?ino a?eaia e aeeyiea aiaoieo oaeoi?ia ia ?inoiaua i?ioeannu
?ino a?eaia. I?ioeann oaaee/aiey ?acia?ia eeaoie, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e
iauae iannu oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiiyoeai «?ino». Ii inouanoaeyaony o
ieoeaeeaeueiuo a?eaia iooai ?anoyaeaiey aioo?aiiae iaiei/ee aa?oooa/iie
eeaoee. Iaiaoiaeeiia oneiaea ?inoa — iaee/ea ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa e
iinooieaiea e ?anoouae eeaoea oeeoiieaciu ec ninaaeieo i?aaeaa?oooa/iuo
eeaoie. Ia iaiueoaa cia/aiea eiatho aeoeaiua i?ioeannu neioaca, a oiaea
eioi?uo ia?acothony yae?i, eeaoi/iua i?aaiieaeu e yeaiaiou eeaoi/iie
noaiee. O ae?iaeaeaauo a?eaia ?ino iiauo aei/a?ieo eeaoie i?ienoiaeeo
ia?ac?uaii iooai ii/eiaaiey eee aeaeaiey. Yoa niiniaiinoue oa?aeoa?ia e
aeey iaeioi?uo ieoeaeeaeueiuo a?eaia.
?anoouee o/anoie aeou niaea?aeeo iiauoaiiia eiee/anoai oeeoiieaciu,
aaeeiauo aauanoa, ioeeaeiiauo eeneio, oa?iaioia, o. a. ii iaeaieaa
aeoeaai a oeceieiae/aneii ioiioaiee. Ca ?anooueie eeaoeaie
?aniieaaathony aaeoieece?iaaiiua, oeeoiieacia eioi?uo /a?ac ii?u
iiia?a/iuo ia?aai?iaeie iiae aeeyieai nee iniioe/aneiai aeaaeaiey
auoaeeeaaaony e aa?oooa/iie eeaoea. A aaeoieece?iaaiiuo i?aaeaa?oooa/iuo
eeaoeao niaea?aeaony caianiua ieoaoaeueiua aauanoaa, a oii /enea
aeeeiaai, eniieuecoaiua aeey ia?aciaaiey iaiei/ee.
Nei?inoue ?inoa a?eaia, i?iec?anoathueo ia oaa?aeuo ieoaoaeueiuo
n?aaeao, /aua anaai ii?aaeaeytho iooai ecia?aiey aeeaiao?a eee ?aaeeona
e iauae ieiuaaee eieiiee ieoeaeey, a nei?inoue ?inoa nii? — ii
oaaee/aieth iauaia eo aeiiannu i?e iaaooaiee.
?inoiaua i?ioeannu neeueii caaenyo io aaiaoe/aneeo iniaaiiinoae, oneiaee
eoeueoeae?iaaiey e aeaenoaey aiaoieo oaeoi?ia. Nei?inoue ?inoa ?aciuo
a?eaia aeaeaei ia iaeeiaeiaa. A nayce n yoei eo iiae?acaeaeytho ia
auno?i?anoouea (Neurospora, Trichoderma, Muco-rales, Aspergillus),
ioaeaeueiua i?aaenoaaeoaee eioi?uo iiaoo ?anoe n aunieie nei?inoueth —
aei 3—6 ii//, e iaaeeaiii?anoouea (Phellinus ??n?, Polystictus
circinatus). I?e?ino auno?i?anooueo aea?aai?ac?ooathueo a?eaia Fomes
fomentarius e Pleurotus ostrealus ninoaaeyao 9—14 ii a nooee, a
iaaeeaiii?anoouaai Piptoporus betulinus — eeoue 1,5—3,0. A. A. Aao?iaie
aeieacaii, /oi nei?inoue ?inoa aaoa?iea?eiiia auoa, /ai aiiiea?eiiia.
?ino ieoeaeey i?ae?auaaony i?e iieiii eniieueciaaiee ieoaoaeueiie n?aaeu
eee i?e ia?aoiaea a?eaa a neaaeothuea noaaeee ?acaeoey, naycaiiua n
?aciiiaeaieai. Oaeei ia?acii, aaaaoaoeaiue ?ino — iiaeaioiaeoaeueiue
yoai, nicaeathuee aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey ?aciiiaeaiey.
Iee?ineiie/aneea enneaaeiaaiey ieoeaeey iicaieeee auaeaeeoue o a?eaia
?yae aic?anoiuo noaaeee, oa?aeoa?ecothueony ii?aaeaeaiiuie i?eciaeaie.
I noaaeey — i?i?anoaiea eiieaeee (nii?). Aeeth/aao aeaa yoaia: ia?aue —
iaaooaiea eiieaeee (aeeeony 4—10 /), aoi?ie — ia?aciaaiea ?inoiauo
o?oaie e ia?ae/iiai ieoeaeey ec ianeieueeeo eeaoie. Oeeoiieacia ia
aeeooa?aioee?iaaia, a eeaoea niaea?aeaony iaeeea aaeoiey?iua iyoia.
II noaaeey — ?ac?anoaiea ieoeaeey e aai aaoaeaiea (eaaoaca). ssae?i
i?eia?aoaao oa?aeoa?iue aeey a?eaia aeae. Ia?acothony iaeeea a?aioeu
eeieaeia.
III noaaeey — ?aaiiia?iue eioaineaiue ?ino, nii?iaiaeaeathueeny
aeoeaiuie iaiaiiuie i?ioeannaie e iaeiieaieai ioeeaeiiauo eeneio.
IV noaaeey — caiaaeeaiiue ?ino, noa?aiea ieoeaeey, nii?iia?aciaaiea,
iaeiieaiea aoi?e/iuo iaoaaiee/aneeo i?iaeoeoia.
V noaaeey — i?eiyoa aeey oneiaiiai iaicia/aiey iieiiai aaoieeca
ieoeaeey.
I?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui a?eaai, a /anoiinoe e i?iaeooeaioai
iaieoeeeeeia, aeaoaeueii iienaiu ana aic?anoiua eciaiaiey. Oae, o
Penicillium chryzogenum iienaii 7 aic?anoiuo noaaeee.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?inoa a?eaia a oie eee eiie noaaeee caaeneo io
yeieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia, aaiaoe/aneeo iniaaiiinoae, oneiaee
eoeueoeae?iaaiey e ae?.
Aeeyiea aiaoieo oaeoi?ia ia ?inoiaua i?ioeannu. Oneiaey ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu — oaiia?aoo?a, ?I n?aaeu, naao, ay?aoeey, aeaaeiinoue — ia
i?ioyaeaiee anaai aeeciaiiiai oeeeea a?eaia iinoiyiii ieacuaatho naia
aicaeaenoaea. I?aaeaea anaai iie neacuaathony ia oa?aeoa?a e
iniaaiiinoyo ?inoiauo i?ioeannia, o. a. nei?inoue ?inoa — iaeei ec
aaaeoueo iieacaoaeae ioaaoiie ?aaeoeee a?eaia ia aeeyiea aiaoieo
oaeoi?ia.
Oaiia?aoo?iua oaeoi?u. Aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai oaiea — iaeii ec iniiaiuo
oneiaee aeecie a?eaa. I?e/ai aeoeaiay aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue eaaeaeiai
aeaea aiciiaeia a i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiuo oaiia?aoo?iuo a?aieoe.
Iaeaieaa aa?iiie/iia oa/aiea iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia iaaethaeaaony i?e
oaiia?aoo?iii iioeioia. Aicaeaenoaea neeoeii ieceeo eee neeoeii aunieeo
oaiia?aoo? i?eaiaeeo e aeoaieei ia?ooaieyi a eii?aeeiaoeee i?ioeannia
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe, e iaia?aoeiui iia?aaeaeaieyi oeeoiieaciu. Anee
oaiia?aoo?a nieaeaaony e ia?aoiaeeo a e?eoe/aneoth, i?ae?auaaony
aeaeaeaiea oeeoiieaciu, oo?a/eaaaony iieoi?iieoeaaiinoue iaia?ai e
eeaoea aeaiao. Aunieay oaiia?aoo?a oaeaea i?eaiaeeo e aeaaee eeaoee
aneaaenoaea “ia?ooaiey iaia?ai, ianooiathuaai a ?acoeueoaoa eiaeoeaaoeee
e aeaiaoo?aoeee aaeeia e ?anno?ienoaa iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia.
Ieaeiee i?aaeae, i?e eioi?ii i?ae?auaaony ?ino eeaoie aaniethoiiai
aieueoeinoaa a?eaia,— 0—3° N, a aa?oiee — ia i?aauoaao 40° N.
Aaeeinoaaiiiai oaiia?aoo?iiai iioeioia aeey a?eaia ia nouanoaoao, oae
eae iio?aaiinoue a oaiia?aoo?a aeey ?inoa ieoeaeey, ia?aciaaiey
ieiaeiauo oae e i?i?anoaiey nii? ia iaeeiaeiaa. Iai?eia?, iioeioi
oaiia?aoo?u aeey i?i?anoaiey nii? o caai?iiai o?ooiaeea Qloephillurn
seriarium ninoaaeyao 30—34° N, a aeey ?inoa a?eaieoeu — 36° N.
Nieaeaiea eioaineaiinoe ?inoa eee iieiia ionoonoaea aai o a?eaia i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiie oaiia?aoo?a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo aucaaii ianiiniaiinoueth
neioace?iaaoue iaiaoiaeeiua aieiieeneiou e aeoaieiu. A iiuoao Ae. O?eca
eoeueoo?u Coprinus fimetarius ioee/aeenue oi?ioei ?inoii aeaaea i?e
oaiia?aoo?a 44° N, anee a n?aaea niaea?aeaeny aeae?ieecao eacaeia,
aeoeaiui eiiiiiaioii eioi?iai yaeyaony iaoeiiei. I/aaeaeii, aeiee?iaea
neioaca yoie aieiieeneiou i?e iiauoaiiie oaiia?aoo?a neoaeeo i?e/eiie
i?ae?auaiey ?inoa ieoeaeey. A caaeneiinoe io iio?aaiinoe a oaiia?aoo?a
a?eau iiae?acaeaeythony ia o?e a?oiiu: oieiaeiethaeaua, oaieiauiineeaua
e oaieiethaeaua.
Ionoonoaea ?inoa o a?eaia i?e oaiia?aoo?a ieaea ioey ia icia/aao, /oi
iie aeaioo. Iaeioi?ua ieiaeiaua oaea naiaenoaa Polyporaceae niiniaiu
auaea?aeeaaoue iiieaeaiiua oaiia?aoo?u aei —100° N, a ieoeaeee Lentinus
lepideus, Fomitopsis carnea auiineo nooie aea? aei +100° N, oioy
oaeaaeiaiiue aicaeoo aucuaaao ioie?aiea a?eaieoeu aua i?e 55° N. Aianoa
n oai ieiaeiaua oaea, eiathuea iynenooth eee iyaeoth eiaeenooth
eiinenoaioeeth e ioiinyueany e iaeiieaoiei (?ilyporus, Polystictus e
ae?.), ceiie iiaeaatho io ii?icia. A naith i/a?aaeue, aea?aayienou e
i?iaeiaua ieiaeiaua oaea a?eaia ec ?iaeia Fomes, Daedalea e ae?oaea
ioee/athony aunieie onoie/eainoueth e ieceei oaiia?aoo?ai e n
ianooieaieai aaniu aiiaue ia/eiatho aaaaoe?iaaoue.
Iieacaoaeueiu yeieiae/aneea iiaeeoeeaoeee ?acee/iiai aaia?aoe/aneiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Oae, n?aaeianooi/iue ?ino Fusarium sporotrichioides o
naaa?iuo eoeueoo? (yeooneeo) iau/ii ieaea, /ai o thaeiuo ecieyoia
(aca?aaeaeaeaineeo e e?aniiaea?neeo).
Aiciiaeiinoue ?acaeoey eaaeaeiai a?eaa, i?aaeaea anaai, ii?aaeaeyaony ?I
n?aaeu, eee ?aaeoeeae noano?aoa a anoanoaaiiuo oneiaeyo. Ieoaoaeueiay
n?aaea, niaea?aeauay ana iaiaoiaeeiua aauanoaa, ii i?eaioiaeaiiay aac
o/aoa iaiaoiaeeiie eeneioiinoe (eee uaei/iinoe), iiaeao nianai
eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue ?acaeoey i?aaiecia eee ia ieaaeao ia iaai
neeueiiai eiaeae?othuaai aeaenoaey. Yoi iauyniyaony ia?aciaaieai aiieaea
e i?aaie/aneeo eeneio, iiauoathueo ?I, aneaaenoaea iaiaeeiaeiaiai
iiaeiuaiey eiiiiiaioia n?aaeu, onaiaiey eaoeiiia e aieiiia. I?e
oeceieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaieyo aaaeii nio?aiyoue enoiaeiia cia/aiea ?I
n?aaeu, eniieuecoy iae, uaei/e eee oinoaoiue aooa?.
Iioeiaeueiia cia/aiea ?I aeey aieueoeinoaa a?eaia ieaea 7 (a i?aaeaeao
5,0—6,0), /oi niioaaonoaoao neaaieeneie ?aaeoeee n?aaeu. Aianoa n oai
anoue a?eau, i?eniinaaeeaathueany e noano?aoo n aieaa eeneie ?aaeoeeae.
E iei ioiinyony aea?aai?ac?ooathuea, iiaenoeei/iua e ieei?eciua a?eau,
ia?acothuea i?aaie/aneea eeneiou. I. E. Aieei, ii?aaeaeeaoee ?ino
Hetero-basidion annosum o 9 ooaiiia a?eaa, iieacae, /oi eo ?ino iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny a aeeaiaciia ?I io 2,5 aei 9,5, i?e/ai iaeiieaiea
aeiiannu i?e ?I io 5,5 aei 9,5 oiaiueoaaony. O iaeioi?uo i?aaenoaaeoaeae
ieei?eciuo a?eaia ?iaea Boletus iioeioi ?I iaoiaeeony a i?aaeaeao 3.
Iieacaii, /oi ?I n?aaeu ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia aeoeaiinoue i?ioaac. Oae, o
a?eaa Emericellopsis glabra i?e eciaiaiee cia/aiey ?I ?aaeoeeiiiie niane
io 6,0 aei 12 aeoeaiinoue i?ioaac oaaee/eaaaony a 5,6 ?aca.
?ino a?eaia ia ieoaoaeueiuo n?aaeao a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
nii?iaiaeaeaaony eciaiaieai ?I a noi?iio iiaeeeneaiey. I?eaeiaeueiua
iiuou auee i?iaaaeaiu E. A. Eiiaaneie ii ii?aaeaeaieth eciaiaiey ?I
n?aaeu, a ea/anoaa eioi?ie auea acyoa aoiaaa (noeueoaoiay, eueiyiay,
noeueoeoiay, oeiieiaay e aacaoiay), eiieoee?iaaiiay
oeaeetheici?ac?ooathuei a?eaii Chaetomium globosum. Iinea 60 nooie iiuoa
?I noeueoaoiie, oeiieiaie, eueiyiie e noeueoeoiie aoiaae eciaieeanue a
noi?iio iiaeeeneaiey, a aacaoiie — a noi?iio iiaeuaea/eaaiey.
Naaoiaua oaeoi?u e eceo/aiea. Nieia/iay ?aaeeaoeey ieacuaaao
nouanoaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?ioeannu aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe a?eaia, oioy
aeaenoaea ?aciuo o/anoeia niaeo?a nieia/iiai eceo/aiey iaiaeeiaeiai.
Oae, aeeeiiiaieiiaia eceo/aiea aucuaaao aeoeaaoeeth oaieiauo
?aoeaioi?ia, iooaaaiiue yooaeo ieacuaatho oeueo?aoeieaoiaua eo/e, a
aeaeeiue naao aeeyao ia oioicaueoiua e oioioeie/aneea i?ioeannu.
Aieueoeinoai a?eaia ?anoao n i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiaie eioaineaiinoueth ia
naaoo e a oaiiioa. Iaeiaei iiae aeeyieai y?eiai naaoa iaaethaeaaony
oaiaoaiea ?inoa ieoeaeey e i?i?anoaiey nii? o i?aaenoaaeoaeae
Trichoderma, Penicillum e ae?oaeo a?eaia, iniaaiii n aanoeaaoiuie
iaiei/eaie. Aanueia cia/eoaeueii naao aeaenoaoao ia oi?ie?iaaiea i?aaiia
ieiaeiiioaiey. Ieiaeiaua oaea Heterobasidion annosum, Polystictus
abietinus, Armillariella mellea e iiiaeo ae?oaeo aunoeo a?eaia i?e
au?aueaaiee ia eneonnoaaiiuo ieoaoaeueiuo n?aaeao ia?acothony oieueei a
oneiaeyo ?annayiiiai inaauaiey. Iieacaoaeueii, /oi ?acee/iia aeaenoaea
naaoa ia nii?iia?aciaaiea iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue aeaaea aioo?e iaeiiai
?iaea. Anee Botrytis cinerea nii?iiineo ia naaoo e a oaiiioa, oi A.
gladiolorum — oieueei ia naaoo. I?e iaeiinoi?iiiai inaauaiee
iaaethaeaaony oioio?iie/aneay ?aaeoeey nii?iiiniuo i?aaiia a noi?iio
enoi/ieea naaoa. Oi?ioi caiaoiua iieiaeeoaeueiua oioio?iie/aneea ecaeau
aeatho i?aaenoaaeoaee Mucorales, a /anoiinoe nii?aiaeaiinoeu Pilobolus
cry-stallinus, aeaeu ?iaeia Phycomyces, Spinellus, Hirschio-porus e ae?.
Aeey iaeioi?uo ie?aiiieoeaoia oa?aeoa?ai ecaea oiaioea ia?eoaoeey, o
noi/aouo aiaeiae/iui ia?acii ecaeaathony noiee, a o oeyii/iuo
aaceaeeiieoeaoia — iiaeee.
Iieiia ionoonoaea naaoa o iaeieo a?eaia (Pilobolus, Lentinus, Coprinus e
ae?.) aucuaaao noa?eeueiinoue a?eaieoeu, a oi a?aiy eae o ae?oaeo
(Aspergillus, Me-rulius, Schizophyllum e ae?.) nii?iiiniua i?aaiu iiaoo
?acaeaaoueny e a oaiiioa. Ii?iaeueiia ?acaeoea ieiaeiauo oae o Lentinus
edodes iaaethaeaaony i?e eioaineaiinoe inaauaiiinoe io 5 ee e auoa. I?e
ionoonoaee naaoa ia?acothony naaoeiie?aoaiiua aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiua
ieiaeiaua oaea. Iiae aeaenoaeai naaoa a ieoeaeee e nii?ao iaeioi?uo
a?eaia ia?acothony ieaiaiou.
Neiai «ieaiaio» i?ienoiaeeo io eaoeineiai pigmentum — e?anea. Aeaaiaea?y
«oeaaoiinoe» ieaiaioia iie niiniaiu iiaeiuaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua eo/e
niaeo?a. Ieaiaioaoeey iaiei/ae nii? cia/eoaeueii iiauoaao eo
onoie/eainoue e aeaenoaeth i?yiuo nieia/iuo eo/ae i?e ia?aiauaiee
aicaeooiuie oa/aieyie. Ieaiaiou a?eaia iiae?acaeaeythony ia ianeieueei
a?oii. 1. Ieaiaiou, ia?acothueany a ?acoeueoaoa i?aa?auaiey i?eeie?oaaoa
(oa?oaieeoeiiiu e eo i?iecaiaeiua — ao?iiaioei, iieei?iaae, oaeaoi?iaay,
ioeueaeiiaay, aa?eaaaoiaay eeneiou e ae?.). 2. Ieaiaiou, i?ienoiaeyuea
ii aoeaoaoii-iaaaeiiaoiiio iooe (neooeaa?ae, o?aiaoei, aea?iioeeaei,
aea?ii?oaei, aea?iiethoaei, yiiaeei e ae?.). 3. Ieaiaiou, ia?acothueany
ii iaaaeiiaoiiio iooe (eaeoa?iaeieei, eaeoa?iooeueaei, ?acee/iua
ea?ioeiieaeu, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue (ea?ioei, a oaeaea eaeiiei,
eaioaenaioei e ae?.). 4. Acioniaea?aeauea ieaiaiou (oeeiiaaa?ei,
o?aianaiaaei), a oaeaea ?yae ieaiaioia ?acee/iie no?oeoo?u e
i?ienoiaeaeaiey (acaoeiiu, eiaeeai e ae?.).
Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi naao ia yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeey
neioaca o a?eaia anao ieaiaioia. Oae, aeineioac neiaai ieaiaioa eiaeeai
o a?eaa Schizophyljum iaoiaeeony a caaeneiinoe io ia?aciaaiey yaei/iie
eeneiou, iaeaieeaaaiie a ieoeaeee ii ia?a aai ?acaeoey. Yoio ieaiaio
ia?acoaony eeoue a eoeueoo?a, oo?aoeaoae niiniaiinoue e neioaco yaei/iie
eeneiou. A oi aea a?aiy i?e aeiaaaeaiee e n?aaea eiiia iaaee
niaea?aeaiea yaei/iie eeneiou nieaeaaony e oaaee/eaaaony eiee/anoai
eiaeeai.
Aeey iaeioi?uo ae?iaeaeae, a /anoiinoe Candida pulcherria, oa?aeoa?ai
y?ei-e?aniue ieaiaio ioeueoa??eiei.
Iiiai/eneaiioth e oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiioth o iecoeo a?eaia Mucoraceae,
Choanephoraceae, Iiatierellaceae e ae?.) a?oiio ieaiaioia ninoaaeytho
ea?ioeiieaeu. Eioaineaiui neioacii ea?ioeia iaeaaeatho BlakesJea
trispora e Choanephora cucurditarum, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu
aeey iieo/aiey 3-ea?ioeia. A iiuoao A. I. Oaioeeiaie, iieacaii, /oi ia
neioac ea?ioeiieaeia neeueiia aeeyiea ieacuaaao aeeoaieeaiei. O a?eaa
Blakeslea trispora ieoeaeee, ioiuoue io aeeoaieeaieia, neioace?oao
ea?ioei cia/eoaeueii auno?aa, /ai a eiio?ieueiie eoeueoo?a, /oi
naycuaatho n iaeiieaieai aanoeaaoiiai i?aaeoanoaaiieea, eioi?ue aeaeaa
eniieuecoaony ia neioac ea?ioeia. Anee aea ieoeaeee ia ioiuo io
aeeoaieeaieia, oi a iai ia i?ienoiaeeo ia?aciaaiey aee?iauo aeeth/aiee,
iaeiieaiiuo i?aiaeaauie a?aioeaie ea?ioeia. Ia?yaeo n yoei eciaiyaony e
ii?oieiaey eeaoie ieoeaeey. O ae?oaeo a?eaia aeeoaieeaiei aucuaaao
iaeiieaiea oeoieia e oeoioeoeia, o. a. i?iyaeyaony niaoeeoe/aneia
aicaeaenoaea oeacaiiiai niaaeeiaiey ia aeineioac ieaiaioia.
Ea?ioeiieaeu — i?iecaiaeiua ecii?aia, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie
iaianuuaiiua niaaeeiaiey oa?iaiiaiai ?yaea, i?eiaaeeaaeao e
ia?anoai?eiui a aee?ao ieaiaeoai. Iaeaeaiu yoe aauanoaa o a?eaia anao
nenoaiaoe/aneeo a?oii, oioy o iiiaeo iie niaea?aeaony a iaaieueoii
eiee/anoaa. Iai?eia?, o aaceaeeiieoeaoa Clitocybe venutissima – e
ea?ioeiu ninoaaeytho 0,17 % nooie iannu ieiaeiauo oae. Iiauoaiiia
niaea?aeaiea ea?ioeia oa?aeoa?ii aeey aneiieoeaoia (ii?yaeee
Taphrinales, Protomycetales e ae?.) e aaceaeeiieoeaoia, iniaaiii
?aeaa/eiiuo a?eaia, eiathueo aeaeooth e i?aiaeaaoth ie?aneo.
Ea?ioeiieaeiua ieaiaiou iaeaeaiu o iiiaeo ianiaa?oaiiuo a?eaia eae
oaiiiie?aoaiiuo (Cladosporium, Curvularia e ae?.), oae e
naaoeiie?aoaiiuo (Cephalosporium, Trichotecium e ae?.). ?ieue eo a
i?aaiecia a?eaia aanueia ?aciiia?acia e i?aaeaea anaai naycaia n
?aaeoeeyie oioio?iiecia e oioioaenena.
A?eau niaea?aeao iiiai ieaiaioia — i?iecaiaeiuo oeiiia (ao?iiaoei,
eaeeiiaeii, ao?aooeaoeei e ae?.), aio?aoeiiia, aaicioeiiia e
iaooioeiiia. Aieueoia /enei ?aciuo oeiia oeiiiia niaea?aeeony o
ianiaa?oaiiuo a?eaia ii?yaeea aeoiieoeaou (Penicillium, Alternaria,
Aspergillus e ae?.). Oeiiiu iaeaaeatho aioeaeioe/aneei e oiene/aneei
aeaenoaeai, ie?aoaiu a oeieaoiaue eee ii/oe /a?iue oeaao. Ieaiaiou
a?eaia eiatho naioth ?acee/ioth ie?aneo — aeaeooth, ei?e/iaaoth,
e?anioth, /a?ioth, caeaioth, oeieaoiaoth e ae?. Iie aucuaatho
ie?aoeaaiea ia oieueei ieoeaeey e ieiaeiauo oae, ii e ieoaoaeueiie
n?aaeu, ia eioi?ie i?iec?anoatho a?eau.
Iiiaea a?eau niaea?aeao oaiiua ieaiaiou — iaeaieiu, i?aaenoaaeythuea
niaie aunieiiieeia?iua niaaeeiaiey, ia?acothueany i?e oa?iaioaoeaiii
ieeneaiee oaiieia. Iaeaieiiaua oa?iaiou i?eaeatho ?yaeo aeaeia a?eaia
aunieoth onoie/eainoue e yeno?aiaeueiui Oneiaeyi nouanoaiaaiey.
Ec eo/ae nieia/iiai niaeo?a iaeaieaa neeueiia aeeyiea ieacuaatho
oeueo?aoeieaoiaua, eioi?ua iiaoo aucuaaoue iooaoeee, a i?e aunieeo
aeicao iaeo/aiey — iieiinoueth iiaeaaeyoue aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue a?eaia.
Eiathony naaaeaiey i aieueoie eioaineaiinoe aeaenoaey ia iaeioi?ua a?eau
neia-oeieaoiauo eo/ae.
O Aspergillus clavatis i?e aicaeaenoaee neieie eo/aie oi?ie?othony
oaeeeiaiiua eiieaeeaiinoeu, iiae aeaenoaeai aea e?aniuo eo/ae ?acia?
eiieaeeaiinoeaa ?acei oiaiueoaaony. Noaiaiue inaauaiiinoe neeueii aeeyao
e ia nei?inoue inaiaiaeaeaiey nii? ec ieiaeiauo oae. O iaeioi?uo
aneiieoeaoia (Podospora curvula, Nectria cinnabarina) — nii?iia?aciaaiea
ianooiaao eeoue a aeiaaiua /anu, o ae?oaeo (Hypoxylon fuscum) — oieueei
a ii/iia a?aiy. A ?yaea iiuoia iieacaii oaiaoathuaa aicaeaenoaea
eio?ae?aniuo eo/ae ia ?ino aeiiiauo (Serpula lacrymans, Poria vaporaria,
Coniophora cerebella) e aea?aai?ac?ooathueo (Heterobasidion annosum)
a?eaia.
Neeueiia aeeyiea ia a?eau ieacuaaao eiiece?othuaa iaeo/aiea, oioy
oaiiiie?aoaiiua a?eau auaeaeythony naiae ?acenoaioiinoueth e iaeo/aieth.
Iieo/aiu einaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa oiai, /oi eiiece?othuay ?aaeeaoeey
aucuaaao iia?aaeaeaiea AeIE. Iniaie /oanoaeoaeueiinoueth e
?aaeeieceo/aieth iaeaaeatho iooaiou Aspergillus nidulans, Coprinus
lagopus e ae?. Aeicu, ieacuaathuea eaoaeueiia aeaenoaea ia a?eau,
aeaaiui ia?acii ieaniaaua, eniieuecothony aeey caueou iaoa?eaeia io
ieeiaeano?oeoi?ia, nianaiey ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae e
a?oaieiae/aneeo aeieoiaioia.
Naao ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia iieiaoth e aaniieoth ?ai?iaeoeoeeth o a?eaia.
Iaeiei ec niaaeeiaiee, eiaeooee?othueo ?ai?iaeoeoeaiua i?ioeannu,
yaeyaony ai?iiiiiiaeiaiia aauanoai, iieo/eaoaa iacaaiea ?310,
auaeaeaiiia ec ieoeaeey Ascochytapisi, iiaeaa?aiooiai aeaenoaeth
aeeaeiaai oeueo?aoeieaoa e ae?oaeo ianiaa?oaiiuo a?eaia.
Ay?aoeey. N?aaee a?eaia iao iaeeaaoiuo aiay?iaia. Iaeaieaa oeie/iua
oaeoeueoaoeaiua aiay?iau — ae?iaeaee. Iio?aaiinoue eo a eenei?iaea aeey
ii?iaeueiiai ?acaeoey aeaeaei ia iaeeiaeiaa, aeaaea o a?eaia,
ioiinyueony e iaeiiio e oiio aea ?iaeo. Oae, Fusarium oxyporus auaeeaaao
a aiay?iaiuo oneiaeyo a oa/aiea 13 iaaeaeue, oiaaea eae F. eumartii
iiaeaaao iaiaa /ai /a?ac o?e iaaeaee.
Aieueoie /oanoaeoaeueiinoueth e iaaeinoaoeo eenei?iaea ioee/athony
aeiiiaua a?eau. Iai?eia?, o Serpula lacrymans e Coniophora cerebella
aeiionoeiue ieieioi i?aoeeaeueiiai aeaaeaiey eenei?iaea iaoiaeeony a
i?aaeaeao 2,7 eIa (21 ii ?o. no.). Aea?aai?ac?ooath-uea a?eau — ia?aceou
aeeauo aea?aaueaa ec ?iaeia Ste-reum e Trametes iaiaa /oanoaeoaeueiu e
iaaeinoaoeo eenei?iaea e ii?iaeueii i?iec?anoatho aeaaea i?e
ia?oeeaeueiii aeaaeaiee 0,9—1 eIa (7—8 ii ?o. no.), a iaeneiaeueiay
aeoeaiinoue aeuoaiey o Aspergillus oryzae iaaethaeaaony i?e 13,6 eIa
(105 ii ?o. no.).
Aeaaeiinoue n?aaeu. Aieueoeinoai a?eaia aeey naiaai ?inoa ioaeaeaaony a
n?aaieoaeueii aunieie aeaaeiinoe. Oae, nuaaeiaiua a?eau iau/ii
iiyaeythony a aeiaeaeeeaoth oaieoth iiaiaeo. ?acaeoea ieaniaauo a?eaia
oaeaea aiciiaeii eeoue ia noano?aoao, ioee/athueony iiauoaiiie
aeaaeiinoueth. Aea?aai?ac?ooathuea a?eau iaeaieueooth nei?inoue ?inoa
eiatho i?e aaniethoiie aeaaeiinoe ae?aaaneiu 30—80 %, oioy ieieiaeueiay
e iaeneiaeueiay aeaaeiinoue, i?e eioi?ie iie ?acaeaathony, iaoiaeeony a
i?aaeaeao io 20 aei 150 %.
Aeaaeiinoue ae?aaaneiu iiaeao neoaeeoue oaeoi?ii, ia?aie/eaathuei ?ino e
?ac?ooeoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue ?yaea a?eaia. Yoo iniaaiiinoue
eniieuecotho, a /anoiinoe, aeey i?aaeio?aiaiey ae?aaaneiu io ii?aaeaiey
a?eaaie, ianuuay aa aeaaie iaoiaeii aeiiieieoaeueiiai oaeaaeiaiey eee
aeiaeaeaaaiey. Yoio i?eai i?eiaiytho aeey iiauoaiey nio?aiiinoe
naaaean?oaeaiiie ae?aaaneiu. Iaoiaeeea aai iiae?iaii ?ac?aaioaia A. O.
Aaeeiui.
I?aaiu iieiaiai ?aciiiaeaiey iau/ii ?acaeaathony a aicaeooiie n?aaea, e
aeey ieo aieaa aeaaii?eyoia ianeieueei aieueoay nooinoue ii n?aaiaieth n
iioeioiii aeey ?inoa ieoeaeey. Iieacaoaeueii oaeaea, /oi o iaeieo
a?eaia, i?aeiouanoaaiii ieaniaauo, aeaaea iaaieueoia nieaeaiea
aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa caaea?aeeaaao ia?aciaaiea nii?, a oi a?aiy eae o
ae?oaeo, iai?eia? io/ienoi?inyiuo Erysiphales, /enei ia?acothueony
eiieaeee cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaaaony.
Nii?u a?eaia ioee/athony aunieie onoie/eainoueth e iaaeaaii?eyoiui
oaeoi?ai e a oneiaeyo ieceie aeaaeiinoe aeeeoaeueii nio?aiytho
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue.
Nouanoaotho a?eau, i?aeiouanoaaiii ec aanoa?iieoeaoia, i?eniiniaeaoeany
e aeecie a canooeeauo ionouiiuo oneiaeyo (aeaeu ?iaeia Simblum, Podaxis
e ae?.). Iie auiinyo iieiia iaacaiaeeaaiea, a a ia?eiae aeiaeaeae
ainnoaiaaeeaatho naith aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue. ?acaeoea a?eaia ia
?anoai?ao ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa iiaeao naea?aeeaaoueny iniioe/aneei
aeaaeaieai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, o. a. aiaea a yoii neo/aa noaiiaeony
iaaeinooiiie, iiauoaiea eiioeaio?aoeee iniioe/anee aeayoaeueiuo aauanoa
aucuaaao ieaciieec eeaoie e iieiinoueth inoaiaaeeaaao eo ?ino. Aianoa n
oai aaee/eia ia?aiineiiai eeaoeaie iniioe/aneiai aeaaeaiey iaiaeeiaeiaa
e ii?aaeaeyaony eae niaoeeoe/aneeie iniaaiiinoyie a?eaia, oae e
i?e?iaeie iaoiaeyueony a ?anoai?a aauanoa. Ii aeaiiui A. Eeeee e A.
Aa?iao, a?ea Rhizopus nigricans ia?aiineo iniioe/aneia aeaaeaiea
aetheicu a 63,2-102 eIa (63,2 aoi), naoa?icu— 42,1-102 eIa (42,1 aoi),
KNI3 — 27,5-102 eIa (27,5 aoi). Ninouay neea eeaoie ieoeaeey ?aciuo
ooaiiia a?eaia Trichoderma iaoiaeeony a i?aaeaeao (45—48) 102 eIa (45—48
aoi). Aunieie onoie/eainoueth e iniioe/aneiio aeaaeaieth ?anoai?a
ioee/athony oeoiiaoiaaiiua a?eau, ninouay neea eeaoie eioi?uo
cia/eoaeueii auoa, /ai eeaoie ?anoaiey-oicyeia.
Caa?yciaiea aicaeooa. Niaea?aeaiea a aicaeooa i?iiuoeaiiuo iooiaeia a
iiauoaiiuo eiioeaio?aoeeyo ieacuaaao io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia
?inoiaua i?ioeannu a?eaia. Oae, ia?aaioea na?ienoui aacii 5-aeiaaiie
eoeueoo?u Heterobasidion annosum a eiioeaio?aoeee 134 ia/e nieaeaea ?ino
ieoeaeey a caaeneiinoe io ooaiia ia 75—95 %. I?e aaaaeaiee NOx a
eiioeaio?aoeee 66,7 ia/e a 7-aeiaaioth eoeueoo?o ?ino ieoeaeey
caiaaeeyeny ia 45 %, a o iaeioi?uo ooaiiia aiiaua i?ae?auaeny. I?eia?ii
aiaeiae/iay caaeneiinoue iaia?oaeaia e a iaeiieaiee aeiiannu iiae
aeeyieai SI2 e NOx. A iiuoao n aicaeaenoaeai oyaeaeuo iaoaeeia iaeaeaii,
/oi iaeaieueoae oiene/iinoueth e I. annosum iaeaaeatho niee naeioea e
ieeaey, a iaiueoae noaiaie — niee iaaee e ia?aaioea, a niee oeeiea a
eniuouaaaiuo eiioeaio?aoeeyo ?ino ei?iaaie aoaee ia eiaeae?iaaee.
Ii?aaeaeaiea niaea?aeaiey ooi?a a ieiaeiauo oaeao nuaaeiaiuo a?eaia
ii?yaeea Agaricales iieacaee, /oi niaea?aeaiea ooi?a caaeneo io aeaea
a?eaa, ianoa e aiaea nai?a e iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 1 ia ia 100 a nooiai
aauanoaa, o. a. naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aeeyiee ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ia
niaea?aeaiea ooi?a a ieiaeiauo oaeao. Eae i?aaeei, eiioeaio?aoeey
ieia?aeueiuo yeaiaioia a oeyieao auoa, /ai a iiaeeao.
Aeieacaii, /oi ieiaeiaua oaea nuaaeiaiuo a?eaia niiniaiu aeeoioee?iaaoue
eaaeiee e ?oooue, ia/aiiua ?aaeeiaeoeaiuie ecioiiaie. Oae, o Pleurotus
flabella-tus iaia?oaeaii 75 % aianaiiiai a noano?ao eaaeiey e 38,5 %
?oooe, a oi a?aiy eae o Agaricus bisporus niioaaonoaaiii 1,27 % e 8,42
%. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aiin iaoaeeia a ieiaeiaua oaea o ?acee/iuo aeaeia
i?ienoiaeeo n iaiaeeiaeiaie eioaineaiinoueth.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. AEaeaiiaa I.I., Aaneeaaneay A.E. Yeno?aiaeueiay yeieiaey a?eaia. —
E., 1982
2. Aeineioaoe/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue aunoeo a?eaia / A.I. Oea?eia, I.I.
Iaceianeay, I.I. Oaeeia e ae?. — E., 1969
3. Aaeea? 3.Y. Oeceieiaey a?eaia e eo i?aeoe/aneia eniieueciaaiea. — I.,
2003
4. Aeaieniaa I.E. I?e?iaea e aeieiae/aneay ?ieue i?ioaeiac
aaceaeeaeueiuo a?eaia//Ieeieiaey e oeoiiaoieiaey.— 1984 — O. 18, ?2. —N.
116—121.
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