?acaeoea eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a NIA
Eioaa?aoeeiiiue i?ioeann a ?aieao NIA ai iiiaii ia/eiaaony eae au n
iiaie ioiaoee. Ai iiiaii yoi iaoneiaeeaaaony oai, /oi ii naiae i?e?iaea
naii niaeaoaiea i Niae?oaeanoaa Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa eiaao aeaieioth
iai?aaeaiiinoue. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iii iaoeaeaii ia ieii/aoaeueiue
aeaiiioaae noa?uo yeiiiie/aneeo no?oeoo?, n ae?oaie — i?aaeoniao?eaaao
i?aaiecaoeeth ea/anoaaiii iiauo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo noaa?aiiuie
ainoaea?noaaie, oi?ie?iaaiea e nio?aiaiea aaeeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai
(?uii/iiai) i?ino?ainoaa.
Einoeoooeeiiaeueiua iniiau inouanoaeaiey eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a
?aieao NIA caeiaeaiu a iiaeienaiiii a naioya?a 1993 a. Aeiaiai?a i
nicaeaiee yeiiiie/aneiai nithca, a oaeaea a eiie?aoece?othueo e
?acaeaathueo aai aeieoiaioao — Niaeaoaiee i nicaeaiee ciiu naiaiaeiie
oi?aiaee e Niaeaoaiee i niaeaenoaee a nicaeaiee e ?acaeoee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, eiiia?/aneeo, e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo, no?aoiauo e
niaoaiiuo o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo iauaaeeiaiee (ai?aeue 1994 a.), Aeiaiai?a
i i?iaaaeaiee niaeaniaaiiie aioeiiiiiieueiie iieeoeee e Niaeaoaiee i
nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (aeaeaa?ue 1993
a.) e ?yaea ae?oaeo.
I?eiyoua ?aoaiey yaeeenue iieeoeei-th?eaee/aneei i?eciaieai oiai oaeoa,
/oi a no?aoaae/aneii ieaia eioaa?aoeee a NIA aeey aoiaeyueo a iaai
ainoaea?noa ?acoiiie aeueoa?iaoeau ia nouanoaoao. Aa yeiiiie/aneei
ooiaeaiaioii neoaeeo neiaeeaoayny a niaaoneee ia?eiae
acaeiiaeiiieiythuay no?oeoo?a ia?iaeiuo oicyenoa auaoeo ?anioaeee NNN? —
iuia no?ai—/eaiia NIA. Oa?aeoa?enoeea eo oicyenoaaiiie acaeiicaaeneiinoe
iiaeao auoue au?aaeaia ioiioaieyie iauaiia aaica e auaica i?iaeoeoeee e
aa i?iecaiaenoao e iio?aaeaieth. Oae, aeiey aaica (aeeth/ay eiii?o) a
iio?aaeaiee a ia?eiae 1965—1990 aa. eieaaaeanue io 15—16% (?inneeneay
Oaaea?aoeey) aei 30—31% (A?iaiey). Auaic (aeeth/ay yenii?o) io iauaia
i?iecaiaenoaa ninoaaeye io 10—12% (?inney, Eacaonoai) aei 25— 28%
(Aca?aaeaeaeai). Eioaineaiinoue iaae?anioaeeeaineeo naycae (ioiioaiea
auaica ?anioaeeee ii eeiee iaae?anioaeeeaineiai iaiaia e aa iauaio
auaico) a n?aaeiai ii auaoaio NNN? ninoaaeyea 75—80%. Ieaea n?aaeiaai
o?iaiy yoio iieacaoaeue aue eeoue o ?innee (65—70%), ai anao inoaeueiuo
?anioaeeeao ii aue auoa e ninoaaeye aei 95—97% (Iieaeiaa, Ee?aecey,
A?iaiey). Aeey n?aaiaiey neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a yoio aea ia?eiae
eioaineaiinoue iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo naycae AN ?aaiyeanue 60%. Anee a
iaae?anioaeeeaineee iaiai a auaoai NNN? iinooiaei ii/oe 20% niaieoiiiai
aaeiaiai i?iaeoeoa, oi aiaeiae/iue iieacaoaeue no?ai AN ninoaaee 14%.
Caeanue iaiaoiaeeii o/anoue e ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?aciauaiey e inaiaiey
i?e?iaeii-nu?ueaauo ?ano?nia ia oa??eoi?ee Niaaoneiai Nithca. Yoi
i?eaaei e oiio, /oi iaeioi?ua auaoea nithciua ?anioaeeee noaee
iiiiiieenoaie a aeiau/a e ia?a?aaioea aaaeiaeoeo aeaeia nu?uey. Oae,
iai?eia?, ia aeieth ?innee i?eoiaeeeinue aieaa 90% iauanithciie aeiau/e
iaooe (aeeth/ay aaciaue eiiaeainao), aieaa 75 — aaca, ieiei 91 —
aeaeiaie ae?aaaneiu, aieaa 80% — aeaeiaie ae?aaaneiu, ieeiiaoa?eaeia e
aoiaae. Ia aeieth Oe?aeiu i?eoiaeeeinue 65-68% iauanithciiai
i?iecaiaenoaa noaee, aioiaiai i?ieaoa, noaeueiuo o?oa. ?anioaeeea
Ocaaeenoai i?iecaiaeeea aieaa 60% oeiiea-aieieia e o.ae.
Aiieia caeiiiia?iui auaeyaeeo a yoeo oneiaeyo oio oaeo, /oi ?aniaae NNN?
e ?ac?ua aaeeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa niinianoaiaaee oaeoaeaieth
e aac oiai oyaeaeiai yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena, ia?aaeeaaaiiai no?aiaie
NIA. Ii ioeaieai, io iaeaaeeaaiey e iiaeaea?aeaiey acaeiiuo
eioaa?aoeeiiiuo naycae a ?innee caaeneo 30-35% iauaia iaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee (io o?iaiy 1990 a.). Oe?aeia a
neo/aa ?ac?uaa oaeeo naycae iiaeao iioa?youe 80-85% iauaia i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey, i?iaiaeeiua a iiauo iacaaeneiuo
ainoaea?noaao, ii?iaeeee iaiaoiaeeiinoue io?aaioee iiaiai (?uii/iiai)
iaoaiecia iiaeaea?aeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuo naycae,
o?ainoi?iaoeee eo a iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua. Oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea
ioiioaiey a yoeo oneiaeyo neaaeoao eii?aeeie?iaaoue n oaie
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie ?aoi?iaie, e eioi?ui i?enooieee no?aiu NIA, n
eo no?aieaieai iaeneiaeueii o/eouaaoue ii?iu “aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai
iiaaaeaiey”, i?eiyoua a ie?iaie oi?aiaie i?aeoeea.
Aianoa n oai, ianiio?y ia aac aeueoa?iaoeaiinoue eioaa?aoeee, iaeeaeaoue
a nei?ii aoaeouai ianooaaiuo iiceoeaiuo ia?aiai, naycaiiuo n
oi?ie?iaaieai Yeiiiie/aneiai nithca no?ai NIA aaeaa ee noieo. A ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue a yoie nayce iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi
Iineianeee aeiaiai? i aai nicaeaiee, a ioee/ea io iieiaeeaoaai ia/aei AN
?eineiai, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie “?aii/iue” aeieoiaio (aiaeiae/iue oa?aeoa?
iineo e oeaeue ?yae iineaaeothueo aeiaiai?ia e niaeaoaiee). A yoi
icia/aao, /oi i?aaenoieo i?ieoe /a?ac aeeeiioth /a?aaeo iaeaaeeo
ia?aaiai?ia i?aaeaea, /ai ii?aaeaeyony eiie?aoiua iooe e iaoaieciu
?aaeecaoeee i?eiyouo ?aoaiee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaycaoue aiaaeeii ai
iiiaii i?ioeai?a/eaua eioa?anu ia iiiainoi?iiiae iniiaa aanueia neiaeii,
a /anoiinoe ec-ca cia/eoaeueiie ?acii iai?aaeaiiinoe iieeoe/aneeo
aeaenoaee ioaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa NIA. Iiea iio?aaiinoue a
ainnoaiiaeaiee e ?acaeoee eioaa?aoeeiiiuo naycae ii?aaeaeyaony aeey
aieueoeinoaa no?ai Niae?oaeanoaa i?aaeaea anaai eo caaeneiinoueth io
iinoaaie oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneeo ?ano?nia, eaniiaoa?eaeia, ieia?aeueiiai
nu?uey, oeie/aneeo i?iaeoeoia, a oaeaea eiiia?aoeeiiiuie naycyie a noa?a
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie, ?aaeeiyeaeo?iiiie, iai?iiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
A oi aea a?aiy iuiaoiaa iea/aaiia ninoiyiea iao/iuo e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iioaioeeaeia auaoeo noauaeoia NNN? i?aaeii?aaeaeyao iaaioiaiinoue
eaaeaeiai ec ieo e ?iee oaoiieiae/aneiai aeiii?a e, eae neaaenoaea
yoiai, ionoonoaea aeaaiie i?aaeiinueee e eioaa?aoeee a aa eo/oeo
ia?acoeao. Oai naiui aia iiey acaeiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa inoaaony
eeth/aaay aeey iieiaeuo ainoaea?noa i?iaeaia oaoiieiae/aneiai i?i?uaa.
No?aiai-o/anoieoeai aaaeii oaea a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai ?ac?aaioaoue naie
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea eiioeaioeee, ?annoaaeoue i?ei?eoaou a noa?a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, ii?aaeaeeoue iaoaieciu ni/aoaiey
eioaa?aoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna a NIA n oe?ieei eniieueciaaieai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea n ae?oaeie ?aaeiiaie ie?a.
Niaianoiua aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea aeaenoaey e neii?aeeie?iaaiiay iiceoeey
iaiaoiaeeiu e a ioiioaieyo no?ai NIA n iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie yeiiiie/aneeie
e oeiainiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
Oi?ie?iaaiea iiaie ?aaeiiaeueiie nenoaiu acaeiiuo naycae nae/an
aiciiaeii eeoue ia iniiaa iiaiai yeiiiie/aneiai iaoaiecia
acaeiiaeaenoaey, niioaaonoaothuaai iiaiio, noaa?aiiiio noaoono no?ai
Niae?oaeanoaa. Oaeie iaoaieci iaoiaeeony iiea ia noaaeee noaiiaeaiey, e
iauyniyaony yoi ia a iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue ionoonoaeai yniuo
i?aaenoaaeaiee i ?aaeueiii iioaioeeaea iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo naycae a
NIA. Ana inoaeueiua aii?inu (i?ei?eoaoiua iai?aaeaiey, oi?iu, ianooaau
nio?oaeie/anoaa, aai eino?oiaioa?ee e ae?.) ii ioiioaieth e aeaiiiio
iinyo i?iecaiaeiue oa?aeoa?.
Ia ia?aii yoaia oi?ie?iaaiey Yeiiiie/aneiai nithca oeaeaniia?acii ia
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue iiiainoi?iiiaa nio?oaeie/anoai e aeaonoi?iiiea nayce,
a, iai?ioea, aieaa iieii eniieueciaaoue iioaioeeae iineaaeieo,
iineieueeo aeaonoi?iiiea iaoaieciu eiie?aoiaa, i?iua e iicaieytho ia
oieueei iieiaa niaeaniaaoue eioa?anu ia?oia?ia, ii e eo/oa iiaeaioiaeoue
e ?aaeeciaaoue iiiainoi?iiiaa nio?oaeie/anoai.
oaiu iiiainoi?iiiaai eee?eia*oi eanaaony eniieueciaaiey iiiainoi?iiieo
oi?i, oi aiciiaeiinoae e caeanue aeinoaoi/ii: — ainnoaiiaeaiea
iiiaicaaiiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo oeaii/ae n o/anoeai oe?i-eiiia?aioia ec
?aciuo no?ai NIA;
— i?iaaaeaiea niaeaniaaiiie eiaanoeoeeiiiie iieeoeee, iniiaaiiie ia
eniieueciaaiee iiauo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo oi?i: iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo
aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, oieaeeiaia, NI, o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee;
— nicaeaiea niaianoiuo eiaanoeoeeiiiuo oiiaeia n auaeaeaieai
i?ei?eoaoiuo noa? eo eniieueciaaiey;
— eii?aeeiaoeey e i?iaaaeaiea niaeaniaaiiie no?oeoo?iie iieeoeee n
naeaeoeaiie iiaeaea?aeeie iaeaieaa i?ei?eoaoiuo io?aneae e aeaeia
i?iecaiaenoa;
— iiyoaiiia nicaeaiea ieaoaaeiiai nithca, ia/eiay n ii?iaeecaoeee
aeaonoi?iiieo ieaoaaeii-?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie NIA,
i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou Iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea ii nicaeaieth nena e
caeai/eaay ?aaeecaoeeae a aoaeouai niaeaniaaiiie (a caoai e aaeeiie)
e?aaeeoii-aeaiaaeiie e aaethoiie iieeoeee.
I?aaeoniio?aiiia aeiaiai?ii i nicaeaiee yeiiiie/aneiai nithca
oi?ie?iaaiea annioeeaoeee naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee e oaiiaeaiiiai nithca
oiaea i?aaeiieaaaao aeeeoaeueioth, iiyoaiioth ?aaioo, aeeth/ay
eii?aeeiaoeeth aiaoiaoi?aiaie iieeoeee e iaoeeiiaeueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo i?e yoii yaeyaony aii?in i
naiaiaea ia?aiauaiey oiaa?ia e oneoa. Oaea a 1992-1993 aa. a iniiaiii
neiaeeeny iaoaieci ?aaoee?iaaiey aiaoiae oi?aiaee ?O ni no?aiaie
aeeaeiaai ca?oaaaeuey, iniiaaiiue i?aeiouanoaaiii ia eniieueciaaiee
oa?eoiuo, ii aeeth/athuee a naay e oeaeue ?yae iaoa?eoiuo iaoiaeia.
I?e yoii, ianiio?y ia i?in/aou e iaaeinoaoee, a oeaeii eiii?oiue oa?eo
noae aieaa aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiui: iiauoaaony aai ?ieue a nicaeaiee
?acoiiie noaiaie i?ioaeoeeiiecia aeey ?inneeneeo
i?aaei?eyoee-i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iaania/aiey oneiaee aeey ii?iaeueiie
eiieo?aioeee. I?e aaica e auaica oiaa?ia ec no?ai—o/anoieoe NIA
oaiiaeaiiuie i?aaiaie ia aceiaaony iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue.
Aeoeecaie ia iaeaaathony iiaeaeoeeciua a ?O oiaa?u, i?ienoiaeyuea n
oa??eoi?ee ainoaea?noa — /eaiia NIA, i?e aaica eo ia oa??eoi?eth ?innee.
*oi eanaaony iieiiai ioeaca io eiii?oiiai oa?eoa a NIA, oi, eae
iieacuaaao iiuo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo nithcia eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeouo no?ai
(AN e AANO), ii nei?aa aoaeao iinoaiaiiui e iiiainooiai/aoui. Aianoa n
oai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi oaea naaiaeiy, a oeaeyo noeioee?iaaiey
eiiia?aoeeiiiuo naycae, auaic oiaa?ia ii eiiia?aoeee ia iiaeeaaeeo
eiee/anoaaiiiio ia?aie/aieth, anee ii inouanoaeyaony ii eiio?aeoai
iaaeaeo oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie. A niioaaonoaee n iiaeienaiiui a
aeaeaa?a 1993 a. a Aoaaaaoa Niaeaoaieai ia iaueo oneiaeyo e iaoaiecia
iiaeaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee e io?aneae
ainoaea?noa-o/anoieeia NIA a ioiioaiee oiaa?ia, iinoaaeyaiuo ii
eiiia?aoeee e a ?aieao ?aaeeiia ia?a?aaioee iiae oaiiaeaiiui eiio?ieai
yenii?oiua e eiii?oiua iioeeiu, iaeiae e aeoeecu ia i?eiaiythony.
Ino?ui inoaaony aii?in i oeaiao ai acaeiiie oi?aiaea. E yoi niaa?oaiii
caeiiiia?ii, iineieueeo eiaiii caeanue iaiin?aaenoaaiii noaeeeaathony
yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu yenii?oa?ia e eiii?oa?ia. Iiaiio noaoono
iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa a iaeaieueoae noaiaie niioaaonoaiaaei au
eniieueciaaiea ie?iauo oeai. Aianoa n oai iaeuecy ia o/eouaaoue, /oi
ia?yaeo n eo aannii?ii iiceoeaiui aeeyieai ia i?ioeannu no?oeoo?iie
ia?ano?ieee i?iecaiaenoaa e aiaoiaoi?aiaiai iai?ioa iie iaeiia?aiaiii
(eae iieacuaaao iiuo ?aniaaea NYA) eiatho nouanoaaiiue iaaeinoaoie.
Ie?iaua oeaiu niiniaiu ieacaoue ?ac?ooeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia
nio?oaeie/anoai, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a neeo eo iieiiai ianiioaaonoaey
oneiaeyi iaoeeiiaeueiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. Eiaiii iiyoiio ai acaeiiie
oi?aiaea ?O e ae?oaeo no?ai NIA i?eiaiyaony aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue
iiaeoiae e iiiaieeaoo?a iinoaaeyaiuo oiaa?ia: ii no?aoaae/aneei oiaa?ai
(nu?ueaaui, yia?aiiineoaeyi, oeaaoiui iaoaeeai), aeeth/aaiui a
iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua niaeaoaiey, iauae ?aeiiaiaeaoeeae yaeyaony
i?eaioe? ia ie?iaua oeaiu n aaeaeaa?oaeueiui ooi/iaieai iineaaeieo.
Ioaeaeueiuie iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie niaeaoaieyie ii?aaeaeai ii?yaeie
onoaiiaeaiey oeai ia iaooue e aac n aaaaeaieai ei??aeoe?othueo
eiyooeoeeaioia.
Oniaoiia i?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee a no?aiao NIA
iaaiciiaeii aac ouaoaeueiie ?ac?aaioee e inouanoaeaiey
neii?aeeie?iaaiiie ?aoi?iu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Anee o/anoieee NIA oioyo
iaeeaeoue oi?aiaeth, noeioee?iaaoue eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey (a oii /enea e
acaeiiua), eo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeieaeii noaoue ia oieueei
i?eaeaeaoaeueiui aeey aeciana, ii e oieoeoee?iaaiiui. Nae/an ioaeaeueiua
/anoe caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa no?ai-o/anoieoe ia niioaaonoaotho ae?oa ae?oao,
a caeiiu e ?aaeueiinoue ioaeaeaiu i?iianoueth. I?iaeaia onoaoaeyaony
ianiaeaniaaiiinoueth ?acee/iuo ca?oaaaeiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee. Yoe
oaiaeaioeee iiaoo i?eaanoe e ianiaianoeiinoe caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo nenoai
no?ai NIA. Iaania/aiea i?aaiaie aacu eioaa?aoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee o?aaoao
nouanoaaiiiai iiauoaiey ?iee Iaaeia?eaiaioneie Annaiaeae eae i?aaia,
i?ecaaiiiai ?ac?aaaouaaoue iiaeaeueiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou e
aeiaeaaoueny naeeaeaiey aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noa,
iiaeienaaoeo Aeiaiai? ia yeiiiie/aneii nithca.
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