Ioieoeeiaeueiay iauaia?aciaaoaeueiay n?aaeiyy oeiea ? 2.
?aoa?ao ii enoi?ee
?ACAEOAA NOAeIOIAeNOAA IA ?AEA EAIA
Aaoi? – O/aiee 9a eeanna
Ieeeoei Ae. E.
?oeiaiaeeoaeue – o/eoaeue enoi?ee
Ei?ieaaa A. O.
Ia?iue 1998 a.
Niaea?aeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea
Ia/aei ?acaeoey noaeioiaenoaa……………………………….no?.4
Io ao?eaeia aei ia?ioiaeia……………………………………no?.6
Ia?ioiaenoai ia Eaia………………………………………….no?.8
Ia?ioiae/eee…………………………………………………….no?.12
Caeeth/aiea
Ia/aei ?acaeoey ia?ioiaenoaa.
?a/iay nenoaia Eaiu, ?aneeioaoenue ia ia?iiiua i?ino?ainoaa
I?aaeo?aeuey, ia ?oaaaea aeaoo no?ai naaoa Aa?iiu e Acee ni a?aiai
aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe eiaea aaaeiia iieeoeei-yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea. Eaia,
eae i?eoie Aieae, i?eiaaeeaaeeo aannaeio Eanieeneiai ii?y. Iia
niaaeeieea aeaeaeee naaa? O?aea n Iiaieaeueai e thaii, oi anoue
ianoiinoe aanueia ?acee/iua ii naiae i?e?iaea e i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Eaia
ecaeaaia niinianoaiaaea iaiaio e nauoo oiaa?ia. A ionoonoaea ?acaeouo
aeaeaciuo aei?ia a oi a?aiy Eaia yaeyeanue aaaeiie aeeciaiiie a?oa?eae
no?aiu. Ii iae i?ioiaeeei a iaaeaaoeeiiiue ia?eiae aeayoaeueiia oi?aiaia
aeaeaeaiea, aeinoaaeythuaa n?aaenoaa e nouanoaiaaieth iiiaei ieeeeiiai
aeeoaeae.1
N?aaee ?ae a Aa?iiaeneie ?innee Eaia caieiaao /aoaa?oia ianoi, onooiay
ii aaee/eia oieueei Aieaa, Aeiai?o e Aeiio. Eaia i/aiue aiaaoa
i?eoieaie. Naiua aieueoea ec ieo Ayoea, Aaeay, *oniaay, Aeoa?a. Eaia,
i?ieaey o?aoue iooe ii caiaaeiui i?aaeai?ueyi O?aea, i?eieiaao o?e
aeaaiuo i?eoiea: Aeoa?o, *oniaoth e Aaeoth, eioi?ua oaeoo n o?aeueneeo
aa?oei e ?acaeaeytho noaeioiaeioth /anoue Eaiu ia o?e o/anoea. Ec yoeo
o?ao aeaaiuo i?eoieia *oniaay ia?aciaaea ni naieie iiiai/eneaiiuie
i?eoieaie iaoe?ioth aiaeioth naoue, aeeaea anao iiaeoiaeyuoth e
neae?neei ?aeai, oaeouei ii oo noi?iio O?aea, iiyoiio e neoaeeea
anoanoaaiiui iooai aeey aieueoae /anoe ia?iaeia, ia?aoiaeeaoeo
O?aeueneee o?aaao.2
Ii *oniaie oee a Neae?ue ia?aua ?onneea eieiienou. Aii?in i niaaeeiaiee
?ae Eaineiai aannaeia n neae?neeie iiaeieiaeny aua a 1770 aiaeo
aeaaeaieeii Iaeeanii.3
1Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.1. N.18
2Oai aea. N.19
3Oai aea. N.20
Iicaea eiaeaia? ?eaea? oae aea iiaeoaa?aeee, /oi iao ieeaeeo iniauo
i?aiyonoaee aeey niaaeeiaiee ?ae *oniaie e ?. Oaaeea, ii iii ia auei
eniieiaii, eae e iiiaea ae?oaea i?iaeou niaaeeiaiey ?ae *oniaie e Oo?u,
*oniaie e Enaoe, Oou e Oiaiea, *oniaie e Ieoeu.
A 1815 aiaeo oi?aaeythuee ?aaaeeineeie caaiaeaie sseiaeaa ia/ae no?ieoue
eaiae iaaeaeo *oniaie e ?a/eie ?aoaoeie, aiaaeathuae a aiaeiai
Aa?oia-Enaoneeo caaiaeia, ii i?aaeoaeuenoai, ec iianaiey ineaaeoue
noaeioiaenoai ii *oniaie, cai?aoeei aeaeueiaeoea ?aaiou.1
Aannaei Eaiu i?ioaao ia?iiiue e?ae. Naieie iiiai/eneaiiuie i?eoieaie,
i?aeiouanoaaiii Ayoeie, Aeoa?ie n Eieaie, *oniaie e Aaeie, ia?acothueie
aa iaoe?iue aannaei, Eaia caoaaouaaea e?iia /aou?ao aoaa?iee, /a?ac
eioi?ua iia i?ioaeaea, aua iaeioi?ua /anoe I?aiao?aneie, Naia?neie,
Eino?iineie e Aieiaiaeneie aoaa?iee.
Caieiay naaa?i-ainoi/ioth /anoue Aa?iiaeneie ?innee, Eaineee aannaei
a?aie/eo n naaa?a n aannaeiaie Naaa?i-Aeaeineei e Ia/a?neei, n ainoiea n
aannaeiaie Iae, E?ouoa e O?aea, a n thaa e caiaaea n N?aaeiaaieaeneei e
Aaoeoaeneei.2
Iiaeii ooaa?aeeoaeueii neacaoue, /oi O?ae ni naieie aiaaouie ai?iuie
i?iiuneaie oaea e 1911 aiaeo aeinoea ii?aaeaeaiiiai oaoie/aneiai
?acaeoey oieueei aeaaiaea?y Eaia e aa iiiai/eneaiiui i?eoieai,
i?i?acuaathuei yoo ai?ioth no?aio ii anaaiciiaeiui iai?aaeaieyi e
niaaeeiythuee aa n oeaio?aeueiuie ianoiinoyie ?innee. O enoieia yoeo
oniaoia noiyee ia oieueei ai?iua eiaeaia?u, ianoa?a eeoaeueee, ei?aaaeu,
ii e i?inoua ao?eaee.
1Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.1. N.20
2Oai aea. N.21
Io ao?eaeia aei ia?ioiaeia.
Noaeioiaenoai ia Eaia aicieeei aua ai a?aiaia aeienoi?e/aneea, ii
e?aeiae ia?a, a ieaeiai oa/aiee Eaiu, n?aaee iinaeaiee ae?aaieo
oth?eneeo a?aiai, ninoaaeyaoeo Aoeaa?neia oea?noai. Aeey oiaa?iiaiaia e
aieinoaaiiuo iaaaaia nouanoaiaaee no?oae, eaaeuee e aa?ee oiai
ia?aiauoiiai oeia. Iaaeeaaeauaa ?acaeoea Eaineiai noaeioiaenoaa
ia/aeinue eeoue ni a?aiaie iieiiai iaeaaeaiey Eaiie ?onneeie
iinaeaioeaie, iinea iaaeaiey Eacaineiai oea?noaa a 1552 aiaeo. Ieiei
o?ao aaeia ia Aieaa e Eaia oyaa a?ociauo noaeia i?iecaiaeeeanue
ao?eaoeeie eyieie. Ecio/aiiua ethaee, eae eiiiaua eioaaee, ai?yaeaiiua
aa?aaeaie e eyieaie a aa?eo, oyioee aa io ?annaaoa aei noia?ae, a oieiae
e iaianouea, ii ianeo nuio/aio, ii eaiiyi, a aiaea auoa iiyna, n oiueie
ianiae, iiaeiaiie noiio. Iaiaei i?e yoii ia?iaeo oiioei e aeaei a iooe
n?aaee ionouiiuo Eaineeo aa?aaia. E n/anoueth aanue yoio
naa?o/aeiaa/aneee ao?eaoeeee o?oae ioioae a iaeanoue i?aaeaiey, e eeoue
ecaanoiay ea?oeia ?aieia, aea Iae?anianeea noeoe o?aiyo iaiyoue i
ao?eaeao. Oai, aaea aa?aa ia iicaieye eaeoe n eyieie, noaea
ia?aaeaeaaeenue i?e iiiiue caaiciuo yei?ae. Aeey yoiai ia iaaieueoie
eiaeea, iacuaaaiie caaiciae, caaiceee e caeeaeuaaee aia?aaee noaeia
yei?ue, eaiao io eioi?iai auoyaeaaee ia noaeii eyieaie e, oaeei ia?acii,
iii iiaeaeaaeinue i?ioea oa/aiey; eiaaea noaeii aeioiaeeei aei yei?y,
caaiceee ae?oaie yei?ue e o.ae. Yoio aaeiaoneee o?oae auiaaeae ia aeieth
oeaeie a?iee ?aai/eo-ao?eaeia.1
Ao?ea/anoaii caieiaeenue, aeaaiui ia?acii, i?ea?aaeiua aeeoaee ?aee
Aieae e aa i?eoieia. A oeaaoouoth ii?o ao?ea/anoaa, a ia?aie iieiaeia
XIX aaea, e a iniaaiiinoe ia?aae aaaaeaieai ia?ioiaenoaa, a?iey
aieaeneeo ao?eaeia aeinoeaea o?aonio ouny/ /aeiaae.2
1Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.2. N.22
2Oai aea. N.23
O?oae ao?eaea aue /?acau/aeii oyaeae. Iaaei auei eiaoue i/aiue e?aieia
caei?iauea e iniaaiii e?aieoth a?oaeue, /oiau auianoe ana oyaeanoe
aeaeueiae iooeiu: io nooiaiey n oneeeai ii iyaeiio, ?annuiathuaiony
ianeo o ao?eaeia ia iiaao ?anoyaeaaeenue aeeeu; eaiie ii?oeee iiae; io
neeueiiai iaeaaaiey ia eyieo a?oaeueth ?acaeaaeanue /aoioea, a i
iinoiyiiiai iaeeiia aieiau, e iae i?eeeaaeanue e?iaue, io/aai o ao?eaeia
ii?oeeenue aeaca. Oyaeanoue iooe, a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie, caaenaea oae
aea io aao?a e ieceie aiaeu: i?e ieceie aiaea noaea i?eoiaeeeinue
ia?aa?oaeaoue, a aaoa? ia aeaaae aeaeaaoueny aia?aae, oi e ae?oaia
neeueii caaea?aeeaaei ao?eaeia a iooe, e /oiau iiniaoue e n?ieo ia ianoi
neaaeiaaiey, iie aeieaeiu auee i?eeaaaoue iaaa?iyoiua oneeey e niaoue ia
aieaa aeaoo-o?ao /ania a nooee.1
A ia/aea ieioaoaai noieaoey, aeey oyae a?oaeaiuo noaeia ia Eaia, noaee
i?eiaiyoue eioaaeae, ono?aeaay eiiiua i?eaiaeu, caoai iiyaeeenue e
ia?ioiaeu.2
Eiiiaiaeiua iaoeiu eee eiiiaiaeee caiaieee ethaeneoth neeo eioaaeeiie e
oiio?aaeyeenue aeey ia?aaeaeaeaiey aieueoeo a?ocia ia noaeao aaa?o ii
?aea. Iaoaieci iiaiai noaeia aue i?ino: ii iaiiieiae ai?io. Io aaea,
aunooiaaoaai ia iaeoao, ?anoiaeeeenue ?u/aae, e eioi?ui i?eniaaeeiyee
eiineoth oi?yaeeo. Ia?aae ioi?aaeie noaeia iinueaee aia?aae eiaeeo n
yei?ai, niaaeeiyaoeiny n noaeiii eaiaoii. ssei?ue na?anuaaee a ?aeo,
caoai ioneaee eioaaeae ii e?oao. Eaiao niaouaaeny ia a?auathueeny aae,
iiaeoyaeaay noaeii. Iinea eiiiaiaeie iaeioi?ia a?aiy oiio?aaeyeenue
eaaanoaiu, a eioi?uo ia?iaua (ni?ieaneeueiua) ai?ioa caiaieee eioaaeae;
nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey noaeia i?e yoii niiniaa ia?aaeaeaeaiey
oaaee/eeanue.3
1Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.2. N.23
2Oai aea. N.25
3Aeoaeeao I., Cieioia A., ?aiacia A. Eaia-?aea-O?oaeaieoea. Ia?iue,
1971. N.15
I?eiaiaiea eaaanoaiia aeey aoene?iaee noaeia auei iai?iaeieaeeoaeueii; n
aaaaeaieai ia?ioiaenoaa yoio i?eieoeaiue e n?aaieoaeueii aei?iaie niinia
ia?aaeaeaeaiey a?ocia niaa?oaiii i?ae?aoeeny. Aaaaeaiea ia?ioiaenoaa
ia?aiia/aeueii aeey aoene?iiai aeaeaeaiey auei iiaie y?ie a
noaeioiaenoaa e ia?aaa?ioei aanue nouanoaiaaaoee aei oiai no?ie.1
?an/aoeeaua ia?ineea eoioeu, caaiae/eee i/aiue nei?i iiiyee
i?aeiouanoaa, eioi?ua iiaeao aeaoue oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann. Yoi iineoaeeei
ia/aeii no?ieoaeuenoaa e i?eia?aoaiey ia?ioiaeia, nicaeaieai e?oiiuo
ia?ioiaeiuo eiiiaiee a I?eeaiuea.
Ia?ioiaenoai ia Eaia.
Aaniie 1819 aiaea ia?ineea aeeoaee auee oaeeaeaiu iiyaeaieai ia Eaia
aeaoo ia?ioiaeia. Iinea ianeieueeeo ?aenia ia?aae ai?iaeii iie iiieuee
ia Aieao. Ia?aua ia?ioiaeu auee iino?iaiu a 1817 aiaeo Iiaeaaneei
caaiaeii Anaaieiaeneiai ia Eaia. Iaeei ec ia?auo ia?ioiaeia aue a 36, a
ae?oaie a 6 eioaaeeiuo nee; o?aoee ia?ioiae Anaaieiaeneiai, oai aea
iino?iaiiue, oiaeee a 1821 aiaeo ii Eaia e Aieaa aei ?uaeinea.2
Inoaiiaeiny iaiiiai iiae?iaiaa ia yoie oaieeee. Eae e iiaeiaaao ethaiio
oaaaeathuaio naay ?iaeo, ia/aei naia Anaaieiaeneea aaaeoo io eiycae
Niieaineeo, a oa, a naith i/a?aaeue, io ?th?eeiae/ae. Aia?aua
oiiieiathony eae o/anoieee Eoeeeianeie aeoau, a aeaeueoa, aaea eo
oieueei ia auei: aiioeu a Iieueoa, aiaaiaeu ia Aeaeia…. Eiay e?iaiua
nayce n oea?noaothuei aeiiii, oioy e aeaeaeea, Anaaieiaeneea anaaaea
iaoiaeeeenue ia aeiaieueii
aunieeo iinoao.3
1Aeoaeeao I., Cieioia A., ?aiacia A. Eaia-?aea-O?oaeaieoea. Ia?iue,
1971. N.15
2Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.2. N.25
3Oanoiaa O. Iaayoaeueiua aaaioth?enou // Ia?ineea iiainoe. 1993 15 iay.
N.12
A 1773 aiaeo eaia?aa? auni/aeoaai eiia?aoi?neiai aeai?a Anaaieiae
Aeaenaaae/ Anaaieiaeneee eoiee ia caiaaeiii O?aea /anoue caiaeue,
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo No?iaaiiao. Eiaaea eaia?aa? oia?, eiaiea aeinoaeinue aai
ieaiyiieeo, oiaea Anaaieiaeo Aeaenaaae/o. Anaaieiaeneea aiiaua
ioee/aeenue i?eno?anoeai e oaoieea, iiaeaea?aeeaay iiaoanoaa e
ecia?aoaiey, naie i?eaeoiuaaee eiiaaea /oi-ieaoaeue yoaeia. Oae
Anaaieiae Aeaenaaae/ ieaaeoee, aeeay ia O?aea, ?ac?aaioae iiaue aeae
i?ieaoiiai noaia. Iinea nia?oe A. A. Anaaieiaeneiai inoaeenue: ia?ineea
aio/eiu, nuiiauey Ieeeoa e Aeaenaiae?. Iniiaiui ianeaaeieeii noae Ieeeoa
Anaaieiaeiae/. Ii iaiaoee oe?ieee e?oa i?aia?aciaaiee, i?eneae ec
noieeoeu ia Caiaaeiue O?ae eino?oeoeeth ii naeueneioicyenoaaiiui
?aaioai, ieaiu cano?ieee aea?aaaiue, i?eeacae noa?ua aeiiiu caiaieoue ia
iiaua, aea?aayiioth noenoineoth oaa?eeo – neiiaoue, iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue
caaiae – ia?ano?ieoue. Ii aeaiaa ia ana ia oaaoeei. Oiaaea aea a Neaa
no?ieony aeai?aoe – eiiey Ceiiaai a Iaoa?ao?aa. Ii ia ioaeaeeo aai ia
oaaoeei aeaiaa. Ianeieueei eao ii noiye ionoui, a caoai nai?ae. Iinea
Ieeeou ?iae i?iaeieaeeee aai aeaoe: Ieeeoa, Anaaieiae, Aiae?ae e
Aeecaaaoa. Ec-ca ieo caiey iioea n iieioea. Inoaoee ia?ineie aio/eiu
aeinoaeenue I.I. Anaaieiaeneiio. Ii oia? a 1899 a. io naoa?iiai
aeeaaaoa. Ia?ineea aio/eiu Anaaieiaeneeo ?acioeenue ii ?oeai iiauo
aeaaeaeueoeaa, e enoi?ey ?iaea Anaaieiaeneeo ia O?aea caeii/eeanue
aianoa n XIX aaeii.1
A 1846 aiaeo auei o/?aaeaeaii ia?aia a iaoai e?aa /anoiia “Ia?ineia
ia?ioiaeiia iauanoai”, iino?ieaoaa a oii aea aiaeo aea?aayiiue aoene?iue
ia?ioiae “Ia?iue” a 60 nee, aeey ieaaaiey ii ?aea Eaia.2
1Oanoiaa O. Iaayoaeueiua aaaioth?enou // Ia?ineea iiainoe. 1993 15 iay.
N.12
2Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.2. N.25
A 1847 aiaeo iiyaeeanue iiaay ia?ioiaeiay eiiiaiey “Aaen e Oao”. Iia
iino?ieea aoi?ie ia?ioiae “Aeaa a?aoa”, a oaeaea aea?aayiiue, aoene?iue
a 40 nee. N iaaeaaoeee 1848 aiaea onoaiaaeeaaaony iinoiyiiia aoene?iia
ia?ioiaeiia aeaeaeaiea ii ?aea Eaia “Ia?ineei ia?ioiaeiui iauanoaii” e
eiiiaieae “Aaen e Oao”. “Eainei-Aieaeneia ia?ioiaeiia iauanoai” ioe?uei
aeaenoaea ia Eaia a 1851 aiaeo, ionoea 5 aoene?iuo ia?ioiaeia. Anaai a
yoio aiae ia Eaia ?aaioaei 11 ia?ioiaeia. A 1853 aiaeo “Ia?ineia
ia?ioiaeiia iauanoai” i?ae?aoeei naie aeaenoaey, a “Eainei-Aieaeneia”
ionoeei aua aeaa ia?ioiaea.1
Aeaeaa eiee/anoai ia?ioiaeia n eaaeaeui aiaeii oaaee/eaaaony ana aieaa e
aieaa. Ia Eaia iiyaeythony iiaua eiaia. N?aaee ieo eiy E.O. Ethaeiiaa.
Aeai?yineei i?ienoiaeaeaieai Ethaeiiau iioaanoaoueny ia iiaee, i?aaeee
auee e?anoueyiaie. A 1855 aiaeo E.O. Ethaeiia no?ieo naie aoene?iue
ia?ioiae, ii ii ?aii oie?aao e aeaei aai i?iaeieaeaao nui E.E. Ethaeiia.
Oianeaaeiaaa io iooea a?ociaua ia?ioiaeu e aa?aee, ii ?aoee iieoe
aeaeueoa e caaae iannaaee?neea ia?ioiaeu. Yoi auee aia?eeaineiai
ia?acoea eiioi?oaaaeueiua aeaooiaeoaiua ia?ioiaeu “Aeaoa?eiao?a” e
“Aa?acieee”.
Aeaaiuie eiieo?aioaie Ethaeiiauo ia Eaia auee Anaaieiaeneea, /uee
ia?ioiaeu iiyaeeenue caeanue aua a 1819 aiaeo. A eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa
Anaaieiaeneea ieacaeenue iineaaaa, iie caaeieaeaee Ethaeiiao E.E.
iaiaeua aeaiueae.
Iiciaeiieaoenue n aaeueaeeneei eiaeaia?ii Nieueay, aeaaeathuei
oaoiieiaeae i?iecaiaenoaa niaeu ii iiaiio aiiea/iiio niiniao,
E.E.Ethaeiia ?aoee i?aaieciaaoue oaeie caaiae a ?innee.2
1Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?.
Aeoa?a n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911. Ioae.2. N.27
2Ceiaeia O. ?onneee aia?eeaiaoe // Caacaea. 1992 4 naioya?y. N.4
Ieiuaaeea aeey caaiaea auea aua?aia a Aa?acieeao. A aaaonoa 1883 aiaea
aue iouai ia?aue a ?innee niaeiaue caaiae, ?aaioaaoee ii aiiea/iie
oaoiieiaee. A 1890 aiaeo “Ethaeiia, Nieueay e E” ia/aee no?ieoaeuenoai
aoi?iai niaeiaiai caaiaea a Aeiiaoeea. Iacaaeieai aei nia?oe (17 oaa?aey
1899 aiaea) E.E.Ethaeiia ia/ae iaooyiia aeaei ia Eaaeaca.1
A 1856 aiaeo ia Eaia o Ia?ie iiyaeyaony aua iaeia iiaay ia?ioiaeiay
eiiiaiey Eeueeia e Naaanoueyiiaa. A e 1858 aiaeo /enei ia?ioiaeia
ianoieueei aic?inei, /oi iiyaeeanue iio?aaiinoue a ono?ienoaa caaiaea
aeey iino?ieee e ii/eiee ia?ioiaeia, eaeie e aue ono?iai a oii aea aiaeo
aiaee/aieiii Aoeeaoii. N oiai aea 1858 aiaea ii Eaia ia/eiaaony
aeaeaeaiea iannaaee?neeo ia?ioiaeia, eiiiaiey “Eaaeac e Ia?eo?ee”
ionoeea ia Eaio /aou?a aieaeneeo ia?ioiaea. Yoi iannaaee?neia aeaeaeaiea
n 1859 aiaea aeaeaaony ?aaoey?iui io Ia?ie aei Ieaeiaai Iiaai?iaea.
Oiaaea aea o Ia?ie iiyaeyaony o?e aoene?iuo ia?ioiaea aeaoo iiauo
eiiiaiee “Ae?oaeeiu” e “Niaaae e Ie?iiia”. N 1860 aiaea ia Eaia
ioe?uaaaony iiaay ia?ioiaeiay eiiiaiey “Iieueca”, iino?ieaoay aeaa
iannaaee?neeo ia?ioiaea e aeaa aoene?iuo. N yoiai aea aiaea ia/eiaaony
aeaeaeaiea ia?ioiaeia aaa?o ii Eaia aei *a?aeuie e ii *oniaie. A 1861
aiaeo eiee/anoai ia?ioiaeia, niaa?oathueo ?aenu aei Ia?ie, aeinoeaaao
43, ec ieo 12 iannaaee?neeo, 6 aoene?i-iannaaee?neeo e 25 aoene?iuo. A
1862 aiaeo iaeioi?ua eiiiaiee ia auaea?aeeaatho eiieo?aioeee e
i?ae?auatho naia nouanoaiaaiea. N 1863 aiaea onoaiaaeeaaaony ?aaoey?iia
iannaaee?neia niiauaiea aaa?o ii Eaia aei Onieuey, a n 1864 aiaea o
Ia?ie iiyaeythony ia?ioiaeu na?aioeueneiai eoioea Eie/eia, eioi?ue
caeeth/ee oneiaea n eaciie i ia?aaicea a?anoaioia a aeaeaciuo aa?aeao –
ieaao/eo oth?ueiao. Oiaaea aea ia/aeinue ia?ioiaeiia niiauaiea n
Iioiaeeeoie.2
1Ceiaeia O. ?onneee aia?eeaiaoe // Caacaea. 1992 4 naioya?y. N.4
2Aa?oieaioeaa A.N. Ai?iae Ia?iue, aai i?ioeia e ianoiyuaa. Ia?iue:
Iooea, 1994. N.166
Oaaee/eaaaony eiee/anoai ia?ioiaeia, cia/eo, ?anoao iio?aaiinoue a
caaiaeao aeey eo iino?ieee e ?aiiioa. E aio iiyaeyaony a 1869 aiaeo
Iioiaeeeoeineee caaiae, a 1874 aiaeo – caaiae Eaiaineeo, a a 1877 –
caaiae Ethaeiiaa. N 1877 aiaea ia/eiatho oiaeeoue aeaooyoaaeiua
ia?ioiaeu aia?eeaineiai oeia, ia?aaioeai eioi?uo aue “Aa?acieee”. N 1878
aiaea o ia?ioiaeia iiyaeeanue iianiay eiieo?aioeey: auea ioe?uoa
O?aeueneay aeaeaciay aei?iaa. Ec-ca yoiai iaeioi?ua eiiiaiee i?ae?auatho
naia nouanoaiaaiea. A 1887 aiaeo iiyaeeenue ia Eaia ia?ioiaeu-aa?aee
aeey ia?aaicee iaooe e ea?ineia, o eioi?uo a ei?iiaie /anoe iaoiaeeeanue
iaoeia, a a iiniaie – ?aca?aoa? aieueoie aianoeoaeueiinoueth. Oiaaea aea
iiyaeythony ia?ioiaeu oeia aieaeneie eiiiaiee “Caaaea” n eieanii
iicaaee. A iaaeaaoeeth 1889 aiaea io Ia?ie ii Eaia oiaeyo oaea 27
iannaaee?neeo ia?ioiaeia. A 1912 aiaeo a Ia?ie iiyaeeny ia?aue oaieioiae
“O?ae”.1
Ii ?aea naia ii naaa ia iiaeao ?aoeoue ana aii?inu, eioi?ua iiyaeythony
a oiaea canaeaiey e ?acaeoey oa??eoi?ee. Ioaeii oiaei eniieueciaaoue aa
?ano?nu e aiciiaeiinoe. Eiaiii oaeeie ethaeueie auee ia?aua
ia?ioiae/eee.
Ia?ioiae/eee.
Iaeiei ec naiuo ecaanoiuo e aiaaouo ia?ineeo ia?ioiae/eeia a eiioea XIX
aaea aue I.A. Iaoeia, ciaiaieoue aua e naiae aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoueth.
Ia yoii e iieaeao ?a/ue a aeaeueiaeoai.
Aaniie 1877 aiaea Ieeieae Aaneeueaae/ Iaoeia aeaeaao ia?aue oaa eae
/anoiue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue. A Ia?ie ii ano?aoeeny n einiaeoi?ii ii
?a/iiio no?aoiaaieth Naaa?iiai no?aoiaiai iauanoaa Ieoaeeii Eaaiiae/ai
Ooeyoeeiaui, eioi?ue nua?ae a aeecie Iaoeiaa iaiaei aaaeioth ?ieue.
Iiaeaeoe, eiaiii Ieoaee Eaaiiae/ noae ia?aui aeeceei /aeiaaeii Iaoeiao,
n eioi?ui ii iia iauaoueny ia ethaua oaiu.2
1Aa?oieaioeaa A.N. Ai?iae Ia?iue, aai i?ioeia e ianoiyuaa. Ia?iue:
Iooea, 1994. N.167
2?aaeiiae/ ?.E. Iiaeueiue ieeeeiia?. Ia?iue: Ei. Ecae-ai,1990.
N.39-(Caia/ao. ethaee I?eeaiuey).
Iaoeia iii?inee ?ac?aoaiey o i?aaeaiey “Oiaa?euanoaa Aieai-Eaineiai
ia?ioiaenoaa”, a eioi?ii ii neoaeee, i?eia?anoe eee a?aiaeiaaoue
aoene?iue ia?ioiae. Iieo/ea ?ac?aoaiea, Iaoeia i?aaeeiaeee Ooeyoeeiao
aieoe n iei a eiiiaieth, Ooeyoeeia aeae niaeanea. Caiya aeaiaa,
eiiiaiueiiu a?aiaeiaaee o eoioea A?aia aeioiaie ia?ioiae “Iiaeaa”. Ca
iaeio iaaeaaoeeth “Iiaeaa” i?eianea ei aieueoie aeaiaaeiue aeioiae.1
Ianiiiaiii, aeaea eiiiaiueiiia e a aeaeueiaeoai i?ioeaaoaee au, ii
Ooeyoeeia ?aoee iieeiooue Ia?iue. Oaia?ue ana caaenaei io ee/iuo
niiniaiinoae Iaoeiaa, oiaiey aanoe aeaei. Oiai e ae?oaiai o iaai oaaoaei
n ecauoeii. Iaaei neacaoue, /oi e oaea/a niinianoaiaaea aio n ia?auo
oaaia. Aeayoaeueiinoue o?ainii?oieea iianaaeiaaii naycuaaea Iaoeiaa n
ianoiuie aeanoyie e aeaeiauie e?oaaie Ia?ie ia aeaeaciie aei?iaa. Ii
i/aiue auno?i i?eaioe?iaaeny a oiaaeaoiae ianoaiiaea ia Eaia e iaoiaeee
a ai?ueaa n eiieo?e?othueie i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie iaeeo/oea niiniau
o?ainii?oe?iaee a?ocia e ianeoaeeaaiey iannaaee?ia. Ii onoaiiaee
aeaeiaua eiioaeou n e?oiiaeoeie caaiae/eeaie e ianoiui eoia/anoaii,
iinoaiaiii ?anoe?ye e?oa e ?aciao naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, iieo/ae iaeaieaa
auaiaeiua caeacu e iinoiyiioth eeeaioo?o. Ec aiaea a aiae Iaoeia
i?eia?aoae, iiaea?iece?iaae e caeacuaae iiaua ia?ioiaeu. ?anoe?yeenue
aai oi?aiaua iia?aoeee.2
A 1892 aiaeo Iaoeia noaiiaeony aeaniui aoaa?ineiai caineiai nia?aiey e
ninoieo a yoie aeieaeiinoe o?e ecae?aoaeueiuo n?iea. Aoaa?ineia caineia
nia?aiea auaeaeaaao aai a i?aaeaiea Ia?ineiai ioaeaeaiey e?anoueyineiai
iicaiaeueiiai aaiea e /eaiii niaaoa eonoa?ii-i?iiuoeaiiiai aaiea. Ii
ecae?aaony io cainoaa a aoaa?ineee o/eeeuiue niaao, iieo/aao
ioaaonoaaiiua ii?o/aiey. Ii yia?ae/ii oiaeaoaenoaoao ia?aae caineei
nia?aieai ia oaaee/aiee iiniaey Ia?ineie aanieaoiie aeaeeioaea.3
1?aaeiiae/ ?.E. Iiaeueiue ieeeeiia?. Ia?iue: Ei. Ecae-ai,1990.
N.42-(Caia/ao. ethaee I?eeaiuey).
2Oai aea. N.43
3Oai aea. N.45
Ia iaeiie ec i/a?aaeiuo nannee aoaa?ineiai nia?aiey Iaoeia
iiaeaea?aeae oiaeaoaenoai i?aaeaiee aeaoa?eiao?aneiai e ia?ineiai
iauanoa i?eeac/eeia ia ioe?uoee oi?aiaie oeieu iecoaai oeia, aian
i?aaeeiaeaiee ia anneaiiaaiee cainoaii aeaiaa ia no?ieoaeuenoai a
Ia?ie Ia?iaeiiai aeiia. Aeoeaii o/anoaoao Iaoeia e a aeaeao Ia?ineie
ai?iaeneie aeoiu, aeaniui eioi?ie ii oaeaea yaeyaony.1
Ioee/ii eco/ea ana caaiuey o?ainii?oiie ?aaiou, Iaoeia i/aiue oeaiee
eieoeeaoeaiuo, aeayoaeueiuo ethaeae, o?aaiaae io naieo oi?aaeythueo
ioaeaeaieyie i?aaenoaaeyoue aio iaeaieaa oieeiauo e yia?ae/iuo neoaeaueo
e ?aai/eo aeey i?aie?iaaiey e i?iaeaeaeaiey ii neoaeaa. Nai
i?aainoiaeiue i?aaiecaoi?, Iaoeia e o iiae/eiaiiuo oeaiee oiaiea
i?aaieciaaoue i?iecaiaenoai. Ia oa?iae Iaoeia iaa?aaeiiai auiieiaiey
caaeaiee e no?iai acuneeaae ca ia?aaeaiea. ?anoe?yy naia ia?ioiaenoai,
ii aieiaoaeueii neaaeee ca iiauie aeinoeaeaieyie ioa/anoaaiiiai e
ca?oaaaeiiai ia?ioiaeino?iaiey, aaeaaiaeii iiiai n?aaenoa aeeaaeuaae
Iaoeia a iiaea?iecaoeeth naieo ia?ioiaeia. Oieueei a 1915 – 1916 aiaeao
ii caiiai io?aiiioe?iaae e ia?ano?iee, aeiaeaaynue eo/oaai ianeoaeeaaiey
iannaaee?ia e aeinoaaee a?ocia, naiue naieo ia?ioiaeia.2
Eiiia?/aneay ai?ueaa canoaaeea aeaaeaeueoeaa ia?ioiaeia e eiioeo ia?aiai
aeanyoeeaoey OO aaea eneaoue nianaiea ai acaeiiii niaeaoaiee. Iie
?acaeaeeee noa?u aeeyiey. Ia Aieaa e Eaia (io Ia?ie aei Ieaeiaai
Iiaai?iaea) aioee a niaeaoaiea oe?iu a?. Eaiaineeo, Ethaeiiaie e
Eaoeiie, ia Eaia io Ia?ie aei *a?aeuie – ia?ioiaeiaeaaeaeueoeu ?aeaaei e
Aaeeaieoaa, ia ?aea Ayoea – Aoeu/aa, Aeaenaiae?ia, Ou?uoeei e
Ayonei-Aieaeneia ia?ioiaenoai, ia ?aea Aaeie – sseeiia, Ooieoeei,
Ni?ieei.3
1?aaeiiae/ ?.E. Iiaeueiue ieeeeiia?. Ia?iue: Ei. Ecae-ai,1990.
N.46-(Caia/ao. ethaee I?eeaiuey).
2Oai aea. N.53
3Oai aea. N.54
Iaeiaei noa?u aeeyiey iiiiaee ia anai. Ia auaea?aeeaay eiieo?aioeee,
auioaeaeaiu auee “neiaeeoue i?oaeea” iaiaa e?aieea a i?aaiecaoeeiiiii e
oeiainiaii ioiioaiee ia?ioiaenoaa ?aeaaeia e Ee?ueyiiaa ia Aa?oiae Eaia,
a?. Ooieoeeiuo e Ni?ieeia ia ?aea Aaeie e ae?. Ia?ioiaeu, i?enoaie e
ana o?ainii?oiia eiouanoai yoeo oe?i ioeoiee Iaoeia. E 1913 aiaeo i?eoea
i/a?aaeue e “Oiaa?euanoaa a?. O. E A. Eaiaineea”.1
Iaeioi?ua i?aaiecaoeee e oe?iu, naycaiiua n aeaeaie “Oiaa?euanoaa” e
caeioa?aniaaiiua a aai nio?aiaiee, ia?aoeeenue e Iaoeiao, o?ainii?oiia
aeaei eioi?iai i?ioeaaoaei. Iaoeia, iciaeiieaoenue n oyaeaeui oeiainiaui
iieiaeaieai “Oiaa?euanoaa”, i?eiye ia naay iieiinoueth ana aai
a?iiaaeiua aeieae. Naeaeaaoenue, ii nooe aeaea, aeaaeaeueoeai
ia?ioiaenoaa, ii ia cae?ue noa?eiioth eaineoth oe?io, a oieueei
i?eniaaeeiee e aa iaeiaiiaaieth naith oaieeeth. Iiae oaeei iacaaieai
oe?ia nouanoaiaaea aei iaoeeiiaeecaoeee a 1918 aiaeo. Noaa
?oeiaiaeeoaeai e oaeoe/anee oicyeiii ia?iiiiai “Oiaa?euanoaa”, Iaoeia a
e?ao/aeoee n?ie n i?enouae aio yia?aeae eeeaeaee?iaae oea?eaoee oai
oain, i?eaae a ii?yaeie o/ao e io/aoiinoue.2
Eaieooeyoeey ?yaea eiieo?e?othueo ia?ioiaenoa iicaieeea Iaoeiao
cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue, aua aieaa iiauneoue
aeeyiea ia Eaia e Aieaa. E?iia oiai, Iaoeia i?aaieciaae niaoeeaeueiua
ia?o?oou iaeeineaeyueo oiaa?i-iannaaee?neeo ia?ioiaeia iaaeaeo Ooie e
Noa?eeoaiaeii aei niaaea aiaeu.
Aei oaa?aeueneie e Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee oi?aiai-o?ainii?oiay naoue
“Oiaa?euanoaa”, aicaeaaeyaiiai Iaoeiaui, aeeth/eea ?aee Ieo e Iineao e
aeinoeaea caiaaeiuo a?aieoe ?innee.3
1?aaeiiae/ ?.E. Iiaeueiue ieeeeiia?. Ia?iue: Ei. Ecae-ai,1990.
N.55-(Caia/ao. ethaee I?eeaiuey).
2Oai aea. N.57
3Oai aea. N.59
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
Aa?oieaioeaa A.N. Ai?iae Ia?iue, aai i?ioeia e ianoiyuaa. Ia?iue: Iooea,
1994.
Aeoaeeao I., Cieioia A., ?aiacia A. Eaia-?aea-O?oaeaieoea. Ia?iue, 1971.
Ceiaeia O. ?onneee aia?eeaiaoe // Caacaea. 1992, 4 naioya?y.
?aaeiiae/ ?.E. Iiaeueiue ieeeeiia?. Ia?iue: Ei. Ecae-ai,1990-(Caia/ao.
ethaee I?eeaiuey).
Nthcaa I.A. Eeethno?e?iaaiiue iooaaiaeeoaeue ii ?aea Eaia e ii ?. Aeoa?a
n Eieaie. Ia?iue, 1911.
Oanoiaa O. Iaayoaeueiua aaaioth?enou // Ia?ineea iiainoe. 1993, 15 iay.
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