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i ioaeaeaiey

Aeaeieeiaa Eeuee

Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:

annenoaio Cieioa?aa Eai?ue Aaea?ueaae/

Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a

1995 a.

A iineaaeiaa a?aiy aaaeaony aanueia eioa?aniay aeeneonney aie?oa
i?iaeaiu nia?oiie eacie. ssaeyaony ee iia oaeoi?ii, naea?aeeaathuei
i?anooiiinoue? Ia?ooaao ee iia i?aaa /aeiaaea? I?eiyoue ee aa a
nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae ?acaeoey eee ioeacaoueny io yoiai? Iiaeao ee
ainoaea?noai ii?aaaeaoue eee aeieacaoue iaiaoiaeeiinoue iiaeiaiie
ea?aoaeueiie ia?u aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey e io?aiu i?aaiii?yaeea? Ia yoe
aii?inu ii-?aciiio ioaa/atho o/aiua, th?enou-i?aeoeee, iauanoaaiiua e
iieeoe/aneea aeayoaee, ienaoaee, a?aaeaeaia. Ii ia ana yoe iinoaaeaiiua
e iiiaea ae?oaea aii?inu iiaeii ioaaoeoue a oii neo/aa, anee aeaoue
iaaeeaaeauea iauyniaiey ii neaaeothuae oaia: a /ai caeeth/athony caaea/e
e oeaee nia?oiie eacie eae aeaea iaeacaiey? Eiaiii a yoii aii?ina
e?iaony oeaeaniia?aciinoue eee iaoeaeaniia?aciinoue iiaeiaiiai
iaeacaiey, a ioaao ia yoio aii?in ii?aaeaeeo iauanoaaiiia iiaiea ii
ioiioaieth e nia?oiie eacie.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nouanoaotho o?e oai?aoe/aneeo iiceoeee ii ioiioaieth
e i?iaeaia oaeiai aeaea iaeacaiey eae nia?oiay eaciue. Iaeie o/aiua e
i?aeoeee aunooiatho oeaeeeii i?ioea i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie e ca aa
iaiaaeeaiioth ioiaio, iauyniyy yoi aii?aeueiinoueth e
iaoeaeaniia?aciinoueth iiaeiaiiai iaeacaiey. Ae?oaea iiaeaea?aeeaatho
i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie, ?anniao?eaay aa ia oieueei eae i?aaiaia
ia?aie/aiea, ii e eae oece/aneia oie/oiaeaiea i?anooiieea, eioi?ia
aa?aioe?oao iauanoao iieioth aaciianiinoue io iiaeiaiiai aeayiey yoiai
eeoea. O?aouee, a i?eioeeia iiaeaea?aeeaay yoo ia?o, aunooiatho ca
nie?auaiea i?eiaiaiey e iinoaiaiioth ioiaio nia?oiie eacie. Ana yoe
iiaiey aeinoaoi/ii a?aiioii iainiiaaiu, e auai? iaeaieaa i?aaeeueiiai
iiaeoiaea e i?iaeaia nia?oiie eacie i?aaenoaaeyaony oyaeaeui.

Anee iiaeieoe e i?iaeaia nia?oiie eacie enoi?e/anee, oi iu niiaeai a
eaaeaeie yiioa, ecia?yaiie aeanyoeeaoeyie, a ii?ie e noieaoeyie,
oaeaeaoue, eae iiaeieiaeanue aeeneonney aie?oa i?iaeaiu iiaeiaiiai aeaea
iaeacaiey. Aeioee naeaeaoaeuenoaa i oii, /oi aii?in nia?oiie eacie
aeoeaii aeaaaoe?iaaeny oaea a Ae?aaiae A?aoeee ai a?aiaia Iaeiiiianneie
aieiu. N oao ii? i?ioei ieiei 2500 eao, e iu iieo/eee io aeaeaeeo
i?aaeeia nia?oioth eaciue a nia?aiaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, a a ianoa n
yoei oianeaaeiaaee e anth i?iaeaiaoeeo, eae i?aaiaoth, oae e
i?aanoaaiioth, a nia?aiaiiie i?aaiaie iunee.

I?aaeaea anaai ia?aoeiny e aeaiiui, eanathueiny i?yii eee einaaiii
aii?ina nia?oiie eacie, e e oiio, eae ii?aaeaeaia yoa ia?a iaeacaiey a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aaaeiaeoeo ainoaea?noa.

I. ?ACAEOEA I?AAIAIE IUNEE E EINOEOOOA NIA?OIIE EACIE A OAIEIAIII
CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA A

CA?OAAAEIUO NO?AIAO

Aiaeey aua a ia/aea XIX noieaoey caieiaea ia?aia ianoi ii eiee/anoao
i?anooieaiee, ea?aaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao Aeyenoiia,
a aai a?aiy aiaeeeneea caeiiu ciaee aei 160 i?anooieaiee, iaeiaeaiiuo
nia?oiie eaciueth, a ii n/aoo ae?oaeo, aeaaea a ia?aie /aoaa?oe XIX
noieaoey, eo /enei aeioiaeeei aei 240, i?e/ai ia?aaia n
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?anooieaieyie, n oyaeeeie iinyaaoaeuenoaaie ia
ee/iinoue, eae oaeenoai, ecianeeiaaiea, oaeie aea ia?ie iaeacaiey
oa?iaeae caeii ca oa?ico ia ienueia, ca oaa/uea aeeaioiuo, ca eaniua
ii?oaee, ca e?aaeo ec eaaie ia noiio nauoa 5 oeeeeiaia, e?aaeo a
oea?eae, ia y?ia?ea ia noiio nauoa 1 oeeeeiaa, e?aaeo aeeaioiuo e o.ae.
Ii, ia/eiay n 30-o aiaeia, a iniaaiiinoe a neeo noaoooia ei?ieaau
Aeeoi?ee 1837 e 1841 aa., /enei i?anooieaiee, ea?aaiuo nia?oueth, noaei
cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoaoueny, a iinea eiinieeaee?iaaiiuo noaoooia 1861
aiaea e yoie a?oiia ioiinyony eeoue: iinyaaoaeuenoai ia iniao ei?ieaau e
/eaiia oea?noaothuaai aeiia; aoio, nii?iaiaeaeathueeny ianeeeai e o.i.;
oaeenoai (murder), ceioiuoeaiiia iaianaiea ?ai, ieii/eaoaany nia?oueth;
ii?neie ?acaie e iiaeaeia aeieia e a?naiaeia.

Ai O?aioeee a eiioea XVIII noieaoey nia?oiay eaciue iacia/aeanue a 119
neo/ayo. Ii code penal 1810 aiaea iia iacia/aeanue aua a 39 neo/ayo,
i?e/ai ca iooeaoaeenoai auea nio?aiaia aeaaea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiay
nia?oiay eaciue; ii yoi /enei auei cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoaii ?aoi?iaie
1832 e a iniaaiiinoe 1848 aa., ioiaieaoeie yoo eaciue ca iieeoe/aneea
i?anooieaiey, oioy aeaaea iinea yoeo ?aoi?i ii /eneo neo/aaa, ea?aaiuo
nia?oueth, o?aioeocneee eiaeaen ia ia?aoth /aoaa?oue XX noieaoey caieiae
iaeii ec ia?auo iano, i?e/ai nia?oiay eaciue iacia/aeanue ia oieueei ca
oyaeeea aeaeu oaeenoaa, ii e ca ae?oaea i?anooieaiey, ieii/eaoeany
nia?oueth iioa?iaaoaai, eae eano?aoeey, eee a?iceaoea iianiinoueth
aeecie – eeoaiea naiaiaeu, enoycaiey, iiaeaeia, ac?uau e o.i. A
Aaeueaee, oioy nia?oiay eaciue e ia ioiaiaia, ii oaeoe/anee ia
i?eiaiyaony n 1863 aiaea.

A Aa?iaiee Ea?ieeia oa?iaeaea nia?oueth ca 44 ?iaea i?anooiiuo aeayiee,
ii/oe oaeia aea eiee/anoai ciaei i?onneia caineia i?aai 1794 aiaea, a
aa?iaineee eiaeaen 1872 aiaea nio?aiee nia?oioth eaciue oieueei a aeaoo
neo/ayo: i?e i?aaeoiuoeaiiii oaeenoaa (Mord), e i?e iinyaaoaeuenoaa ia
aeeciue eiia?aoi?a eee aeaau ioaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa, eiaaea
iinyaaoaeuenoai o/eiaii aai iiaeaeaiiui eee eeoeii, iaoiaeyueiny ia
oa??eoi?ee yoiai ainoaea?noaa. Ii aiaiii-oaieiaiui caeiiai /enei neo/aaa
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie auei cia/eoaeueii aieueoa.

A Aano?ee /enei neo/aaa, iaeaaaaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth e i?eoii
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie, auei /?acia?ii aua ii eiaeaeno Ia?ee Oa?acee
(ai?i/ai, i?e i?aaiieea Ia?ee Oa?acee Eineoa II nia?oiay eaciue auea
aiana ioiaiaia a 1787 aiaeo, ii niiaa ainnoaiiaeaia a 1796 aiaeo), ii
oaea eiaeaen 1803 aiaea, eni?aaeaiiue a 1852 aiaeo, aeiioneae aa oieueei
a iyoe neo/ayo – aoio, i?aaeoiuoeaiiia oaeenoai, ?acaie,
nii?iaiaeaeaaoeeny oaeenoaii, iiaeaeia n ioya/athueie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie
e iaeioi?ua iauaiianiua neo/ae iia?aaeaeaiey aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
nii?oaeaiee.

A aieueoai iauaia iacia/aeanue nia?oiay eaciue ii neaiaeeiaaneei
eiaeaenai; oae, iai?eia?, oaaaeneee eiaeaen 1864 aiaea oa?iaeaao
nia?oueth a 23 neo/ayo.

Ii caoi nia?oiay eaciue aiana auea ioiaiaia ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OIO
noieaoey ii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaai: ?oiuiee n 1864 aiaea, Eoaeee n 1890
aiaea, Aieeaiaeee n 1870 aiaea, Ii?ooaaeee n 1867 aiaea.

Ii oa?ica nia?oueth ia oieueei cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoeeanue a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaao OO aaea, iia a oi aea a?aiy “oi?inoeeanue”, iioa?yea
naie i?aaeiee iaeee, iio?ynathuee nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea naiae
aeanoieinoueth. (Oiae ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie, aiai?eo Eenoyeianeee, aue
neaaeothuee: a XVIII noieaoee iia auea ii/oe ioiaiaia ca i?anooieaiey
i?ioea ?aeeaee, i?ioea i?aanoaaiiinoe e ca aieueooth /anoue
iinyaaoaeuenoa i?ioea nianoaaiiinoe. A oa/aiea XIX noieaoey iia ioiaiaia
ii/oe ca ana inoaeueiua aeaeu i?anooieaiee i?ioea nianoaaiiinoe, ca
eneeth/aieai oieueei oao, eioi?ua aianoa n oai caeeth/aee
iinyaaoaeuenoaa ia aeeciue ioaeaeueiuo eeoe e iauanoaaiioth
aaciianiinoue. Ia ia/aei OO aaea iia inoaaony ca ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?anooieaiey a oceii niunea e ca i?anooieaiey i?ioea aeecie, ii iaeanoue
e yoeo i?anooieaiee iinoaiaiii noaeaaony). O?oaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa,
ianeieueei ecia?aoaoaeueia auea /aeiaa/aneay oaioacey ii ioiioaieth e
oai io/aieyi, eioi?ua i?aaeoanoaiaaee eeoaieth aeecie e canoaaeyee
inoaeaeaiiuo i?ineoue eae ieeinoe, nianaiey iineaaeiaai oaea?a.

Eenoyeianeee a naiai enneaaeiaaiee i nia?oiie eacie, ia?a/eneyy
oiio?aaeoaeueiaeoea aeaeu ioya/aiiie nia?oiie eacie a n?aaeiea aaea e
aei XVII aaea, iano/eouaaao eo aieaa 20, a oii /enea: eeiy/aiea a ianea,
aeia eee aiaea, eieaniaaiea, /aoaa?oiaaiea e ?ac?acuaaiea, ?aniyoea,
niaeaeaiea, caeiiaiea aeeaui, naee?aiea eiaee, auoyaeaaiea eeoie,
caeeoea ai?ea iaoaeeii eee niieie, ii?aiea aieiaeii, cana/aiea e o.ae.,
i?e/ai eaaeaeia ec yoeo iaeacaiee aeiioneaei naiua ?aciiia?aciua iooaiee
e eiiaeiaoeee. Ia?aaeei eacie, iniaaiii a /?acau/aeiuo neo/ayo,
auaeoiuaaeenue ad hoc, ii niaauaieth n “ethaeueie iiuoiuie e
naaaeoueie”. Oaeiau, iai?eia?, iieo/eaoea ii naiae aeanoieinoe
enoi?e/aneoth ecaanoiinoue eacie ?aaaeueyea a 1610 aiaeo e Aeaieaia a
1757 aiaeo. ?aaaeueyea iieiaeeee ia nieio ia yoaoio e e?aiei i?ee?aieee
oeaiyie ana /anoe oaea, caoai e ?oea aai i?eaycaee i?oaeea i?anooieaiey
e aeaee aa na?iui iaiai, caoai eeauaie ?aaee a ?aciuo ianoao oaei e eeee
a ?aiu ?anieaaeaiiue naeiaoe, ianei e na?o, iioii eaaeaeue /eai
i?eaycaee e eioaaeyi e canoaaeyee eo oyiooue nia/aea iaaieueoeie
ii?uaaie, a iioii ec anao nee, iiea yoe /anoe ia ioi?aaeenue; iaeiiaoe,
ana /anoe oaea auee nia?aiu e niaeaeaiu, a i?ao ?acaayi ii aao?o.

Ii eiaeaeno Ia?ee Oa?acee aeey Aano?ee 1768 aiaea iaueiiaaiiuie
aeiaaaeaie nia?oiie eacie auee: ?ac?uaaiea oaea ?aneaeaiiuie ueioeaie,
au?acaiea ?aiiae ec nieiu, io?acaiea a?oaeae e o.ae.

N XIX aaea nia?oiay eaciue auiieiyaony iaeiei aeoii, i?aeiouanoaaiii
iin?aaenoaii aeeueioeiu, eae n?aaieoaeueii iaeaieaa nei?iai e
aacaieaciaiiiai eeoaiey aeecie. (A ia/aea OO aaea eiaee ianoi
aic?aaeaiey, aeaeaaiua i?ioea aeeueioeiu iaiaoeeeie e?eieiaeenoaie, ia
iniiaaiee enoi?e/aneie ?iee yoiai ?iaea eacie a yiioo oa??i?a, eioi?ua
ia eiatho na?ueaciiai cia/aiey, oae eae aanue aii?in naiaeeony e oiio,
/oiau naeaeaoue iaeacaiea iaeiaiaa io/eoaeueiui aeey inoaeaeaiiiai.
?aaeaeoeeiiiay eiienney ii ninoaaeaieth ?inneeneiai Oaieiaiiai oeiaeaiey
nio?aieea aenaeeoeo, a oii niia?aaeaiee, /oi aaaaeaiea aeeueioeiu auei
au aeey ?innee iiaiaaaaeaieai, a iaaeaeo oai i?aeoeea e yoiai aeaea
nia?oiie eacie oeacuaaao neo/ae e?aeia iaoaea/iiai eniieiaiey, eiaaea
iaaeathuee iiae eee oiii?ee ia io?oaae aieiau, a oieueei iaiinee ?aio,
nicaeaaay ioa?aoeoaeueiia c?aeeua iaoaeaaoaeny aieie, a eiiaaea ai?ueau
oyaeei ?aiaiiai n iaea/aie. Eiienney oaeaea ia ?aoeeanue ia aaaaeaiea
i?aaeeaaaaoaainy iaeioi?uie niiniaa eeoaiey aeecie io?aaeaieai eee
yeaeo?e/aneei oieii).

Eiaiii a XIX aaea a aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noaao i?iecioae ei?aiiie
ia?aeii a th?eaee/aneie iaoea e iauanoaaiiii niciaiee ii ioiioaieth e
yoiio aeaeo iaeacaiey, i?aeoeea i?eiaiaiey iiaeiaiie ea?u noaea
ioaa/aoue ia i?eioeeio e?iaiie ianoe, a cai?inai aaciianiinoe iauanoaa e
ainoaea?noaa, a nai niinia oece/aneiai oie/oiaeaiey i?anooiieea noae
aieaa “aoiaiiui”, ioeacaaoenue io ioaee/iinoe eniieiaiey eacie e io
niioonoaothueo aa io/eoaeueiuo aeey inoaeaeaiiiai yeaiaioia. Iinea
e?aoeiai yeneo?na ii iniiaiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaai i nia?oiie eacie
i?ioeiai noieaoey, iiaeii ia?aeoe e aieaa iiae?iaiie oa?aeoa?enoeea
yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey e aai ?aaeaiaioaoeee a oaieiaii-i?aaiauo caeiiao
nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa.

Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ia?yaeo ni no?aiaie, i?aeoeeothueie nia?oioth
eaciue, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaaony a?oiia no?ai, aaea nia?oiay eaciue
ioiaiaia eee oaeoe/anee ia i?eiaiyaony. Oae n?aaee no?ai, a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eioi?uo ia i?aaeoniio?aia nia?oiay eaciue ie ca iaeii
i?anooieaiea, iaoiaeyony: a Aa?iia – Aano?ey, A?aieaiaeey, Eneaiaeey,
Eoaeey, Iiiaei, Nai-Ia?eii, O?aioeey, O?A, Oeieyiaeey; a Naaa?iie
Aia?eea – Iaeneea (24 ec 29 ooaoia, oaaea?aeueiue ie?oa e iaa
oa??eoi?ee), ?yae ooaoia NOA; a THaeiie Aia?eea – A?aceeey, Aaianoyea,
Aeiieieeaineay ?anioaeeea, Einoa-?eea, O?oaaae, Yeaaaei?; a Aano?aeee –
ooao Eaeineaiae. Nouanoaoao oaeaea ?yae no?ai, aaea nia?oiay eaciue
oioue ia ioiaiaia, ii oaeoe/anee ia i?eiaiyaony. N?aaee ieo: Aeaiey,
Ethenaiao?a, Ii?aaaey, Oaaoeey, Oaaeoea?ey, Aiiaeo?an e Iaiaia.

Iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ioiaia nia?oiie eacie a aieueoeinoaa
no?ai ia eiaao aaconeiaiiai oa?aeoa?a. A ?yaea no?ai nia?oiua i?eaiai?u
auiinyony a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie aiaiii-oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
aiaiiineoaeauei e a?aaeaeaineei eeoeai a aiaiiia a?aiy, a oaeaea a
ia?eiae aeaenoaey inaaeiiai, /?acau/aeiiai eee eneeth/eoaeueiiai
iieiaeaiey.

1. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA AIAEEE

Aiaeec nia?aiaiiiai aiaeeeneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iicaieyao auaeaeeoue
n?aaee iaoe?iiai ia?a/iy ?acee/iuo aeaeia iaeacaiey nia?oioth eaciue.

Aiaeeeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia ii?aaeaeyao oeaeae iaeacaiey. Eae
n/eoatho th?enou, iniiaiuie oeaeyie iaeacaiey yaeythony: aicaeayiea
(ea?aoaeueiue yeaiaio), oi?aeanoai ni?aaaaeeeainoe, ono?aoaiea,
eni?aaeaiea i?anooiieea e caueoa iauanoaa. Ii eo iiaieth, nia?aiaiiay
oaieiaii-i?aaiaay iieeoeea io?aaeaao ni/aoaiea anao yoeo oeaeae, ii ia
eaaeaeue aeae iaeacaiey aeieaeai auoue iai?aaeai ia ?aoaiea yoeo iyoe
iinoaaeaiiuo caaea/. I?aaeaea anaai yoi eanaaony nia?oiie eacie. A
aeaiiii neo/aa iiaoo auoue aeinoeaioou oieueei /aou?a oeaee:
ea?aoaeueiue yeaiaio, eioi?ue i?aaeiacia/ai aeey oiai, /oiau auneacaoue
ioa?auaiea iauanoaa e i?anooieaieth e iaeacaoue ia?ooeoaey; eiioeaioeey
oi?aeanoaa ni?aaaaeeeainoe, eioi?ay icia/aao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, /oi
iaeacaiea aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue i?anooieaieth, a n ae?oaie – /oi
aiaeiae/iua i?anooieaiey aeieaeiu iaeacuaaoueny aiaeiae/ii; ono?aoaiea,
eioi?ia i?aaeiacia/aii aeey oiai /oiau inoaiiaeoue iioaioeeaeueiuo
i?anooiieeia; aeaaiie aea oeaeueth iaeacaiey n/eoaaony caueoa iauanoaa
(i?eiaieoaeueii e nia?oiie eacie iineaaeithth oeaeue iaeacaiey
aiaeeeneea th?enou eiiaaea caiaiytho ia oece/aneia oie/oiaeaiea, /oi
naii ii naaa iiae?acoiaaaao caueoo iauanoaa, ii eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue
eni?aaeaiey i?anooiieea). Iaiaeoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi aeaaea yoe
oai?aoe/anee aeinoeaeeiua oeaee ia anaaaea iiaeii aeinoeaiooue ia
i?aeoeea, iai?eia?, aiciacaeea eiiaaea ia iineo oa?aeoa? ioa?auaiey ii
ioiioaieth e i?anooiieeo, a, iaiai?io, e inoaeaeaiiiio e nia?oe ethaee
eniuouaatho aeaeinoue e ni/onoaea, ca eioi?uie oaea ia aeaeii ioiioaiey
e naiiio i?anooiiiio aeayieth.

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi nia?oiay eaciue, eae e ana inoaeueiua aeaeu
iaeacaiey a aiaeeeneii oaieiaiii i?aaa, iineo aeueoa?iaoeaiue oa?aeoa?:
iia iiaeao caiaiyoueny ia ae?oaea iaeacaiey. *oi eanaaony iacia/aiey
ea?u, noaeuey a aeaiiii neo/aa ia iaaeaeai i?aaii oe?ieiai oniio?aiey
(nthaea aea ioiinyony oaeenoaa, ca eioi?ua iieaaaaony iiaeeciaiiia
eeoaiea naiaiaeu e i?anooieaiey, naieoeee ca eioi?ua no?iai ii?aaeaeaiu
a caeiia).

Niaeanii caeiio ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oaeenoai io 21 ia?oa 1957 aiaea,
nia?oiay eaciue i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue ca neaaeothuea aeaeu oyaeeiai
oaeenoaa: iin?aaenoaii auno?aea eee iooai ac?uaa; i?e niaa?oaiee eee
aeey niaa?oaiey oaeeo aeaenoaee, eae nii?ioeaeaiea caeiiiiio a?anoo,
iiaaa eee niaeaenoaea iiaaao ec-iiae no?aaee eee niaeaenoaea
ianeeuenoaaiiiio inaiaiaeaeaieth ec-iiae no?aaee; oaeenoai
aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea iieeoeee i?e eniieiaiee ei naieo neoaeaaiuo
iaycaiiinoae; oaeenoai oth?aiiiai neoaeauaai i?e eniieiaiee ei naieo
neoaeaaiuo iaycaiiinoae; oaeenoai, o/eiaiiia i?e niaa?oaiee eee aeey
niaa?oaiey ia?aaeaiey.

Aeoii ia?eaiaioa, i?eiyoui 8 iiya?y 1965 aiaea, i?eiaiaiea caeiia i
nia?oiie eacie ca oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai auei i?einoaiiaeaii n?ieii ia
iyoue eao, a a ?acoeueoaoa ?aoaiey iaaeo iaeao ia?eaiaioa 19 aeaeaea?y
1969 aiaea yoio caeii n 31 ethey 1970 aiaea noae iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuei
(caeii ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia Naaa?ioth E?eaiaeeth).

Eeoea, niaa?oeaoea oiiiyiooua aeaeu oyaeeeo oaeenoa, i?eaiaa?eaathony e
iiaeeciaiiiio oth?aiiiio caeeth/aieth. I?e auianaiee i?eaiai?a i
iiaeeciaiiii oth?aiiii caeeth/aiee noae iiaeao iaiai?eoue n?ie, eioi?ue
aeieaeai ioauoue caeeth/aiiue aei ?anniio?aiey aii?ina i aai aein?i/iii
inaiaiaeaeaiee. Ieieiaeueiui oaeei n?ieii aeieaeii auoue 15 eao. Eeoei,
inoaeaeaiiia ca oaeenoai e ia aeinoeaoaa 18 eao e iiiaioo niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey, ia iiaeao i?eaiaa?eaaoueny e iiaeeciaiiiio oth?aiiiio
caeeth/aieth, a iiaeeaaeeo ii i?eaiai?o noaea eeoaieth naiaiaeu ia n?ie,
onoaiaaeeaaaiue oniio?aieai ei?ieaau. Ianoi e n?ie niaea?aeaiey oaeiai
inoaeaeaiiiai onoaiaaeeaathony ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae. A caeiia
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue aein?i/iiai inaiaiaeaeaiey inoaeaeaiiuo
ii niaoeeaeueiiio ?ac?aoaieth ieieno?a aioo?aiieo aeae. Iaeiaei oaeia
inaiaiaeaeaiea aiciiaeii eeoue iinea eiinoeueoaoeee n Aa?oiaiui noaeueae
Iaeaou Ei?aeia.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a Aaeeeia?eoaiee nia?oiay eaciue iacia/aaony ca: 1)
“aaeeeoth eciaio” – eciaio noaa?aio eee ainoaea?noao e ieacaiea iiiiue
a?aao; 2) ie?aonoai, nii?yaeaiiia n ianeeeai, ii Caeiio i ie?aonoaa 1837
aiaea; 3) ca ?yae oyaeeeo aieineeo i?anooieaiee. I?e yoii nia?oiay
eaciue ia iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny e eeoeai iieiaea 18 eao e aa?aiaiiui
aeaiueiai. A ia?aii neo/aa iia caiaiyaony eeoaieai naiaiaeu ia
iaii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie, ii ia iiaeeciaiiui; ai aoi?ii neo/aa –
iiaeeciaiiui n?ieii. A oa/aiea iineaaeieo aeaaaeoeaoe eao nia?oiay
eaciue ca eciaio e ie?aonoai oaeoe/anee ia i?eiaiyeanue. Eae iieacae
iaaeaaiee ii?in /eaiia ia?eaiaioa Aaeeeia?eoaiee, iao ieeaeeo iniiaaiee
n/eoaoue, /oi yoa ia?a aoaeao i?eiaiyoueny a aoaeouai.

A Aiaeee niaeanii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao e iauaio i?aao ia aeaea i
i?anooieaieyo, ea?aaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth, ?ani?ino?aiythony iauea
i?ioeannoaeueiua iieiaeaiey, onoaiiaeaiiua ii aeaeai i oyaeeeo
i?anooiiuo aeayieyo. E eo /eneo, a /anoiinoe, ioiinyony: o/anoea iaeiiai
eee aeaoo caueoieeia, ia/eiay ni noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey; ninoaaeaiea iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey; iaycaoaeueiia
?anniio?aiea aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo, i?e/ai aii?in i aeiiaiinoe
?aoaaony eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui aieueoeinoaii; i?aaeinoaaeaiea aiaeeyioo
i?aaa i?enoonoaiaaoue i?e ?anniio?aiee aiaeeyoeeiiiie aeaeiau.

Aianoa n oai i?e ?anniio?aiee aeae i i?anooieaieyo, ea?aaiuo nia?oiie
eaciueth, i?eiaiythony iaeioi?ua niaoeeaeueiua i?ioeannoaeueiua
iieiaeaiey.

Oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea ii aeaeai i oyaeeeo i?anooieaieyo
inouanoaeyaony aee?aeoi?ii ioaee/iuo i?aneaaeiaaiee iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
aaia?ae-aooi?iay. Aiciiaeiinoue inaiaiaeaeaiey iaaeiyaiiai iiae caeia
ia?aie/eaaaony. I?e ?anniio?aiee aeae i ainoaea?noaaiiie eciaia ii
oniio?aieth noaea ninoaa i?enyaeiuo iiaeao auoue oaaee/ai, i?e yoii
caueoa iieuecoaony i?aaii aaconeiaiiai ioaiaea (o.a. ioaiaea aac
oeacaiee iioeaia) 20 i?enyaeiuo.

Aeey iiaea/e cayaeaiey ia aiaeeyoeee ia i?eaiai? i nia?oiie eacie
onoaiiaeai iauee n?ie a 10 aeiae, eioi?ue a ioee/ea io ae?oaeo
i?eaiai?ia ia iiaeao auoue oaaee/ai. I?e yoii i?inueaa i ?ac?aoaiee ia
aiaeeyoeeth e naia aiaeeyoeey ia i?eaiai? i nia?oiie eacie aeieaeiu
?anniao?eaaoueny a aiciiaeii aieaa ei?ioeea n?iee. Eiiey aiaeeyoeeiiiie
aeaeiau ia i?eaiai? i nia?oiie eacie aeieaeia auoue iai?aaeaia
/eiiaieeii-?aaeno?aoi?ii i?e Oaieiaiii aiaeeyoeeiiiii noaea
ainoaea?noaaiiiio nae?aoa?th. Iinea i?eaaaeaiey i?eaiai?a a eniieiaiea
nae?aoa?ue iaycai ?anii?yaeeoueny ia iioaeeeiaaiee niioaaonoaothuaai
niiauaiey a aacaoa, ecaeaaaaiie a Eiiaeiia.

Yoio ii?yaeie ?anneaaeiaaiey e ?anniio?aiey aeae, aeaeoueo i?eiaiaiea
nia?oiie eacie, ia eanaaony /?acau/aeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa. I?e oaeeo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Aiaeee i?aaeoniao?eaaao
aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey aiaiii-iieaauo noaeia. Eeoei, inoaeaeaiiia e
nia?oiie eacie aiaiii-iieaaui noaeii, ai?aaa iiaeaoue aiaeeyoeeth ia
i?eaiai? eeoue i?e iaee/ee ?ac?aoaiey aiaiii-aiaeeyoeeiiiiai noaea,
i?e/ai i?inueaa inoaeaeaiiiai ia ?ac?aoaiea aiaeeyoeee e naia aiaeeyoeey
?anniao?eaathony iaeiia?aiaiii e a e?ao/aeoee n?ie.

I?eaiai? i nia?oiie eacie anooiaao a neeo iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey aai
aiaia/aeueieeii, ii i?eeaco eioi?iai aue nicaai aiaiii-iieaaie noae.
E?iia oiai, i?eaiai? aeieaeai auoue iaeia?ai eiiaiaeothuei aieineei
niaaeeiaieai, aaea i?ioiaeee neoaeao inoaeaeaiiue aei auianaiey
i?eaiai?a. A oneiaeyo aiaaie ianoaiiaee oaeiai iaeia?aiey ia o?aaoaony.

A Aiaeee oioy th?eaee/anee iiieeiaaiea yaeyaony i?a?iaaoeaie ei?iey,
iaeiaei nouanoaoao ianeieueei aeoia, ia?aie/eaathueo yoi i?aai. Oae,
niaeanii caeiio 1701 aiaea ia aeiioneaaony iiieeiaaiea aunoeo
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, inoaeaeaiiuo noaeii Iaeaou Ei?aeia ca
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?anooieaiey. Iiieeiaaiea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny e ia
iniiaaiee aeoa ia?eaiaioa. Oaeoe/anee aea iii inouanoaeyaony
i?aaeoaeuenoaii, a eiaiii ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae. I?e yoii eeoei,
inoaeaeaiiia e nia?oiie eacie, iiaeao auoue iiieeiaaii n iieiui
inaiaiaeaeaieai io iaeacaiey eee n oneiaeai ioauoue ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie
oth?aiiiai caeeth/aiey; a iineaaeiai neo/aa inoaeaeaiiue ?anniao?eaaaony
eae eeoei, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai auianai i?eaiai? i oth?aiiii caeeth/aiee
ia oeacaiiue a aeoa iiieeiaaiey n?ie.

A ioee/ea io aieueoeinoaa nia?aiaiiuo ainoaea?noa a Aiaeee i?eiaiyaony
aei neo ii? iiaaoaiea. Ii a ioee/ea io iau/iiai iiaaoaiey, eiaaea
nia?oue ianooiaao io anoeenee a ?acoeueoaoa naeaaeeaaiey iaoeae
aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae, a yoie no?aia yoio aeo inouanoaeyaony i?e iiiiue
“aeieaie iaoee” – niiniaa, ecia?aoaiiiai aeoaeeineei i?ioanni?ii
Oioiiii. O iiaaoaiiiai n iiiiuueth “aeieaie iaoee” i?ienoiaeeo niauaiea,
?ac?ua iicaiieia, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ianooiaao iaiaaeeaiiay e
aacaieaciaiiay nia?oue. Iaaeinoaoeii yoiai aeaea eacie yaeyaony oi, /oi
iia niaa?oaaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii /aeiaaeii – iaea/ii, – /oi iineo
oa?aeoa? ianoe, eioi?ay o/eiaia iaeiei eeoeii iaae ae?oaei. Yoi a
nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae ?acaeoey iauanoaa aaniethoii iai?eaieaii, oae eae
nia?oiay eaciue yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai oece/aneei oie/oiaeaieai,
aa?aioii oiai, /oi /aeiaae aieaa ia niiaeao niaa?oeoue oyaeeia
i?anooiiia aeayiea, a ia ?ani?aaie iaae i?anooiieeii.

2. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA NOA

Oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai NOA ia aeaao aeaoeieoeeth iaeacaiey,
ioaeaaay yoio aii?in “ia ioeoi” i?aeoeea e aeieo?eia. Ii e oai aeaiiia
iiiyoea iaia?oaeeaaaony aeaeaei ia anaaaea. Iaeaieaa iaui iii
noi?ioee?iaaii a neiaa?a th?eaee/aneeo oa?ieiia: “Iaeacaiea a oaieiaiii
i?aaa – yoi ethaay aieue, no?aaeaiea, ea?a, ia?aie/aiea, iaeaaaaiia ia
eeoei a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie i?aaa e ii ?aoaieth eee i?eaiai?o noaea
ca i?anooieaiea eee oaieiaiia i?aaiia?ooaiea, niaa?oaiiia ei, eee ca
iaauiieiaiea iaycaiiinoe, i?aaeienuaaaiie caeiiii”

Ii iiaieth Iyeea?a, iaeacaiea: 1) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie no?aaeaiea eee
eiua iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey; 2) iaeaaaaony ca ia?ooaiea ii?i
i?aaa; 3) yaeyaony neaaenoaeai i?aaiia?ooaiey (i?anooieaiey); 4)
i?eiaiyaony eeoeaie, eioi?ua naie ia i?eaeaeathony e ioaaonoaaiiinoe; 5)
iacia/aaony e i?eiaiyaony “o/?aaeaeaaiie i?aaiaie nenoaiie, i?ioea
eioi?ie niaa?oaii i?anooieaiea”. Ae?oaea aaoi?u aieaa eaeiie/iu:
naieoeey, i?eiaiyaiay a neo/aa, anee onoaiiaeaia aeiiaiinoue eeoea a
niaa?oaiiii ei aeayiee.

Iaeiaei ai?acaei aieueoa aieiaiey aia?eeaineea i?aaiaaaeu oaeaeytho
oeaeyi iaeacaiey. Ianiio?y ia naiua ?acee/iua oa?ieiu, a iniiaiii
eiathony a aeaeo o?e eeanne/aneea oai?ee: ea?a eee aiciacaeea
(retribution), i?aaaioeey eee ono?aoaiea (deterrence) e eni?aaeaiea
(correction).

Ea?a – iaeaieaa o?aaeeoeeiiiay oeaeue. Yoi iiae?acoiaaaao, /oi
iaeacaiea – yoi i?e/eiaiea aiee oiieiiii/aiiie ia oi aeanoueth, oae eae
eeoei aeiiaii a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey. Nae/an yoa oeaeue iaeacaiey
n/eoaaony iaeaieaa onoa?aaoae aeaaea i?eiaieoaeueii e nia?oiie eacie.

Ono?aoaiea, eae ecaanoii, iiaeao auoue iauei eee niaoeeaeueiui. Ia?aia
“aeieaeii anaeyoue no?ao a iioaioeeaeueii iianiuo eeoe e, oaeei ia?acii,
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue nioeeaeueiue ii?yaeie”; “iaeacaiea eiaao oeaeueth
ono?aoaiea ae?oaeo eeoe”. Aoi?ia – “i?e/eieoue aieue eeoeo n oai, /oiau
oaea?aeaoue aai io iiaoi?iuo i?anooieaiee”. Nae/an iiiaea aia?eeaineea
th?enou n/eoatho, /oi niaoeeaeueiia ono?aoaiea ia eiaao aaaeiiai
cia/aiey aeey i?aeoe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey. Iniaaiii yoi aeooaeueii aeey
iauyniaiey oeaeae oaeiai aeaea iaeacaiey eae nia?oiay eaciue, oae eae
iia aiiaua ia no?aieony e aeinoeaeaieth niaoeeaeueiiai ono?aoaiey.

Eni?aaeaiea – iiaaeoay ec yoeo o?ao oai?ee. Aa ?aciiaeaeiinoue –
?aaaeeeoaoeey ee/iinoe – aei iineaaeiaai a?aiaie auea iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiie a NOA. ?e/ ii?aaeaeyao aa eae “niaieoiiinoue”
oa?aiaaoe/aneeo ia?, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey oiai, /oiau aa?iooue
inoaeaeaiiiai a iauanoai”. Eni?aaeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea naycaii n
eiioeaioeeae “ia?auaiey” e nenoaiie iaii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eaiai?ia. Ecaanoiu
aeaa niiniaa oaeiai aicaeaenoaey (?aaaeeeoaoeee): ineoieiae/aneee,
iiaeiaii oiio, eae a?a/ ea/eo aieueiuo, e nioeeaeueiue. Iaeiaei ii
iauai?eciaiiiio iiaieth oeaee ?aaaeeeoaoeee ieacaeenue iaaeinoeaeeiuie:
o?iaaiue ?aoeeaeeaiie i?anooiiinoe ia iiieceeny, a nei?aa iaiai?io.
E?iia oiai, /oi neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue iniai, ?aaeecaoeey yoie oeaee
iaa?ioeanue naiui ianoiyuei i?iecaieii. Aio /oi a naece n yoei ieoao a
aeieeaaea “Inouanoaeaiea i?aainoaeey” aia?eeaineee Eiieoao ii eco/aieth
oth?aiiiai caeeth/aiey: “?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiay iiaeaeue, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi
iia i?eaioe?iaaia ia iiieiaiea caeeth/aiiiai e caaioo i iai, ieacaeanue
aieaa aeanoieie e ea?aoaeueiie, /ai ioe?iaaiii ea?aoaeueiay iiaeaeue…
I?eaiaa?eaaoue ethaeae, aeiiaiuo a iaeeiaeiauo i?anooieaieyo, e
?acee/iui ia?ai aicaeaenoaey ai eiy eo ?aaaeeeoaoeee, iaeacuaaoue ia ca
aeayiea, a a nayce n oneiaeyie aai niaa?oaiey – cia/eo ia?ooaoue
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua i?eioeeiu ?aaainoaa e ni?aaaaeeeainoe.”

A na?aaeeia 70-o e ia/aea 80-o aiaeia aiiaue noaee ia?auaoueny e
aiciacaeeth eae iniiaiie oeaee, /aio niinianoaoao e iauanoaaiiia iiaiea
iaeioi?uo ooaoia. A iaeiii ec naieo aunooieaiee caianoeoaeue aee?aeoi?a
Eaeeoi?ieeneiai aeaia?oaiaioa ii eni?aaeaieth Aeeiie neacae:
“Eaeeoi?ieeneea ecae?aoaee i?inoi oioyo, /oiau i?anooiieee auee oaeaeaiu
ec eo aeecie.”

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi i?ei?eoaou eciaieeenue ia oieueei a aeieo?eia,
ii e a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: ?yae ooaoia aaae nenoaio ii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?eaiai?ia (aianoi ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoae nenoaiu iaii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?eaiai?ia).

Anoue e ae?oaea, iaiaa iiioey?iua oai?ee. Oae, oeaeue “eeoaiey
aeaaniiniaiinoe” icia/aao, /oi i?anooiiee aeieaeai auoue eciee?iaai io
ie?oaeathueo, iai?eia?, eaciai, o.a. aieaa ia niiaeao ia?ooeoue caeii.
Iaeiaei yoo oeaeue iaeuecy iacaaoue naiinoiyoaeueiie, oae eae iia
aanueia noiaeia ni niaoeeaeueiie i?aaaioeeae.

A ?yaea iniiaiuo iaeacaiee, iaueie eae aeey ooaoia, oae e ia
oaaea?aeueiii o?iaia, auaeaeytho nia?oioth eaciue, aeey ?acaeoey
eioi?ie, eae iu aeaeei ec ii?aaeaeaiey oeaeae iaeacaiey a aia?eeaineie
aeieo?eia, a oa?aoe/aneii aniaeoa e a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eiaaony aanueia
ieiaei?iaeiay ii/aa.

Nia?oiay eaciue eae aeae iaeacaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaaony oaaea?aeueiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e OE 36 ooaoia. I?e/ai, anee a ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e iia
auea ioiaiaia, oi a Iueth-Aeaea?ne e Iaaei – ainnoaiiaeaia.

Oneiaey, a neeo eioi?uo i?anooieaiea iiaeao iiaea/ue nia?oioth eaciue,
a ?aciuo ooaoao ?aciua. Iai?eia?, THaeiie Ea?ieeia – ca oyaeeia oaeenoai
a oth?ueia, a a Iaaaaea – ca ethaia oyaeeia oaeenoai I noaiaie. Ii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Oaoana noae iiaeao i?eaiai?eoue eeoei e nia?oiie
eacie, anee anoue aa?iyoiinoue oiai, /oi iii aoaeao e a aeaeueiaeoai
niaa?oaoue ianeeuenoaaiiua i?anooieaiey. Ii oaaea?aeueiiio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ii ninoiyieth ia 1985 aiae (oieueei ia iniiaaiee
?acae. 18 Naiaea caeiiia) nia?oiue i?eaiai? iiaeao auiineoueny i?eia?ii
a 15 neo/ayo (ca ca niaa?oaiea oyaeeiai oaeenoaa – § 1111, ecianeeiaaiea
– § 2031, eciaio – § 2381, aicaeooiia ie?aonoai ni nia?oaeueiui enoiaeii
– § 34 e ae?oaea i?anooieaiey). Nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny a
neeo ae?oaeo oaaea?aeueiuo caeiiiiieiaeaiee, iai?eia?, ca niaa?oaiea
iaeioi?uo aieineeo i?anooieaiee (aeaca?oe?noai, iaiaaeaiea ia
auoanoiyuaai ia/aeueieea eee iaiiae/eiaiea aio, iaiaaeeaaeauaa
eniieueciaaiea ia?iey e o.ae.). Nae/an ?a/ue eaeao ia ia ioiaia nia?oiie
eacie, a i ?anoe?aiee aa i?eiaiaiey. Ia aeaiiue iiiaio oaea
i?aaeoniio?aii 70 aeaeia i?anooieaiee, iiiaaeathueo iiae iaeacaiea
nia?oiie eaciueth.

Aii?in i oeaeaniia?aciinoe nia?oiie eacie e i?aaeaeao aa i?eiaiaiey n
?acee/iie noaiaiueth aeoeaiinoe aeeneooe?oaony a NOA ia i?ioyaeaiee
iiiaeo eao.

A ia/aea 70-o aiaeia yoa aeeneonney cao?iioea Aa?oiaiue noae no?aiu. A
1972 aiaeo, ?anniao?eaay aiaeeyoeeth ii aeaeo Oo?iyia e aua aeaoo eeoe,
inoaeaeaiiuo e nia?oiie eacie, Aa?oiaiue noae iyoueth aieinaie i?ioea
/aou?ao iinoaiiaee, /oi “nia?oiue i?eaiai? ii yoei aeaeai i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie aeanoieia e iaiau/iia iaeacaiea, i?ioeai?a/eo ainueiie e
/aou?iaaeoeaoie iii?aaeai e Eiinoeoooeee”. Iaaei ioiaoeoue /oi,
ia?aiia/aeueii iaeei ec aiaeeyioia aue i?eaiai?ai e nia?oiie eacie ca
niaa?oaiea oyaeeiai oaeenoaa, aeaia ae?oaeo – ca ecianeeiaaiea aac
i?e/eiaiey oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee.

?aoaiea Aa?oiaiiai noaea auei iaaannii?iui, oae eae n?aaieoaeueiue
aiaeec o?ao (V, VIII e XIV) iii?aaie e eiinoeoooeee iieacuaaao, /oi aa
nicaeaoaee noaaeee ia?aae niaie oeaeue oi?acaeieoue ia nia?oioth eaciue,
a oieueei eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua aa aeaeu. Iniciaaay yoi, caeiiiaeaoaee
ooaoia oai ia iaiaa auioaeaeaiu auee io?aaae?iaaoue. Aieaa /ai a 30
ooaoao auee i?eiyou caeiiu, aaea /ao/a ii?aaeaeyeenue oaeoi?u, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu auee o/eouaaoueny i?e auianaiee nia?oiiai i?eaiai?a. Oai naiui
auee ianeieueei ia?aie/aiu i?aaeaeu noaeaeneiai oniio?aiey. Iai?eia?,
caeii ooaoa Oei?eaea aeae ia?a/aiue eae ioya/athueo, oae e niya/athueo
ianoiyoaeuenoa e oeacae, /oi “nia?oiue i?eaiai? iiaeao auoue auianai i?e
ioya/athuai, anee oieueei ia onoaiiaeaii “ia?aaaoeaathuaa” niya/athuaa
ianoiyoaeuenoai”. ssnii, /oi iiaeiaiua iiaaoeee iaei niinianoaiaaee
?aoaieth i?iaeaiu /aoeie ?aaeaiaioaoeee.

Neooaoeey aua aieaa onoaoaeeanue iineaaeothueie ?aoaieyie Aa?oiaiiai
noaea. Oae, a 1976 aiaeo ii ii aeaeo A?aaaa iinoaiiaee, /oi nia?oiay
eaciue naia ii naaa ia ia?ooaao Eiinoeoooeee, a ii aeaeo Aoaeniia
oeacae, /oi iia eae iaycaoaeueiia iaeacaiea i?ioeai?a/eo Eiinoeoooeee; a
1977 aiaeo – ii aeaeo Eiea?a ii iin/eoae iai?aaiia?iie nia?oioth eaciue
ca ecianeeiaaiea aac oaeenoaa iioa?iaaoae, ii aeaeo Yaa?oeoa – ca
iioeuaiea /aeiaaea, ii aeaeo ?iaa?ona – ca oaeenoai iieeoeaeneiai,
aeaaea anee nia?oiay eaciue – iaycaoaeueiia iaeacaiea.

E?iia oiai, ia iiceoeeth noaeae, caeiiiaeaoaeae e iieeoe/aneeo
aeayoaeae aeeyao iauanoaaiiia iiaiea. Iii aea, ii aeaiiui ii?inia,
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii , /oi n 1972 aiaea aieueoeinoai, a a iineaaeiea
aiaeu – iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai aia?eeaioeaa yaeythony noi?iiieeaie
nia?oiie eacie.

Niinia e ii?yaeie eniieiaiey nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia ?aoaaony
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ooaoia. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaia eaciue ia
yeaeo?e/aneii nooea – a 17 ooaoao. A iaeioi?uo ooaoao i?eiaiytho aaciaua
eaia?u; a /aou?ao, a oaeaea ca aieineea i?anooieaiey ii oaaea?aeueiiio
caeiio – iiaaoaiea; a ooaoa THoa – ?anno?ae e a inoaeueiuo –
nia?oaeueiua eiuaeoeee. A iaeioi?uo ooaoao eniieuecoaony ianeieueei
aeaeia nia?oiie eacie. Iai?eia?, a ooaoa A?eaican i?anooiiee iiaeao
auoue ?anno?aeyi, eaciai ia yeaeo?e/aneii nooea eee n iiii?uueth
nia?oaeueiie eiuaeoeee. A ioaeaeueiuo ooaoao i?anooiieeai
i?aaeinoaaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue auae?aoue oi?io naiae nia?oe, a oaeaea ii
eo aeaeaieth ei iiaoo auoue naeaeaiu eiuaeoeee ineoio?iiiuo i?aia?aoia.
I?eaiai?u, auianaiiua a?aaeaeaineei eeoeai ii oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii,
eniieiythony niiniaii, ii?aaeaeaiiui a oii ooaoa, aaea niaa?oaaony
eaciue.

Iniaaiiinoueth aia?eeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yaeyaony oi, /oi iii
ia?aaeei iicaieyao iiaeaa?aaoue nia?oiie eacie ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo.
Iai?eia?, a Ienneneie – n 13 eao, Ienno?e e THoa – n 14, A?eaican – n 15
eao. A 13 ooaoao aic?ano a caeiia aiiaua ia oeacai, o.a. aii?in, ii
nouanoao, ?aoaaony noaeii. A nayce n iaaeaaiei ?anoe?aieai i?eiaiaiey
nia?oiie eacie i?aaeeaaaaony ?ani?ino?aieoue aa ia ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo,
niaa?oeaoeo ia oieueei oaeenoaa, ii e a?aaaaee e ecianeeiaaiey i?e
ioya/athueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao.

Oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue, /oi aiciiaeiinoue i?iecaieueiuo (o.a. caaenyueo
io oniio?aiey noaea) nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia, oioy e ia?aie/aiiay ?aoaieai
ii aeaeo Aoaeniia, yaeyaony iaeiei ec naiuo na?ueaciuo iaaeinoaoeia
oaieiaiiai i?aainoaeey NOA.

A oaaea?aeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NOA eiathony niaoeeaeueiua
iieiaeaiey, ?aaeaiaioe?othuea noaeii?iecaiaenoai i i?anooieaieyo,
ea?aaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth.

Oae, oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaeeaie oaieiaiie i?oeaaeo?u onoaiiaeaii, /oi
oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea ca i?anooieaiey, iaeacoaiua nia?oiie eaciueth,
aeieaeii iaycaoaeueii inouanoaeyoueny ia iniiaaiee iaaeieoaeueiiai aeoa,
ooaa?aeaeaiiiai ia aaeeiiee/ii i?ieo?i?ii, a Aieueoei aeth?e i?enyaeiuo.
Yoi i?aaeei aiieiuaao a naaa ii?io, niaea?aeauothny a V iii?aaea e
Eiinoeoooeee, a eioi?ie aiai?eony: “Ieeoi ia iiaeao auoue i?eaea/ai e
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca niaa?oaiea i?anooieaiey, ea?aaiiai nia?oiie eaciueth,
eee eiiai iici?yuaai i?anooieaiey, e?iia eae ia iniiaa iinoaiiaeaiey eee
iaaeiaiey, auianaiiiai i?enyaeiuie”. Iaycaiiinoue aicaoaeaeaoue
oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea ii oeacaiiie eaoaai?ee aeae oieueei ia iniiaa
iaaeieoaeueiiai aeoa, ninoaaeaiiiai Aieueoei aeth?e, ?anniao?eaaaony a
ea/anoaa aaaeiie aa?aioee a?aaeaeaieia, i?eaea/aiiiai e oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe.

A neo/aa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, ea?aaiiai nia?oiie eaciueth,
aaiaeyony ia?aie/aiey inaiaiaeaeaiey iaaeiyaiiai aei noaea e ia ii?oee.

A NOA, eae a no?aia n oaaea?aoeaiui ono?ienoaii, onoaiiaeai iaiau/iue
ii?yaeie iiieeiaaiey. Niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee i?aceaeaio eiaao i?aai
ion?i/ee eniieiaiey i?eaiai?ia, a oaeaea iiieeiaaiey eeoue ca
i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua i?ioea oaaea?aeueiuo caeiiia. Iiieeiaaiea
inoaeaeaiiuo ca i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua i?ioea caeiiia ioaeaeueiuo
ooaoia, aoiaeeo a eiiiaoaioeeth yoeo ooaoia e inouanoaeyaony eo
aoaa?iaoi?aie.

I?aceaeaio i?eieiaao ?aoaiea i iiieeiaaiee aaeeiiee/ii. Ii e aai
niaaoieee iiaoo eno?aaiaaoue iiaua iaoa?eeu, iiieii eiathueony a aeaea,
iacia/eoue iiaoth i?iaa?eo noa?uo iaoa?eaeia.

I?eaiai? e nia?oiie eacie iiaeao auoue niya/ai iooai caiaiu aai ethaui
ae?oaei iaeacaieai. Iau/ii nia?oiay eaciue caiaiyaony iiaeeciaiiui
caeeth/aieai, cia/eoaeueii ?aaea – caeeth/aieai ia n?ie.

A caeeth/aiea oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue, /oi NOA – iaeii ec iaiiiaeo
ainoaea?noa, aaea nia?oiay eaciue iineo aeaenoaeoaeueii eaaeoeiiue
oa?aeoa?, /oi au?aaeaaony a niioaaonoaee ?aaeaiaioaoeee yoiai iaeacaiey
a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e i?aeoeee i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie n
iauanoaaiiui iiaieai. Yoi yaeyaony neaaenoaeai oi?ioi ?ac?aaioaiiie
caeiiiaeaoaeai iiaeaee oaeiai aeaea iaeacaiey, oioy, iaiaoiaeeii
iiiieoue, /oi yoa iiaeaeue yaeyaony aeaeaei ia eaeaaeueiie e eiaao
iiiaeanoai iaaeinoaoeia.

3. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA ssIIIEE

Nenoaia iaeacaiee a ssiiiee iinayuaia ae. 2 OE, a eioi?ie
ia?a/eneythony aeaeu oaieiaiuo naieoeee e aeaeyony ia iniiaiua e
aeiiieieoaeueiua. A no. 9 yoie aeaau oeacuaaaony e nia?oiay eaciue,
eioi?ay yaeyaony iaeiei ec iniiaiuo aeaeia iaeacaiey.

OE i?aaeoniao?eaaao nia?oioth eaciue ca o?eiaaeoeaoue oaieiaiuo
ninoaaia. Ec iinyaaoaeuenoa ia ainoaea?noai eae i?aaiaia aeaai – yoi
aeoeee, naycaiiua n aioo?aiiei ainnoaieai eee aiaoiae aiaiiie aa?anneae.
Ec iinyaaoaeuenoa ia iauanoai – iiaeaeia aeeeuey e aai ii?/a, ac?ua
ac?uaiiianiiai i?aaeiaoa, aeaenoaey, aucaaaoea aeaeaciiaei?iaeioth
eaoano?ioo (ni nia?oaeueiui enoiaeii aeey ethaeae) e iianiinoue aeey
o?ainii?oa (n oyaeeeie iineaaenoaeyie), io?aaeaiea aiaeii?iaiaeiie aiaeu
(ni nia?oaeueiui enoiaeii aeey ethaeae). Ec iinyaaoaeuenoa ia ee/iinoue
– oaeenoai, ?acaieiia iaiaaeaiea, iiaeaeoaa nia?oue eee nii?yaeaiiia n
ecianeeiaaieai.

Eeoue no. 81 (naiai? n eiino?aiiui ainoaea?noaii n oeaeueth iiaoaeeoue
aai e aii?oaeaiiie aa?annee i?ioea ssiiiee) i?aaeoniao?eaaao nia?oioth
eaciue eae aaniethoioth ea?o, inoaeueiua – eae aeueoa?iaoeaioth. Iiieii
OE yoa ea?a niaea?aeeony a niaoeeaeueiuo oaieiaiuo caeiiao (i i?anooiiie
aeoyee, i naieoeeyo ca ia?ooaiea i?aaee eiio?iey iaae ac?ua/aouie
aauanoaaie, i naieoeeyo ca ianeeuenoaaiiue caoaao aicaeooiuo noaeia e
ae?.).

Aeaea, aeeth/athuea eae aiciiaeiia iaeacaiea nia?oioth eaciue,
?anniao?eaathony a iaeiii ec 50 ?aeiiiuo noaeia, eioi?ua neooatho aeaea
a ea/anoaa noaeia ia?aie einoaioeee. Aiaeeyoeee i?ioea ?aoaiee ?aeiiiuo
noaeia iiaoo auoue ?anniio?aiu a iaeiii ec ainueie Aunoeo noaeia e caoai
Aa?oiaiui Noaeii. Iinea ?anniio?aiey aiaeeyoeee auiineony i?eaiai? (ii
aeaeai ni nia?oiie eaciueth iau/ii ?aoaieai Aa?oiaiiai Noaea). Oai ia
iaiaa iinea auianaiey i?eaiai?a aiciiaeii aiciaiiaeoue i?ioeann
o?aaiaaieai ia?aniio?a ?aoaiey noaea, anee iaia?oaeaony iiaua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa e anee aeieacaoaeuenoaa, ia eioi?uo iniiaaii ?aoaiea
noaea ia?aie einoaioeee, aoaeoo i?eciaiu eiaeiuie.

Niaeanii ssiiineie Eiinoeoooeee ?aoaiey ia aiienoee, caiaia iaeacaiey e
ion?i/ea eniieiaiey nia?oiiai i?eaiai?a, i?eieiathony i?aaeoaeuenoaii e
iiaeienuaathony eiia?aoi?ii. ?aoay, aeiionoeii ee ieeina?aeea ii
ioiioaieth e i?eaiai?aiiiio e nia?oiie eacie, i?aaeoaeuenoai aeaenoaoao
ii niaeaniaaieth n Iaoeeiiaeueiie Eiienneae ii ?aaaeeeoaoeee
i?anooiieeia, ioeoeeaeueiui aniiiiaaoaeueiui i?aaiii Ieienoa?noaa
thnoeoeee ssiiiee.

Niaeanii no. 475 Oaieiaii-i?oeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena ssiiiee i?eeac i
i?eaaaeaiee a eniieiaiea nia?oiiai i?eaiai?a aeieaeai auoue aeai a
oa/aiea 6 ianyoeaa iinea auianaiey i?eaiai?a. Ii yoio 6-iany/iue n?ie
iiaeao auoue ioeiaeai a neo/aa aiaeeyoeee, ia?aniio?a noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey
eee aiienoee. Naia nia?oiay eaciue i?eaiaeeony a eniieiaiea ii
?anii?yaeaieth Ieieno?a thnoeoeee. Anee oaeia ?anii?yaeaiea ioaeaii,
i?eaiai? aeieaeai auoue i?eaaaeai a eniieiaiea a oa/aiea 5 aeiae. Oaeei
ia?acii, eiaaea ana noaeaaiua oi?iaeueiinoe e i?ioeaaeo?a iiieeiaaiey
eniieiaiu, ia i?aeoeea eiaiii Ieieno? thnoeoeee ?aoaao, /oi
inoaeaeaiiue aoaeao eaciai.

A no. 11 OE oeacaii, /oi nia?oiay eaciue i?eaiaeeony a eniieiaiea iooai
iiaaoaiey, a inoaeaeaiiue aei eniieiaiey eacie aeieaeai niaea?aeaoueny a
oth?ueia. Ia i?aeoeea caeeth/aiiue ecaauaaony ca 1 eee ca 2 aeiy aei
eacie, a ii iaeioi?ui aeaeai aiiaua ia noaaeony a ecaanoiinoue, eiaaea
aoaeao eniieiaia eaciue. ?aoaiea ia ecaauaiee inoaeaeaiiiai i aeia eacie
a caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiiai aeaea i?eieiaaony i?eieiaaony a eioa?anao
naiiai inoaeaeaiiiai. Anee caeeth/aiiue niieieiue e naea?aeaiiue, oi ii
ecaauaaony ca aeaiue aei eacie; a neo/aa, anee ii iao?aaiiaaoai, oi ia
ecaauaaony aiiaua. Iiiiuiee i?ieo?i?a, eioi?ue i?enoonaoao i?e
eniieiaiee eacie ninoaaeyao io/ao i eacie, eioi?ue aeieaeai auoue
iiaeienai e ne?aieai ia/aoueth yoei iiiiuieeii, i?ieo?i?ii, ia/aeueieeii
oth?ueiu eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai. A niioaaonoaee n i?eeacii io 27
aeaeaa?y 1947 aiaea, ecaeaiiui aeaaie Eni?aaeoaeueiiai ioaeaea
Ieienoa?noaa thnoeoeee, io a?a/a o?aaoaony i?iaa?eoue ninoiyiea
caeeth/aiiiai ia?aae eaciueth. A?a/ aeieaeai naeaeaoue iaaeeoeeineee
io/ao i eacie, eioi?ue caoai i?aaenoaaeyaony Ieieno?o thnoeoeee. E?iia
oiai, oioy yoi e ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii, n/eoaaony, /oi ii
onoaiiaeaoaeny i?aeoeea a?a/ aeieaeai i?enoonoaiaaoue ai a?aiy eacie,
aaea ii iiaeao iaaethaeaoue ca oie?athuei e ii?aaeaeeoue iiiaio
ianooieaiey nia?oe.

Eacie a ssiiiee i?iecaiaeyony a iieiii nae?aoa e ieeaeeo ioaeeeaoeee ia
iiyaeyaony. Ieienoa?noai thnoeoeee iauyniyao yoi oai, /oi oaeei ia?acii
?iaenoaaiieee eaciaiiiai caueuaiu io iici?a.

Aieueoia aieiaiea a i?ioeanna eco/aiey i?iaeaiaoeee nia?oiie eacie a
ssiiiee oaeaeyaony niioiioaieth aeaenoaothuae i?aeoeee e
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo iieiaeaiee. Niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee, i?iaicaeaoaiiie a
1946 aiaeo, caueuaaony i?aai ia aeeciue e aeanoieea iaeacaiey cai?auaiu.
Aa?oiaiue Noae ssiiiee i?eiye ianeieueei aaaeiuo ?aoaiee ii iiaiaeo
eiinoeoooeeiiiinoe nia?oiie eacie.

Ia?aia e iaeaieaa aaaeiia ?aoaiea auei i?eiyoi 12 ia?oa 1948 aiaea.
Aa?oiaiue Noae iinoaiiaee, /oi nia?oiue i?eaiai? iiaeao auoue auianai
i?e niaethaeaiee niioaaonoaothuae i?ioeaaeo?u, onoaiiaeaiiie caeiiii. A
i?ioeii nia?oiay eaciue ia auea naia ii naaa aeanoieei iaeacaieai, oioy
Noae i?eciae, /oi niiniau eaciae (niaeaeaiea ia eino?a, ?aniyoea eee
iia?oaeaiea a eeiyuoth aiaeo) auee aeanoieeie. N/eoaaony, /oi oa?ica
nia?oiie eacie yaeyaony anaiauae ia?ie i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey, /oi iia
“iiaeao iiae?oaeoue ei?ie iauanoaaiiuo yca”, e /oi iaa yoeo oaeoi?a
iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey caueou iauanoaa io oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee.

A aeiiieiaiea e yoie oi/ea c?aiey auei oeacaii, /oi Eiinoeoooeey
io?aaeaea iano?iaiey ethaeae oiai a?aiaie, eiaaea iia i?eieiaeanue, /oi
iia ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny iinoiyiiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii
iaiaoiaeeiinoe nia?oiie eacie. Noaeaeaiea i oii, yaeythony ee iaeioi?ua
iaeacaiey aeanoieeie – yoi aii?in, eioi?ue aeieaeai ?aoaoueny ia
iniiaaiee iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey. Iaeiaei, oae eae iauanoaaiiia iiaiea ia
iiaeao ni a?aiaiai ecaaaeaoue eciaiaiee, oi oi, /oi a iaeii a?aiy
n/eoaeinue iaeacaieai ioithaeue ia aeanoieei, a aieaa iicaeiee ia?eiae
iiaeao n/eoaoueny ia?aoiui. Oaeei ia?acii, eiaaea eoeueoo?a ?acaeaaaony
ii ainoiaeyuae, e oae eae iauanoai iie?aaony ia ni?aaaaeeeainoue e
caeii, eiaaea ia iuouaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue caueuaoue iauanoaaiiia
aeaaininoiyiea iooai i?aaeioa?auaiey i?anooieaiee n iiiiuueth nia?oiie
eacie, iineaaeiyy aoaeao ioiaiaia, eae aeanoieia iaeacaiea, yaeythuaany
ia?ooaieai Eiinoeoooeee. Iaeiaei ia aeaiiii yoaia ssiiiey ia aeinoeaea
oaeiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey.

Naiei aoi?ui ?aoaieai ii yoiio aii?ino, naeaeaiiui 18 ai?aey 1951
aiaea, Noae ioaa?aioe iieiaeaiea, ooaa?aeaeathuaa, /oi nia?oiay eaciue
ia?ooaao eiinoeoooeeiiiua iieiaeaiey a ioiioaiee i?aaeioa?auaiey aieiu.

A neaaeothuai ?aoaiee Aa?oiaiue Noae oeacae, /oi iiaaoaiea eae niinia
eacie ia yaeyaony aeanoieei e ia ia?ooaao Eiinoeoooeeth. Noae cayaee,
/oi iao iniiaaiee iieaaaoue, /oi iiaaoaiea, i?aeoeeothuaany a ssiiiee,
aieaa aeanoiei, /ai ae?oaea aeaeu eacie.

A ?aoaiee io 19 ethey 1961 aiaea Noae oeacae, /oi eaciue ia ia?ooaao
onoaiiaeaiiue ii?yaeie noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna.

Ioaeii iniai auaeaeeoue iiceoeeth Aa?oiaiiai Noaea, eioi?ay auea
noi?ioee?iaaia 8 ethey 1983 aiaea: “Neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi i?e
aeaenoaothuae nenoaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, nio?aiythuae nia?oioth eaciue,
aeiionoei auai? e yoie ea?u – eiaaea naeaeai auaiae i iienoeia oyaeeie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaaeiyaiiai e i iaecaaaeiinoe e?aeiae ia?u n oi/ee
c?aiey eae ?aaiiaaney iaaeaeo i?anooieaieai e iaeacaieai, oae e iauae
i?aaaioeeae, iinea niaieoiiiai aiaeeca oa?aeoa?a i?anooiiiai aeoa, aai
iioeaia e ianoiyoaeuenoa (iniaaiii oii?noaa e aeanoieinoe a niiniaa
oaeenoaa), oyaeanoe eoiaia (iniaaiii /enea iioa?iaaoeo a ?acoeueoaoa
oaeenoaa), /oanoaa oua?aa o inoaaoeony ?iaeiuo, nioeeaeueiiai
aicaeaenoaey, aic?anoa i?anooiieea, aai e?eieiaeueiie aeia?aoee,
ianoaiiaee iinea i?anooiiiai aeoa e ae?oaeo yeaiaioia neooaoeee”.

Oioy i?eaiai?u e nia?oiie eacie a ssiiiee /?acau/aeii ?aaeee, caeanue,
eae e ai iiiaeo no?aiao anoue iiaiey e “ca”, e “i?ioea”. Eae iiaeii
oaeaeaoue ec auoaeeiaeaiiiai, Ieienoa?noai thnoeoeee e Aa?oiaiue Noae
?aoeoaeueii aunooiatho i?ioea ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie.

Eoae, a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao nouanoaotho ?aciiia?aciua einoeooou
nia?oiie eacie, eioi?ua ii?ie iaiaeiicia/iu, i?ioeai?a/eau. Oaeaea
?acee/aaony e i?aeoeea i?eiaiaiey yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey, eioi?ay caaeneo
ia oieueei io o?iaiy i?anooiiinoe, ii e io oai?aoe/aneiai iainiiaaiey
naiiai iiiyoey iaeacaiey, aai oeaeae, io iiceoeee, eioi?oth caieiatho
aunoea i?aaiu aeanoe, io iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey. Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae,
/oi a no?aiao, aaea i?eiaiyaony nia?oiay eaciue, aieueoeinoai th?enoia
neeiiythony e iiaieth, /oi iia iaiaoiaeeia, ii ia iiaeao yaeyoueny
iinoiyiiui aeaeii iaeacaiey. Ni a?aiaiai iiaeii aoaeao inouanoaeoue
iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae io nia?oiie eacie e ae?oaei, aieaa aoiaiiui aeaeai
iaeacaiey, ii iiea ie iauanoai, ie caeiiiaeaoaee, ie th?enou-i?aeoeee ia
aioiau e iiaeiaiiio ia?aoiaeo, aea e neooaoeey n i?anooiiinoueth ia
i?aaeinoaaeyao aiciiaeiinoe aeey ioeaca io nia?oiie eacie, oae eae ia
nouanoaoao aieaa eo/oae caueou eioa?ania ainoaea?noaa, iauanoaa io
oyaeeeo i?ioeaii?aaiuo iinyaaoaeuenoa, /ai oece/aneia oie/oiaeaiea
i?anooiieea.

II. ?ACAEOEA ?INNEENEIAI OAIEIAIIAI

CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA I NIA?OIIE EACIE:

OAI?Ess, I?AEOEEA, IIAIEss

Nia?oiay eaciue i?aaeaea anaai neoaeeo

aa?iaeoei niiniaii iaania/aiey

iauanoaaiiiai: io eeoaiiiai aeecie

ianiiiaiii iaeuecy iaeeaeaoue iiauo

iinyaaoaeuenoa ia iauanoaaiiia

niieienoaea e ii?yaeie.

I.N. Oaaaioeaa

1. ?ONNEIA AeI?AAIETHOeEIIIIA CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAI

I?iia?acii nia?oiie eacie, ai?i/ai, eae e ae?oaeo aeaeia oaieiaiiai
iaeacaiey a aeiainoaea?noaaiiii iauanoaa, yaeyeanue e?iaiay ianoue.
Aeoiaaony, /oi i?aaeeueiaa iieaaaoue, /oi e?iaiay ianoue i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie aeinioeeaeueiia yaeaiea. E?iaiay ianoue nouanoaiaaea e a Ae?aaiae
?one, i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ae?aaia?onneea eaoiiene, ii niaeanii
?onneie I?aaaea e?oa ?iaenoaaiieeia, eiaaoeo i?aai e?iaiie ianoe, aue
aanueia ia?aie/ai. A yoii iaiyoieea ?onneiai i?aaa eiaei ianoi ni/aoaiea
ioaee/ii-i?aaiaiai ia/aea n /anoii-i?aaiaui. Yoi ioiineeinue e e e?iaiie
ianoe.

?onneay I?aaaea ia ciaea einoeoooa nia?oiie eacie, eioi?ue aia?aua aue
caeiiiaeaoaeueii cae?aieai a 1398 aiaeo a Aeaeineie onoaaiie a?aiioa. A
no. 5 yoiai aeieoiaioa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony iacia/aiea nia?oiie eacie
oieueei a iaeiii neo/aa – ca e?aaeo, niaa?oaiioth a o?aoee ?ac.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue, onoaiaaeeaay yoi no?iaia iaeacaiea ca o?eaeaeu
niaa?oaiioth e?aaeo, nei?aa anaai enoiaeee ec iiauoaiiie iauanoaaiiie
iianiinoe i?anooiieea e ?aaeueiiai i?aaeiieiaeaiey i aiciiaeiinoe
niaa?oaiey e?aaee e a /aoaa?oue ?ac.

A aeaeueiaeoai ?onneia oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a ii?aaeaeaiiie
ia?a eaeao ii iooe aecaioeeneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a /anoe ii?i,
i?aaeoniao?eaathueo nia?oioth eaciue.

Ineianeay noaeiay a?aiioa 1497 aiaea cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?yao neo/ae
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie ii n?aaiaieth n Aeaeineie onoaaiie a?aiioie.
Nia?oiay eaciue onoaiaaeeaaaony caeanue ca ai?inoai a oea?eae,
eiiie?aaenoai, ainoaea?noaaiioth eciaio, iiaeaeiae, e?aaeo, niaa?oaiioth
a iinaaea a o?aoee ?ac. Noaey ii anaio, Ineianeay a?aiioa, onoaiaaeeaay
nia?oioth eaciue, ca ia?a/eneaiiua i?anooieaiey, noaaeea caaea/o
ecaaaeoueny io iaeaieaa iianiuo aeey iauanoaa yeaiaioia.

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ia nia?oiie eacie aieioue aei eiioea XV aaea
eaaeae ioia/aoie iau/ay e?iaiie ianoe. Noaa ioeoeeaeueiui
ainoaea?noaaiiui onoaiiaeaieai, nia?oiay eaciue i?aneaaeiaaea i?aaeaea
anaai oeaeue aiciacaeey, a oaeaea ia?ac?uaii naycaiioth n iei oeaeue
ono?aoaiey. Aianoa n oai iai?aoeaaaony iuneue, /oi n ia?aciaaieai e
?acaeoeai ainoaea?noaaiiinoe ia ?one aa?oiaiay aeanoue i?iyaeyea
ii?aaeaeaiioth caaioo i aeecie, nianoaaiiinoe e i?aaao a?aaeaeai, a
oaeaea e i naiae nianoaaiiie aaciianiinoe. Iiyoiio nia?oiay eaciue
i?eiaiyeanue oaeaea a oeaeyo aaciianiinoe anaai iauanoaa e
ioiineoaeueiiai niieienoaey ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai.

Iaiaoeaoayny a ia?aie iieiaeia XV aaea oaiaeaioeey e ?anoe?aieth
ioaee/iiai oa?aeoa?a oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey iieo/eea naia caaa?oaiea a
Noaeaaieea 1497 aiaea, i?eiyoiai i?e Aaeeeii eiyca Eaaia III. Yoio
Noaeaaiee ?anoe?ee noa?o i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie ii n?aaiaieth n
Aeaeineie e Ineianeie a?aiioaie.

Nia?oiie eaciueth ea?aeenue: ?acaie, oaeenoai, e?aaea (iiaoi?iay),
eeaaaoa, oaeenoai naiaai ainiiaeeia, eciaia, nayoioaonoai (a /anoiinoe,
oeuaiea oea?eiaiiai eiouanoaa), e?aaea oieiiia, iiaeaeia,
ainoaea?noaaiiua e ?aeeaeiciua i?anooieaiey.

Noaeaaiee 1550 aiaea, i?eiyoue i?e Eaaia IV, onoaiiaee nia?oioth eaciue
oaea ca iiiaea i?anooieaiey. Iai?eia?, nia?oiay eaciue iacia/aeanue: ca
ia?aoth e?aaeo, anee ai? iieiai n iiee/iui eee a i?ioeanna iuoee
niciaaony a niaeayiiii; ca aoi?oth e?aaeo eee aoi?ia iioaiie/anoai, anee
i?anooiiee i?eciaaony; ca ?acaie eee eiia “eeoia aeaei” e o.ae. I?e yoii
iiae/a?eeaae, /oi ca ia?a/eneaiiua i?anooieaiey nia?oiay eaciue aeieaeia
iacia/aoueny “aac anyeie iiuaaeu”. Noaeaaiee i?aaeoniao?eaaao aeaa aeaea
i?ioeanna, ii eioi?iio aeieaeai auoue noaeei iaaeiyaiue: ?icuneiie
(eieaeceoeeiiiue) e ninoycaoaeueiue. Anee i?anooiiee aoaeao i?eciai
“eeoei”, oi neaaenoaea inouanoaeyaony i?aaiaie nunea e i?anooiieea iaaei
iuoaoue, o.a. aanoe aeaei ii i?aaeeai ?icuneiiai i?ioeanna, a anee ii
aoaeao i?eciai aeia?ui, oi aeaei aaaeaony ii i?aaeeai ninoycaoaeueiiai
i?ioeanna, o.a. a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea.

Nia?oiay eaciue auea aeiaieueii oe?iei i?aaenoaaeaia e iiae?iaii
?aaeaiaioe?iaaia a Oeiaeaiee 1649 aiaea.

Nenoaia iaeacaiee ii naiae aeanoieinoe aiieia niioaaonoaiaaea yiioa
?acaeoiai oaiaeaeueiiai iauanoaa a ?innee. Nia?oiay eaciue yaeyeanue
iniiaiui aeaeii oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey e onoaiaaeeaaeanue ca i/aiue iiiaea
i?anooieaiey. Naieoeeyie, i?aaeoniao?eaathueie nia?oioth eaciue,
iano?aei Oeiaeaiea. Ec-ca yoiai ?onneea e?eieiaeenou, caieiaaoeany
enneaaeiaaieai nia?oiie eacie, ia iiaee inouanoaeoue oi/iue
iaoaiaoe/aneee iiaen/ao e onoaiiaeoue, a neieueeeo neo/ayo e ca eaeea
i?anooieaiey Oeiaeaiea onoaiiaeeaaei nia?oioth eaciue. Oae, Eenoyeianeee
ooaa?aeaeae, /oi nia?oiay eaciue i?aaeoniio?aia a 54 neo/ayo, a
Na?aeaaneee onoaiiaee 64 neo/ay. Aeaei, ?acoiaaony, ia a oi/iii
iiaen/aoa noaoae, naieoeee eioi?uo i?aaeoniao?eaaee nia?oioth eaciue, a
a auyniaiee oa?aeoa?a oao i?anooieaiee, ca eioi?ua iia iiaea
iacia/aoueny. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai ainoaea?noaaiiua e ?aeeaeiciua
i?anooieaiey. Neaaeoao iniai ioiaoeoue, /oi ia oieueei oaeenoai eee
iieooaiea ia oaeenoai ainoaea?y ea?aeinue nia?oiie eaciueth, ii e
i?eaioiaeaiea e oaeiio aeayieth, e aeaaea iaia?oaeaiea oiunea ia eeoaiea
aeecie oea?y aeaeei ca niaie nia?oioth eaciue. Nia?oiie eaciueth
ea?aeenue oaeaea aoio, eciaia, iiaeaeia n oeaeueth eciaiu, eiaeiue
aeiiin i ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?anooieaieyo, caaiai? i?ioea oea?y e aeeaeieo
aai ethaeae. Auacae aac ?ac?aoaiey oea?y a ae?oaia ainoaea?noai n
oeaeueth eciaiu, iiaeaeia oea?neeo a?aiio, iiaeaeaeea aeaiaa,
iaaeiianaiey ia eciaia e o.i. ea?aeenue nia?oiie eaciueth.

Noieue oe?ieee e?oa ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?anooieaiee, aeiiaiua a
niaa?oaiee eioi?uo iiaeaa?aaeenue eeoaieth aeecie, iauyniyeny oai, /oi
a?aiy niooiiai ia?eiaea eacaeinue nianai iaaeaaiei, a aic?anoaiea
e?anoueyineeo aoioia canoaaeyei aaanoe nenoaio ia? ono?aoaiey,
iaania/eaathueo aaciianiinoue.

Nia?oiie eaciueth iaeacuaaeenue e ?aeeaeiciua i?anooieaiey. E iei
ioiineeenue, iai?eia?, aiaiooeuenoai e oea?eiaiue iyoaae. Iniai iianiua
i?anooieaiey i?ioea ee/iinoe e nianoaaiiinoe oaeaea ea?aeenue nia?oiie
eaciueth.

Oeiaeaiea 1649 aiaea i?aaeoniao?eaaei iyoue aeaeia eniieiaiey nia?oiie
eacie. Iaeiaei i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiay i?aeoeea ia ia?aie/eaaeanue eie, a
i?eaaaaea e e ae?oaei niiniaai eniieiaiey yoie ia?u iaeacaiey. Nia?oiay
eaciue iiae?acaeaeyeanue ia iaueiiaaiioth e eaaeeoeoee?iaaiioth. E
iaueiiaaiiie ioiineeenue: iona/aiea aieiau, iiaaoaiea e ooiieaiea. E
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie – niaeaeaiea, caeeoea ai?ea iaoaeeii, /aoaa?oiaaiea,
eieaniaaiea, iinaaeaiea ia eie e ae?. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
Oeiaeaiea, cae?aieyy nia?oioth eaciue, a oeaeii ?yaea neo/aaa ia
oeacuaaei aa aeaea; yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi a yoi a?aiy aua ia
i?eaeaaaeinue na?ueaciiai cia/aiey eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee aeiu e iaeacaiey.

Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai yiioe Iao?a I /aua ia?auaaony e nia?oiie eacie ii
n?aaiaieth n Oeiaeaieai 1649 aiaea. Aieineea a?oeeoeu Iao?a I e ae?oaea
iiiai/eneaiiua oaieiaii-i?aaiaua aeou yoiai ia?eiaea ian/eouaatho
i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie a 123 neo/ayo. Oeaeue yoie ea?u ninoiyea a
ono?aoaiee, a any ea?aoaeueiay nenoaia iao?ianeie yiioe auea a oeaeii
“ono?aoeoaeueiie”. Iaeeea naieoeee a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Iao?a I,
i?aaeoniao?eaathueo nia?oioth eaciue, iaaiaeeo ia iuneue /?acia?iie
aeanoieinoe yoo caeiiia. Iaeiaei, ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi yoi auea ia
aanoeaeueiay aeanoieinoue, a niciaoaeueiay iieeoeea, i?iaiaeeiay a
eioa?anao io?aiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai e iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea.

E ana aea nia?oiay eaciue i?eiaiyeanue a yoo yiioo cia/eoaeueii ?aaea,
/ai i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ca/anooth iia caiaiyeanue
ae?oaeie iaeacaieyie, a ca iiiaea aeaeu i?anooieaiee ia i?eiaiyeanue
aiiaua. Iineaaeiaa ianoiyoaeuenoai aeieacuaaao, /oi eiaiii a iao?ianeoth
yiioo eaeay ono?aoaiey aeinoeaea naiaai aiiaay.

A 1744 aiaeo aei/ue Iao?a I Aeecaaaoa a iioaeeeiaaiiii 7 iay naiaoneii
oeaca i?aaeienaea i?ae?aoeoue ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee yecaeooeee iaae
inoaeaeaiiuie e nia?oiie eacie, caiaiea yoo ia?o ae?oaeie iaeacaieyie.
I?einoaiiaeaiea eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a e nia?oiie eacie i?eaaei e oiio,
/oi oth?ueiu ieacaeenue ia?aiieiaiu ethaeueie, inoaeaeaiiuie e yoiio
iaeacaieth. A 1754 aiaeo ecaeaaony oeac, a eioi?ii iiaeaa?aeaeaaony
i?einoaiiaeaiea i?eaiai?a nia?oiie eacie, a /oiau i?anooiieee ia
inoaaaeenue aac iaeacaiey, i?aaeienuaaeinue eo nnueaoue, iaeacuaaoue
eiooii, ?aaoue iicae?e e eeaeieoue. A oii aea aiaeo auea nicaeaia
i/a?aaeiay eiaeeoeeaoeeiiiay eiienney, a caaea/o eioi?ie aoiaeeei
ninoaaeaiea i?iaeoa iiaiai oeiaeaiey. A ai?aea 1755 aiaea eiienney
iai?aaeea a naiao “noaeioth” e “e?eieiaeueioth” /anoe i?iaeoa. A
“e?eieiaeueiie” /anoe auea niiaa cae?aieaia nia?oiay eaciue, ii a
niioaaonoaee n oeacaie naiaoa 1753 aiaea iia iiaea caiaiyoueny ae?oaeie
iaeacaieyie. Oaeei ia?acii ia i?aeoeea nia?oiay eaciue nio?aieeanue
oieueei ca ainoaea?noaaiiua, aieineea e ea?aioeiiua i?anooieaiey.

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iiiuoee ioiaieoue nia?oioth eaciue ia iaoee
iiaeaea?aeee ie o aeai?yinoaa, ie o i?aaenoaaeoaeae ainoaea?noaaiiie
nenoaiu. Iai?ioea, yoi aucaaei ii?aaeaeaiiia i?ioeaiaeaenoaea eaeae ia
ioiaia nia?oiie eacie. Aea e naia Aeecaaaoa ia auea iineaaeiaaoaeueiie a
?aaeecaoeee caiunea: n iaeiie noi?iiu, iia n/eoaea oeaeaniia?aciui
nio?aiaiea nia?oiie eacie aeey ono?aoaiey, n ae?oaie – au?aaeaea
ioa?auaiea e nia?oiui eaciyi e i?einoaiaaeeaaea eo.

A yiioo Aeaoa?eiu II caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i nia?oiie eacie ia i?aoa?iaei
ieeaeeo eciaiaiee. Iaeiaei naia eiia?ao?eoea aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeyao
i?iaeaia yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey a Iaeaca ii aii?inai oaieiaiiai
iaeacaiey. Iia i?iaiaeeo iuneue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe niioaaonoaey iaeacaiey
i?anooieaieth e i iacia/aiee ?acee/iuo iaeacaiee ca ?acee/iua
i?anooieaiey. Aeaoa?eia II, auea i?ioeaieoeae nia?oiie eacie, ii
aeiioneaea aiciiaeiinoue aa i?eiaiaiey, ?anniao?eaay aa eae aicaeayiea.

Oaeei ia?acii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVIII aaea a ?onneii oaieiaiii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey e nie?auaieth nia?oiie
eacie, a ia i?aeoeea – e ia?aie/aieth aa i?eiaiaiey. A yoi aea a?aiy
iiyaeythony ia?aua aunooieaiey i?ioea i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie a
oaieiaiie iieeoeea, /oi nei?aa anaai auei naycaii n iiyaeaieai
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa, a, niioaaonoaaiii, ia?aniio?a
iiaeoiaea e oaieiaiui naieoeeyi n oi/ee c?aiey o?aaiaaiee iiaie
i?inaaoeoaeueneie yiioe.

A 1813 aiaeo aue ?ac?aaioai iiaue i?iaeo Oaieiaiiai oeiaeaiey. A iai
aia?aua a enoi?ee ?onneiai oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa auea
?ac?aaioaia nenoaia iaeacaiee, aeeth/aiiay a Iauoth /anoue. I?iaeo
ii?aaeaeye naiue ?iaeia iaeacaiee n iiae?acaeaeaieai eo ia ?aciua
noaiaie: nia?oiay eaciue, eeoaiea anao iieeoe/aneeo e a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa
(a?aaeaeaineay nia?oue); eeoaiea naiaiaeu e /anoe; aann?i/iia eeoaiea
naiaiaeu; aeaiaaeiua iaie; oea?eiaiia iieayiea. Ii a 1824 aiaeo i?iaeo
Oaieiaiiai oeiaeaiey ia aue i?eiyo Ainoaea?noaaiiui Niaaoii. Iniiaiay
i?e/eia ninoiyea a oii, /oi eiaee ianoi na?ueaciua aic?aaeaiey
ioiineoaeueii aeeth/aiey nia?oiie eacie a nenoaio iaeacaiee.

Ainoanoaea ia i?anoie eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay I iciaiaiiaaeinue ainnoaieai
ia Naiaoneie ieiuaaee, iiaeaaeaieai aai e eaciueth iyoe aeaeaa?enoia.
Noae iaae ieie inouanoaeyeny ia aunoei noaeaaiui i?aaiii ?innee –
Naiaoii (oioy aeaea i i?anooieaieyo, cao?aaeaathueo iniiau
ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?iy, auee iiaenoaeiu Naiaoo), a nicaeaiiui ii
oeacaieth eiia?aoi?a Iniaui noaeaaiui i?enoonoaeai – Aa?oiaiui oaieiaiui
noaeii. Nia?oiue i?eaiai? aue auianai 36 aeaeaa?enoai. A iainiiaaiea
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie noae nnueaeny ia Oeiaeaiea 1649 aiaea, Ii?neie
onoaa 1720 aiaea, Aieineee onoaa 1716 aiaea, Iieaaia oaieiaiia oeiaeaiea
aeey aeaenoaothuae a?iee 1813 aiaea e ae?oaea aeou. A i?eaiai?a aue
ii?aaeaeai niinia i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie: /aoaa?oiaaiea,
i?aaeoniio?aiiia 19 A?oeeoeii aieineiai onoaa 1716 aiaea.

*eai Aa?oiaiiai noaea, noaeeaoaai aeaeaa?enoia, – a?ao Ii?aeaeiia,
i?eian aiaeeyoeeth ia i?eaiai?, n/eoay aai iacaeiiiui. Iaaei ioiaoeoue,
/oi eiaiii Ii?aeaeiia aunooiae i?ioea i?iaeoa Oaieiaiiai oeiaeaiey 1813
aiaea. Aic?aaeay i?ioea i?eaiai?a, ii nnueaeny ia Oeac 1753 aiaea,
eioi?ue i?aaeienuaae ia eniieiyoue nia?oiua i?eaiai?u e ia aeaeaaoee
ieeaeeo eneeth/aiee aeey iieeoe/aneeo i?anooieaiee. Ieeieae I, oioy e
inoaaee aiaeeyoeeth aac aieiaiey, oai ia iaiaa ooaa?aeee oieueei iyoue
nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia /a?ac iiaaoaiea. Inoaeueiui i?eaiai?aiiui nia?oiay
eaciue auea caiaiaia eaoi?aie.

Naiae caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee 1832 aiaea, anooieaoee a aeaenoaea 1
yiaa?y 1835 aiaea, aia?aua aeiaieueii /aoei ii?aaeaeeee i?aaeaeu
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie. Iia iiaea iacia/aoueny oieueei ca iaeaieaa
oyaeeea aeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?anooieaiee eeoue a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
aeaea ia yoeo i?aooieaieyo ia?aaeaaaeenue ia ?anniio?aiea Aa?oiaiiai
oaieiaiiai noaea. Nia?oiay eaciue aeiioneaeanue oaeaea e ca ea?aioeiiua
i?anooieaiey, e, iaeiiaoe, – ca aieineea i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua ai
a?aiy aiaiiiai iioiaea. Ii iineieueeo Naiae caeiiia 1832 aiaea
niaea?aeae ?yae nouanoaaiiuo iaaeinoaeia, oi anei?a aue ia?aciaai iniaue
eiieoao iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Aeoaeiaa, caaea/a eioi?iai auea ninoaaeoue
i?iaeo iiaiai oeiaeaiey. Aeoaeia th?eaee/anee iainiiauaae i?aaiia?iinoue
nouanoaiaaiey nia?oiie eacie a ?innee, ooaa?aeaeay, /oi
caeiiiaeaoaeueiui iooai iia ia auea ioiaiaia ie i?e Aeecaaaoa, ie i?e
Aeaoa?eia II.

I?iaeo Oeiaeaiey i iaeacaieyo oaieiaiuo e eni?aaeoaeueiuo 1845 aiaea
i?aaeeaaae onoaiiaeoue nia?oioth eaciue ca aaaeiaeoea ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?anooieaiey, oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai ?iaeeoaeae, ca aoi?e/iua oyaeeea
i?anooieaiey (oaeenoai, iiaeaeia, ?acaie, a?aaaae) e aaaeiaeoea
ea?aioeiiua i?anooieaiey. Iinea ei??aeoe?iaee Ieeieaai I Oeiaeaiea i
iaeacaieyo nia?oiay eaciue i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue oieueei ca
ainoaea?noaaiiua e ea?aioeiiua i?anooieaiey.

Oeiaeaiea i iaeacaieyo oaieiaiuo e eni?aaeoaeueiuo 1885 aiaea
aini?iecaaei ana iieiaeaiey i nia?oiie eacie Oeiaeaiey 1845 aiaea. Yoe
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou oae aea, eae e Oeiaeaiea 1903, aiaea nie?aoeee
i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie ii n?aaiaieth n ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaoei oaieiaiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.

Iniai oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue iiaiea iaeiiai ec ?onneeo th?enoia
*e/a?eia, eioi?ue i?eiaaeeaaeae e /eneo noi?iiieeia ia?aie/aiiiai
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie e n/eoae, /oi ni?aaaaeeeainoue, aace?othuayny
ia ia i?eioeeia yeaeaaeaioa, – iniiaiiai i?eioeeia iaeacaiey –
“…aea/ao ca niaie o?aaiaaiea nia?oiie eacie ca oaeenoai…

*ai auoa oeaieony /aeiaa/aneay aeeciue, oai auoa aeieaeii auoue e
iaeacaiea ca aa ioiyoea…” Aianoa n oai *e/a?ei i?eciaaae aanueia
na?ueaciuie aic?aaeaiey i?ioeaieeia nia?oiie eacie a oie /anoe, aaea
?a/ue oea i iaaiciiaeiinoe eni?aaeaiey i?anooiieea a neo/aa aa
i?eiaiaiey. Ii yoi aic?aaeaiea cia/eoaeueii ineaaeyaony oai
niia?aaeaieai, /oi nia?oiay eaciue neeueiaa anaai aeaenoaoao ia aeooo
/aeiaaea, canoaaeyy aai ?aneayoueny. I?iaeieaeay eceiaeaiioth iuneue
*e/a?eia, iaaei aeiaaaeoue, /oi iauanoai ia caeioa?aniaaii a ?aneayiee
i?anooiieea e a aai eni?aaeaiee. Aieaa aaaeiie caaea/ae yaeyaony
iaaciianeoue iauanoai io aiciiaeiiai iiaoi?aiey i?anooieaiey, /oi
yooaeoeaiae anaai aeinoeaaaony oie/oiaeaieai i?anooiieea.

A iineaaeiea aeaa aeanyoeeaoey XIX aaea e a ia/aea XX aaea nia?oiay
eaciue a ?innee i?eiaiyeanue ia iniiaa Iieiaeaiey i ia?ao e io?aiaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ii?yaeea e iauanoaaiiiai niieienoaey io 4 naioya?y
1881 aiaea. Iieiaeaiea i?aaeinoaaeyei aunoei aaeieieno?aoeaiui /eiai
ia?aaeaaaoue ia ?anniio?aiea aiaiiuo noaeia aeey inoaeaeaiey ii caeiiai
aiaiiiai a?aiaie aeaea i aii?oaeaiiii nii?ioeaeaiee aeanoyi, oiuoeaiiii
iiaeaeiaa, i?eaaaeaiee a iaaiaeiinoue i?aaeiaoia aieineiai nia?yaeaiey e
i iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo i?anooieaieyo.

I/a?aaeiay iiiuoea ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie auea i?iecaaaeaia 19 ethiy
1906 aiaea ia canaaeaiee ia?aie Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu i?e ianoaeaeaiee
i?iaeoa caeiia ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie. Iaeiaei iinea i?eiyoey yoiai
caeiia a Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoia ii ia aue ooaa?aeaeai Ainoaea?noaaiiui
Niaaoii.

Iinea oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee 1917 aiaea A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai a
ia?aua aeie naiaai nouanoaiaaiey i?eiyei ?yae i?ia?anneaiuo
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo aeoia. 12 ia?oa 1917 aiaea auei iioaeeeiaaii
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea i iianaianoie ioiaia nia?oiie eacie.
Iaeiaei oaea 12 ethey 1917 aiaea iia auea ainnoaiiaeaia ia o?iioa ca
oaeenoai, ?acaie, eciaio, iiaaa e iai?eyoaeth, naea/o a ieai, ooiae n
iiey aiy, o.a. ca ?yae ainoaea?noaaiiuo e aieineeo i?anooieaiee a
aiaiiia a?aiy.

2. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A ENOI?EE

NIAAONEIAI AINOAeA?NOAA E II AeAENOAOTHUAIO CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAO
?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE

Aeey ia/aea iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ia?eneci-eaieieci a i?eioeeia
io?eoeaoaeueii ioiineony e nia?oiie eacie, iauyniyy yoi
iaaiciiaeiinoueth iienea oaeiai i?eioeeia, iin?aaenoaii eioi?iai iiaeii
auei au iainiiaaoue ni?aaaaeeeainoue eee oeaeaniia?aciinoue yoiai aeaea
iaeacaiey a nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa.

Aoeaaeueii ia aoi?ie aeaiue iinea naa?oaiey Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee
1917 aiaea Aoi?ie Ana?inneeneee nuacae Niaaoia a i?eiyoii ei Aeae?aoa
ioiaiee nia?oioth eaciue a no?aia. Aei eaoa 1918 aiaea ea?aoaeueiua
i?aaiu Niaaoneie aeanoe ia i?eiaiyee nia?oiie eacie e naiei iieeoe/aneei
i?ioeaieeai. E eeoue 21 oaa?aey 1918 aiaea NIE ?NON? i?eieiaao aeae?ao
“Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ioa/anoai a iianiinoe!”, eioi?ue i?iaicaeanee
ia?aoiae e /?acau/aeiui ia?ai e aeiionoee aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey
?anno?aea ia ianoa ca niaa?oaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?anooieaiee. Ii yoiio
aeae?aoo A*E i?aaeinoaaeyeenue i?aaa aianoaeaaiiai iiaeaaeaiey
iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeaieeia, aieioue aei eo ?anno?aea ia ianoa. Ii
naeaeaoaeuenoao Eaoeena, ca ia?aoth iieiaeio 1918 aiaea auei ?anno?aeaii
22 /aeiaaea, caoai ?ai?annee oaeanoi/eeenue, a n na?aaeeiu inaie 1918
aiaea eo /enei iioei ia oaueue.

A nayce n yoeie niauoeyie aicieeaao aii?in, eae niaianoeoue ?ai?annee,
eioi?ua i?eia?aoaee ianniaue oa?aeoa? n i?eioeeiii caeiiiinoe e n oai,
/oi, ii nooe aeaea, ?anno?aeu inouanoaeyeenue aac noaea e neaaenoaey,
aac oi/iiai onoaiaaeaiey i?eciaeia eiie?aoiiai ninoaaa i?anooieaiey,
oioy ioeoeeaeueii nia?oiay eaciue auea ioiaiaia. Ana yoi iauyniyaony
neiaeiie, yeno?aiaeueiie, iieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaeie a no?aia. Ia naiii
aeaea aeiionoeii i?eiaiaiea /?acau/aeiuo ia?, a oii /enea e
aianoaeaaiiai oa?aeoa?a, a oneiaeyo aiaiiiai a?aiaie, eae yoi iieacuaaao
iaoe?iue iiuo i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie a ?aciuo ainoaea?noaao.

5 naioya?y 1918 aiaea NIE ?NON? i?eiye iinoaiiaeaiea “I e?aniii
oa??i?a”, a eioi?ii aiai?eeinue, /oi ana eeoea, o/anoaothuea a
aeayoaeueiinoe aaeiaaa?aeaeneeo i?aaiecaoeee, i?e/anoiua e caaiai?ai e
iyoaaeai, iiaeeaaeao ?anno?aeo. A yoii iinoaiiaeaiee auea oaeaea
iaiai?aia iaiaoiaeeiinoue iioaeeeiaaiey eiai anao ?anno?aeyiiuo e
iniiaaiee i?eiaiaiey e iei yoie ia?u iaeacaiey.

16 ethiy 1918 aiaea Ia?eiithno ?NON? cae?aiee a naiai iinoaiiaeaiee,
/oi o?eaoiaeu a auai?a ia? ai?ueau n naaioaaeai e i?i/eie i?anooieaieyie
ia naycaiu ieeaeeie ia?aie/aieyie. Oai naiui o?eaoiaeai
i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai auiineoue i?eaiai?u e ?anno?aeo.

A ethia 1919 aiaea auee ?anoe?aiu i?aaa A*E a /anoe i?eiaiaiey
?anno?aea. Ca i?aaiaie A*E niaeanii Aeae?aoo AOeEE io 20 ethiy 1919
aiaea nio?aiyeinue i?aai iaiin?aaenoaaiiie ?ani?aau, aieioue aei
?anno?aea a ianoiinoyo, iauyaeaiiuo ia aiaiiii iieiaeaiee, ca
i?anooieaiey, oeacaiiua a naiii iinoaiiaeaiee i aaaaeaiee aiaiiiai
iieiaeaiey, a eiaiii: ca ainoaea?noaaiioth eciaio, oieiiaae,
oe?uaaoaeuenoai eciaiieeia e oieiiia, i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e
eiio??aaiethoeeiiiui i?aaiecaoeeyi e o/anoea a caaiai?a, nie?uoea
aiaaiai i?oaeey, iiaeaeaeeo aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia, iiaeeia aeieoiaioia,
o/anoea a iiaeaeiaao e ac?uaao, oiuoeaiiia iia?aaeaeaiea
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo iooae, iinoia e ae?oaeo nii?oaeaiee, ?acaie e
aii?oaeaiiue a?aaaae, oi?aiaeth ia?eioeeaie. N?aaee yoeo aeayiee,
iaeacuaaaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth, oaea iiyaeeenue iaeioi?ua i?anooieaiey
i?ioea nianoaaiiinoe, ee/iinoe, a ia oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiua.

Nia?oiay eaciue a aeaea ?anno?aea auea aia?aua caeiiiaeaoaeueii
cae?aieaia a ?oeiaiaeyueo ia/aeao ii oaieiaiiio i?aao ?NON? 1919 aiaea
-ia?aii caeiiiaeaoaeueiii aeoa, aaea auee ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiu iniiaiua
iieiaeaiey e einoeooou iiaiai oaieiaiiai i?aaa.

Ianiio?y ia ianniaue oa?aeoa? eiaaoeo ianoi a yoio ia?eiae ?ai?annee,
aicieeee ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie.
Eieoeeaoi?ii ioiaiu yoiai iaeacaiey aue Aeca?aeeineee, eioi?ue aioae a
Iieeoath?i OeE ?EI(a) n iiaeiaiui i?aaeeiaeaieai. Auei ?aoaii
i?ae?aoeoue ianoiuie *E n 1 oaa?aey 1920 aiaea i?eiaiaiey aunoae ia?u
iaeacaiey e ia?aaeaoue ana aeaea, ii eioi?ui iiaei au a?iceoue oaeia
iaeacaiea, a ?aao?eaoiae. Eaiei, n/eoay nia?oioth eaciue a?aiaiiie,
eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?ie iaeacaiey, i?eiaiaiea eioi?ie caaeneo io
aioo?aiiae ianoaiiaee a no?aia e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iieiaeaiey, oeacuaae,
/oi, oioy nia?oiay eaciue e auea ioiaiaia, ainnoaiiaeaiea ?anno?aeia
aiieia aiciiaeii.

Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea niauoee i?eaaei e oiio, /oi auei i?aaeinoaaeaii
i?aai i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie. A eoiaa ?anno?aeu i?eiyee aua aieaa
oaeanathuee oa?aeoa?, iai?eia?, oieueei a 1920 aiaeo e nia?oiie eacie
auei i?eaiai?aii 6541 /aeiaae.

A i?ioeanna iiaeaioiaee i?iaeoa OE ?NON? 1922 aiaea Eaiei oeacae, /oi a
iai ioaeii aeaoue ia th?eaee/aneia, a iieeoe/aneia iainiiaaiea oa??i?a.
Oaeei ia?acii th?eaee/aneee oa?iei “nia?oiay eaciue” caiaiyaony ia
iieeoe/aneee – “oa??i?”. Oioaeinue au iniai ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia yoo
noi?iio i?iaeaiu nia?oiie eacie a niaaoneie oaieiaii-i?aaiaie iieeoeea,
aaea oaeoe/anee aei i?eiyoey iuia aeaenoaiaaoaai OE aeiieie?iaaei
iiaiea, /oi nia?oiay eaciue aeieaeia ?anniao?eaaoueny a ieaia oa??i?a.
Oaeay ioeaiea i?aaenoaaeyaony ioeai/iie. Nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao
ioiaeaeanoaeyoueny n oa??i?ii oieueei a oneiaeyo /?acau/aeiiai
iieiaeaiey a no?aia, eiaaea oa??i? yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui yooaeoeaiui
n?aaenoaii aeey ai?ueau n iieeoe/aneeie i?ioeaieeaie. Iaeiaei a ia?eiae
ii?iaeueiiai ie?iiai ?acaeoey ainoaea?noaa, anee iii n/eoaao
oeaeaniia?aciui nio?aiaiea nia?oiie eacie a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oi yoi
oaea ia iieeoe/aneea ?ai?annee eee oa??i?, a aeae oaieiaiie naieoeee.
Ioiaeaeanoaeaiea nia?oiie eacie e oa??i?a oa?aeoa?ii aeey aaoi?eoa?iiai
?aaeeia. Yoa eiioeaioeey aicieeea ia iniiaa ioeai/iuo iieiaeaiee
noaeeineiai ia?eiaea ia oneeaiee eeanniaie ai?ueau e ?anoe?aiee
/?acau/aeiuo ia? a ie?iia a?aiy a ia?eiae ?acaeoey Niaaoneiai
ainoaea?noaa.

Nenoaia iaeacaiee, i?aaeoniio?aiiay OE ?NON? 1922 aiaea, ia aeeth/aea
nia?oioth eaciue. Ii?ia i nia?oiie eacie a aeaea ?anno?aea auea iiiauaia
a ioaeaeueiie noaouea. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, caeiiiaeaoaeue ioiineeny e
?anno?aeo eae e yeno?ai?aeeia?iie ia?a oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey. I?aai
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie i?aaeinoaaeyeinue oieueei aiaiiui o?eaoiaeai.
Iau/iua noaeu ia iiaee iacia/aoue yoo ia?o iaeacaiey. A aeaeueiaeoai
noaouey i nia?oiie eacie auea aeiiieiaia: iia ia iiaea i?eiaiyoueny e
eeoeai, ia aeinoeaoei 18-eaoiiai aic?anoa, e e aeaiueiai, iaoiaeyueiny a
ninoiyiee aa?aiaiiinoe. Anaai ii OE 1922 nia?oiay eaciue, eae i?aaeei a
ea/anoaa aeueoa?iaoeaiie naieoeee, onoaiaaeeaaeanue ii 28 ninoaaai
i?anooieaiey. Oa aea naiua iieiaeaiey auee cae?aieaiu a Iniiaiuo ia/aeao
oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NNN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee 1924 aiaea. A OE
?NON? 1926 aiaea yoa ia?a iaeacaiey i?aoa?iaea iaeio?ua eciaiaiey a
niunea oiaiueoaiey /enea ninoaaia i?anooieaiey, ii eioi?ui iiaea
iacia/aoueny nia?oiay eaciue.

Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi Niaaoneia ainoaea?noai anaaaea ioiineeinue e
nia?oiie eacie eae e a?aiaiiie e eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?a oaieiaiiai
iaeacaiey, yoa ia?a ie 20-a, ie a 30-a aiaeu ia auea ioiaiaia. Aieaa
oiai, auaeaeiooay Noaeeiui oai?ey oneeaiey eeanniaie ai?ueau ii ia?a
i?eaeeaeaiey e nioeeaeecio aeaeea ca niaie oaeanoi/aiea ?aia?annee. Ana
yoi ia iiaei iaeoe io?aaeaiey a aeaenoaothuai oaieiaiii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ii?iaoeaiua aeou oiai ia?eiaea onoaiaaeeaaee
eneeth/eoaeueiue ii?yaeie ?anneaaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?anniio?aiey aeae
i a?aaeeoaeuenoaa, oa??i?enoe/aneeo aeoao e aeeaa?neyo: neaaenoaea ii
yoei aeaeai aeieaeii auei aanoenue ia aieaa 10 aeiae; iaaeieoaeueiia
caeeth/aiea i?aaenoaaeyeinue iaaeiyaiiio ca iaeei aeaiue aei
?anniio?aiey aeaea a noaea; eannaoeeiiiia iaaeaeiaaiea ia aeiioneaeinue;
aeaea neooaeenue aac o/anoey noi?ii; i?eaiai? e aunoae ia?a iaeacaiey
i?eaiaeeeny a eniieiaiea iaiaaeeaiii ii auianaiee i?eaiai?a.

Neaaeothuei e?oiiui yoaiii a enoi?ee nia?oiie eacie a NNN? yaeyaony
ioiaia nia?oiie eacie Oeacii I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? io 26
iay 1947 aiaea. Yoio Oeac onoaiiaee, /oi ca i?anooieaiey, iaeacoaiua ii
aeaenoaothuei caeiiai nia?oiie eaciueth, a ie?iia a?aiy i?eiaiyaony
caeeth/aiea a eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiaua eaaa?y n?ieii ia 25 eao. Iaeiaei
aianoa n yoei Oeacii aeaenoaiaaea nae?aoiay aee?aeoeaa, niaeanii eioi?ie
nia?oiay eaciue iiaea i?eiaiyoueny niaoeeaeueiuie noaeaie IAA ii aeaeai
i eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuo i?anooieaieyo. Oaeei ia?acii ana i?aaeienaiey
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeanoe auee ia?a/a?eioou neiaeeaoaeny i?aeoeeie. E
eeoue 12 yiaa?y 1950 aiaea nia?oiay eaciue auea aiiaue caeiiiaeaoaeueii
cae?aieaia Oeacii I?aceaeeoia AN NNN? “I i?eiaiaiee nia?oiie eacie e
eciaiieeai ?iaeeiu, oieiiai, iiae?uaieeai-aeeaa?naioai”, a 1954 aiaeo
nia?oiay eaciue auea aaaaeaia ca oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai.

Iniiau oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NNN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee 1958
aiaea ia aeeth/aee nia?oioth eaciue a nenoaio iaeacaiee, a auaeaeeee aa
a naiinoiyoaeueioth noaoueth a ea/anoaa eneeth/eoaeueiie e a?aiaiiie
ia?u oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey. Iie onoaiiaeee en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue
i?anooieaiee, ca eioi?ua aeiioneaeinue i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie: eciaia
?iaeeia, oieiiaae, aeeaa?ney, oa??i?enoe/aneee aeo, aaiaeeoeci e
oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai i?e ioya/athueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao. Iniiau aeiionoeee
oaeaea aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie a oneiaeyo aiaiiiai
a?aiaie eee a aiaaie ianoaiiaea e ca ae?oaea iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey
a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii NNN?.

27 ieoya?y 1960 aiaea ia o?aoueae nannee AN ?NON? iyoiai nicuaa aue
i?eiyo aeaenoaothuee e nae/an Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ?NON?. A caeiia ?NON?
“Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee OE ?NON?” auei oeacaii, /oi ii aaiaeeony a aeaenoaea n
1 yiaa?y 1961 aiaea. Aei iaoeo aeiae yoio OE i?aoa?iaaae iiiaeanoai
eciaiaiee, /oi auei naycaii ia oieueei n eciaiaieyie a oaeiaii-i?aaiaie
aeieo?eia ?innee, ii e iieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaeie a no?aia, /oi aanueia
oa?aeoa?ii aeey ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa n a?aiai Ieoya?ueneie
?aaiethoeee 1917 aiaea. I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi yoe eciaiaiey aeaaea a
aieueoae noaiaie caaeneee io iieeoeee, /ai io ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua
a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeieaeiu auee iiaeeyoue ia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Yoi
yaeyaony e?oiiui iaaeinoaoeii ?inneeneiai oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.

Ioiineoaeueii nia?oiie eacie iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi yoa ia?a
iaeacaiey ia auea aeeth/aia a ia?a/aiue iaeacaiee, oeacaiiue a no. 21 OE
?NON?. Iia auaeaeaia a ioaeaeueiie Noaouea, eae eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a
iaeacaiey (no. 23), aaea aiai?eony, /oi nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao
i?eiaiyoueny ca iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey ii OE ?NON?. Ia iiaeeaaeao
oaeiio iaeacaieth aeaiueiu, eeoea, iaaeinoeaoea 18-eaoiaai aic?anoa e
iiiaioo niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, e ioae/eiu noa?oa 65 eao. A yoie aea
Noaouea cae?aieai noaaoee o?aaeeoeeiiiui aeey ?inneeneiai oaieiaiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeae eacie – ?anno?ae.

A OE iaia/aaony ii?aaeaeaiiay aeaienoaaiiinoue a ioiioaiee nia?oiie
eacie. I?aaeaea anaai niaa?oaiii iaiiiyoii, eae caeiiiaeaoaeue ioiineony
e nia?oiie eacie. Oi?iaeueii iia yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeaeia iaeacaiey,
ii, oae eae ia aeeth/aia a ia?a/aiue aeaeia iaeacaiey, iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi, i?iaeieaeay o?aaeeoeee niaaoneie oaieiaii-i?aaiaie
aeieo?eiu, iia ioiineony e oa??i?o. Yoi niaa?oaiii iaaeiionoeii a
nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae ?acaeoey ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa. Aeaeaa, a Noaouea
i oeaeyo iaeacaiey (no. 20) oeacuaaaony n?aaee inoaeueiuo oeaeae
“eni?aaeaiea e ia?aainieoaiea inoaeaeaiiuo”. Anee iiaeoiaeeoue e
nia?oiie eacie n oi/ee c?aiey iaeacaiey, iaia/aaony i?ioeai?a/ea aeaoo
noaoae, oae eae ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui aiai?eoue ia “eni?aaeaiee
e ia?aainieoaiee” a neo/aa i?eiaiaiey eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?u iaeacaiey.
Iaiaoiaeeii iaiyoue ii?aaeaeaiea oeaeae iaeacaiey, aaea aeieaeii auoue
io?aaeaii, /oi ia anaie aeaeaie iaeacaiey aeinoeaeeiu yoe iinoaaeaiiua
oeaee. I?e yoii, nia?oioth eaciue neaaeoao oeacaoue a ia?a/ia aeaeia
iaeacaiey a ea/anoaa eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?u e ?acuynieoue, /oi aa
eneeth/eoaeueiinoue eae ?ac e ninoieo a oii, /oi iia ia iiaeao ii naiae
i?e?iaea iai?aaeyoueny ia “eni?aaeaiea e ia?aainieoaiea”.

*anoe/ii oaeie iiaeoiae a caeiiiaeaoaeueiie i?iaeaiaoeea nia?oiie eacie
iaoae io?aaeaiea a i?iaeoa OE ?O, i?eiyoui iinoaiiaeaieai
Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey ?O “I i?iaeoa Oaieiaiiai
eiaeaena ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” 22 aeaeaa?y 1994 aiaea. A i?iaeoa OE ?O
nia?oiay eaciue aeeth/aia a ia?a/aiue aeaeia iaeacaiey (no. 46). Ii a
ii?aaeaeaiee oeaeae (no. 45) iaeacaiey ii-i?aaeiaio oeao?e?oao oeaeue
eni?aaeaiey, oioy a iiaie o?aeoiaea iia iiaeao enoieeiauaaoueny eae ia
iaycaoaeueiay oeaeue. Iaeiaei nia?oiay eaciue ii?aaeaeaia eae iniiaiia
iaeacaiea (no. 47), o.a. oaea ia iiae/a?eeaaaony aa eneeth/eoaeueiinoue.
A i?iaeoa OE ?NON? oaea a Iauae /anoe aiai?eony i i?anooieaieyo, ca
eioi?ua iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny nia?oiay eaciue (i.1 no. 58): “…oieueei ca
iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey, iinyaathuea ia aeeciue.” E?oa eeoe, e
eioi?ui iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny nia?oiay eaciue, inoaeny aac eciaiaiee ii
n?aaiaieth n aeaenoaothuei OE. Oaeaea inoaaeai aac eciaiaiee
aeueoa?iaoeaiue oa?aeoa? aunoae ia?u iaeacaiey, o.a. anee ca niaa?oaiiia
i?anooieaiea i?aaeoniio?aia nia?oiay eaciue, oi iia ia yaeyaony
aaeeinoaaiiui iaeacaieai, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaii e i?anooiieeo.
Ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao nia?oiay eaciue a ii?yaeea
iiieeiaaiey iiaeao caiaiyoueny ia iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu (/. 1
no. 24) (oioy caeanue eiaaony a aeaeo, /oi nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao auoue
caiaiaia oaeaea ia n?ie eeoaiey naiaiaeu ia n?ie ia auoa 15 eao); a
i?iaeoa OE nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao auoue caiaiaia a ii?yaeea iiieeiaaiey
iiaeeciaiiui eeoaieai naiaiaeu eee ia n?ie 25 eao. Oai naiui a i?iaeoa
OE ca?aiaa /aoei ii?aaeaeai n?ie, ia eioi?ue iiaeao caiaiyoueny nia?oiay
eaciue a ii?yaeea iiieeiaaiey. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi a oaeia iieiaeaiea,
eioi?ia ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao caeeth/aiea eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia n?ie aieaa
15 eao (ii i?iaeoo OE ?O – 25 eao), ii ia iiaeeciaiii, caeiiiaeaoaeue ia
aeeaaeuaaao ieeaeiai niunea. Nei?aa anaai, iiaeiaiia iieiaeaiea yaeyaony
iaaei?aaioaiiui.

Eae aeaenoaothuee OE ?NON?, oae e i?iaeo OE ?O inoaaeytho aii?inu i
i?eiaiaiee n?iea aeaaiinoe e eeoeo, niaa?oeaoaio i?anooieaiea,
iaeacoaiia nia?oiie eaciueth, e i i?eiaiaiee n?iea aeaaiinoe e eeoeo,
i?eaiai?aiiiio e nia?oiie eacie, ia oniio?aiea noaea.

Ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao
iacia/aoueny ca aeinoaoi/ii iaoe?iue e?oa i?anooieaiee. I?aaeaea anaai e
iei ioiinyony oyaeeea i?anooieaiey i?ioea aeecie /aeiaaea. Naiia
“ciaiaieoia” ec ieo – yoi oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai i?e ioya/athueo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao (no. 102). Nia?oiie eaciueth ea?athony oaeaea e
aieueoeinoai aieineeo i?anooieaiee, iiaeaeoeo oyaeeea iineaaenoaey eee
niaa?oaiiua a aiaaie ianoaiiaea eee a aiaiiia a?aiy (ae. 12). Iiiaea
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?anooieaiey oaeea, eae eciaia ?iaeeia (no. 64),
oieiiaae (no. 65), oa??i?enoe/aneea aeou (/. 1 no. 66, /.1 no. 67),
aaiaeeoeci (no. 77) e o.ae., iaeacoaiu nia?oiie eaciueth. Oi, /oi n?aaee
i?anooieaiee, ca niaa?oaiea eioi?uo a aeaea iaeacaiey i?aaeoniio?aia
nia?oiay eaciue, yaeyaony ia?aaeeoeii “niaaoneiai” ia?eiaea e
“ionoaeiai”, iaoeeaeeeciaaiiiai iiaeoiaea e i?eiaiaieth oaeiai aeaea
iaeacaiey. E oaeei aea i?anooieaieyi ioiinyony oaii aicaeooiiai noaeia,
iiaeaeoee aeaaeue ethaeae, i?e/eiaiea oyaeeeo oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee
eee, anee ii niaa?oai i?aaieciaaiiie a?oiiie (/. 3 no. 213(2));
oa??i?eci a oie /anoe, anee yoi aeayiea iiiaaeaao iiae aeaenoaea /. 3
no. 213(3).

Iaeiaei, /oi aieueoa anaai oaeeaeyao ia oieueei i?ioeaieeia, ii e
noi?iiieeia nia?oiie eacie, yoio aeae iaeacaiey i?aaeoniio?ai ca
niaa?oaiea ecianeeiaaiea iniai oyaeeei ?aoeeaeeaenoii eee, iiaeaeoaa
oyaeeea iineaaenoaey, a ?aaii e ecianeeiaaiea iaeieaoiae (/. 4 no. 117).
A yoii neo/aa i?anooieaiea ia iinyaaao ia aeeciue /aeiaaea, o.a. aeaaea
n oi/ee c?aiey e?iaiie ianoe iii ia aeieaeii ea?aoueny noieue no?iaui
iaeacaieai.

A eoiaa, aeaenoaothuee OE ?NON? ia ioee/aaony oi?ioae ?aaeaiaioaoeeae
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie eae aeaea iaeacaiey. Yoi yaeyaony
iineaaenoaeai iieiie ianiaianoeiinoe niaaoneiai aeieo?eiaeueiiai
iiaeoiaea e aunoae ia?a iaeacaiey e nia?aiaiiuo iauanoaaiiuo,
iieeoe/aneeo oneiaee, eioi?ua neiaeeeenue a ?innee ia naaiaeiyoiee
aeaiue. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ioiineoaeueii nia?iie eacie ia i?ioyaeaiee
anaai a?aiaie aeaenoaey OE ?NON? a iaai aiineeenue cia/eoaeueiua
eciaiaiey, yoi ia ono?aieei ana iaaeinoaoee e ioeai/iua iieiaeaiey.
Aieaa eiyeueiue iiaeoiae e caeiiiaeaoaeueiie ?aaeaiaioaoeee nia?oiie
eacie i?ineaaeeaaaony a i?iaeoa OE ?O. Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi oai
cia/eoaeueii nie?auai e?oa i?anooieaiee, niaa?oaiea eioi?uo i?eaiaeeo e
i?eiaiaieth nia?oiie eacie. Iia iiaeao iacia/aoueny, eae oaea
aiai?eeinue, oieueei ca iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey, iinyaathuea ia
aeeciue /aeiaaea. Oai?aoe/anee nia?oiay eaciue i?aaeoniio?aia oieueei
o?aiy noaoueyie: oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai i?e ioya/athueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
(i.i. 2,3 no. 103); oa??i?eci, niaa?oaiiue i?anooiiui niiauanoaii (i. 3
no. 196); aaiioeeae (no. 335). Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aieineea i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua a aiaiiia a?aiy
eee a aiaaie ianoaiiaea, ia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony OE, a ii?aaeaeyaony
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii aiaiiiai a?aiaie. Iiyoiio nouanoaotho aiieia
aeinoaoi/iua iniiaaiey i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi yoi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
aoaeao oeacuaaoue ia i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie, ii a niioaaonoaee n OE
iia e a aiaiiia a?aiy iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny oieueei a neo/ayo niaa?oaiey
oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee, iinyaathueo ia aeeciue /aeiaaea.

A caeeth/aiea aiaeeca nia?aiaiiiai aeaenoaothuaai oaieiaiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i nia?oiie eacie a ?innee e i?iaeoa OE ?O oioaeinue
au i?aaenoaaeoue ii?aaeaeaiioth iiaeaeue yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey. I?aaeaea
anaai, eae oaea aiai?eeinue auoa, iieiaeaiey i nia?oiie eacie ia
aeieaeiu anooiaoue a i?ioeai?a/ey n iniiaiuie oi?ioee?iaeaie i oeaeyo
iaeacaiey, eia/a i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie aoaeao aaniethoii
iai?aaiia?iui, iieacuaathuei anth “iaeiiiaoaioiinoue” oaieiaiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ioaeii oaeaea iaiai?eoue, /oi a neeo naiaai
i?aaiaiai ii?aaeaeaiey nia?oiay eaciue yaeyaony iniiaiui aeaeii
iaeacaiey, /oi iicaieyao aeeth/eoue aa a ia?a/aiue aeaeia iaeacaiey aac
auaeaeaiey a ioaeaeueioth noaoueth, ii ii naiae i?e?iaea iia yaeyaony
eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?ie, /oi oiaea iaiaoiaeeii iaiai?eoue, naeaeaa
aeoeaio ia oii, a /ai caeeth/aaony aa eneeth/eoaeueiinoue. Ono?aiea
oaeei ia?acii iaeioi?ua iaiaeiicia/iua iieiaeaiea, eioi?ua i?ioeai?a/ao
ae?oa ae?oao, iiaeii ia?aoiaeeoue e onoaiiaeaieth yoie naieoeee ca
ii?aaeaeaiiua i?anooieaiey. Nei?aa anaai e oaeei i?ioeaii?aaiui aeayieyi
aeieaeiu ioiineoueny oieueei oyaeeea i?anooieaiey i?ioea aeecie
/aeiaaea. Yoi iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue eae yeaiaio e?iaiie ianoe, oae eae
nia?oiay eaciue aoaeao i?eiaiyoueny ainoaea?noaii, i?ioea caeiiia
eioi?iai niaa?oaii i?anooieaiea. Oaeaea iaiaoiaeeii onoaiiaeoue iniaue,
aieaa ouaoaeueiue ii?yaeie ?anneaaeiaaiey, noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna ii
aeaeai i nia?oiie eacie, eioi?ue aeieaeai naanoe e ieieioio eiee/anoai
noaeaaiuo ioeaie.

Ioiineoaeueii naiiai niiniaa nia?oiie eacie, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue,
/oi, nia?oue inoaeaeaiiiai ia oieueei aeieaeia auoue aaniethoii
aacaieaciaiiie e iaiiaaiiie, ii e i?ioeanna eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a
eniieieoaeue ia aeieaeai ii aiciiaeiinoe anooiaoue ie a oece/aneee, ie a
ineoieiae/aneee eiioaeo n i?anooiieeii, o.a. iaea/a ioaeii eae iiaeii
aeaeueoa “ioaeaeeoue” io naiae aea?oau. Aeinoe/ue yoiai aeinoaoi/ii
oyaeaei, oae eae oa aeaeu eacie, eioi?ua iicaieytho yoi naeaeaoue ia
yaeythony aacaieaciaiiuie aeey inoaeaeaiiiai, iai?eia?, yeaeo?e/aneee
nooe eee eaia?a n oaeooathuei aacii. Anee inoaaeyoue o?aaeeoeeiiiue
?anno?ae, oi ia aeinoeaaaony oeaeue ioaeaeaiey eniieieoaey. Naiui
i?eaieaiui a yoii niunea aeaeii nia?oiie eacie yaeyaony aa??ioa,
eniieuecoaiay a Eniaiee: inoaeaeaiiiai onaaeeaatho a e?anei, cae?aieytho
aai oaei, caoai iaaeaaatho niaoeeaeueiue iaoaeee/aneee ioaeiee, eioi?ue
?acei naeaaeeaaaony n iiiiuueth yeaeo?e/aneiai aeaeaaoaey; nia?oue
ianooiaao iiiaioaeueii io niauaiey iicaiieia.

Iaeacaiea eae i?aaiaia ia?aie/aiea naycaii n ainoaea?noaaiiui
i?eioaeaeaieai e niaoeeaeece?oaony ia i?ioeaiaeaenoaee i?ioeaii?aaiiio
iiaaaeaieth. I?aaiaua ia?aie/aiey i?ecaaiu aaneoue anth oo nioeeaeueioth
yia?aeth, eioi?ay iaoiaeeony a i?ioeai?a/ee n i?aaiauie noeioeaie,
i?aaiauie i?eioeeiaie e ii?iaie. Iie iaa?aaatho iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey,
eioi?ua ieacuaathony eee iiaoo ieacaoueny iiae aicaeaenoaeai
i?ioeaicaeiiiuo noeioeia. Oai naiui i?aaiia?aie/eoaeueiua oaeoi?u
auiieiytho ooieoeeth io?aiu e caueou, noaaeeece?otho nioeeaeueiua
i?ioeannu. A yoii e caeeth/aaony eo iiceoeaiay ?ieue.

Nia?oiay eaciue eae oaieiaiia iaeacaiea aunooiaao a ea/anoaa i?aaiaiai
ia?aie/aiey, th?eaee/aneiai n?aaenoaa, naea?aeeaathuaai i?anooiieeia.
Yoi auoaeaao ec aa i?e?iaeu e yaeyaony iauaeoeaiui naienoaii, ianiio?y
ie ia eaeea noauaeoeaiua ioeaiee e iauanoaaiiua iiaiey. Eia/a aiai?y,
iiaeii nii?eoue i oii, yooaeoeaia eee iayooaeoeaia nia?oiay eaciue,
ioaeia iia eee ia ioaeia ia aeaiiii yoaia iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey,
ioiaieoue aa eee iao, ii oi, /oi nia?oiay eaciue – naea?aeeaathuee
oaeoi?, i?aaiaia ia?aie/aiea – yoi ianiiiaiii. Nianoaaiii, aeaaiaei?y
yoiio aa iiaeii ?anoeaieaaoue, eae n?aaenoai caueou iauanoaa io iaeaieaa
oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee. N.A. Iiciuoaa n/eoae, /oi iaeacaiea eiaao oieueei
iaeio oeaeue – i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea i?anooieaiee, eioi?ia aiciiaeii a oi?ia
oece/aneiai oaea?aeaiey (aeey i?anooiieeia) eee ineoe/aneiai
i?ioeaiaeaenoaey i?anooieaieth (aeey ae?oaeo /eaiia iauanoaa).

?acoiaaony, naea?aeeaathuoth ?ieue nia?oiie eacie eae i?aaiaiai
ia?aie/aiey iaeuecy ia?aioeaieaaoue. Aaaeue aeaeaei ia ai anao neo/ayo
iia auaaao yooaeoeaiie, e oieueei a ioiioaiee ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoie
eaoaai?ee ethaeae iia aiieia ieacuaaao naea?aeeaathuaa aicaeaenoaea.
“*anoue enneaaeiaaiee ooaa?aeaeatho, – ieooo O. Caaee/ e O. Eoai, – /oi
nia?oiay eaciue eiaao iaeioi?ia naea?aeeaathuaa aicaeaenoaea,
iniiauaathuaany ia ono?aoaiee…” I?aaeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe
yooaeoeaiinoe oa?aeoa?iu ia oieueei aeey nia?oiie eacie, ii e aeey eiuo
aeaeia iaeacaiey, /oi ia anaaaea o/eouaaaony. Iiiaea aea ca/anooth
aaniethoece?otho ?ieue nia?oiie eacie a naea?aeeaaiee i?anooiiinoe,
o?aaoy io iaa aieueoa, /ai iia iiaeao aeaoue, n/eoay aa oieaa?naeueiui
n?aaenoaii. Eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?ie aa iacuaatho aiana ia iioiio, /oi iia
iiaeao e aeieaeia auoue eneeth/eoaeueii yooaeoeaiie, a a nayce n aa
eneeth/eoaeueiuie iineaaenoaeyie aeey /aeiaaea, i?anooieaoaai ii?iu
i?aaa. Nia?oiay eaciue caieiaao naia ianoi, o/anoaoy iineeueii a
naea?aeeaaiee i?anooiieeia ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie yeiiiie/aneeie,
nioeeaeueiuie, iieeoe/aneeie, aeooiaiuie oaeoi?aie.

Iaeiie ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei oiai, /oi a ?innee iauanoaaiiia iiaiea noieei
auneacuaaaony ca i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie, yaeyaony
nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneay e iieeoeei-i?aaiaay eioaioeeueiinoue
a?aaeaeai, neiaeeaoayny a ?acoeueoaoa aaniethoiiai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiey
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Oaeei ia?acii, noi?ie?iaaeinue
i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, /oi eiaiii ainoaea?noai aoaeao ?aoaoue ana
iniiaiua i?iaeaiu iauanoaa, a oii /enea e i?iaeaio ai?ueau n
i?anooiiinoueth. Iaaeaeo oai a aeaiiii aii?ina iauanoai aeieaeii auoue
iacaaeneiui io ainoaea?noaa e naiinoiyoaeueii eniieueciaaoue
iaiaoiaeeiua nioeeaeueiua naieoeee.

Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi iiea iauanoai ia i?aiaeieaao aeaiiie
i?e/eiu, iinoaiiaea aii?ina ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie aoaeao a
ii?aaeaeaiiie ia?a i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiie. A oneiaeyo neaainoe aeaenoaey
i?aanoaaiiuo ii?i, o?oieinoe aeaiie?aoe/aneeo einoeoooia e o?aaeeoeee,
ionoonoaey i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe ioeac io nia?oiie eacie ia
iainiiaai. Aaaeii, /oiau i?ioeann aa ioiaiu i?ioaeae anoanoaaiii, oiaaea
o iauanoaa ia aicieeiao aeaeaiey i?eiaiyoue a iaeioi?uo i?aeoe/aneeo
neooaoeeyo aeaiiue aeae i?aaiaiai ia?aie/aiey. Oaeia ?aoaiea iiaeao
auoue i?eiyoi eeoue a ?acoeueoaoa oaaaeaeaiey a oii, /oi iiaeiaiay ia?a
iaeacaiey iai?eaieaia a aoiaiiii iauanoaa. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iieiinoueth
ioiaieoue nia?oioth eaciue oeaeaniia?acii eeoue i?e noaiiaeaiee i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, i?e ooieoeeiie?iaaiee eioi?ie naea?aeeaathuay ?ieue
nia?oiie eacie ia aoaeao ioaa/aoue iio?aaiinoyi iauanoaa a oie ia?a, eae
yoi niiaoo naeaeaoue ae?oaea n?aaenoaa, eiaaea iiaeii aoaeao iaeacaoue
a?aaeaeaieia, ia eeoay aai i?aaa ia aeeciue.

Iaeei ec iniiaiuo aeiaiaeia noi?iiieeia ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie ninoieo a
oii, /oi /aeiaae ia iia onooiaoue iauanoao i?aaa ia naith aeeciue, oae
eae ii e nai eeoai aiciiaeiinoe ?anii?yaeaoueny ae. AEeciue ia
ninoaaeyao aeaaa, aea?oaiiai /aeiaaeo ainoaea?noaii, iiyoiio
ainoaea?noai e ia eiaao caeiiiiai i?aaa ioieiaoue yoo aeeciue. Oaeei
ia?acii ainoaea?noai, naiiaeanoii i?ae?auay /aeaaa/aneoth aeeciue,
i?enaaeaaao naaa iai?eiaaeeaaeauaa aio i?aai. Ii aei neo ii? inoaaony
iaiiaeoaa?aeaeaiiui oi, /oi /aeiaae ia iiaeao onooieoue iauanoao i?aai
ia naith aeeciue: naiioaeenoai oo?aoeei iianthaeo oa?aeoa? iaeacoaiiai
aeayiey, a niaeanea oaeoiai ai iiiaeo eiaeaenao i?eciaaony
ianoiyoaeuenoaii, eciaiythuei ia oieueei ia?o, ii e ?iae iaeacoaiinoe.
Ana ainoaea?noaa i?eciatho iaeiie ec nayuaiiuo iaycaiiinoae eaaeaeiai
a?aaeaeaieia aea?oaiaaoue niaie aeey caueou naiae no?aiu; ana oaieiaiua
eiaeaenu aeeth/atho a naay einoeooo iaiaoiaeeiie iai?iiu, a neeo
eioi?iai n/eoaaony i?aaiia?iui aeaaea eeoaiea aeecie /anoiui eeoeii
i?anooiii iaiaaeathuaai. Eiia/ii, ia ainoaea?noai aeaao aeeciue
a?aaeaeaiai, ii io iaai oaeaea ia caaenyo e ae?oaea aeaaa – caei?iauea,
naiaiaea; aea i?e oii ioaeii aua aeieacaoue, /oi ainoaea?noai,
iaeacuaay, iiaeao ii?aaeaoue oieueei oa aeaaa i?anooiieea, eioi?ua
aicieeatho a ainoaea?noaa e ii aiea ainoaea?noaa.
Aii?in i oeaeaniia?aciinoe eee iaoeaeaniia?aciinoe nia?oiie eacie aoaeao
inoaaaoueny ioe?uoui aei oao ii?, iiea iia aoaeao nouanoaiaaoue oioy au
oieueei a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii aeaea, ia ano?a/aynue a i?aeoe/aneii
i?eiaiaiee. Iaeuecy ia i?eieiaoue ai aieiaiea aeiaiaeu “ca” e “i?ioea”
nia?oiie eacie, ii iacuaaoue aa aaccaeiiiui iaeacaieai, aaeaie
inayuaiiui oaeenoaii – cia/eo caauoue anth enoi?eth nia?oiie eacie,
oneiaey aa ?acaeoey; iaeuecy eaii?e?iaaoue oio oaeo, /oi iu ano?a/aainy
ni nia?oiie eaciueth o naiuo ?acee/iuo ia?iaeia ia anao nooiaiyo
eoeueoo?u, i?e anao ?aeeaeyo e oneiaeyo aeecie.

EEOA?AOO?A:

1. Oaaaioeaa I.N. ?onneia oaieiaiia i?aai. Eaeoeee. *anoue iauay. O. 2.

I.: Iaoea, 1994.

2. Eenoyeianeee A. Enneaaeiaaiea i nia?oiie eacie. Eeaa, 1867.

3. Iiciuoaa N.A. Iniiaiua aii?inu o/aiey i iaeacaiee. I., 1904.

4. Aiaoeei A.C. Nia?oiay eaciue a eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noaao.

I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1971.

5. Oaieiaiia i?aai ao?aeoaciuo no?ai: Iauay /anoue. Nai?iee
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia. / Iiae ?aae. A.I. Eaiaoiaa e E.Ae. Eici/eeia.

I.: Ecae-ai OAeI, 1990.

6. I?anooieaiea e iaeacaiea a Aiaeee, NOA, O?aioeee, O?A, ssiiiee: Iauay
/anoue oaieiaiiai i?aaa. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1991.

7. Nia?oiay eaciue: ca e i?ioea. / Iiae ?aae. N.A. Eaeeiie. I.: TH?eae.
eeo. 1989.

8. Eaae A. I?eaiai?eoue e iiaaoaieth. ?inneeneay thnoeoeey, ?11, 1994.

9. Iaeueei A.A. Nia?oiay eaciue eae i?aaiaia ia?aie/aiea. Ainoaea?noai e
i?aai, ? 1, 1993.

10. Nia?oiay eaciue a ssiiiee. Io/ao i i?aauaaiee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
Aiienoee a ssiiiee (21 oaa?aey – 3 ia?oa 1983 a.). Ecaeaiea
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie Aiienoee.

CAEIIIAeAOAEUeIUA AEOU:

1. Caeii ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oaeenoai io 21 ia?oa 1957 a. (Aiaeey).

2. Naiae caeiiia NOA. ?acaeae 18.

3. Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ooaoa Iaaei.

4. Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ssiiiee io 24 ai?aey 1907 a.

5. Aeaeineay onoaaiay a?aiioa 1398 a.

6. Ineianeay noaeiay a?aiioa 1497 a.

7. Noaeaaiee 1497 a.

8. Noaeaaiee 1559 a.

9. Oeiaeaiea 1649 a.

10. Naiae caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee 1832 a.

11. OE ?NON? 1922 a.

12. OE ?NON? 1926 a.

13. OE ?NON? io 27 ieoya?y 1960 a.

14. I?iaeo OE ?O io 22 aeaeaa?y 1994 a.

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