IEIENOA?NOAI IAOEE E AUNOAAI IA?ACIAAIEss
Eacaoneee Iaoeeiiaeueiue Oaoie/aneee Oieaa?neoao
?AOA?AO
Oaia:
«Oeaeeia: yeiiiie/aneea, iieeoe/aneea, aeaiia?aoe/aneea e yeieiae/aneea
iineaaenoaey»
Auiieiee: nooaeaio
a?oiiu IO—98—3
Naaeueia A. I.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
Io?aeaiiaa A. I.
Aeiaou 1999
A eaoiiene eaaeaeie no?aiu anoue niauoey, eiathuea yiioaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Aeey Eacaonoaia e ae?oaeo iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa auaoaai Nithca, oaeei
niauoeai noaei inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo caiaeue. Eiaaea ia/eiaeny yoio, aeaaea
ii nia?aiaiiui einie/aneei ia?eai a?aiaeeiciue i?iaeo, ieeoi ia iia
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi oaeay noia?aea?aeaaa, eae NNN?, ai aeaai e ai eiy
eioi?ie ana e aeaeaeinue, ia ia?aaeeaao ia?ooeaoeony ia iaa eaoaeeeciia
e ?aniaaeaony. Aeaaioth oeaio ca ana caieaoeee ethaee, eioi?ua
naiiioaa?aeaiii ?aaioaee ia yoo eaeath e yoo no?aio, nayoi aa?y a aa
naaoeia aoaeouaa, i?aiaeieaaay iaiaeua o?oaeiinoe e eeoaiey, ene?aiia
?aaeoynue oiio iaiiiaiio, /oi aeaaaea ei aeeciue. Aua ia a noieue
aeaeaeee ia?eiae o ian auei i?eiyoi ia?ae?aeaaoue enoi?eth oeaeeiu,
iiaeno?aeaaoue iiae i/a?aaeiiai ia?oeeiiai aiaeaey.
Aua Ia?en e Yiaaeuen iaiaeiie?aoii auneacuaaee iuneue i oii, /oi ia
caiiii oa?a eiathony ia?iiiua caianu iaeniieuecoaiuo caiaeue, eaaeaueo
ia?oaui eaieoaeii. Ie a iaeiie ae?oaie no?aia aii?in i oicyenoaaiiii
eniieueciaaiee ieiaei?iaeiuo caiaeueiuo ieiuaaeae ia noiye e ia iia
noiyoue oae ino?i, eae a Niaaoneii Nithca. A iaaeaeo oai, eae oeacuaae
Eaiei, NNN? iaoiaeeony a n?aaieoaeueii auaiaeiuo aeey ?acaeoey
caieaaeaeey oneiaeyo aeaaiaea?y iaeeeth naiaiaeiuo e aeinooiiuo aeey
inaiaiey caiaeue ia aa ie?aeiao (eiaeenue a aeaeo ie?aeiu Aceaoneie e
Aa?iiaeneie /anoae NNN?). Ia ia?iiiii cia/aiee i?iaeaiu inaiaiey
caiaeueiuo ?ano?nia no?aiu aiai?ee e ieai AIYE?I (?ac?aaioaiiue a naia
a?aiy oiaea Eaieiui). A iaeiii ec aai ?acaeaeia oeacuaaaony, /oi ii
ieaio yeaeo?eoeeaoeee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony inaiaiea aiaaoaeoeo caiaeueiuo
ianneaia Naaa?i-ainoi/iiai Eacaonoaia, a oaeaea Caiaaeiie Neae?e e
Oo?eanoaia. Ia?aui iiuoii iiaeii n/eoaoue oio iiiaio, eiaaea a?oiia
iao?ia?aaeneeo ?aai/eo ?aoeea nicaeaoue ia iaiaaeeouo caieyo Ainoi/iiai
Eacaonoaia caieaaeaeue/aneea eiiioiu. Ianoiua aeanoe auaeaeeee ei
oaeiaiua aeey aaaeaiey oicyenoaa caiaeueiua ieiuaaee. Iiaeiaiua eiiioiu
i?aaieciauaaeenue ?aai/eie-ia?anaeaioeaie e a ae?oaeo ?aeiiao no?aiu
(iai?eia?, a Neae?e ieiei 20, a Aeoaa — ieiei 3).
Ii aac aeinoaoi/iiai ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe inaiaiea
oeaeeiu ia iiaei eaeoe. Ia?aae no?aiie noiyea caaea/a ?acaeoey a
iniiaiii iaoeiino?iaiey e ia?aaiaea iaeeeo e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa ia
aieaa e?oiiua eieeaeoeaiua oicyenoaa. Inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo
caiaeue a cia/eoaeueiuo ianooaaao ia/aeinue a 1928 aiaeo. E 1928 aiaeo
naeueneia oicyenoai Niaaoneiai Nithca auoei ia aeiaiaiiue o?iaaiue.
Iinaaiua ieiuaaee iiae ca?iiaua eoeueoo?u ninoaaeee 94,7 %, a aaeiaie
i?iaeoeo naeueneiai oicyenoaa ninoaaee 91,9 % io iieacaoaeae 1913
aiaea. Ii aianoa n oai oiaa?iinoue naeueneiai oicyenoaa oiaea, iniaaiii
a iaeanoe ca?iiauo eoeueoo?. Oae a 1926 aiaeo ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea
aic?inei ia 1,6 ieeeeii /aeiaae ii n?aaiaieth n 1913 aiaeii, a oiaa?iay
/anoue ca?iiauo i?iaeoeoia ninoaaeea anaai eeoue 10,3 ieeeeiia oiii
i?ioea 21,3 ieeeeiia oiii a 1913 aiaeo. I?iecioee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey
a niioiioaieyo eeanniauo nee a aea?aaia. Oaia?ue, iinea Ieoya?y, 94,5 %
caiee i?eiaaeeaaeaea aaaeiyoeeei e na?aaeiyoeeei oicyenoaai. Iaeiaei,
oioy eoeaoeeei oicyenoaai i?eiaaeeaaeaei 5,5 % caiee, iie ana aua eiaee
aieueooth yeiiiie/aneoth neeo: 20 % anae oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee ca?iiauo
a no?aia. Iieuecoynue yoei iie iuoaeenue ?acaea/ue aioeniaaoneoth
a?aaeaeaineoth aieio. Oaeei ia?acii, a ?acoeueoaoa ainiiaenoaa nenoaiu
iaeeioiaa?iiai e?anoueyineiai oicyenoaa, eoeaoeeiai oeaaiiai naaioaaea,
ieceeo caaioiaeoaeueiuo oeai ia ca?iiaua i?iaeoeou, a oaeaea a neeo
?yaea ae?oaeo i?e/ei a no?aia iaaethaeaeinue ionoaaaiea a ca?iiaie
io?anee naeueneiai oicyenoaa. I?iaeaia iiaea auoue ?aoaia aiaea/aieai a
oicyenoaaiiue iai?io iiauo iaia?aaaouaaaiuo ieiaei?iaeiuo caiaeue.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ?aoeeanue au caaea/a nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aia?aciaaiey
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, onei?eeanue au eieeaeoeaecaoeey
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Auiieiaiea iaia/aiiiai ia?oeae ieaia inaiaiey oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo
caiaeue Eacaonoaia i?ioiaeeei a neiaeiuo oneiaeyo yeiiiie/aneie
ionoaeinoe e?ay, eeanniaie ai?ueau e ae?oaeo iaaaoeaiuo oaeoi?ia. E
1928 aiaeo naeueneia oicyenoai Eacaonoaia oieueei aeinoeaei aeiaiaiiiai
o?iaiy, oioy i?iaeieaeaeny i?ioeann ae?iaeaiey e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa:
1250 oun. oicyenoa a 1928 aiaeo i?ioea 800 oun. oicyenoa a 1913 aiaeo.
Iaeioi?ay /anoue oicyenoa (23.244 ec 387.400) auee oaiaeaeueii-aaeneeie,
iie auee yeiiiie/anee neeueiaa e i?aiyonoaiaaee nioeeaeenoe/aneei
i?aia?aciaaieyi.
Ia V (aeaeaa?ue 1925 aiaea) e VI (iiya?ue 1927 aiaea) anaeacaonoaineeo
eiioa?aioeeyo AEI(a) ia/aoei ii?aaeaeeeenue ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey
naeueneiai oicyenoaa ?anioaeeee. Ia V-ii nuacaea ooaa?aeeeny aii?in
iaaeaeaiey caieae ii iaoeeiiaeueiiio i?eciaeo, a ia VI-ii iii auei
ioiaiaii. Ia V-ii nuacaea auea auneacaia iuneue i oii, /oi eeeiao e
ii/aa no?aiu ia iiaeoiaeyo aeey caieaaeaeey, a aieaa i?eniiniaeaiu aeey
anoanoaaiii-enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoaainy ei/aaiai e iieoei/aaiai
neioiaiae/aneiai oicyenoaa, eioi?ia iaeeo/oei ia?acii ioaa/aao eioa?anai
ei?aiiiai ianaeaiey. Iaeiaei, eo?n aue acyo ia ?aniaoeo caiee e
ei?aiioth ?aoi?io aoea. ?aoathuei caaiii a oniaoiii auiieiaiee caaea/e
auei ?oeiaiaenoai ia ianoao. Eacaonoaineay ia?oeeiay i?aaiecaoeey auea
aua iieiaeui, e?aiiouei i?aaieciii, eioi?ue eniuouaae iiiaeanoai
neiaeiinoae e i?iaeai. Yoe o?oaeiinoe iaoneaaeeaaeenue iauae
ionoaeinoueth e?ay. A ninoaaa ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoeee Eacaonoaia auei
iiiai e?anoueyi. Ia ia?aia yiaa?y 1928 aiaea a ia?oi?aaiecaoeeyo
?anioaeeee ian/eouaaeinue 33,3 % ?aai/eo, 44,6% e?anoueyi e 22,1%
neoaeaueo, ?aianeaiieeia, eonoa?ae. Ionthaea aeaeii, eaeei aieueoei
aaoi?eoaoii iieueciaaeanue ia?oey n?aaee naeueneiai ianaeaiey. Iaeiaei
/eneaiiinoue eiiioienoia a aoea auea aua ia auniea, a ninoaa Eiiia?oee
Eacaonoaia aue iiiaiiaoeeiiaeai. Yoi cia/eoaeueii cao?oaeiyei i?ioeann
ia?oeeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa a aoea.
Iie?aynue ia iiiiuue OeE Eiiia?oee, eiiioienou Eacaonoaia noiaee
aicaeaaeoue iannu aeey ?aoaiey caaea/e nioeeaeenoe/aneie ia?ano?ieee
?anioaeeee. Iaeiaei iaoiaeeeenue e i?ioeaieee, eioi?ua n/eoaee, /oi
inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo caiaeue iaoaao auiieiaieth caaea/ eieaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a. ?ac?aceeanue aeeneonney i i?iaeaiao, naycaiiuo n inaiaieai
oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo caiaeue. Iainiiaaeenue aeaa oi/ee c?aiey: iaeie,
noi?iiieee eaieineiai eiiia?aoeaiiai ieaia aiai?eee, /oi iaaei
?acaa?ouaaoue eieoiciia e niaoiciia no?ieoaeuenoai. Eo i?ioeaieee
aunooiaee ca nio?aiaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie naiiauoiinoe eacaoneiai ia?iaea,
aai ei/aaiai ia?aca aeecie. Iineaaeiea, iaeiaei, iiiyee, /oi inaaeaiea
ei/aauo oicyenoa iaecaaaeii, ii i?aaeeiaeeee eiie iooue — ianaaeaeaiea
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo caaeeoi/iuo e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa. Aaoi?u yoie
eiioeaioeee — *ayiia, Iaea?ia, ?uaieeia, e ae?oaea aunooiaee ca ?acaeoea
eiiia?aoeee, oe?ieiai oiaa?iiai iaiaia ia aaca eoeaoeeeo oicyenoa. Oae
*ayiia ooaa?aeaeae, /oi niaoicu e eieoicu ca?aiaa ia?a/aiu ia nia?oue,
oae eae ai-ia?auo, a iei iao ianoiyuaai oicyeia, a ai-aoi?uo, a ieo
o/anoaoao oieueei aaaeiioa — iai?ia?anneaiue yeaiaio iauanoaa.
I?iiaaaiaea eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey naeueneiai oicyenoaa iaoea
io?aaeaiea, iai?eia?, a o?oaea N. I. Oaaoeiaa «Eacaoneia oicyenoai a aai
anoanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneeo e auoiauo oneiaeyo». Ii oeacuaae, /oi
oie/oiaeaiea ei/aaiai auoa a Eacaonoaia iiaei au a eiia/iii n/aoa
i?eaanoe e aeaaee noaiiiai neioiaiaenoaa e i?aa?auaieth nooeo noaiae a
aacethaeiua ionouie. Iiaeiaiia iiaiea oaeaea ionoaeaae A. I. *aeeioeaa,
aiai?eaoee, /oi a Eacaonoaia a aei?aaiethoeeiiiia e iinea
?aaiethoeeiiiia a?aiy ?inea aeioiaeiinoue oicyenoaa i?e ia?aie/aiee
aeeyiey ei/aaiai oicyenoaa. Iiae/a?eeaaeanue ia?niaeoeaiinoue ?acaeoey
a aoea /anoii?uii/iuo ioiioaiee; inaiaiea iiauo oa??eoi?ee aiciiaeii,
ii oieueei a ia?aie/aiiuo ianooaaao. Noiaeoth oi/eo c?aiey au?aaeaee
oaeaea e ia?oeeiua aeayoaee, n?aaee ieo I. Ne?eon e A. I. Eaaeen.
N ia/aea ieaiiaiai inaiaiey iiauo caiaeue ia?oey e i?aaeoaeuenoai acyee
eo?n ia niaoiciia no?ieoaeuenoai. Yoi auei naycaii n ino?ie iaoaaoeie
ca?ia e iaiaoiaeeiinoue a e?ao/aeoea n?iee oaaee/eoue eiee/anoai
oiaa?iiai oeaaa. E?iia oiai iie auee i?ecaaia iiaei?aaoue
yeiiiie/aneiai aeeyiea eoeaoeeiai oicyenoaa.
A niaoeeoe/aneeo oneiaeyo Eacaoneie ANN? niaoicu no?ieeenue ia aaca
aineiithoai, ieai?annaaeieeia, o/aaii-i?aeoe/aneeo oicyenoa i?e iecoeo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oeieao, iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiiuo /anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneeo
oicyenoa. A ai?aea 1928 aiaea Iieeoath?i OeE AEI(a) ?ac?aaioaei
ia?ii?eyoey ii i?aaiecaoeee a oa/aiea 3-4 eao a ?NON? e Oe?aeia e?oiiuo
ca?iiauo niaoicia ii i?iecaiaenoao oeaaa ia iacaiyouo e?anoueyiaie
caieyo. Auea nicaeaia eiienney ii ?oeiaiaenoao no?ieoaeuenoaii ca?iiauo
niaoicia ai aeaaa n I. E. Eaeeieiui. Ia ia?aii canaaeaiee, i?ioaaeoai 8
iay 1928 aiaea eiienney ?anniio?aea aii?in i au?aaioea iauaai ieaia
i?aaiecaoeee iiauo niaoicia e iiaeaea?aeaea eeieth ia oi?ne?iaaiea
no?ieoaeuenoaa ca?iiauo niaoicia. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiua iiaen/aou,
ninoaaeaiiua Ia?eiicaiii, iieacaee, /oi aeey auiieiaiey iinoaaeaiiie
ia?oeae caaea/e aeiaanoe aaeaaiaeiia i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?iiai ca?ia aei
100 ieeeeiiia ioaeia iio?aaoaony 3600 ouny/ aa iaoioiuo caiaeue i?e
iauae ieiuaaee ieiei 5500 ouny/ aaeoa?, nauoa 335 iei. ?oaeae
eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee, aieaa 20 ouny/ o?aeoi?enoia e 50 ouny/
iinoiyiiuo ?aai/eo, nioie ?oeiaiaeeoaeae oicyenoa, aa?iiiiia e
eiaeaia?ia, ia iaiaa 15 ouny/ o?aeoi?ia.
Iaeiie ec neiaeiaeoeo i?iaeai niaoiciiai no?ieoaeuenoaa aue auai? ?aeiii
ecuneaiee naiaiaeiuo caiaeueiuo oiiaeia. Ia?eiicai n/eoae, /oi
ca?iiniaoicu aeieaeiu no?ieoueny a ?aeiiao Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca, N?aaeiae e
Ieaeiae Aieae, iioeae?oy iaee/eai iaoe?iuo ieiuaaeae, naiaiaeiuo
caiaeue, aeeceei ?aniieiaeaieai e i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ai e eeieyi
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo niiauaiee; n?aaieoaeueii aunieie ieioiinoueth
ianaeaiey; aieueoei eiee/anoaii inaaeeia e i?i/eie oaeoi?aie. Ainieai e
ia?anaeai/aneee eiieoao enoiaeeee ec iaiaoiaeeiinoe inaaeaaoue ia
oieueei ?aeiiu Iiaieaeuey e Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca, ii e Eacaonoaia. Aoi?oth
eaeath iiaeaea?aeaee iiiaea niaoeeaeenou a iaeanoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa:
n?aaee ieo N.I. Aooeineee, I.I. Ooeaeeia e i?i/ea. A ai?aea-iaa 1928
aiaea e?aeeii ia?oee i?eiye iinoaiiaeaiea ia i?aaiecaoeee a Eacaonoaia
o?ao e?oiiuo niaoicia a O?aeneie, Aeothaeineie aoaa?ieyo, a Eonoaiaeeii
ie?oaa.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ieii/aoaeueiiai ?aoaiey aii?ina i auai?a ?aeiiia
no?ieoaeuenoaa e?oiiuo ca?iiauo niaoicia ia iainaiaiiie oa??eoi?ee eiaei
?aoaiea OeE AEI(a). Iii ?aoeoaeueii auneacaeinue ca eniieueciaaiea
caiaeueiuo ?ano?nia Eacaonoaia. Eiienney Iieeoath?i, eco/ea i?iaeo
Ia?eiicaia, i?eiyei ?aoaiea «Aeeth/eoue a ieai caiee Eacaoneie ANN?
Eoonaianeee e Iao?iiaaeiaeee ?aeiiu»; auei ?aoaii auaeaeeoue iiae
niaoicu a 1928 aiaeo 200 ouny/ aaeoa? caiaeue, a 1929 aiaeo — 700 ouny/
aaeoa?ia, a 1930 — 1 ieeeeii aaeoa?.
N 4 ii 12 ethey 1928 aiaea ninoiyeny Ieaioi OeE AEI(a), a oaea 1 aaaonoa
1928 aiaea, enoiaey ec iai?aaeaiee, aeaiiuo Ieaioiii, OeEE e NIE
Niaaoneiai Nithca ecaeaee Aeae?ao ia i?aaiecaoeee e?oiiuo ca?iiauo
oicyenoa. Aeae?aoii i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue i?aaiecaoeey Eiieoaoa
niaeaenoaey no?ieoaeuenoao e?oiiuo oicyenoa ai aeaaa a I.E. Eaeeieiui.
Oaea n eaoa 1928 aiaea ia/aeanue i?aaiecaoeey ca?iiauo niaoicia. Auei
iineaii iiiaeanoai yeniaaeeoeee n oeaeueth ii?aaeaeaiey iaeaieaa
?aioaaaeueiuo caiaeueiuo o/anoeia. Ia?iiiia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea aeey
aeaeueiaeoaai inaiaiey caiaeue eiaei iinoaiiaeaiea iiya?ueneiai (1928
aiaea) Ieaioia OeE AEI(a) «I eiio?ieueiuo oeeo?ao ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
ia 1928-1929 aiaeu». Iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ auei aeaeueiaeoaa
?anoe?aiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae e iiauoaiea o?iaeaeiinoe. Naaeueiie
anaeacaonoaineee nuacae Niaaoia (ai?aeue 1929 aiaea) oaeaea oeacae, /oi
iaaei oaaee/eaaoue iinaaiua ieiuaaee iiae ca?iiaua e nicaeaaaoue e?oiiua
oaa?eee ii i?iecaiaenoao ca?ia. 30 aeaeaa?y 1929 aiaea i?aaeaiea
Ca?iio?anoa caneooaei io/ao yeniaaeeoeee, ?aaioaaoae a Naaa?iii
Eacaonoaia. Ec 13’359’699 aa aiaeiuie e i?aaiecaoeee ca?iiauo niaoicia
i?eciaiu 4 136 000 aa caiaeue. Ca aeaa aiaea iiae niaoicaie oaea
iaoiaeeeinue 295 000 aa caiaeue (a oeaeii ii nithco 5 000 000 aa).
O?oaeiinoe auee a oii, /oi /anoue caiaeue i?eiaaeeaaeaea
Eacainnaeueno?aoo, e iaaei auei ia?aaeaoue eo Ca?iio?anoo. Nouanoaiaaea
oaeaea i?iaeaia i?aaeeueiiai ioiaaeaaaiey caiaeue io oa??eoi?ee, aeecei
i?eiueaaoeo e e?anoueyineei iaaeaeai, a oai, /oiau ia ia?ooeoue eo i?aaa
e eioa?anu. Ii ia?ooaiey ?ane?uaaeenue, a aeiiaiua iaeacuaaeenue. A
oaea e aania 1931 aiaea a Eacaonoaia ian/eouaaeinue 19 ca?iiauo
niaoicia, a eo caiaeueiue oiiae ninoaaee 2 009 ouny/ aa. E inaie 1931
aiaea a no?aia eiaeinue 189 ca?iiauo niaoicia, eo iauay caiaeueiay
ieiuaaeue ninoaaeyea 15 028 ouny/ aa.
N/eoaeinue, /oi, /ai e?oiiaa niaoic, oai ?aioaaaeueiaa i?iecaiaenoai,
oai ieaea naaanoieiinoue auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee. Iiyoiio a
aeaeueiaeoai oei oe?oiiaiea e neeyiea nouanoaothueo niaoicia e nicaeaiea
iiauo, aieueoeo ii ?acia?o. *oi iniaaiii ioia/aeinue ia oa??eoi?ee
Eacaonoaia a aai iaoe?iuie caieyie.
Iaiaeiaaaeiui aue aii?in iiaeai?a eaae?ia ia o/anoeao. Ii eieoeeaoeaa
OeE AEI(a) auee i?aaieciaaiu eo?nu aee?aeoi?ia e caianoeoaeae
aee?aeoi?ia niaoicia e eieoicia Ca?iio?anoa. E?iia eo?nia oaeaea i?e
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo aocao ?anioaeeee nicaeaaaeenue ioaeaeaiey ii
iiaeaioiaea i?ieaoa?neeo niaoeeaeenoia aeey e?oiiuo niaoicia,
i?iaiaeeeanue aeiiieieoaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey eiaeaia?ia-iaoaiecaoi?ia.
Aei oiai a?aiaie a ?anioaeeea nouanoaiaaee oieueei
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua oaoieeoiu, a a 1930 aiaeo aue aia?aua ioe?uo
Naeueneioicyenoaaiiue einoeooo. A ?acoeueoaoa yoeo ia? a 1932 aiaeo
eiee/anoai eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai ia?niiaea aeinoeaei 13.2% io iauaai
/enea niaoeeaeenoia a ca?iiniaoicao.
Iianaianoii iieiaeaaeue no?aieeanue iao/eoueny oi?aaeyoue
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieeie — iiiai iieiaeuo ethaeae iioee ia eo?nu
eiiaaeia?ia, o?aeoi?enoia, e oioa?ia. Oaoieee aeey ioaeae no?aiu ia
oaaoaei, iiyoiio aa caeoiaee a NOA. A i?ioeanna ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeoeaiinoe ?aai/eo iiyaeeanue oaeay oi?ia ni?aaiiaaiey eae aeaeaeaiey
oaea?iuo a?eaaae, eioi?ia ioaaoeei anth ?anioaeeeo. Iiaiiy ca oeeo?aie
— iiaeaeoe iaeia ec aeaaiaeoeo ioeaie niaaoneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, eioi?ay a
eoiaa i?eaaea e iioa?a cia/eoaeueiie /anoe o?iaeay e ia?ooaiey
naaiiai?ioa.
Aei naiiai ia/aea Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie Aieiu a Niaaoneii Nithca, a a
/anoiinoe e a Eacaonoaia iiae oeaaiaiii eiiioienoe/aneiai ?acaeoey
nithciuo ?anioaeee e ie?aei no?aiu auno?uie oaiiaie oea
eieeaeoeaecaoeey. Ia?aeeaeueii n yoei i?ienoiaeeei inaiaiea e?oiiuo
caiaeueiuo ianneaia Eacaonoaia, Neae?e, Eaaeaca e Iiaieaeuey. N
aaiiao?e/aneie i?ia?anneae ?inee iinaaiua ieiuaaee e niae?aaiue n ieo
o?iaeae; ieeeeiiu aaeoa? iaoai e ieeeea?aeu ioaeia ca?ia aaeaaiaeii
iieo/ae NNN?. Iaeei ca iaeiei ecaeaaaeenue iinoaiiaeaiey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
i?aaiia i?eia?ii iaeiiai niaea?aeaiey: «I aeaeueiaeoai oaaee/aiee…»
Iiaiie ca i?aauoaieai ieaia e ni?aaiiaaiey auee caiaoiu ii anae
oa??eoi?ee no?aiu.
Naeueneia oicyenoai Eacaonoaia ioaeaeaeinue a ?aai/ae neea, e
iinoaiiaeaiea iaeneiai (1939 aiaea) Ieaioia OeE AEI(a) iicaieeei
i?aiaeieaoue yoe o?oaeiinoe. N ia?auo ianyoeaa 1940 aiaea ia/aeinue
aeoeaiia ia?anaeaiea a Eacaonoai; iii oei ii o?ai iai?aaeaieyi:
Ieaiiaia — i?ioiaeeei ii ieaio i?aaeoaeuenoaa, i?aaeoaeuenoai
caaioeeinue i i?aaeinoaaeaiee aeeeeua e ?aaiou ia?anaeaioeai;
Eieoeeaoeaiia — ii eieoeeaoeaa naieo eieoicia, eioi?ua iieiinoueth ia
naie n?aaenoaa i?eieiatho ia?anaeaioeaa, iaania/eaatho aeeeueai e
?aaioie;
Iaieaiiaia — inouanoaeyeinue ia?anaeaioeaie ca naie n/ao, i ?aaioa e
aeeeuea aeiaiaa?eaaeenue ca?aiaa n i?eieiathuei eieoicii eee niaoicii.
Ii iiaen/aoai ia ia?aia aeaeaa?y 1940 aiaea a eieoicu Eacaonoaia i?eauei
22 833 ia?anaeai/aneeo oicyenoaa.
Iiaue aeoie a enoi?ee inaiaiey oeaeeiu aeaee naioya?ueneee (1953 aiaea)
e oaa?aeuenei-ia?oianeee (1954 aiae) Ieaioiu OeE EINN, naeaeaaoea
aieueoee oeeii ia inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo caiaeue Eacaonoaia,
Neae?e, Eaaeaca e O?aea. A 1954 ii 1955 aiaeu a Eacaonoaia auei
iiaeiyoi 18 ieeeeiiia aaeoa? caiaeue. A ia?iiiuo eiee/anoaao a
?anioaeeeo aacee naeueneioicyenoaaiioth oaoieeo, iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea;
iiaeiyeenue e ianoiua i?aaei?eyoey ii i?iecaiaenoao cai/anoae.
Oeo/oaeanue oaeaea e eiiioieeaoeeiiiay naoue Eacaonoaia; aeiiino?iaiea
oei auno?uie oaiiaie, auno?i aicaiaeeeenue iiaua caeaiey, iiyaeyeenue
ii/oe a aieie noaie oeaeua ai?iaea. Caieaaeaeea a 1953 — 1958 aiaeao
?inei n aeaaioneie nei?inoueth: iinaaiua ieiuaaee ?anoe?eeenue n 9,7 aei
28,7 ieeeeiiia aaeoa?, aaeiaie nai? ca?ia n 332 ieeeeiiia aei 1 343
ieeeeiiia ioaeia. ?yaeu oeaeeiieeia iiiieiyeenue ana iiauie e iiauie
ia?anaeaioeaie: a ia?oa 1954 aiaea a Eacaonoai i?eaoaei 250 ouny/
iieiaeuo eiiniiieueoeaa, a oaeaea 23 ouny/e /aeiaae ec ?yaeia auaoeo
aieiia Niaaoneie A?iee.
Oaeie a?aiaeeiciue i?iaeo eae inaiaiea ianeieueeeo ieeeeiiia aaeoa?
aeeeie caiee ia iiaei aanneaaeii en/aciooue a enoi?ee. Yoi oao eao aei
neo ii? aeeyao ia iaoo aeeciue. Aeey Eacaonoaia iii eiaei ia?iiiaeoaa
cia/aiea: ianeieueei iieiaeeoaeueiia, ianoieueei aea e io?eoeaoaeueiia.
Ai-ia?auo, aeaaiaea?y noyaeaaieth a ?anioaeeeo anao nee no?aiu, a
Eacaonoaia iiyaeeenue iiaua oaa?eee, caaiaeu. Ioe?uaaeenue iiaua aocu e
o/eeeua, niaoeeaeece?iaaaoeany a iaeanoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa. *a?ac
anth ?anioaeeeo i?ioyioeenue eeiee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua, aaoiiiaeeueiua,
iaeaaeeaaeanue nenoaia eiiioieeaoeee. Ii aianoa n oai, iianaianoiay
?aniaoea ieiuaaeae iiae naeueneioicyenoaaiiua oaiaeey aucaaea
iaia?aoeiua iai?aaeaeaeaiiua iineaaenoaey. Iiaeaeoe naiui aieueoei
iaaaoeaiui iiiaioii, eioi?ue aee?iui e?anoii ia?a/a?eeaaao ana
i?aeiouanoaa iiaie iieeoeee e ana aaieaeueiua caneoae o/aiuo-yeiiiienoia
oiai ia?eiaea, yoi y?icey. Ia?iiiua iinaaiua ieiuaaee auee aoeaaeueii
niaoaiu aao?aie, aeiaieueii oa?aeoa?iuie aeey Naaa?iiai Eacaonoaia. A
ei?ioeee n?ie aieueoay /anoue ieiaei?iaeiue neie oianei aao?ii. Aanue
o?oae ii inaiaieth oeaeeiu aue iioa?yi. Oaeaea auei ia?ooaii
neiaeeaoaany aaeaie naiiauoiia ei/aaia oicyenoai eacaoia — i?iiaee
aieueoea oa??eoi?ee, i?eaiaeiua aeey ianoaeu. I?e?iaea aue iaianai
iaiii?aaeiue o?ii.
Ii ec anyeiai i?eia?a ec Enoi?ee iiaeii ecaea/ue o?ie. Ionoue inaiaiea
oeaeeiiuo caiaeue iineoaeeo iio/eoaeueiui o?ieii aeey aoaeoueo iieieaiee
i oii, /oi ca i?e?iaeie naiae ?iaeeiu ioaeii neaaeeoue, noa?aynue ia
ia?ooaoue aaeain. A ana a?aiaeeiciua yeiiiie/aneea ieaiu i?in/eouaaoue
iaia?aae aei iaei/ae.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
Eiaaeueneee N. E., Iaaeaiia O. I. Inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo caiaeue a
Eacaonoaia — Aeia-Aoa: Ecaeaoaeuenoai «Iaoea», 1986.
Aaeeeee iiaeaea ia?oee e ia?iaea. Iaoa?eaeu oi?aeanoaaiiiai canaaeaiey a
Aeia-Aoa, iinayuaiiiai 20-eaoeth inaiaiey oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo caiaeue
— Iineaa: Iieeoecaeao, 1974.
Oeaeeiiue oa?aeoa? — Iineaa: «Iieiaeay aaa?aeey», 1979.
Ai?ueaa EINN ca inaiaiea oeaeeiu — Aeia-Aoa: Eacaoneia Ainoaea?noaaiiia
ecaeaoaeuenoai, 1960.
Aacaoa «Eacaonoaineay I?aaaea» io 1 ia?oa 1994 aiaea. Noaouey i
aunooieaiee I. A. Iaca?aaaaa a Aeiiea 25 oaa?aey 1994 ii neo/ath
40-eaoey inaiaiey oeaeeiu: «Iu naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoei aicieeoea i?iaeaiu
e aaeioiai a oeaeeio iiaoth aeeciue».
Aoaaee?ia ss. A. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey a naeueneii
oicyenoaa Eacaonoaia — Aeia-Aoa, 1984.
Ieoaeeia O. E., Oaioaoia E. O. Ia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea ca inaiaiaeaeaiea
oeaeeiiuo caiaeue a Eacaonoaia (1953—1960 aa.) — Aeia-Aoa, 1964.
Oo?noiaaaa A. A. Eo?nii eioaineoeeaoeee — Aeia-Aoa, 1985.
Aieeeiaa C. A., Eaeeiaeaiia A. E., Eiaaeueneee N. E. e ae?oaea.
Eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey a ai?ueaa ca inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo caiaeue a
Eacaonoaia — Aeia-Aoa: Eacaonoai, 1969.
PAGE
PAGE 2
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
