of “передвиженники” , such
as Кромской, Перов, and such
great names as Суриков, Репин, Вознецов, Левитан.
Also I’d like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine art.
The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898 – 1912 to
house a museum of fine art, founded of initiative of professor Ivan
Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art.
It has one of the worlds largest ancient collections of european
art. Now the picture gallerey has over 2 thousands works of various
schools of painting which enaibous us to understand and appreciate
the variaty of staills over the centuries.
The Pushkin museum pereodically hald’s exibition of the art of
various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and
present.
Theatres, music halls and cinemas
Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else; the
chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you
are staying in London for a few days, you’ll have no difficulty
whatever in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening. You’ll
find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety.
Films are shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day.
The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle
and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the
gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most
expensive. Most theatres and music halls have good orchestras with
popular conductors.
You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once
during the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything
– an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well
dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and
singing, won’t interest you.
At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English
actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently
staged – costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done of the
most lavish scale. Choose a good play, and you’ll enjoy yourself
thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last
act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office of theatre
itself or at one of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you’ll
probably want to seat as near to the stage as possible. But if you are
at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the
screen. In fact, I would say, the further away the better.
Music in our life
Music – it art, reflecting validity in sound art images, one of the
forms of public ideology. Having by powerful force direct emotional
effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social,
cultural and educational role.
Leading composers are connected to progressive public movements,
life, interests and aspirations people. Each nations differs by peculiar
national features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of
many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity.
On the basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity
of composers is developed. Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch
of national culture, national roots of art leads to it’s to decline and
degeneration.
Idea emotional contents of music is passed through sound art
images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is the tune.
According to the way of performance music is devided into 2 main
branches: instrumental and vocal.
There are a great number of different styles of music, such as
Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic; and new musical directions. One of the new
music directions is Rave. I prefer to listen hard-core and more quiet
music such as Roxette and others.
Now days the number of music styles is growing, and every young
people, which are fond of music can easily choose that style which
appeals to them.
The use of computers
Just as television has extended human sight across a barriers of
time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind
across the existing barriers.
Computers in medicine
Computers are one of the great importance in modern hospital.
The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical
knowledge which has been equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can
possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution of the problem
is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical
computer centers were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of various
dessieses and of their treatment is stored. Doctors feed data on
simpthoms in the computer and get the nessesary information on current
diagnostics and treatment.
Computers that can be learn
Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard
disk. Now scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of
learning from experience and remembarary what they have learned. Such a
machine is capable of recognising objects without human help or control.
Of course, they made many mistakes.
There is another similar machine which can look at letter
alphabet a simple words and they “say” thought a loudes speaker what it
has seen. The machine has as thoughtarn learning power.
Computers at the school
Information science with the ideas and message of processing and
storing informations is of great importance today. That’s why computer
technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject “basic
information science”, and “computing machine” was intreduste for the
siner through the schools. The pupils teach computers to anlestigate
school problems. Contact with the machine increases the interest in
learning, makes them more serious about studing new subject. School
computers are used not only for studing information science, but also
examinations purposes. Young people who finish must be tried to operate
computers.
Exploration
Christopher Columbus
300-400 years ago a great deal of the world was undiscoveried. But
now there seems little more to explore, the wild north was conquered,
the jungle was conquered too. And it seems that all the pages of the
great book called “The Earth” has been filled in, but exploration still
goes on.
In the 15th century people knew only 3 continents: Europe, Asia and
Africa. They knew nothing about America. The man who was thought to be
the discoverier of America was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was
Cristopher Columbus.
Knowing that the earth was round he desided to reach India by
sailing to the west. It was very difficult for him to organize an
expedition as nobody wanted to help him. At last the Spanish government
gave him some money. In the 1492 he sailed with 3 small ships in to the
Atlantic ocean. They had been sailing for more than 2 months and at last
they saw land. Columbus was certain that the lands he discoveried were
part of India and he called these islands “The West Indias”. He made 3
voyagers to America. His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After that,
seriously ill, he remained in Spain until his death. He died believing
that Cuba was part of Asia. Colum-buse’s voyagers gave Europe first
important knowledge of the new world. Many places have been named in his
honour. America however was named after another explorer Amerigo
Vespucci.
Americus Vespucius (or Amerigo Vespucci, as the name is spelled in
Italian) was born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He was in Spain at the
time of Columbus’ first and second voyages. In a letter, written in 1504
and printed in 1505, he claimed to have made four voyages, on the first
of which, in 1497, he explored the South American coast. This would make
him the first European to land on the American continent, for at that
time Columbus had only reached the outlying islands. Most scholars
reject Vespucius’ version of this voyage. Vespucius perhaps did
accompany a Spanish expedition that of Alonzo de Ojeda to South America
in 1499, and in 1501 and 1503 he probably went with Portuguese
expeditions. Probably he never commanded an expedition himself and, of
course, was not the first person to set foot on the continents to which
his name is given. Vespucius died in Seville, Spain, in 1512.
Learning languages
The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign
languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the
progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge
and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge
of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are
needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of
the people of our planet. Today English is the language of the world.
Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers
of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America,
Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in
the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second
language it is used in the former British and US colonies. It is the
major international language for communication in such areas as science,
technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the
official languages of the United Nations Organization and other
political organization. It is the language of the literature, education,
modern music, international tourism. Russia is integrating into the
world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of
communication is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is
not as easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of
time and patience. But to know English is absolutely necessary for every
educated person, for every good specialist. It is well known that
reading books in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating
with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a
foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native
speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.
LONDON, Jack (1876-1916).
The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime,
one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame
was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he
remained popular in many other countries, especially in the Soviet
Union, for his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental
struggles for survival.
John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His
family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to
support himself. At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting
voyage. He was largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries
and spending a year at the University of California. In the late 1890s
he joined the gold rush to the Klondike. This experience gave him
material for his first book, ‘The Son of Wolf’, published in 1900, and
for ‘Call of the Wild’ (1903), one of his most popular stories.
In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many
short stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing
expenses. His fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman
for a peculiar and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial
superiority.
London’s works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best
books are the Klondike tales, which also include ‘White Fang’ (1906) and
‘Burning Daylight’ (1910). His most enduring novel is probably the
autobiographical ‘Martin Eden’ (1909), but the exciting ‘Sea Wolf’
(1904) continues to have great appeal for young readers.
In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif., where he intended to
build his dream home, “Wolf House.” After the house burned down before
completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22,
1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.
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