I?iaeaia ia?aoiaea ?innee io oaiaeaeueiie oi?iaoeee e eaieoaeenoe/aneie
neiaeia e iiiaiieaiiaa. Eeanne/aneee oaiaeaeeci caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo
no?ai ie a eie ia?a iaeuecy n?aaieaaoue n oaiaeaeeciii ?inneeneei, o.e.
aai oi?ie?iaaiea i?ienoiaeeei i?e ainiiaenoaa e?aiinoie/aneie nenoaiu ,
oiaaea eae “e caiaaeo io Yeueau” eaieoaeenoe/aneee niinia i?iecaiaenoaa
ooaa?aeeeny a oi a?aiy, eiaaea auei “oaea aeaaii oie/oiaeaii e?aiinoiia
i?aai”. Oa?aeoa? ia?aoiaea e eaieoaeecio a ?innee aue oaeaea iaoneiaeai
iiiaiia?aceai anoanoaaiii-aaia?aoe/aneeo e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
oneiaee ia?iiiie eiia?ee. Caiaia oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneeo ioiioaiee
eaieoaeenoe/aneeie ineiaeiyeanue iiiaioeeaaeiinoueth ?inneeneie
yeiiiieee, iaee/eai oa??eoi?ee n aeioaiaeaeueiuie e
oaiaeaeueii-iao?ea?oaeueiuie ioiioaieyie. Aii?in i ia/aea oi?ie?iaaiey
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai oeeaaea e ?aceiaeaiey oaiaeaeecia aue i?aaeiaoii
aeeneonnee, aio iinayuaeenue ioaeaeueiua noaoe, inayuaeny ii e a
iiiia?aoeyo. Caoyaeiie oa?aeoa? aeeneonnee, ia ?ac?aoaiiie e ii nae
aeaiue, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia eneeth/eoaeueiie neiaeiinoe i?iaeaiu, i
?acee/iii iaoiaeieiae/aneii iiaeoiaea e eioa?i?aoaoeee ecaanoiuo a
eeoa?aoo?a oaeoia. I?e eco/aiee ?innee ia?eiaea iicaeiaai oaiaeaeecia
i?aeiouanoaaiiia aieiaiea oaeaeyeinue aicieeiiaaieth iaiooaeoo?iie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?ie?iaaieth ?aai/aai eeanna, neeaaeuaaieth
ana?inneeneiai ?uiea, iaoiaeai ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey. Ia?aeeaeueii
enneaaeiaaeny aa?a?iue aii?in, e i?aaeaea anaai ?ino e?oiiiai
oaiaeaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaiey, ioi?ieaiea e oneeaiea e?aiinoie/anoaa.
Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie enneaaeiaaiee yoeo aii?inia yaeyeinue eo
iiae/eiaiea iaeiie aeaaainoaothuae i?iaeaia – i?iaeaia aaiacena
eaieoaeecia. A iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a, i?e anao ?anoiaeaeaieyo i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiiai enoiaeiiai e oi?i yoiai i?ioeanna, aai o?iiieiae/aneeo
?aiie, XVII – XVIII aaea ioiineeenue e ia?eiaeo iicaeiaai oaiaeaeecia,
eiaaea i?ienoiaeeei aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee.
Anee ia?aie/eony noiia?iie oa?aeoa?enoeeie oi/ae c?aiey, oi
nouanoaothuea acaeyaeu ia i?iaeaio ?aceiaeaiey oaiaeaeecia e ?acaeoey
eaieoaeecia iiaeii ?acaeoue ia aeaa a?oiiu. Iaeie aaoi?u ioiinyo
ca?iaeaeaiea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee e ?aceiaeaiea oaiaeaeecia e
ia/aeo XVIIa. e aeaaea e XVIa., ae?oaea e na?aaeeia eee aoi?ie
iieiaeia XVIIIa.. N oai?aoe/aneei iainiiaaieai eiioeaioeee i ia/aea
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee n XVIa. Aunooiaao aeaae. N.A.
No?oieeei. Ii auaeaeaaao ia ia?aue ieai ainiiaenoai iaeeiai
iio?aaeoaeueneiai i?iecaiaenoaa, “a eioi?ii nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaa nio?aiyaony aua ca iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie, a
yenieoaoaoeey o?oaea a oi?ia ecuyoey oaiaeaeueiie ?aiou inouanoaeyaony
iaoiaeii aiayeiiiie/aneiai i?eioaeaeaiey”. Aiai?y i iaeaieaa
nouanoaaiiuo i?eciaeao eaieoaeecia, N.A. No?oieeei auyaeyao ia?aui e
aeaaiui ec ieo i?aa?auaiea oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa a iauoth oi?io
i?iecaiaenoaa. I?eia?aoaiea ?aai/ae neeie /aeiaaea oiaa?iie oi?iu, ii
aai iiaieth, yaeyaony “neaaenoaeai eeeaeaeaoeee iaoo?aeueiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee oaiaeaeueiiai oicyenoaa”. Aiaae?aiea
oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee a oaiaeaeueiia oicyenoai ?anoeaieaaaony eae
ia/aeueiue iiiaio a ?acaeoee eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee. Iineieueeo.
niaeanii iaaethaeaieth iiiaeo enneaaeiaaoaeae, a eiioea XV-XVI aa.
ioia/aaony caiaoiia iaeeaeaiea oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee , oi N.A.
No?oieeei e n/eoaao yoi a?aiy ia?aoiaeiui iiiaioii io ainoiaeyuae e
ienoiaeyuae noaaeee oaiaeaeecia, ia/aeueiui oaaii eaieoaeenoe/aneiai
?acaeoey.1
Aaaeiue yoai a eco/aiee aaiacena eaieoaeecia a ?innee naycai n
o?oaeaie aeaae. I.I. Ae?oaeeieia. A aaiacena eaieoaeecia I.I. Ae?oaeeiei
?acee/aao o?e yoaia: 1) ca/aoee eaieoaeenoe/aneie oi?iaoeee, o.a
ioaeaeueiua nii?aaee/aneea yaeaiey iiaiai, 2) eaieoaeenoe/aneee oeeaae,
o.a. neiaeeaoothny noiio eaieoaeenoe/aneeo yeaiaioia, eioi?ua ?aceaaatho
noa?oth oi?iaoeeth, e, iaeiiaoe, 3) iiaaaeeaooth e ainiiaenoaothuoth
eaieoaeenoe/aneoth oi?iaoeeth, a eioi?ie nio?aiythony ia?aaeeoee noa?iai
no?iy”.1 Ia/aei eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee Ae?oaeeiei ioiineo e
XVIIa.. Ii aai iiaieth ia?aua ?inoee eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee
aicieeee a oneiaeyo, eiaaea ?aceiaeaiey oaiaeaeueiie nenoaiu
caiaaeeyeinue aa ?ani?ino?aiaieai ia iiau oa??eoi?ee. Ionthaea
caoi?iiaeaiiinoue i?ioeanna ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey, acaeiiaeaenoaea
noa?uo e iiauo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.1
Eioa?anai oacen ia iaeiia?aiaiiii ?acaeoee ii ainoiaeyuae eeiee
eaieoaeecia e oaiaeaeecia aue auneacai A.E. Caica?neie. Ia?aoiaeiue
ia?eiae, ia/eiathueeny, ii aa iiaieth, ia iicaeiaa aoi?ie o?aoe XVIIa..
niaaeeiyao aeaa ?acee/iua eeiee ?acaeoey: ainiiaenoai oaiaeaeueiuo
ioiioaiee n aicieeiiaaieai aioo?e ieo “ao?aeoaciuo naycae”. Ia?aue yoai
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee ?acaeaaaony a oi?ia oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa
. Oa?aeoa?iue /a?oie yoiai yoaia ( eiiaoe 20-o – 30-a aiaeu XVIIa. –
ia/aei XVIIIa.) yaeyaony ?ino i?inoiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa a
eaieoaeenoe/aneia – a ?aciuo noa?ao i?iecaiaenoaa ia/eiaao
eniieueciaaoueny iaaiiue o?oae. O.i. noaaeee ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia, ii
iiaieth A.E. Caica?neie, iineaaeiaaoaeueii niaiytho iaeia ae?oaoth a
niioaaonoaothuea io?acee a?aiaie. 2
I?e ?ac?aaioea i?iaeaiu aaiacena eaieoaeecia iniiaiia aieiaiea
i?eaeaeei eco/aiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe, o.e. a yoie noa?a yeiiiieee ?aiueoa
anaai ca?iaeaeathony yeaiaiou aoaeouae eaieoaeenoe/aneie nenoaiu.
Aeeneonney ii yoiio aii?ino ia/aeanue a 30-o aiaeao. Iicaea a?oiia
o/aiuo ai aeaaa n I.E. ?oaeiooaeiii aeieacuaaea, /oi 40 – 50-ua aiaeu
XVIIIa. yaeyeenue ia?aoiaeiui iiiaioii a nioeeaeii-yeiiiie/aneii
?acaeoee ?innee. N yoiai a?aiaie iaaethaeaeinue auno?ia oaaee/aiea
eieee/anoaa iaiooaeoo?, iiyaeyeenue niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua i?iiuoeaiiua
?aeiiu, iaiyeny nioeeaeueiue ninoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e niiniau
iaania/aiey iaiooaeoo? ?aai/ae neeie. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua aeieacuaaee, /oi
yoe eciaiaiey i?aaeeueiae ioiineoue e ia/. – 1-ie /aoaa?oe XVIIIa. e /oi
oaea a yoi a?aiy ia?yaeo n e?aiinoiie iaiooaeoo?ie nouanoaoao
iaiooaeoo?a eaieoaeenoe/aneay e yoio aoi?ie oei, ianiio?y ia
iaaeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey, nicaeaaaaoeany e?aiinoiui no?iai,, i?eaaee?iaae
iaae ia?aui. N.A. No?oieeei, ioiineaoee ia/aei aaiacena eaieoaeecia e
XVIa , ianoaeaae ia eaieoaeenoe/ianeii oa?aeoa?a anao iaiooaeoo? aiiaua.
Iniiaaieai aeey oaeiai caeeth/aiey ii n/eoae noiaeanoue oaoie/aneie aacu
iaiooaeoo? ?acee/iiai oeia. Ae?oaea iai?ioea n/eoaee, /oi ia i?ioyaeaiee
anaai XVIIIa. ?onneay iaiooaeoo?a a iniiaiii inoaaaeanue e?aiinoiie e
/oi aeaenoaeoaeueiia eciaiaiea aa nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u ia/aeinue ca
i?aaeaeaie yoiai noieaoey.1
I?aeaia aaiacena eaieoaeecia ino?i anoaea a aeeneonnee i
ia?eiaeecaoeee enoi?ee ?innee. E?oa ianoaeaeaaiuo aii?inia aue oaia?ue
cia/eoaeueueii ?annoe?ai: ?a/ue oea ia oieueei i iaiooaeoo?a, ii e i
iaeeioiaa?iii i?iecaiaenoaa eae aa aaca, i neeaaeuaaiee ana?inneeneiai
?uiea, oi?ie?iaaiey eeannia ao?aeoacee e iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, ?inoa
ai?iaeia. “A oiaea aeeneonnee iaia?oaeeeenue nouanoaaiiua ?anoiaeaeaiey
a iiieiaiee i?ioeanna noaiiaeaiey eaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa e
niioiioaiea aai n yaiethoeeae oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee ia iicaeiai yoaia
eo nouanoaiaaiey, a ii?aaeaeaiee aaaeoueo oaeoi?ia enoi?e/aneiai
?acaeoey a iiaue ia?eeae ?onneie enoi?ee.”2
Aii?in i oiaa?iii i?iecaiaenoaa auyaee ?annoiaeaeaiey, eanathueany
?iee e ianoa oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oiaa?iiai iaiaia a
aeieaieoaeenoe/aneoth yiioo. A aeieeaaea E.A.Aeaieeiaie e A.O.Iaoooi,
iinayuaiiii n?aaeiaaaeiaie ?one, ioia/aean iiae/eiaiiay, ianeoaeeaathuay
?ieue oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?e oaiaeaeecia. Ionoaeaaeinue iieiaeaiea
i oii, /oi noaiiaeaiea oaiaeaeueiiai ai?iaea eae
nioeeaeueueii-yeiiiie/aneiai oeaio?a iai?aiaiii i?aaeiieaaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiue o?iaai ?acaeoey oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e /oi ianooieaiea
iiaiai ia?eiaea ?onneie enoi?ee icia/aei aeoeaecaoeeth, ii ia ia/aei
i?oeanna ia?a?anoaiey ?aianea a iaeeia oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai. iaeiaei
neaaeoao o/anoue, /oi iaeioi?ua niaoeeaeenou ii iicaeia-oaiaeaeueiiio
ia?eiaeo naycuaaee i?ioeann ia?a?anoaiey ?aianea a iaeeioiaa?iia
i?iecaiaenoai e iiyaeaiea oiaa?ie-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee a aea?aaia n
ia/aeii i?ioeanna aaiacena eaieoaeecia.
A 1954a. I.A.ia/eeia aunooieea n aeeneonneiiui aeieeaaeii ia oaio “i
aeaoo iniiaiuo noaaeeyo ?acaeoey oaiaeaeueiie oi?iaoeee (e iinoaiiaea
aii?ina)”. Aaeieeaaea iaaniiauaaey oacen i 2-o ia?eiaeao a enoi?ee
oaiaeaeecia: “ainoiaeyuai” (eiaaea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
niioaaonoaotho oa?aeoa?o i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo nee) e “ienoiaeyuai” (eiaaea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey noaiiayony nia/aei oi?iicii, a caoai ieiaaie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo nee. Ia?aay noaaeey ?acaeoey oaiaeaeecia a ?innee
ioianaia ei a?aiaie ia/eiay i?eia?ii n IX e aei ?oaaaea XVI-XVIIaa.,
aoi?ay e ia?eiaeo n XVIa. ii 1861a. Ia/eeia ia?auaea aieiaiea ia
acaeiinaycue i?ioeannia aaiacena eaieoaeecia e ?aceiaeaiey oaiaeaeecia,
ia oi?iicyuaa aicaeaenoaea eeiieaoeony e oiaaeeo, ii aua
ainiiaenoaothueo oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee. A ?aoaiee aii?ina i ia/aeueiie
o?iiieiae/aneie a?aie i?ioeanna noaiiaeaiey eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee
aunooieaiea Ia/eeiie niinianoaiaaei oe?aieaieth iiceoeee noi?iiieeia
?aiiaai aaiacena eaieoaeecia a ?innee.
A aeeneonneyo ia/aea 50-o e a iineaaeothuea aiaeu aue iinoaaeai
aii?in i a?aiaie e oi?iao ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey. Aieueoay a?oiia
niaoeeaeenoia a iaeanoe enoi?ee ?innee naycuaaea yoio i?ioeann n
ianooieaieai iiaiai ia?eiaea ?onneie enoi?ee. Ae?oaea o/aiua
aeoeaioe?iaaee naia aieiaiea ia oaeoa caiaaeeaiiinoe i?ioeanna
ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey a ?innee. Iie ioia/aee, /oi ?ino oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a ?innee, noeioee?iaaiiue ia oieei
aioo?aiieie i?ioeannaie iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, ii e
aicaeaenoaeai caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai eaieoaeecia, iia?aaeae ?anoe?aiea
?uiea ?aai/ae neeu, naea?aeeaaaiiai oneeeaaaoeiny e?aiinoie/anoaii.
N eiioea 50-o noaea neeaaeuaaony eiioeaioeey niaeanii eioi?ie a
XVII-XVIIIaa. iaaethaeaeanue aaeeiay eeiey enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey,
ii?aaeaeyaiay i?ioeannii aaiacena eaieoaeecia, cao?iioaoei ia oieueei
ai?iae, ii e ia a iaiueoae ia?a e aea?aaith. Noi?iiieee yoie eiioeaioeee
iiaeeece?iaaee iaoe?iia ?anneiaiea e?anoueyinoaa iaia?oaeeaaaony ia
oieei ia?aie iieiaeia XVIIIa., ii e a XVIIa.. Oaea a yoi a?aiy, ii eo
iaaethaeaieyi, aeeooa?aioeeaoeey aioo?e e?anoueueyinoaa aeinoeaea oaeie
noaiaie, eiaiaea ia iaeiii iiethna iinoaiaiii ia/eiaea neeaaeuaaony
i?ineieea ethaeae iaeioueo, iioa?yaoeo n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, a ia
ae?oaii – caaeeoi/iay oi?aiai-i?aaei?eieiaoaeueueneay aa?oooea,
iaeaaeaaoay cia/eoaeiuie aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie e eniieuecothuay
iaaiiue o?oae, o.a. i?ienoiaeee i?ioeann ao?aeoaciiai ?anneiaiey.
Iaeiaei iiaay eiioeaioeey ano?aoeea e na?ueaciua aic?aaeaiey, n
eioi?uie aunooiee E.Ae.Eiaae/aiei, A.E.ssoeoineee e ae?oaea. I?eieiay
XVIIa. a ea/anoaa ia/aeueiiai ?oaaaea aaiacena eaieoaeecia, Eiaaeue/aiei
iainiiauaae oacen i oii, /oi eaieoaeenoe/aneiio ?anneiaieth
i?aaeoanoaoao ?anneiaiea iaeeioiaa?iia, iniiaie eioi?iai yaeyaony
oiaa?ecaoeey e?anoueyineiai oicyenoaa. Enoiaeiuie ioieoaie aai
oai?eoe/aneeo iino?aaiee yaeythony iieiaeaiey i aaeeinoaa
caeiiiia?iinoae i?ioeanna aaiacena eaieoaeecia a ai?iaea e a aea?aaia,
iaoneiaeaiiinoe ia/aeiiai ao?aeoaciiai ?anneiaiey
e?anoueyinoaaianooieaieai iaiooaeoo?iiai ia?eiaea, i?eoiaeyuaainy a
?innee ia iineaaeioth o?aoue XVIIIa., a oaeaea auaeaeaiea iniaiai
eiie?aoii-enoi?e/aneiai yoaia a noaiiaeaiee eaieoaeecia, naycaiiiai n
?inoii iaeeioiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aua aieaa ?aoeoaeueiui e?eoe/aneei iano?iaieai ioee/aeinue
ooaa?aeaeaiea ssoeoineiai, /oi aei ?aoi?iu 1861a. eaieoaeenoe/aneea
ioiioaiey i?iyaeyeenue eeoue a aeaea neaauo ?inoeia. Iiae/eiaiiino
iaeeioiaa?iiai oeeaaea ainiiaenoaothuaio oaiaeaeueiiio niiniao
iaiooaeoo?u
Ia?yaeo n naiaeiie eiiia?aoeeae, nouanoaiaaaoae e ?aiueoa, a ?yaea
i?iecaiaenoa, ?acaeaaeenue ae?oaea oi?iu eiiia?aoeee. N?aaee ieo iiaeii
auaeaeeoue aeaa oi?iu. Ia?aay a iaeaieaa /enoii aeaea au?aaeaao niaie
?inoee ao?aeoaciuo ioiioaiee – yoi eiiia?aoeey, ai aeaaa eioi?ie noieo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue (ia?aaeei eoiaoe), eniieuecothuee o?oae iaaiiuo
?aaioieeia e iinoaaeythuee i?iaeoeoeeth ia ?uiie (eee ii iiae?yaeai a
eacio). Aoi?ay i?aaenoaaeaia i?aaei?eyoeyie, aaea aaaeaony niaianoiia
aeaei a?oiiu eeoe ia iaaauo, neeaaeie/aneeo ia/aeao. Eaaeaeue /eai oaeie
eiiia?aoeee yaeyaony (ai anyeii neo/aa oi?iaeueii) naiinoiyoaeueiui
iaeeei oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeai, eo iauaaeeiyao nauo i?iaeoeoeee,
inouanoaeyaiue eee aeiaa?aiiui eeoeii, eee eaaeaeui /eaiii a?oaee ii
i/a?aaee. Oaeaea aeaiiay oi?ia eiiia?aoeee iiaeao ni/aoaoueny n
/anoe/iui i?eaea/aieai noi?iiiae ?aai/ae neeu.1
N nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey naiui neiaeiui yaeyaony
aii?in i ?acaeaeaiee ?anoe?aiiie eiiia?aoeee n iaonoie/eauie eee neaai
au?aaeaiiuie i?eciaeaie aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e
iaaieueoeo iaiooaeoo?iuo i?aaei?eyoeyo. Ia oaeeaeoaeueii /oi
“?aca?aie/aiea yoeo aeaeia i?iecaiaenoa e?aeia cao?oaeieoaeueii, /oi
anoanoaaiii a oneiaeyo ia/aeueiie noaaeee aaiacena eaieoaeecia, iiaeii
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi iaiaeua eaoaai?ee i?iiuoeaiiuo caaaaeaiee a XVIIa.
iaoiaeeeenue ia iooe ia?a?anoaiey a iaiooaeoo?u.”1
N iaecaaaeiinoueth aicieeaao aii?in ia ioiioaiee e?oiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa (a aeaiiii neo/aa iaiooaeoo?iiai) e
oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneie nenoaia. I?aaeii/oeoaeai oi/ea c?aiey, /oi
iaiooaeoo?a ii nooe naieo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee i?ioeai?a/eo
oaiaeaeueiiio niiniao i?iecaiaenoaa. Oaiaeaeueiue no?ie iiaeao ieacaoue
neeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia eiiieaeoiaaiea ?aai/ae neeu, i?aaiecaoeeth
o?oaea, ia nauo e eiua noi?iiu aeayoaeueiinoe iaiooaeoo?u. Ii eciaieoue
aa i?e?iaeo ii ia a ninoiyiee. Ianiio?y ia nioeeaeueioth aeaoi?iaoeeth
iaiooaeoo?a auea e inoaaaeanue yeaiaioii neeaaeuaathuaeny ao?aeoaciie
nenoaiu oicyenoaa. Iaiaoiaeeii auyaeoue e niaoeeoe/aneea /a?ou ?onneiai
aa?eaioa iaiooaeoo?. Eae ecaanoii, iaiooaeoo?a ia icia/aao iieiiai
io?uaa ?aaioieea io caiee e nianoaaiii oicyenoaa aiiaua. Yoio iiiaio
iniaaiii oa?aeoa?ai aeey ?innee, aaea iniiaiui ?aca?aii ?aai/ae neeu
auea e?aiinoiay aea?aaiy.
Noaiiaeaiea iaiooaeoo?u a ?innee auei caeiiiia?iui, aeecianoieeei,
enoi?e/anee iaoneiaeaiiui i?ioeannii. Yoiio ia i?ioeai?a/ao oaeou e?aoa
eee iaaeieaiaa/iinoe iaiaeiai /enea i?aaei?eyoee. I?aainoaaiiinoue naiie
iaiooaeoo?iie oi?iu i?iiuoeaiiinoe a?yae ee iiaeao aucaaoue niiiaiey.
Cia/eoaeueiua naeaeae a ?acaeoee ioa/anoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe XVIIa.
eiaee iiae niaie ?aaeueioth oi?io.
Neaaeoao oiiiyiooue, /oi anoue iiaiey, niaeanii eioi?ui a yoi a?aiy
iaiooaeoo?a – yaeaiea iaonoie/eaia, nii?aaee/aneia, e oiio aea iia aua
neaai naycaia n ?uieii, ianeoaeeaay a i?aeiouanoaaiii ioaeaeu eaciu e
aeai?oeiaiai aaaeiinoaa. Ae?oaay oi/ea c?aiey naiaeeony e oiio, /oi a
XVIIa. eaeao iaia?aoeiue i?ioeann noaiiaeaiey iaiooaeoo?iie oi?iu
i?iecaiaenoaa, i?eia?aoathuee aiineaaenoaee aieaa io/aoeeaia au?aaeaiea.
Oai naiui e yoiio noieaoeth ioiineony aaiacen eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee. Anoue ana iniiaaiey aeaoe?iaaoue ia/aei iaiooaeoo?iie noaaeee
eaieoaeecia a ?innee eiaiii XVIIa..1
A XVII – ia?. /aoaa?oe XVIIIa. e?oiiua i?aaei?eyoey aicieeatho ii/oe
ai anao aaaeiaeoeo noa?ao i?iiuoeaiiinoe. ?acaeoea iaiooaeoo?
i?ienoiaeeei a oao naiuo ?aeiiao, aaea iaeaieaa auei ?ani?ino?aiaii
iaeeia oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai niioaaonoaothueo ecaeaeee. Iieacaoaeueia
a?oiia ooeuenei-eaoe?neeo iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo e aeaeaciiaeaeaoaeueiuo
caaiaeia, ia?aue ec eioi?uo iino?iai a 1637 a. A.Aeieonii, aicieeoay a
noa?eiiii ?aeiia iaeeie iaoaeeo?aee. ?acoiaaony ia neaaeoao
aaniethoece?iaaoue ?ieue iaeeiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa a ea/anoaa
aaconeiaiie e iianaianoiie i?aaeiinueee iaiooaeoo?u. Ecaanoii, /oi
iaoaeeo?aey THaeiie Neae?e, a Aeoaeneii ai?iii ie?oaa, a oaeaea aeec
Ia?/einea ia eiaea nayce n ianoiui ?oaeiui i?iiuneii. A Ainoi/iie Neae?e
/oaoiiieaaeeueiay e aeaeaciiaeaeaoaeueiay iaiooaeoo?a oaeaea aicieeea
aia?aua n i?eoiaeii ?onneeo. Iaeioi?ua aeaeu i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii nooe
naiae aicieeaee n?aco ia iaiooaeoo?iie iniiaa, oaeea eae eieaiia/aoaiea
, ien/aaoiaaeiia aeaei e ae?oaia.2
Ionoonoaea iao/ii iainiiaaiiie noaoenoeee a XVIIa. eeoaa ian
aiciiaeiinoe i?eaanoe aeinoaoi/ii oi/iua oeeo?iaua aeaiiua i /enea
iaiooaeoo?iuo i?aaei?eyoee (eiaaony a aeaeo oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
iaiooaeoo?u).Aeey XVIIa. a eeoa?aoo?a iacuaaaony 20 – 30 iaiooaeoo?, ii
yoi caieaeaiiay oeeo?a. Ii-aeaeeiiio iiaeii aiai?eo ia iaiaa /ai i 65
iaiooaeoo?ao.3 Cao?oaeieoaeueiinoue auyaeaiey aeinoiaa?iuo naaaeaiee i
eiee/anoaa iaiooaeoo? onoaoaeyaony oai, /oi enoi/ieee aeaeaei ia anaaaea
aeatho en/a?iuaathuea naaaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoeyo, aneaaenoaea /aai
aicieeatho niiiaiey i i?aaiia?iinoe ioianaiey iaeioi?uo ec ieo e
iaiooaeoo?ai.
Eoae, eciaiaiea ?onneie iaiooaeoo?u a?yae ee iiaeao
eaaeeoeoee?iaaoueny eae “oaiaeaeecaoeey”. Iiaeii aiai?eoue i
aicaeaenoaee oaiaeaeueiie nenoaiu ia iaiooaeoo?o, i nouanoaiaaiee
niaoaiiuo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?eciaeia, ii ia aieaa. Iaiooaeoo?a
ni anaie aa i?ioeai?a/eyie e ianeiaieyie yiioe “yaeyea niaie oeeaae
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa a iaae?ao oaiaeaeecia.”
Iaeeia oia. i?iecaiaenoai.
Iaiaoiaeeiie i?aaeiinueeie aeey ca?iaeaeaiey eaieoaeenoe/aneiai no?iy
yaeyaony aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieia ?acaeoea oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e iaiaia,
eioi?ua neoaeao aacie aeey ia?aciaaiey aeaiaaeiuo aiaaonoa e aeey
nioeeaeueiiai ?anneiaiey ai?iaea e aea?aaie. Aicieeiiaaieth nenoaiu
eaieoaeenoe/aneie yenieoaoaoeee aeieaeai i?aaeoanoaiaaoue i?ioeann
ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey, eioi?ue neaaaaony ec aeaoo iniiaiuo
iiiaioia: i?aa?auaiea iaeeiai nianoaaiieea a naiaiaeiiai, ii eeoaiiiai
n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoa i?ieaoa?ey e iiyaeaiey iaeaaeaoaey aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue cao?a/aiu ia iieoieo ?aai/ae neeu.
Oaea a XVIa. ?onneia ainoaea?noai auei iie?uoi oe?ieie naoueth
oi?aeeia e y?ia?ie, ia eioi?uo nauaaeenue ?aciiia?aciua i?iaeoeou
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa, ia/eiay io oeaaa e neioa, eii/ay
ecaeaeeyie iaeeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A XVIIa. ia iniiaa ?acaeaoaainy
oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa noaee neeaaeuaaoueny iaoeeiiaeueiua oi?aiaua
nayce – i?ienoiaeeea eiioeaio?aoeey ianoiuo eciee?iaaiiuo ?uieia a
aaeeiue ana?inneeneee ?uiie. I?e yoii ?inea ia oieueei aioo?aiiyy, ii
aiaoiyy oi?aiaey.
?acaeoea oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee iiaeeyei ia oneeaiea
nioeeaeueiiai ?anneiaiey a ai?iaea e aea?aaia. N?aaee iinaaeneeo
?aianeaiieeia ia?aciaaeenue, n iaeiie noi?iiu, a?oiia caaeeoi/iuo
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae, eioi?ua noaiiaeeenue neoiueeaie eee oicyaaaie
e?oiiuo ianoa?neeo, n ae?oaie noi?iiu – cia/eoaeueiay i?ineieea
iaeioueo, iioa?yaoeo aiciiaeiinoue aanoe naiinoiyoaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai.
Oaeia aea yaeaiea iaaethaeaeinue n?aaee naeueneiai ianaeaiey, eioi?ia
ian/eouaaei iaiaei iaaaeiaaoeo e ?aci?eaoeony oicyaa, a
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue caaeeoi/iui e?anoueyiai, aunooiaaoei a ea/anoaa
a?aiaeaoi?ia e oi?aiaoeaa. Ai?iaeneie iinaae e aea?aaiy auaeaeyeenue ec
naiae n?aaeu “iooiaeieeia”, eioi?ua ia iiaee i?iei?ieoueny ia ianoa e
ioi?aaeyeenue a iieneao ca?aaioea ca nioie aa?no io ?iaeiiai aeiia. Ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia XVIIa. ia n?aaeiae e ieaeiae Aieaa a eaoiaa a?aiy
niae?aeenue iaeiii/iua iinaaeneea ethaee ec Ieaeiaai Iiaai?iaea,
Neiae?nea, Iineau, ?inoiaa e ae?oaeo ai?iaeia. Ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo
enneaaeiaaoaeae, oaeeo “aoeyueo ethaeae”, i?iaeaaaaoeo naith ?aai/oth
neeo, aaeaaiaeii ian/eouaaeinue ia iaiaa 25 000 /aeiaae.1
Ia ae?oaii iiethna ?onneiai iauanoaa nin?aaeioa/eaaeenue iaeaaeaoaee
e?oiiiai eaieoaea, iaaeeaoea aiaaonoaa iooai iayeaeaaeaioiiai iaiaia –
oi?aiaoeu nieueth. ae?aaioeaiiie neae?neie iooieiie, iiaai?iaeneei e
ineianeei eueiii. Oae iaicia/eeny a XVIIa. i?ioeann ia?aiia/aeueiiai
iaeiieaiey eaieoaea – yoie iaiaoiaeeiie i?aaeiinueee anyeiai
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaeiaei a oneiaeyo e?aiinoiiai Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa i?ioeannu
aeaiaaeiiai iaeiieaiey e eeoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeae n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa
i?ioaeaee naiaia?acii e caiaaeeaiii, ioee/aynue io oaiiia e oi?i
ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey a ia?aaeiauo caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?aiao.
?onneia ainoaea?noai XVI-XVIIaa. ia ?aniieaaaei oneiaeyie aeey naiaai
oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey: aai oi?aiaey e i?iiuoeaiiinoue ia aeinoeaee
o?iaiy, eioi?ue iia iaania/eoue iinoaiaiioth eeeaeaeaoeeth ee/iie
caaeneiinoe e?anoueyieia; oaeaeaiiia io caiaaeiuo e thaeiuo ii?ae, iii
ia iiaei iaeaaeeoue naiinoiyoaeueiie e aeoeaiie ii?neie oi?aiaee; iooiua
aiaaonoaa Neae?e ia iiaee eiieo?e?iaaoue n iaen/a?iaaiuie oeaiiinoyie
aia?eeaineeo e thaeii-aceaoneeo eieiiee. ?inney iieo/eea a XVIIa.
cia/aiea nu?ueaaiai ?uiea, iinoaaueea naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia
yeiiiie/anee aieaa ?acaeoui no?ai. E yoei aiaoiei oneiaeyi, caiaaeeyaoai
aai ianooaau, i?eniaaeeiyeinue aua iaeii, ioee/aaoaa ?inneth io anao
inoaeueiuo aa?iiaeneeo no?ai: Aiaeey, O?aioeey e ae?oaea ainoaea?noaa
eiaee caieioooth oa??eoi?eth iao?iiieee, aeinoaoi/ii canaeaiioth e
oicyenoaaiii inaiaiioth e ia/aeo eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ia?eiaea; eiia
iieiaeaiea caieiaea ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneay ?aaieia n aa “aeeeei iieai” ia
thaeiie ie?aeia e iaoe?iuie iaeniieueciaaiiuie i?ino?ainoaaie ia
ainoiea. Ia?iiiua caiaeueiua ?aca?au, n?aaieoaeueii eaaei aeinooiiua
ia?anaeaioeai, iaieaoea eo ieiaei?iaeeai ii/au e iyaeinoueth eeeiaoa,
niinianoaiaaee iinoaiaiiiio ?ac?aaeaieth ianaeaiey a enoi?e/aneii
oeaio?a, niya/ay yoei ino?ioo aai eeanniauo i?ioeai?a/ee e a oi aea
a?aiy ?ani?ino?aiyy oaiaeaeueiua ioiioaiey ia iiaua iacaiyoua
oa??eoi?ee. I?iaeaeaeaiea ia tha e ainoie, a ?acoeueoaoa e?anoueyineie,
iiiaue/ueae e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie eieiiecaoeee, ?anoyioeanue ia
ianeieueei noieaoee e yaeyeinue aeiiieieoaeueiui oaeoi?ii, eioi?ue
ineiaeiee e caiaaeeee i?ioeann i?ieaoa?ecaoeee iaeeeo i?iecaiaeeoaeae.1
A ?innee ?ino oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?ac?uaii naycaiiiai n iei
i?iiuoeaiiiai e naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aeieaia
a?aiy iia?aaeae ?anoe?aiea ?uiea ?aai/ae neeu. A yoii ninoiyea iaeia ec
iniaaiiinoae ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey a ?innee, a ioee/ea io no?ai
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, aaea e ia/aeo iaiooaeoo?iiai ia?eiaea oaea nouanoaiaae
aieaa eee iaiaa oe?ieee ?uiie iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu. Caeioa?aniaaiiua a
i?eauee iiiaueee e eoioeu noa?aeenue ainiieieoue iaaeinoaoie naiaiaeiie
?aai/ae neeu i?eiaiaieai oaiaeaeii-caaeneiiai, e?aiinoiiai o?oaea.
Iaoaaoea ?aai/eo ?oe canoaaeyea yenieoaoaoi?neea eeannu aeiaeaaoueny aua
aieueoaai oneeaiey ee/iie caaeneiinoe iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaeeoaey.
?acaeoea iiiaue/ueaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa iiaeaeei ca niaie oneeaiea
aeaiaaeiie ?aiou ia naaa?a e aa?ueiiie yenieoaoaoeee ia thaa. ?inney
ieacaeanue a iieiaeaiee no?aiu, eioi?ay auea aiaea/aia a ie?iaie
eaieoaeenoe/aneee iai?io e ia/aea i?eiauaoueny e eaieoaeenoe/aneiio
i?iecaiaenoao, ia oniaa ecaeeoue oaiaeaeueiiai aaaeaiey oicyenoaa.
?acoeueoaoii oaeiai aeaienoaaiiiai iieiaeaiey auei ia oieueei acaeiiia
ia?aieaoaiea noa?uo e iiauo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ii a eaeie-oi
ia?a – iaeiia?aiaiiia ?acaeoea oao e ae?oaeo.
Yoa naiaia?aciay nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneay ianoaiiaea neiaeeeanue a
?acoeueoaoa iai?yaeaiiie ai?ueau eeanniauo eioa?ania. E?anoueyinoai
ioaaoeei ia oooaeoaiea naiaai iieiaeaiey ianniauie iiaaaaie, caoai
e?anoueyineie aieiie Aieioieeiaa, e, iaeiiaoe, aeaeaeaieai Noaiaia
?aceia. A 40-60 aa. XVIIa. iiaeiyeenue iaeiouea e ?aci?aiiua yeaiaiou
iinaaeneiai ianaeaiey, nua?aaoea iaeaieaa aeoeaioth ?ieue a ai?iaeneeo
ainnoaieyo yoiai a?aiaie.
O?aaeeoeeiiiua oaiaeaeueiua ioiioaiey neeueii oi?iiceee ?acaeoea
eaieoaeecia, ia aeaaaee aio i?aiaeieaoue aeeyiey e?aiinoie/anoaa,
i?eia?aoaee ana aieueoaa cia/aiea a oicyenoaaiiie aeecie.
Aeieoiaiou XVIIa. iieacuaatho, /oi eaieoaeenoe/aneea i?aaei?eyoey,
iniiaaiiua ia iaaiiii o?oaea, aicieeaee a yoio ia?eiae oaie aea
?aciiia?aciuie iooyi, /oi e ia Caiaaea Aa?iiu. Ia?yaeo n o/?aaeaeaieai
eiioeanneiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee – Aeieona, Ia?naeeona, Aooaiaioa e ae?oaeo –
iiyaeeenue iaiooaeoo?enou ec N?aaeu ?acaiaaoaaoeo ?aianeaiieeia e
eoioeia. Naiinoiyoaeueiue i?iecaiaeeoaeue, ?anoe?yy naia i?iecaiaenoai,
i?eaeaaae aio oi?iu e?oiiie iaiooaeoo?u (ooeueneee /oaoiiieaaeeueiue
caaiae i?oaeaeieea Ieeeou Aeaieaeiaa). Eiiaaea iaeeee i?iiuoeaiiee
noaiiaeeny neoiueeii e , caeaaaeyy naieo i?aaeieo nia?aoee, oaeoe/anee
i?aa?auae eo a iaaiiuo ?aai/eo,- oae ?acaiaaoaee e caaiaaaee ainiiaenoai
oeoaeineea eociaoeu ai aeaaa n Aeieo?eai Ieaoaiiaui. Auaaee neo/ae,
Eiaaea eoiaoe aeeaaeuaae eaieoae a e?oiiia i?iiuoeaiiia i?aaei?eyoea, –
oae iinooiee Aeaaeeie? Ai?iiei, niyaoee a a?aiaeo eacaiiue
aeaeaciiaeaeaoaeueiue caaiae a iiaeiineiaiii naea Iaaeiaa.1
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVIIa. eacia ia?aoea e nenoaia iiae?yaeia e
aieueiiai iaeia a ee?ie/iii e no?ieoaeueiii i?iecaiaenoaao. Iaaiiue
o?oae ainiiaenoaiaae a ?uaiie e nieaaa?aiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aac iaeia
aieueiuo ?aaioieeia ia iiaee iaieoenue e?oiiua naeueneioicyenoaaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey oea?y Aeaenay e aiy?eia Ii?iciaa. Iaeiaei iaeuecy
i?aoaaee/eaaoue eaieoaeenoe/aneee oa?aeoa? aieueiiai iaeia XVIIa..
Iiiaea ec iaieiaaoeony ia ?aaioo auee aaaeuie e?aiinoiuie, eioi?ua iiaee
auoue nuneaiu e aica?auaiu naiaio oicyeio. “Aoeyuea ethaee”, inaaeay ia
ianoa, caeaaaeyeenue i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie eee aeia?iaieueii, iiae aeeyieai
ioaeaeu, inoaaaeenue a caaeneiinoue neeueiiio /aeiaaeo. Aieueoeinoai
iooiaeieeia aoi?ie iieiaeiu XVIIa. yaeyeenue n ioioneiuie naieo
aeaaeaeueoeaa e ii ieii/aiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea aeieaeiu auee
aica?aoeoueny a naith e?aiinoioth aea?aaith. Oieueei iaaieueoia
eiee/anoai “aoeyueo ethaeae”- i?aeiouanoaaiii ?aci?eaoeany iinaaeneea
oyaeaoeu e /a?iinioiua e?anoueyia nio?aiyee ioiineoaeueioth naiaiaeo.
?inney a XVIIa. ii/oe ia ciaea naiaiaeiiai i?ieaoa?ey a iiaeeeiiii
niunea yoiai neiaa. Oai ia iaiaa oaea a XVIIa. ia/aeinue oi?ie?iaaiea
?onneiai i?ieaoa?eaoa, ninoiyaoaai ec e?anoueyi-iooiaeieeia, oeaeeeii
eee /anoe/ii eeoaiiuo n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, iieiinoueth eee ia a?aiy
ii?aaaoeo n naeueneei oicyenoaii.1
Aanue ia?eiae iicaeiaai oaiaeaeecia oa?aeoa?eciaaeny ii/oe iianaianoiui
?acaeoeai iaeeiai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Niioiioaiea i?iaeoeoeee
e?oiiie e iaeeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a oa/aiea enneaaeoaiiai ia?eiaea
eciaiyeinue a noi?iio iiauoaiey oaeaeueiiai aana iaiooaeoo?iiai, a
iicaea iaoeiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeey XVIIa. iiaeii aiai?eoue i
/?acau/aeii aieueoie a ?yaea io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaa aaaeouae e aeaaea
eneeth/eoaeueiie ?iee iaeeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I/aae iaeeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ii?aaeaeyeenue aeey Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee e Iiii?uey
aua a XVI – XVIIaa.. A naiai aieueoeinoaa yoi auee ai?iaea, ii iaeuecy
ia o/eouaaoue i?iiuoeaiiinoue naeueneie ie?oae. Iaeiaei eiaiii a
ai?iaeao io/aoeeaaa, /ai a naeueneie ianoiinoe, iaiaoeeny ia?aoiae io
?aianea e iaeeiio oiaa?iiio i?iecaiaenoao. Eco/aiiua oeaio?u
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaee, oioy e a ?aciie ia?a, iieacuaatho iaee/ea
yoiai i?ioeanna. Iineaa, ss?ineaaeue, Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae, Ooea,
Iiaai?iae, Ineia, Oeoaei, Onotha Aaeeeee, Oioueia, Eoiao? e ae?oaea
ai?iaea auee nin?aaeioi/aiey i?iiuoeaiiiai ianaeaiey a aa?iiaeneie /anoe
no?aiu, Oiaieuene, Othiaiue, Oiine, E?eoone – ca O?aeii.
Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a XVIIa. iieo/eei ecaioiaeaiea oeaiae,
aeaaiui ia?acii Eueiyiuo, A oaeaea a?oaioa?noiiai (“na?iyaeiiai”) noeia.
Ineianeee. Oaa?neie, ss?ineaaneee, Aieiaiaeneee e ae?oaea oacaeu
yaeyeenue caiaoiuie oeaio?aie ii au?aaioea oeaiae. Ianooaau iaeeiai
i?iecaiaenoaa oeaiae ia ?uiie iiaeii oynieoue ia iaeioi?uo oaeoao. A
na?aaeeia XVIIa. a ?inneth /a?ac A?oaiaaeuene a Caiaaeioth Aa?iio
auaiceeinue ieiei 500 oun. a?oei ?aciuo oeaiae.
Aoaeo/e ia i?ioyaeaiee XVII – XVIIIaa. ii/oe aaeeinoaaiiui aeaeii
oiieeaa, ae?aaaneia aaeaaiaeii nioiyie ouny/ naaeai oea ia ioaeaeu
e?oiiie e iaeeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iio?aaiinoe iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo caaiaeia,
nieyiuo aa?ieoe, iioaoiuo e ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee a ae?iaao auee
eneeth/eoaeueii aaeeee, i?eaiaey e oeuie/aneiio eno?aaeaieth ia
cao?iioouo eaniuo oaiaeee. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai, e noaoe aiai?y,
iineoaeeei i?eno?anoiui a?aoiaioii i?ioea iaeeiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai
i?iecaiaenoaa iinaaeneeo ethaeae e e?anoueyi. A eiioea XVIIa. oieueei
iaeei (i?aaaea, naiue e?oiiue) ?aeii nieaaa?aiey a I?eeaiuea iio?aaeye
ia oiieeai 600 oun. naaeai ae?ia. Aua aieaa cia/eoaeueiuie auee
iio?aaiinoe iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo caaiaeia, ?aaioaaoeo ia ae?aaaniii oaea.
Eanicaaioiaee e nieaa auee iaeiie ec naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo iaeanoae
i?eeiaeaiey o?oaea e?anoueyi iooiaeieeia ?aciuo ianoiinoae ainoaea?noaa.
Neaaeoao oaeaea neacaoue ianeieueei neia i i?iiuoeaiiii caiyoee,
nu?ueai aeey eioi?iai neoaeeee ca?iiaua i?iaeoeou. Iie ioee/aeenue
aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai, auee iauaeaiiuie e iianaianoiuie.
Onoie/eaay aaia?aoe/aneay “i?eaycea” ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
caneoaeeaaao niaoeeaeueiiai aieiaiey, aoaeo/e io?aaeaieai iinoiyinoaa
i?iiuoeaiiuo caiyoee ianaeaiey. Oae, n ss?ineaaeai naycuaaeenue a XVIIa.
iiiai/eneaiiua oiaa?u ia aioo?aiiai ?uiea, a iniiaiii aeiiaoiaai
iaeoiaea. Iaoa?eaeu ano?aoaineie oaiiaeie eiioea XVIIa.
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i iinooieaiee a Ano?aoaiue cia/eoaeueiuo ia?oee
iaeii?iaeiuo oiaa?ia ec ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia a onoaiiaeaoainy
anni?oeiaioa e n onoie/eauie oeaiaie, /oi iaicia/eei aieueooth
caaeneiinoue iaeeioiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa io neoiueea, ia?aaeei
neoiueea-caeacueea.1
Anee aiai?eo i aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ?aianea, oi iaeaieaa yaii iia
i?iyaeeanue a naeueneie ianoiinoe. Ai aeaaeaieyo aiy?eia I.E. ?iiaiiaa
aeec Eaeoae, Oaa?e e Iineau aeaaea iaiieiue ia?a/aiue ia na?aaeeio
XVIIa. onoaiaaeeaaao aei 30 ?aianeaiiuo i?ioannee, /oi ii e?aeiae ia?a
iaiaei. O e?anoueyi Ia?ie aaeeeie a eiioea XVIa. ioia/aeinue 8
?aianeaiiuo niaoeeaeueiinoae. A neaaeothuai noieaoee /enei i?ioannee
aea?aaaineeo ?aianeaiieeia oaea aeinoeaaao 30, a eiee/anoai
?aianeaiieeia aic?inei a 6 ?ac. A iiaicanaeythueony ianoiinoyo ca O?aeii
ia enoiaea XVIIa. oaeaea ioia/athony enoi/ieeaie e?anoueyia-?aianeaiieee
naiiai ?aciiia?aciiai i?ioeey., aeeth/ay thaaee?ia-na?aa?yiieeia,
?acaiceaoeo naith i?iaeoeoeeth ii aea?aaiyi. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi oaeea
niaoeeaeenou ?aaioaee ia eneeth/eoaeueii i?eaiciii e i?eoii iieoiiii
nu?uea.1
*oiau oynieoue ianeieueei oe?iei auei ?ani?ino?aiaii iaeeia oiaa?iia
i?iecaiaenoai a naeueneie ianoiinoe neaaeoao i?eaanoe oeeo?u,
onoaiiaeaiiua enneaaeiaaoaeyie: a oeaio?aeueiie iieina ?innee ia
i?ioyaeaiee XVIIa. ia iaiaa 400 naeueneeo ioieoia eiaee
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiue oeeii aeayoaeueiinoe naieo aeeoaeae.2
Iaeiei ec naiuo aeaaiuo naeaeaoaeuenoa ?anoouaai iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e aunieie niaoeeaeecaoeee iaeeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
neoaeeo oe?ieia ?acaeoea oi?aiaee iieooaa?eeaoaie. Iai?eia?, n?aaee ieo
ano?a/athony /anoe eiaeaiie iaoae, aeaoaee oeaoeeeo noaieia e o.ae..
Iiaeaoaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey oiaa?ia i?aaeiieaaaao, aac anyeiai
niiiaiey, caaeneiinoue i?iecaiaeeoaeae io neoiueeia. Ii yoa caaeneiinoue
oaea ia?a?anoaao ?aiee /enoi oi?aiaiai iauaiey, cao?aaeaay nai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann. Caeanue iaeeoei aieaa aunieay noaaeey
i?iieeiiaaiey oi?aiaiai eaieoaeecia a noa?o i?iecaiaenoaa. /ai i?e
neoiea aiieia aioiaiai i?iaeoeoa o?oaea. ?yaea neo/aaa aeaeaeaiea
oi?aiaiai eaieoaea a iaiaeie ia?a oo?a/eaaao naith naiinoiyoaeueiinoue,
neoiue/aneea iia?aoeee aioiayo aeaoaeueiuo ?aaioieeia aeey aoaeoueo
iaiooaeoo?, niaeaenoaotho oaeoaeaieth e cae?aieaieth iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, aianaieai eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau, ?ac?ooatho
iao?ea?oaeueiua onoie e?anoueyineiai oicyenoaa. Nioeeaeueiay noi?iia
?acaeoey iaeeiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue oaiaeaioeeae
e nioeeaeueiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ?aianeaiieeia, auaeaeaieth ec ieo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai neiy n iaeiie noi?iiu e eeoaiiuo n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa (eee nio?aiyy i?ec?a/ioth iacaaeneiinoue) iaaiiuo
?aaioieeia n ae?oaie. Ooeueneia, onothaeneia e oeoaeineia
aeaeaciiaeaeaoaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai; iineianeia e ineianeia
iaaeiieeoaeiia aeaei; noaeino?iaiea ia naaa?iuo ?aeao. Aieaa, Eaia,
Aeiio ciaee a XVIIa. iaaiiue o?oae eae yaeaiea aeinoaoi/ii onoie/eaia e
iianaaeiaaiia.
?acaeoea iaeeiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa auei ia?ac?uaii naycaii n
aaiacenii eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee a no?aia. Iii nii?yaaeinue n
iiyaeaieai ao?aeoaciuo naycae a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?a, /oi aiieia
io/aoeeai auyaeeinue n XVII noieaoey, a a iaeioi?uo ianoiinoyo e ?aiaa.
1
N XVIIa. ia/aeny iiaue yoai a ?acaeoee aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee. Oi?aiaua
nayce. ?ac?uaay a?aieoeu iaeanoiuo ?uieia, noaee i?eia?aoaoue
iaoeeiiaeueiue, ana?inneeneee oa?aeoa?. Ia neo/aeii a 1653 a. ii
i?inueaa aeaeiaeoeo eoioeia a no?aia auea aaaaeaia aaeeiay nenoaia
acuiaiey oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, o?aaiyaoay nai?u n ianoiuo e i?eacaeeo
oi?aiauo ethaeae. Oeaio?ii oi?ie?othuaainy ?uiea no?aiu aunooiaea
Iineaa.
?ieue Iineau a neeaaeuaaiee naycae ana?inneeneiai oa?aeoa?a y?ei
i?iyaeeanue aneaaenoaea ?yaea i?e/ei. Ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue
noieeoeu caiyea aaaeouaa ianoi a no?aia e iiyoiio i?eoyaeaaea e naaa
nu?uea e iieooaa?eeaou ec ae?oaeo ?aeiiia. Iineaa i?aaeuyaeyea aieueoie
ni?in ia i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, yaeyeanue e?oiiaeoei iio?aaeoaeueneei
oeaio?ii.. Iaoiaeynue a ocea aaaeiaeoeo aiaeiuo e nooiiooiuo iooae,
noieeoea ?ani?aaeaeyea oiaa?iua iioiee ii anai iai?aaeaieyi. Iineaa
yaeyeanue e?oiiaeoei oeaaiui ?uieii, eoaea ca?iiaua i?iaeoeou iinoaaeyee
?ycaiue, A?caian, Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae e ae?oaea ai?iaea.
A Iiaieaeuea e?oiiaeoei oeaaiui ?uieii noae Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae.
Ana?inneeneia cia/aiea a XVIIa. i?eia?aoaao auaic niee ec Niee Eaineie e
ec ica? Ieaeiaai Iiaieaeuey. Anee a ia?aie iieiaeia XVIIa. iniiaiie
?uiie iooieiu iaoiaeeeny a Niee Au/aaiaeneie, oi iicaeiaa
aeaaainoaothuaa iieiaeaiea ia?aoiaeeo e Ieaeiaio Iiaai?iaeo.
Aaaeiui i?iyaeaieai iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea noaei oi?aiaia
acaeiiaeaenoaea oeaio?aeueiuo iaeanoae n ainoi/iuie e thaeiuie
ie?aeiaie.
Oioy a oi?aiaea e o/anoaiaaee ana neie ianaeaiey, iniaui i?ia?annii
oae i?ioeann auaeaeaiey i?ioanneiiaeueiuo eoioeia, a oii /enea neoiueeia
i?iaeoeoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii o ?aianeaiieeia e e?anoueyi n iineaaeothuae
ia?ai?iaeaaeae n i?eaueueth. ?acaeoea oiaa?iiai iai?aaeaiey a
i?iecaiaenoaa iaoneiaeei ?ani?ino?aiaiea e?oiiiai nauoa i?iaeoeoeee, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii e e?oiiiai eoioea-iioiaeea. Iniiaiay /anoue aeayoaeae
eoia/aneiai eaieoaea nin?aaeioa/eaaeanue a Iineaa, oaaee/eaaeanue e ca
n/ao iineae/ae, e ca n/ao iinaaeneeo ethaeae ec ae?oaeo ai?iaeia. A oi
aea a?aiy ec e?oiiuo eoioeia oi?aiaie niaoeeaeecaoeee aua ia
iaaethaeaeinue, aeaaea aiaaoua eoioeu caieiaeenue e iioiaie e ?icie/iie
oi?aiaeae, naycue oi?aiaiai eaieoaea n i?iecaiaenoaii aua oieueei
iaeaaeeaaeanue.
A XVIIa. eoia/aneee eaieoae inoaaaeny naiinoiyoaeueiui, ii ia
yaeyeny aaaioii i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai eaieoaea. Iaeiaei iaiaoiaeeii
ioiaoeoue, /oi oaea iaaethaeaeenue e neo/ae aiaae?aiey neoiueea a
i?iecaiaenoai e i?iiuoeaiiia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai e?oiiuo eoioeia.
Oaeea oaeou aeey XVIa. /?acau/aeii ?aaeee, oae /oi eiathony iniiaaiey
aiai?eoue i iiauo /a?oao a enoi?ee oi?aiaee e oi?aiaiai eaieoaea.
?uii/iua nayce a XVIIa. noaee aieaa oe?ieeie e i?i/iaa naycuaaee
ioaeaeueiua ?aeiiu iaaeaeo niaie, iniaaiii i?e iaee/ee ?a/iuo iooae;
aaia?aoe/aneia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea a i?iiuoeaiiinoe noaei aieaa iuooeii;
i?iiuoeaiiay niaoeeaeecaoeey iineo a?aiaiiue oa?aeoa?. Anee a XVIa.
?acaeoua naea yaeyeenue aeaaiui ia?acii oi?aiauie oeaio?aie, oi oaia?ue
ia/aeinue ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiuo nae, aeeoaee eioi?uo ?aaioaee ia
iaoe?iue ?uiie.
E XVIIa. ioiinyony ia/aeueiua yoaiu niaoeeaeecaoeee caieaaeaeue/aneeo
e aeeaioiiaiae/aneeo ?aeiiia, ?acaeoey oi?aiaiai caieaaeaeey.
E XVIIa. ioiineony iiaue yoai a enoi?ee aiaoiae oi?aiaee ?innee. Eiaiii
oiaaea ia/eiaaony nenoaiaoe/aneee e ?aaeueii aic?anoathuee oi?aiaue
iaiai n aa?iiaeneeie e aceaoneeie no?aiaie (iai?eia?, ni Oaaoeeae e
E?aiii). ?onneee ?uiie ii-ianoiyuaio aeeth/aaony a nenoaio ie?iauo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae. Ii ioiioaieth e aa?iiaeneei no?aiai ?inney
aunooiaea yenii?oa?ii nu?uey e i?iaeoeoeee, i?aaeiacia/aiiie aeey
aeaeueiaeoae ia?aaioea, a a iaiaia ni no?aiaie Ainoiea – iinoaaueeii
nu?uey, e i?iiuoeaiiuo ecaeaeee. A n?aaiaiee n XVIa. ?acei aic?inea
oi?aiaey n caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeie no?aiaie. Ianiio?y ia caoaao Oaaoeeae
anaai iiaa?aaeuey Aaeoeeneiai ii?y, a ia/aea XVIIa. aiaoiyy oi?aiaey
?innee n i?eaaeoeeneeie, oeieyiaeneeie e oaaaeneeie ai?iaeaie iieo/eea
caiaoiia ?acaeoea. Oaaaeneea aeanoe oneeeee “i?eaaeoeeneee aa?uea?”.
Oaia?ue ?onneea ia iiaee i?iacaeaoue ii Aaeoeea a Caiaaeioth Aa?iio, a a
oaaaeneeo aeaaeaieyo iieo/eee i?aai eeoue ia iioiaoth oi?aiaeth n
ianoiuie aeeoaeyie. Noieaianeee aeiaiai? ia oeaeia noieaoea caoi?iicee
?acaeoea ?onneie aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
Oeaio?ii ainoi/iie oi?aiaee inoaaaeanue Ano?aoaiue, /a?ac eioi?oth
auaiceeenue oa aea ecaeaeey, /oi e ?aiueoa, a iinooiaee ooaea o?aiceoii
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneea oiaa?u. E XVIIa. ioiineony ia/aei oi?aiauo ioiioaiee
n Eeoaai, aieaa oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe aeey eioi?uo ioe?ueenue iinea
caeeth/aiey Ia?/aineiai aeiaiai?a.
Iieacaoaeai aic?inoaai cia/aiey ?onneeo oiaa?ia a iauaaa?iiaeneie
oi?aiaea auei niia?ie/anoai aiaeeeneeo eoioeia n aieeaiaeneeie e
ianoie/eaua i?inueau ?onneeo oi?aiauo ethaeae i aaaaeaiee
i?ioaeoeeiienoneeo ia?.
Eeoa?aoo?a.
1. Aoaaiia A.E., I?aia?aaeaineee A.A., Oeoiiia TH.A. Yaiethoeey
oaiaeaeecia a ?innee: Nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu. – I., 1969.
– 318 n.
2. Ae?oaeeiei I.I. Aaiacen eaieoaeecia a ?innee. – I., 1955. – 79 n.
3. E aii?ino i ia?aiia/aeueiii iaeiieaiee a ?innee.(XVII – XVIIIaa.).
Nai?iee noaoae. – I., 1958. – 540 n.
4. E?enoainai N.I. Enoi?ey ?innee XVIIa.: Iaci? enneaaeiaaiee e
enoi/ieeia. – I.: I?ia?ann, 1989. – 254 n.
5. Ia/eeia I.A. I “ainoiaeyuae” e “ienoiaeyuae” noaaeeyo oaiaeaeueiie
oi?iaoeee. Aii?inu enoi?ee. – I., 1958, ?7.
6. Ia/eeia I.A. E eoiaai aeeneonnee i “ainoiaeyuae” e “ienoiaeyuae”
noaaeeyo eaieoaeecia. Aii?inu enoi?ee. – I., 1963, ? 12.
7. I/a?ee enoi?ee NNN?. Ia?eiae oaiaeaeecia. XVII a.. – I., 1955., 6o.
– 506 n.
8. I/a?ee enoi?ee enoi?e/aneie iaoee a NNN?. – I., 1985., 5o. – 561 n.
9. Ia?aoiae io oaiaeaeecia e eaieoaeecio a ?innee. Ananithciay
aeeneonney. – I.: Iuneue, 1969. – 318 n.
10. Iieyineee O.ss. Ia?aiia/aeueiia iaeiieaiey eaieoaea a ?innee. – I.,
1958. – 416
1 Ia?aoiae io oaiaeaeecia e oaiaeaeecio a ?innee. Ananithciay
aeeneonney,18-19n.
1 Ae?oaeeiei I.I. “Aii?inu enoi?ee”, 1949, ?11,n 93.
2 Ia?aoiae io oaiaeaeecia e eaieoaeecio a ?innee. Ananithciay
aeeneonney, 23 n.
1 I/a?ee enoi?ee enoi?e/aneie iaoee a NNN?, 5o, 287n.
2 Oai aea, 290 n.
1 Aoaaiia A.E. e ae?. Yaaeyoeey oaiaeaeecia a ?innee: Nioeeaeueii –
yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu, 113 n.
1 Ae?oaeeiei I.I. Aaiacen eaieoaeecia a ?innee, 14 n.
1 Aoaaiia A.E. e ae?. Yaiaiethoeey oaiaeaeecia a ?innee:
Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu, 189 n.
2 Oai aea, !92 n.
3 Ia?aoiae io oaiaeaeecia e eaieoeeecio a ?innee, 68 n.
1 I/a?ee enoi?ee NNN?. Ia?eiae oaiaeaeecia.XVIIa., 6o, 305 n.
1 Ae?oaeeiei I.I. Aaiacen eaieoaeecia a ?innee, 31 n.
1 E aii?ino i ia?aiia/aeueiii iaeiieaiee a ?innee(XVII – XVIII aa.).
Nai?iee noaoae, 376 n.
1 Aoaaiia A.E. e ae?. Yaiethoeey oaiaeaeecia a ?innee:
Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu, 211 n.
Ia/eeia I.A. E eoiaai aeeneonnee i “ainoiaeyuae” e “ienoiaeyuae”
noaaeeyo eaieoaeecia a ?innee.
1 Aoaaiia A.E. e ae?.. Yaiethoeey oaiaeaeecia a ?innee, 267 n.
1 E?enoainai N.I. Enoi?ey ?innee XVIIa.: Iaci? enneaaeiaaiee e
enoi/ieeia, 154 n.
2 Oai aea, 157 n.
1 Ae?oaeeiei I.I. Aaiacen eaieoaeecia a ?innee, 37 n.
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