Niaea?aeaiea
TOC \o “1-3” Aaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703397 PAGEREF
_Toc479703397 3
1. Nenoaia iaeacaiee a oaieiaiii i?aaa ?O GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703398
PAGEREF _Toc479703398 6
1.1 Iiiyoea nenoaiu iaeacaiee a oai?ee oaieiaiiai i?aaa GOTOBUTTON
_Toc479703399 PAGEREF _Toc479703399 6
1.2. Enoi?ey e yaiethoeey nenoaiu iaeacaiee a niaaoneee ia?eiae
GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703400 PAGEREF _Toc479703400 7
1.3. Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea nenoaiu iaeacaiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703401
PAGEREF _Toc479703401 10
2. Aeaeu iaeacaiee GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703402 PAGEREF _Toc479703402
14
2.1. Oo?ao. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703403 PAGEREF _Toc479703403 15
2.2. Eeoaiea i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703404 PAGEREF
_Toc479703404 18
2.3. Eeoaiea niaoeeaeueiiai, aieineiai eee ii/aoiiai caaiey, eeanniiai
/eia e ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaa?aae. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703405 PAGEREF
_Toc479703405 22
2.4. Iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703406 PAGEREF
_Toc479703406 23
2.5. Eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703407 PAGEREF
_Toc479703407 24
2.6. Ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703408
PAGEREF _Toc479703408 26
2.7. Eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703409 PAGEREF
_Toc479703409 27
2.8. Ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703410 PAGEREF
_Toc479703410 29
2.9. A?ano. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703411 PAGEREF _Toc479703411 30
2.10. Niaea?aeaiea a aeenoeeieeia?iie aieineie /anoe. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc479703412 PAGEREF _Toc479703412 31
2.11. Eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703413
PAGEREF _Toc479703413 32
2.12. Iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703414
PAGEREF _Toc479703414 34
2.13. Nia?oiay eaciue. GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703415 PAGEREF
_Toc479703415 35
Caeeth/aiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703416 PAGEREF _Toc479703416 40
Aeaeeia?aoey GOTOBUTTON _Toc479703417 PAGEREF _Toc479703417 43
Aaaaeaiea
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aai eae ?aaoeyoi? iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ea?aao ana
aieueooth e aieueooth ?ieue, iniaaiii iinea ioeaca io ieaeeenoe/aneeo
aicc?aiee a yoie iaeanoe e ia/aea iino?iaiey i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa.
Oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai – yoi oeaiiie ian nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa,
eioi?ue io?aiyao, caueuaao, iaania/eaaao ?aaeecaoeeth i?aaiauo
ioiioaiee. Iii niinianoaoao oiio, /oiau iauanoaaiiua ?aaoeyoi?u ?aaioaee
ii?iaeueii, auee iaiieiaiu ?aaeueiui niaea?aeaieai e ni?aaaaeeeai ea?aao
eaaeaeiai i?aaiia?ooeoaey, i?eioaeaeay aai e niaethaeaieth onoaiiaeaiiuo
iauaiaycaoaeueiuo i?aaee iiaaaeaiey.
Aii?in i nenoaia iaeacaiee, aiciiaeiuo ia?ao ainoaea?noaaiiiai
i?eioaeaeaiey, a yoie nayce, i?aaenoaaeyaony iaeiei ec iaeaieaa aaaeiuo.
Ca iineaaeiea aiaeu, a i?ioeanna ?aoi?iu oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
iiyaeeenue iiaua aeaeu iaeacaiee, iaeioi?ua ec ieo (iai?eia?,
ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa) oaea i?eiaiythony, iaeioi?ua (a?ano,
ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu) oieueei ieaie?oaony i?eiaiyoue a aeeaeaeoai
aoaeouai, oioy iie oaea i?enoonoaotho a oaenoa oaieiaiiai caeiia.
Iacia/aiea, nouiinoue, ?acee/iua aniaeou iaeioi?uo iaeacaiee auee
eciaiaiu. Eiua aeaeu oaieiaiuo iaeacaiee (aunueea, nnueea) auee
eneeth/aiu aua a ia/aea i?aaiaie ?aoi?iu. Nouanoaaiii noaeaiu ?aiee
i?eiaiaiey aunoae ia?u iaeacaiey – nia?oiie eacie /a?ac ?anno?ae.
A eeoa?aoo?a aeaiiay oaia, a oeaeii, auea eco/aia aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi,
/oi naycaii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, n oai, /oi nenoaia e aeaeu iaeacaiee,
a oii eee eiii aeaea, nouanoaiaaee ai anao oaieiaiuo caeiiao, oioy e
auee iaiieiaiu ?acee/iui niaea?aeaieai. Iaeiia?aiaiii, eae neaaeoao ec
i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa ianoiyoaeuenoa, cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ?aaio, eae
iiiia?aoee, oae e o/aaieeia, onoa?aea a aieueoae eee iaiueoae noaiaie.
Ieaea aoaeao iieacaii, /oi i/aiue iaiiiai iaeacaiee ia i?aoa?iaei
nouanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee iinea i?eiyoey iiaiai Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena. I?e
yoii, neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi noaeaaiay i?aeoeea ii aiiaue aeiaaaeaiiui
aeaeai oaieiaii-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eeai iiea aiana ionoonoaoao
(ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu, iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou, a?ano), eeai aua ia
iniuneaia e ia iiaeuoiaeaia (iai?eia?, ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa).
Aua aeieaeiui ia?acii ia eco/aii niauaiea aeoeaioia n aieaa oyaeeeo
aeaeia iaeacaiey, naycaiiuo n ia?aie/aieai naiaiaeu e aieaa iyaeei n
iaeiie noi?iiu, e iaaethaeathuayny oaea iieoi?a aeanyoeeaoey oaiaeaioeey
e oaaee/aieth n?aaeieo n?ieia eeoaiey naiaiaeu, n ae?oaie.
Ana yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi iaiaoiaeeiu iiaua oai?aoe/aneea
i?aaiaua enneaaeiaaiey a iaeanoe nenoaiu e aeaeia iaeacaiee. Ianoiyuay
?aaioa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeio ec iiiuoie i?iaaaeaiey oaeiai
enneaaeiaaiey e n?aaieoaeueii-i?aaiaiai aiaeeca n oeaeueth aieaa oi/iiai
e aeoaieiai oyniaiey niunea e ?acee/iuo aniaeoia nenoaiu e aeaeia
iaeacaiey.
Iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi ?aaioa ii ?aoi?ie?iaaieth oaieiaiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeieaeia aanoenue iinoiyiii, a a ianoiyuee iiiaio iia
i?inoi ia?aaeeaaao i/aiue aeoeaioth oaco. N?aco iinea aaaaeaiey a
aeaenoaea Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena niaoeeaeenou iaia?oaeeee a iai i/aiue
iiiai iaaeinoaoeia e i?iaaeueiinoae. Eae neaaenoaea yoiai, anoae aii?in
i aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a oaeno caeiia, eioi?ue iinoaiaiii
?aoaaony Oaaea?aeueiui Nia?aieai. A ?aaioa iiae/a?eioou iaeioi?ua
iieiaeaiey, eioi?ua iiaoo iiaeaa?aiooueny ?anoe?eoaeueiiio oieeiaaieth
eee auoue eciaiaiu a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy.
I?e auiieiaiee ianoiyuae ?aaiou aaoi? iieueciaaeny neaaeothueie
enoi/ieeaie: aeaenoaothuaa oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee (Oaieiaiue eiaeaen, Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen,
Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiue eiaeaen), caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?NON? niaaoneiai
ia?eiaea (OE ?NON? 1961 aiaea, Iniiau oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NNN?
1958 aiaea, ae?oaea ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaua aeou), noaeaaiie i?aeoeeie,
iaci?aie i?aeoeee, ecaeaaaaiuie Aa?oiaiui Noaeii ?O, eiiiaioa?eyie e
Oaieiaiiio eiaeaeno, iao/iie eeoa?aoo?ie, eco/athuae aei?aaiethoeeiiiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iiiia?aoeyie ?acee/iuo aaoi?ia ii aii?inai nenoaiu e
aeaeia iaeacaiey, aeo?iaeaie “Ainoaea?noai e i?aai”, “Aanoiee Aa?oiaiiai
Noaea NNN?”, “?inneeneay thnoeoeey” e ae?oaeie ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiauie
aeoaie e th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?ie.
1. Nenoaia iaeacaiee a oaieiaiii i?aaa ?O
1.1 Iiiyoea nenoaiu iaeacaiee a oai?ee oaieiaiiai i?aaa
Anee iu ia?aoei naia aieiaiea ia enoi?eth oaieiaiiai i?aaa, oi noaiao
i/aaeaeii, /oi aeaaea a naiuo ia?auo iaiyoieeao i?aaa (Caeiiu Iaio,
Caeiiu oea?y Oaiio?aie e o.i.) iiaeii auaeaeeoue ii?aaeaeaiioth nenoaio
iaeacaiee, oioy aaoi?u yoeo naiaeia caeiiia ia ciaee oaeiai iiiyoey e ia
iuoaeenue ninoaaeoue no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?a/aiue aiciiaeiuo aeaeia
iaeacaiee. Ec yoiai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi nenoaia iaeacaiee
iauaeoeaii nouanoaoao iacaaeneii io noaiaie aa oi?iaeueiie
ii?aaeaeaiiinoe a enoi/ieea oaieiaiiai i?aaa e oai?aoe/aneiai
iainiiaaiey a th?eaee/aneie iaoea.
Aii?in ia ii?aaeaeaiee nenoaiu iaeacaiee yaeyaony, iaaa?iia,
aaeeinoaaiiui a aeaiiie iaeanoe, eioi?ue ia aucuaaao neieueei-ieaoaeue
na?ueaciuo ?aciiaeanee o oai?aoeeia oaieiaiiai ia?a. Iiae nenoaiie
iaeacaiey iau/ii iiieiatho onoaiiaeaiiue a oaieiaiii caeiia
en/a?iuaathuee e iaycaoaeueiue aeey noaeia ia?a/aiue aeaeia iaeacaiee,
?aniieiaeaiiuo a ii?aaeaeaiiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe n o/aoii eo
n?aaieoaeueiie oyaeanoe.
?acoiaaony, a nayce n eciaiaieai oa?aeoa?a, nouiinoe iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee a iaoae no?aia, i?aaenoaaeaiee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe eee, iaiai?io,
iaioaeiinoe ?acee/iuo aeaeia iaeacaiee, aoiaiiinoe e ni?aaaaeeeainoe,
nenoaia iaeacaiee a ioa/anoaaiiii oaieiaiii i?aaa ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia
i?aoa?iaaaea ?acee/iua eciaiaiey, eioi?ua e aoaeoo ae?aooea ?anniio?aiu
ieaea.
1.2. Enoi?ey e yaiethoeey nenoaiu iaeacaiee a niaaoneee ia?eiae
Ia?aue ioa/anoaaiiue enoi?e/aneee enoi/iee oaieiaiiai i?aaa – “?onneay
i?aaaea”, i?aaeoniao?eaaea ianeieueei aeaeia th?eaee/aneie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe – oo?ao (ae?a), eiioeneaoeeth eiouanoaa e auaea/o
i?anooiieea a ?aanoai aianoa n naiueae (“iioie e ?aca?aaeaiea”),
nia?oiay eaciue. Eiathuay cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai ia?aaeeoeia ?iaeiaiai
no?iy, “?onneay I?aaaea”, oai ia iaiaa, eiaea ia?iiiia cia/aiea eae
ia?aue nenoaiaoece?iaaiiue nai?iee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia oa??eoi?ee
iaoae ?iaeeiu. Aiineaaenoaee (oaea a neaaeothueo ?aaeaeoeeyo naiie
“?onneie I?aaaeu”) nenoaia iaeacaiee iiiieiyeanue iiauie aeaeaie, eae
i?aaeei, caeinoaiaaiiuo ec aecaioeeneeo iau/aaa, i/aiue aeanoieeo e
a?oae/iuo.
Aia?aua aea a /aoei noi?ioee?iaaiiii aeaea nenoaia iaeacaiee i?aaenoaea
a Niai?iii Oeiaeaiee 1649 aiaea, i?eiyoii Caineei niai?ii. Aeey iaa auee
oa?aeoa?iu eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey iaeacaiey (oi anoue, ia?ani?ino?aiaiea
ea?aoaeueiuo ia? ia ?iaenoaaiieeia i?anooiieea), aai nineiaiue oa?aeoa?
(?acee/iua aeaeu e ia?a ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey aeey
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?aciuo nineiaee), iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue a onoaiiaeaiee
iaeacaiey (aiciiaeiinoue noaeaaiuo i?aaiia eee oea?y ii?aaeaeyoue ia?o
iaeacaiey), /?acia?iay aeanoieinoue (i?eia?ii a oanoeaeanyoe neo/ayo
i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie, ?acee/iua n?aaeiaaaeiaua
iaoiaeu eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaciae, iiiai/eneaiiua oaa/auea iaeacaiey e
o.i.).
Ia i?ioyaeaiee aieaa aeaoonio eao yoa nenoaia eciaiyeanue e
niaa?oainoaiaaeanue, iiea ai a?aiaia Aeaenaiae?a II ia auea eciaiaia any
noaeaaiay nenoaia. Iaeioi?ua aeaeu iaeacaiee, i?aeiouanoaaiii
n?aaeiaaaeiaua, en/acaee, iai?eia?, caeeaaiea ai?ea iaoaeeii aeey
oaeueoeaiiiiao/eeia, iaeioi?ua iiyaeyeenue, iai?eia?, a?aaeaeaineay
eaciue. A oeaeii, e Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee ?inneeneay eiia?ey eiaea
aeinoaoi/ii ?acaeoia oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, oi?ioi ioeaaeaiioth
iaoeio i?aainoaeey, ia eeoaiioth, ai?i/ai iaeioi?uo oaiaeaeueiuo e
nineiaiuo ia?aaeeoeia e ii?aaeaeaiiie i?aaeacyoinoe noaeae.
Iinea ?aaiethoeee aieueoaaeee, i?eoaaeoea e aeanoe, ia/aee ?aoeoaeueiia
?aoi?ie?iaaiea anae i?aaiaie nenoaiu. ?acoiaaony, i?e yoii ia iiaei ia
eciaieoueny oaieiaiia i?aai a iauai, e nenoaia e aeaeu iaeacaiee a
/anoiinoe. Auea aeaaea iiiuoea oa?aoue nai oa?iei “iaeacaiea”, caiaiea
aai ia “ia?u nioeeaeueiie caueou noaeaaii-eni?aaeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a”,
iaeiaei iineaaeiaa neiaini/aoaiea eniieueciaaeinue iaaeieai.
A ia?auo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao ii oaieiaiiio i?aao nio?aiyeenue iaeacaiey a
aeaea eeoaiey naiaiaeu, eiioeneaoeee eiouanoaa e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea,
eniieueciaaaoeany e a oea?neie ?innee. Iaeiia?aiaiii eniieueciaaeenue e
iaeacaiey, aucaaiiua e aeecie iiauie nioeeaeueiuie oneiaeyie.
?oeiaiaeyuea ia/aea ii oaieiaiiio i?aaa ?NON? 1919 aiaea aaaee ?yae
“i?eia?iuo aeaeia” iaeacaiey, ?aniieaaay eo io iaeiaiaa oyaeeiai aei
iaeaieaa no?iaiai: aiooaiea, iauanoaaiiia ii?eoeaiea, i?eioaeaeaiea e
aeaenoaeth (i?ieoe eo?n iao/aiey, “ia?aeiaee”), iauyaeaiea aieeioa,
eneeth/aiea ec iauaaeeiaiey ia a?aiy eee iaanaaaea, aiciauaiea
i?e/eiaiiiai oua?aa, io?aoaiea io aeieaeiinoe, cai?auaiea caieiaoue oo
eee eioth aeieaeiinoue, eniieiyoue ?aaioo, eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa,
eeoaiea iieeoe/aneeo i?aa, iauyaeaiea a?aaii ia?iaea eee ?aaiethoeee,
eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue eee iaii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie aei
ianooieaiey ecaanoiiai niauoey, iauyaeaiea aia caeiia, ?anno?ae. E?iia
oiai, iiaeii auei ?acee/iua aeaeu iaeacaiey.
OE ?NON? 1922 aiaea a no.32 onoaiaaeeaae neaaeothuee ia?a/aiue
iaeacaiee, ia yoio ?ac en/a?iuaathuee: ecaiaiea ec i?aaeaeia ?NON? ia
n?ie eee aann?i/ii, eeoaiea naiaiaeu ni no?iaie ecieyoeeae eee aac
oaeiaie, i?eioaeeoaeueiua ?aaiou aac niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae,
oneiaiia inoaeaeaiea, eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa, ii?aaeaiea i?aa,
oaieueiaiea io aeieaeiinoe, iauanoaaiiia ii?eoeaiea, aiceiaeaiea
iaycaiiinoe caaeaaeeoue i?e/eiaiiue a?aae e, iaeiiaoe, ?anno?ae,
i?aaeoniio?aiiue no. 33 OE.
Yoio aea Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ?acee/ae iaeacaiey a nianoaaiiii niunea neiaa
e ia?u nioeeaeueiie caueou, e eioi?ui ioiineeenue iiiauaiea a
o/?aaeaeaiea aeey oinoaaiii eee ii?aeueii aeaoaeoeaiuo, i?eioaeeoaeueiia
ea/aiea, oaeaeaiea ec ianoiinoe i?iaeeaaiey (aunueea) e cai?auaiea
caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth. Yoe ia?u nioeeaeueiie caueou auee aeiiieiaiu e
eeanneoeoee?iaaiu a Iniiaiuo ia/aeao oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NNN?
e nithciuo ?anioaeee 1924 aiaea ia ia?u noaeaaii-eni?aaeoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a, iaaeeoeeineiai e iaaeeei-iaaeaaiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Ii naiae
nouiinoe iie i?eioeeieaeueii ioee/aeenue io iaeacaiey.
Ia?a/aiue iaeacaiee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo Iniiaiuie ia/aeaie 1924 aiaea
iaiaeiie?aoiie aeiiieiyeny. Oae, a 1936 aiaeo noaeai auei i?aaeinoaaeaii
i?aai i?eiaiyoue e eeoeai, niaa?oeaoei iaeaieaa iianiua i?anooieaiey,
eeoaiea naiaiaeu a aeaea caeeth/aiey a oth?ueio.
Iniiaiua ia/aea oa?aeoa?eciaaeenue nenoaiie iaeacaiee, neiaeeaoeeny a
oneiaeyo aeanoeie ?ai?anneaiie iieeoeee (eioi?ay ia/aeanue ioithaeue ia
a 1937, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii a 1917 aiaeo), eoeueoa ee/iinoe e eeanniaie
ai?ueau e ia iiaea ioaa/aoue iiaui o?aaiaaieyi, neiaeeaoeiny iinea
nia?oe Noaeeia. Iiyoiio a 1958 aiaeo auee i?eiyou iiaua Iniiau
oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, eioi?ua
aianee a iaa nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey. Oae, ec iaa auee eneeth/aiu
iauyaeaiea a?aaii o?oaeyueony, oaeaeaiea ec i?aaeaeia NNN?, eeoaiea
ecae?aoaeueiuo i?aa. Iinea yoiai nenoaia iaeacaiee aeeth/aea a naay
neaaeothuea aeaeu (no.21): eeoaiea naiaiaeu, nnueea, aunueea, eeoaiea
i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eeai caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, oo?ao, iauanoaaiiia ii?eoeaiea, eiioeneaoeey
eiouanoaa, eeoaiea aieineiai eee niaoeeaeueiiai caaiey. Aeey
aiaiiineoaeaueo i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue oaeaea caeeth/aiea a
aeenoeeieeia?iue aaoaeueii. Nia?oiay eaciue eae eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a
iaeacaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue aia nenoaiu iaeacaiee. Iniiau 1958 aiaea
i?aaeoniao?eaaee aeey ?anioaeee aiciiaeiinoue onoaiaaeeaaoue eiua aeaeu
iaeacaiey. A Oaieiaiii eiaeaen ?NON? 1961 aiaea, e?iia oaea
ia?a/eneaiiuo aeaeia, i?aaeoniio?aiu auee oaeaea oaieueiaiea io
aeieaeiinoe e aiceiaeaiea iaycaiiinoe caaeaaeeoue i?e/eiaiiue a?aae (ii.
5,6 /.1 no. 21).
Neooaoeey n i?eiaiaieai nia?oiie eacie (aunoae ia?u iaeacaiey) a
niaaoneee ia?eiae aieaa iiae?iaii ?anniio?aia ieaea, a ?acaeaea,
iinayuaiiii niioaaonoaothuaio aeaeo iaeacaiey.
Oaeei ia?acii, oaieiaiie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai niaea?aeeo oi/iue e
en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue aeaeia iaeacaiee, eioi?ua noae iiaeao
iacia/eoue eeoeo, niaa?oeaoaio i?anooieaiea. I?eiaiaiea iaeacaiee, ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaieiaiui caeiiii, iaaeiionoeii.
Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu e oeaee iaeacaiey auee caeiaeaiu aua a niaaoneee
ia?eiae e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a oai?ee oaieiaiiai i?aaa ia i?iecioei a yoi
iai?aaeaiee na?ueaciuo eciaiaiee, /aai iaeuecy neacaoue i nenoaia e
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeao iaeacaiee.
1.3. Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea nenoaiu iaeacaiee
Oi?ie?iaaiea iiaie nenoaiu iaeacaiee a ioa/anoaaiiii oaieiaiii i?aaa
auei, a iniiaiii, caaa?oaii n i?eiyoeai iiaiai Oaieiaiiai Eiaeaena
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, anooieaoaai a aeaenoaea 1 yiaa?y 1997 aiaea.
A eiaeaena aeinoaoi/ii iiiai iiaaee, eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee.
Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ec ieo eanaaony e nenoaiu e aeaeia iaeacaiee. Oae,
aua a 1993 aiaeo auee eneeth/aiu e niioaaonoaaiii ia aioee a iiaue
eiaeaen oaeea aeaeu iaeacaiee eae nnueea e aunueea. Eciaiaia any
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue nenoaiu iaeacaiee – oaia?ue ia?auie a nienea
neaaeotho ia nia?oiay eaciue (eioi?ay ?aiaa a iauee ia?a/aiue iaeacaiee
aeeth/aia ia auea, ii oaeoe/anee ioe?uaaea nenoaio iaeacaiee noaoueae 23
OE ?NON?) e eeoaiea naiaiaeu, a oo?ao e ae?oaea, aieaa iyaeea aeaeu
iaeacaiee. Ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo oai?aoeeia, oaeia iino?iaiea ia?a/iy
aoaeao i?eaioe?iaaoue noaeu ia i?eiaiaiea aieaa iyaeiai aeaea iaeacaiey.
Ioiaiaiu oaeea aeaeu iaeacaiee eae oaieueiaiea io aeieaeiinoe (ii iaoaio
iiaieth, aai aieaa aeaei e oi/ii caiaiyao cai?auaiea caieiaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe), iauanoaaiiia ii?eoeaiea (eioi?ia neaaeiaaei
au ioianoe nei?aa e ia?ai iauanoaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey, a ia oaieiaiiai
iaeacaiey, noaeaie iii i?eiaiyeinue i/aiue ?aaeei), aiceiaeaiea
iaycaiiinoe caaeaaeeoue i?e/eiaiiue a?aae (eae aeae iaeacaiey iaiiiai
oaeiaiaa eniieueciaaoue oo?ao, a aeey aiciauaiey iaianaiiiai oua?aa
eniieueciaaoue a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua iaoiaeu, /oi oaea e i?aeoeeiaaeinue
?aiaa). A oi aea naiia a?aiy noa?ia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia ciaei oaeeo
aeaeia iaeacaiey eae iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou (no. 49 OE), ia?aie/aiea ii
aiaiiie neoaeaa (no. 51 OE), ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu (no. 53 OE) e a?ano
(no. 54 OE). A ioaeaeueiue aeae iaeacaiey auianaii iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea
naiaiaeu (no. 57 OE).
A oaieiaii-i?aaiaoth ?aaeaiaioaoeeth ecaanoiuo ?aiaa aeaeia iaeacaiey
oaeaea auee aianaiu nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey. Oae, eciaiaiey aianaiu a
ii?yaeie en/eneaiey oo?aoa, aai i?aaeaeueiua ?acia?u, a oaeaea a
ia?a/aiue iaeacaiee, eioi?uie iiaeao auoue caiaiai oo?ao a neo/aa
ceinoiiai oeeiiaiey io aai oieaou.
I?e i?eiaiaiee eeoaiey aieineiai caaiey, ii/aoiiai caaiey eee eeanniiai
/eia, aianaii eciaiaiea, iicaieythuaa noaeo naiiio eeoaoue inoaeaeaiiiai
ii/aoiiai caaiey (?aiaa, niaeanii /.2 no.36 OE ?NON? noae iia oieueei
ia?auaoueny n i?inueaie i eeoaiee ii/aoiiai caaiey eee iaa?aae a
niioaaonoaothuee i?aai), aeiaaaeaii oeacaiea ia aiciiaeiinoue eeoaiey
eeanniiai /eia.
Eciaiaia e ?aaeaiaioaoeey eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio – ioauaaiea iaeacaiey
ia?aie/aii ianoii ?aaiou inoaeaeaiiiai, ecuyou eaeea-eeai oeacaiey ia
aiciiaeiinoue caiaiu yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey eeoeai, i?eciaiiui
iao?oaeiniiniaiuie, ooi/iaia i?aaiaay i?e?iaea iaeacaiey.
Ec no. 52 OE ?O, ?aaeaiaioe?othuae i?eiaiaiea eiioeneaoeee eiouanoaa
eneeth/aiu iaeioi?ua iieiaeaiey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a, e?iia
oiai, a /.2 no. 52 niaea?aeeony iiaia i?aaeienaiea, ia?auaiiia e
caeiiiaeaoaeth, ia onoaiiaeaiee eiioeneaoeee eiouanoaa ca oyaeeea e
iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua ec ei?unoiuo iiaoaeaeaiee.
Na?ueacii eciaiai oaeaea ii?yaeie e iniiaaiey i?eiaiaiey niaea?aeaiey a
aeenoeeieeia?iie aieineie /anoe (?aiaa no. 34 OE ?NON?, nae/an no. 55 OE
?O). ?anoe?ai e?oa eeoe, e eioi?ui iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaii aeaiiia
iaeacaiea (ca n/ao eiio?aeoieeia), oiaiueoaaony n?ie eeoaiey naiaiaeu,
eioi?ue iiaeao auoue caiaiai niaea?aeaieai a aeenoeeieeia?iie aieineie
/anoe n o?ao aei aeaoo eao, niyou ia?aie/aiey ia i?eiaiaiea yoiai aeaea
iaeacaiey e eeoeai, ?aiaa ioauaaaoei eeoaiea naiaiaeu.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue aian oaeaea nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a oaieiaii-i?aaiaoth
?aaeaiaioaoeeth eeoaiey naiaiaeu, eioi?ay e aei yoiai ?aaoey?ii
iiaeaa?aaeanue eciaiaieyi e aeiiieiaieyi. E?iia ?aaeaeoeeiiiuo e
niaea?aeaoaeueiuo eciaiaiee a noaoona iaeioi?uo o/?aaeaeaiee, iaoea naia
caeiiiaeaoaeueiia cae?aieaiea oaiaeaioeey e oaaee/aieth n?aaeiae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe iaeacaiey. Oaia?ue eeoaiea naiaiaeu iiaeao auoue
iacia/aii ia n?ie io oanoe ianyoeaa aei aeaaaeoeaoe eao (/.1 no. 24 OE
?NON? i?aaeoniao?eaaea iacia/aiea yoiai iaeacaiey ia n?ie io o?ao
ianyoeaa aei iyoiaaeoeaoe eao). E?iia oiai, eciaiai i?eioeei neiaeaiey
iaeacaiey – aai iauay i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iiaeao aeinoeaaoue
aeaaaeoeaoe iyoe eao (/.3 no.69 OE ?O). Iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu, a
iniiaiii, nio?aieei naith ?aaeaiaioaoeeth, ca eneeth/aieai oiai iiiaioa,
/oi oaia?ue iii ia iiaeao auoue iacia/aii oai aea eeoeai, eioi?ui ia
iiaeao auoue iacia/aia nia?oiay eaciue – niaa?oeaoei i?anooieaiey a
aic?anoa aei ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao, aeaiueiai e eeoeai, aeinoeaoei
oanoeaeanyoeiyoeeaoiaai aic?anoa.
I?e yoii iaeioi?ua ec iiauo aeaeia iaeacaiee, eioi?ua aoaeoo ?anniio?aiu
ieaea, aua ia i?eiaiythony, iineieueeo aeey yoiai iiea ia nicaeaiu
oneiaey.
?anniio?aa nenoaio iaeacaiee ?inneeneiai oaieiaiiai i?aaa e eciaiaiey,
eioi?ua iia i?aoa?iaea ii n?aaiaieth n oaieiaiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
niaaoneiai ia?eiaea, ia?aoeiny e aiaeeco iaiin?aaenoaaiii ioaeaeueiuo
aeaeia iaeacaiey.
2. Aeaeu iaeacaiee
Nia?aiaiiia oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
i?aaeoniao?eaaao ianeieueei aiciiaeiuo ?acee/iuo iaeacaiee ca
niaa?oaiiua i?anooiiua aeayiey. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eo ian/eouaaaony
o?eiaaeoeaoue, e yoi iicaieyao noaeo aua?aoue iaeaieaa aaeaeaaoiue aeae
e ia?o ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey a niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii
eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Yoe aiciiaeiua aeaeu
iaeacaiey ia?a/eneaiu a noaouea 44 OE ?O: oo?ao, eeoaiea i?aaa caieiaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, eeoaiea niaoeeaeueiiai, aieineiai eee ii/aoiiai
caaiey, eeanniiai /eia e ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaa?aae, iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou,
eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou, ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa, eiioeneaoeey
eiouanoaa, ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu, a?ano, niaea?aeaiea a aeenoeeieeia?iie
aieineie /anoe, eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie, iiaeeciaiiia
eeoaiea naiaiaeu e, iaeiiaoe, eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a iaeacaiey – nia?oiay
eaciue.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iaeioi?ua aeaeu iaeacaiee ia iiaoo auoue
i?eiaiaiu e ianiaa?oaiiieaoiei, iiyoiio aeey ieo nenoaia iaeacaiee, a
niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 88 OE ?O, auaeyaeeo neaaeothuei ia?acii: oo?ao,
eeoaiea i?aaa caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, iaycaoaeueiua
?aaiou, eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou, a?ano, eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue
n?ie.
I?e yoii, a iineaaeiea aiaeu iaaethaeaaony ?ino i?anooieaiee,
niaa?oaaiuo ianiaa?oaiiieaoieie. Oae, a 1996 aiaeo oaeaeueiue aan
ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo inoaeaeaiiuo ninoaaee 10,6%, a 1997 – 11,6%, a a
ia?aii iieoaiaeee 1998 aiaea – oaea 12,1%. Yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi
nenoaia iaeacaiee aeey ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo ia iieiinoueth ni?aaeyaony ni
naieie ooieoeeyie.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei iniiaaiee eeanneoeeaoeee aeaeia iaeacaiee.
Iai?eia?, ii oa?aeoa?o ea?aoaeueiiai yeaiaioa iie aeaeyony ia iaeacaiey,
ia naycaiiua n eeoaieai eee ia?aie/aieai naiaiaeu, iaeacaiey,
ia?aie/eaathuea naiaiaeo, nia?oiay eaciue. Ii iaeaieaa /anoi
ano?a/athuaany aeaeaiea naycaii n aiciiaeiinoueth eo i?eiaiaiey
iacaaeneii eee a caaeneiinoe io ae?oaeo. Ii yoiio e?eoa?eth iaeacaiey
aeaeyony ia iniiaiua, aeiiieieoaeueiua e iaeacaiey, eioi?ua iiaoo
i?eiaiyoueny a ea/anoaa iniiaiuo e aeiiieieoaeueiuo. Oaeay nenoaia
ianeieueei iaoaeiaiay aeey aiaeeca, iineieueeo niune e oeaee iaeiiai e
oiai aea iaeacaiey, i?eiaiyaiiai eae iniiaiia e eae aeiiieieoaeueiia
(iai?eia?, eeoaiey i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee
caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth) ?acee/iu. Iiyoiio
iiae?iaiaa iu ?anniio?ei aeaeu iaeacaiee a oaeii ii?yaeea, a eioi?ii iie
eaeoo iaiin?aaenoaaiii a oaenoa oaieiaiiai caeiia.
2.1. Oo?ao.
Iiae oo?aoii iiieiaaony aeaiaaeiia acuneaiea iacia/aaiia a i?aaeaeao,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo ianoiyuei Eiaeaenii, a ?acia?a, niioaaonoaothuaio
ii?aaeaeaiiiio eiee/anoao ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea,
onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia iiiaio
iacia/aiey iaeacaiey, eeai a ?acia?a ca?aaioiie ieaou eee eiiai aeioiaea
inoaeaeaiiiai ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey – iaeei ec naiuo ae?aaieo, e aieaa oiai, iaeei ec
naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo a ioa/anoaaiiii oaieiaiii i?aaa. Eae oaea
ioia/aeinue iaeiaeaiea oo?aoa (ae?u) auei naiui /anoui iaeacaieai ca
aieueoeinoai i?anooieaiee ii “?onneie I?aaaea”. A iineaaeothuai aai
?ieue nieaeaeanue, a a aiaeu niaaoneiai ia?eiaea iii aiiaua en/acei ec
nenoaiu iaeacaiee, iiyaeaoenue niiaa oieueei a Iniiaao oaieiaiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e ?anioaeee 1958 aiaea (noaouey 21) e,
niioaaonoaaiii, a Oaieiaiii Eiaeaena ?NON? (noaouee 21, 30).
Oo?ao iai?aaeai ia ii?aaeaiea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe inoaeaeaiiiai e
ieacuaaao aicaeaenoaea i?aeiouanoaaiii ia iaoa?eaeueiua noi?iiu
oeaiiinoiie i?eaioaoeee aai ee/iinoe. A oiaea a?aiy, noaeu aeieaeiu
ia?auaoue aieiaiea, i?aaeaea anaai ia iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea
inoaeaeaiiiai, iineieueeo oo?ao ia aeieaeai i?aa?auaoueny ie a n?aaenoai
ioeoia (aiaaoue inoaeaeaiiue), ie a n?aaenoai ?aci?aiey (aaaeiue
inoaeaeaiiue).
Ii iauaio i?aaeeo oo?ao a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai iaeacaiey i?eiaiyaony a
neo/ayo niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiee iaaieueoie e n?aaeiae oyaeanoe, iaeiaei
a ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai ii iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny e i?e niaa?oaiee
oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee. Iai?eia?, i.2 noaouee 161 i?aaeoniao?eaaao
ioaaonoaaiiinoue a aeaea eeoaiey naiaiaeu e oo?aoa a ?acia?a aei
iyoeaeanyoe ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea.
Anaai ieiei noa iyoeaeanyoe ninoaaia aeaenoaothuaai OE i?aaeoniao?eaatho
i?eiaiaiea oo?aoa a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai eee aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaeacaiey.
Yoi cia/eoaeueii aieueoa, /ai a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa 1961 aiaea, eiaaea
oaeiauo ninoaaia ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 70. Aieaa ?aiiaa iieiaeaiea ii?i,
aeeth/aaiuo a einoeooo oo?aoa oaeaea oeacuaaao ia oi, /oi caeiiiaeaoaeue
aiiaue ?anniao?eaaao aai iaeiei ec iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuo aeaeia
iaeacaiee. E?iia oiai, oo?ao, a niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 80 OE ?O,
iiaeao caiaieoue iaioauooth /anoue iaeacaiey, ioauaathuaio eeoaiea
naiaiaeu ca i?anooieaiea iaaieueoie eee n?aaeiae oyaeanoe. Ana yoi
aeaeaao oo?ao cia/eoaeueii aieaa aeaeei aeaeii iaeacaiey.
?acia? oo?aoa eae oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey ii?aaeaeai i.2 no. 146 OE e
ninoaaeyao io aeaaaeoeaoe iyoe aei iaeiie ouny/e ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia
iieaou o?oaea eee a ?acia?a ca?aaioiie ieaou eee eiiai aeioiaea
inoaeaeaiiiai ca ia?eiae io aeaoo iaaeaeue aei iaeiiai aiaea. Eae
aeaeii, ?acia?u oo?ao neeueii eciaieeenue ii n?aaiaieth n Oaieiaiui
Eiaeaenii ?NON?, aaea iie ii iauaio i?aaeeo ninoaaeyee io iaeiie aoi?ie
aei iyoeaeanyoe ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea eeai aei
iyoeaeanyoee?aoiie noiiu i?e/eiaiiiai oua?aa. Iaeiaei oaeie oo?ao ia iia
neoaeeoue a aeinoaoi/iie ia?a na?ueaciui oaieiaiui iaeacaieai –
ioiineoaeueii ieceee ?acia? i?eaeeaeae aai e aeaeai aaeieieno?aoeaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iiyoiio a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo caeiiiaeaoaeue oae
ia na?ueaciia oaaee/aiea noiiu oo?aoa. Iai?eia?, /.2 no. 1622 OE ?NON?
onoaiaaeeaaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue io o?aonio aei iyoenio ieieiaeueiui
?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea. Noaeaaiay eieeaaey ii oaieiaiui aeaeai
Aa?oiaiiai noaea neaaeeo ca i?aaeeueiinoueth iacia/aiey ?acia?a oo?aoa e
oeacuaaao ieaeanoiyuei noaeai ia ioeaee a iacia/aiee iaeacaiey.
E ianiaa?oaiiieaoiei oo?ao iiaeao auoue i?eiaiai oieueei a oii neo/aa,
eiaaea ecaanoii, /oi aeiiaiue eiaao naiinoiyoaeueiue ca?aaioie eee
eiouanoai, ia eioi?ia iiaeao auoue ia?auaii acuneaiea, i?e yoii ?acia?
oo?aoa aeieaeai ninoaaeyoue io 10 aei 500 ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou
o?oaea eee aai aeioiaea ca ia?eiae io aeaoo iaaeaeue aei oanoe ianyoeaa.
Naeaeaii yoi, eae eaaei aeiaaaeaoueny, aeey oiai, /oiau ia i?e/eieoue
iaoa?eaeueiiai a?aaea ?iaeeoaeyi eee iiaeoiai ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai.
I?aeoeea oaeaea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi noaeu ia iacia/atho oo?ao
iiae?inoeai io 14 aei 16 eao, aeaaea i?e iaee/ee o ieo naiinoiyoaeueiiai
ca?aaioea.
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao oaeaea ii?yaeie oieaou oo?aoa – ii
aeieaeai auoue aianai aeia?iaieueii ii oeacaieth noaea a naa?aaaoaeueiue
aaie eee a ioaeaeaiea Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?O a oa/aiea 30 aeiae (no.31
Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiiai eiaeaena) eee a oa/aiea 1 aiaea, anee oieaoa
oo?aoa auea ion?i/aia. A neo/aa ceinoiiai oeeiiaiey io oieaou, oo?ao
iiaeao auoue caiaiai eni?aaeoaeueiuie ?aaioaie, eni?aaeoaeueiuie
?aaioaie eee a?anoii (/.5 no. 46 OE ?O). E?iia yoiai, a neo/aa iaoieaou
oo?aoa, anee noae ia caiaieo inoaeaeaiiiio ia?o oaieiaiiai aicaeaenoaey,
noiia oo?aoa acuneeaaaony noaeaaiui eniieieoaeai a i?eioaeeoaeueiii
ii?yaeea iooai ia?auaiey acuneaiey ia eiouanoai, i?eiaaeeaaeauaai
inoaeaeaiiiio. Aaeeinoaaiiia ia?aie/aiea eiouanoaa, ia iiaeeaaeauaai
acuneaiey, oeacaii a /.4 no.38 OEE – aai ninoaa niaiaaeaao n ninoaaii,
ii?aaeaeaiiiai a Ia?a/ia eiouanoaa, ia iiaeeaaeauaai eiioeneaoeee ii
i?eaiai?o noaea.
Iniiaaiey aeey ion?i/ee eee ?ann?i/ee (auieaou ii /anoyi) oo?aoa ia n?ie
aei iaeiiai aiaea oaeaea ii?aaeaeaiu a caeiia – niaeanii /.2 no.31 OEE
?O, yoi ionoonoaea aiciiaeiinoe inoaeaeaiiiai iaeiia?aiaiii oieaoeoue
anth noiio oo?aoa, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiia caeeth/aieai noaeaaiiai
eniieieoaey.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeaeii, /oi ?ieue oo?aoa eae oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey
cia/eoaeueii iiauneeanue a nia?aiaiiii oaieiaiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii
n?aaiaieth n niaaoneei ia?eiaeii. Aa?iyoii, /oi oneeaiea ?iee oo?aoa
caeiiiaeaoaeue naycuaaao n iiaie yeiiiie/aneie ?aaeueiinoueth, a, e?iia
oiai, n oai oaeoii, /oi ?aoeeaeea n?aaee eeoe, iiaeaa?aoeony oo?aoo,
ninoaaeyao anaai io 6 aei 8,5 i?ioeaioia, oi anoue i/aiue iaaunieee. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi oo?ao iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue eni?aaeaieth inoaeaeaiiiai
aac i?eiaiaiey ia?, ia?aie/eaathueo aai naiaiaeo, e naeaeaoue
iaauaiaeiui niaa?oaiea i?anooieaiee, eiathueo a naiae iniiaa
iaoa?eaeueioth auaiaeo.
2.2. Eeoaiea i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
Yoi aieaa iieiaeua aeaeu iaeacaiey. A niaaoneee ia?eiae iie
nouanoaiaaee, ia/eiay n 1919 aiaea, eiaaea auee i?eiyou ?oeiaiaeyuea
ia/aea ii oaieiaiiio i?aao ?NON?. A ieo nouanoaiaaee oaeea aeaeu
iaeacaiey, eae io?aoaiea io aeieaeiinoe e cai?auaiea caieiaoue oo eee
eioth aeieaeiinoue, auiieiyoue ?aaioo. ssaeyynue ecia/aeueii iaoaieciii
eeanniaie ai?ueau, eioi?ue iicaieye ionaeaoue io oi?aaeaiey
“iaiieiioeaiiuo” a eeanniaii ioiioaiee yeaiaioia, aiineaaenoaee yoe
iaeacaiey noaee aeinoaoi/ii oe?iei i?eiaiyoueny aeey eneeth/aiey
aiciiaeiinoe aeinooia eeoe, niaa?oeaoeo i?anooieaiea, e aiciiaeiinoe aai
?aoeeaeeaa.
Niaeanii nia?aiaiiiio ?inneeneiio oaieiaiiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao (no. 47
OE ?O), aeaiiia iaeacaiea iiaeao iacia/aoueny ia n?ie io iaeiiai aiaea
aei iyoe eao a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai iaeacaiey e ia n?ie io oanoe ianyoeaa
aei o?ao eao a ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai. I?e yoii i.3 no.47 OE ?O
i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiciiaeiinoue iacia/aiey a ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai
iaeacaiey eeoaiey i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee
caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth aeaaea a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
iii ionoonoaoao a niioaaonoaothuae ii?ia Iniaaiiie /anoe OE ?O.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi oaeia iieiaeaiea (oioy e iayaii, a no. 29 OE ?NON?)
nouanoaiaaei e ?aiueoa, noaeu ia?aaeei aei neo ii? oioneatho ec aeaea
aiciiaeiinoe iacia/eoue ?anniao?eaaaioth ia?o iaeacaiey a ea/anoaa
aeiiieieoaeueiie. Ia yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iaiaeiie?aoii oeacuaae
Aa?oiaiue Noae ?O, e yoi noaei i?e/eiie oiai, /oi i?aaiaay ii?ia,
aeiioneathuay iacia/aiea aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaeacaiey a aeaea eeoaiey
i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth noaea aieaa /aoei au?aaeaia a aeaenoaothuai iuia
Oaieiaiii eiaeaena. Oai ia iaiaa, Aa?oiaiue Noae aica?auaaony e yoie
oaia aiiaue e aiiaue, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaaeinoaoi/ii a?aiioiii
i?eiaiaiee yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey. Oae, i?e ?anniio?aiee aii?ina i ia?ao
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca yeieiae/aneea i?anooieaiey, Aa?oiaiue Noae i?ecaae
noaeae ianoaeaeaoue aii?in i iaiaoiaeeiinoe iacia/aiey aeiiaiiio
aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaeacaiey a aeaea eeoaiey i?aaa caieiaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth.
?acieoea iaaeaeo iiiyoeyie “caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe” e
“caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth” ninoieo a oii, /oi ia?aia
ninoieo a cai?auaiea caiyoey aeieaeiinoae ia ainoaea?noaaiiie eee
ioieoeeiaeueiie neoaeaa, a aoi?ia – a cai?auaiee inouanoaeyoue
ii?aaeaeaiiua ooieoeee a eiiia?/aneie eee eiie i?aaiecaoeee.
A oai?ee oaieiaiiai i?aaa iao aaeeiie oi/ee c?aiey ia i?e?iaeo aeaiiiai
iaeacaiey. Iaeioi?ua aaoi?u ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi aeaiiue aeae iaeacaiey
yaeyaony niaoeeaeueiui, iineieueeo iniiaaiey eo i?eiaiaiey
ii?aaeaeythony eae oa?aeoa?ii niaa?oaiiiai aeayiey, oae e “oai, /oi
eeoei aunooiaao a ea/anoaa niaoeeaeueiiai noauaeoa”. Iaeiaei, n iaoae
oi/ee c?aiey, a iinoaiiaeaiee Ieaioia Aa?oiaiiai Noaea io 29 aaaonoa
1980 aiaea “I i?aeoeea iacia/aiey noaeaie aeiiieieoaeueiuo iaeacaiee”
/aoei aiai?eony: oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi e iiiaioo iinoaiiaeaiey
i?eaiai?a iiaenoaeeiue ia caieiae aeieaeiinoe eee ia caieiaeny
aeayoaeueiinoueth, n eioi?ie auei naycaii niaa?oaiiia i?anooieaiea, ia
yaeyaony i?aiyonoaeai aeey i?eiaiaiey ?anniao?eaaaiiai iaeacaiey a
ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai. Oaeei ia?acii, aiai?eoue i iaee/ee
niaoeeaeueiiai noauaeoa i?anooieaiey iiaeii aeaeaei ia anaaaea, oioy
iaeioi?oth niaoeeoe/iinoue aeaiiiai iaeacaiey iaiaoiaeeii ana-oaee
i?eciaoue.
Anoue ?acee/ea a n?ieao en/eneaiey ?anniao?eaaaiiai iaeacaiey a
caaeneiinoe io aai aeaea – iniiaiiai eee aeiiieieoaeueiiai. Eiaaea
eeoaiea i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth iacia/aaony a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai
iaeacaiey, oi enoa/aiea n?iea ia/eiaaony n iiiaioa anooieaiey i?eaiai?a
noaea a caeiiioth neeo. Anee aea iii iacia/aaony a ea/anoaa
aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaeacaiey, i?e yoii iniiaiia iaeacaiea naycaii n
eeoaieai eee ia?aie/aieai naiaiaeu, ia/aei oa/aiey n?ieia
aeiiieieoaeueiiai iaeacaiey ia/eiaaony n iiiaioa inaiaiaeaeaiey
inoaeaeaiiiai ec iano eeoaiey naiaiaeu. Yoi aiieia eiae/ii, iineieueeo a
neo/aa aeeeoaeueiuo n?ieia eeoaiey naiaiaeu (nauoa o?ao eao)
aeiiieieoaeueiia iaeacaiea i?inoi iioa?yei niune, anee au nouanoaiaaei
eiia iieiaeaiea. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeaenoaea eeoaiey
i?aaa caieiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieaeiinoe eee caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth eae au nio?aiyaony aeey ia?eiaea iaoiaeaeaiey ia
naiaiaea.
O/ao inoaeaeaiiuo e aeaiiiio aeaeo iaeacaiey aaaeoo
oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiua einiaeoeee, i?e yoi iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi
?anniao?eaaaiia iaie iaeacaiea aiana ia cai?auaao ?aaioo a oie eee eiie
io?anee. Oae, anee eeoei auei inoaeaeaii ii noaouea 200 OE ?O (“Iaiai
iio?aaeoaeae”), e aio a ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiie ia?u iaeacaiey auei
eca?aii eeoaiea i?aaa caieiaoue iaoa?eaeueii-ioaaonoaaiiua aeieaeiinoe,
oi yoi ia icia/aao, /oi eeoei ia iiaeao ono?ieoueny ?aaioaoue a iaaaceia
eee eiii oi?aiaii i?aaei?eyoee a ea/anoaa, iai?eia?, a?oc/eea eee
io?aiieea. I?e yoii aaeieieno?aoeey i?aaei?eyoey ia ai?aaa i?eaeaeaoue
inoaeaeaiiiai e oai ?aaioai, auiieiaiea eioi?uo naycaii n
aeayoaeueiinoueth, eioi?ay cai?auaia aeaiiiio eeoeo i?eaiai?ii noaea.
Iiyoiio noae aeieaeai /aoei iacaaoue aeieaeiinoe (iie aeieaeiu auoue
iaicia/aiu ii?iaoeaii eee iaeaaeaoue eaeaioeoeeaoeeiiiuie i?eciaeaie),
eioi?ua cai?auaii caieiaoue aeiiaiiio, n oeaeueth iaaeiiouaiey
?anoe?eoaeueiiai oieeiaaiey iaeacaiey.
I?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiay neea aeaiiuo iaeacaiee ianiiiaiia: eeoei eeoaaony
aeinooia e oie aeieaeiinoe eee aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay auea
eniieueciaaia aeey niaa?oaiey i?anooiiuo aeayiee. Eiia/ii, aiai?eoue ia
eni?aaeaiee anioeeaeueiuo iaeeiiiinoae ee/iinoe n iiiiuueth oieueei
iaeiiai yoiai iaeacaiey a?yae ee i?eoiaeeony, ii noaeu ia?aaeei
i?eiaiytho aai a ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai, a a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai
eniieuecotho oo?ao eee eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou, niinianoaoy oai naiui
eni?aaeaieth eeoea aac i?eiaiaiey ia? eeoaiey eee ia?aie/aiey naiaiaeu.
2.3. Eeoaiea niaoeeaeueiiai, aieineiai eee ii/aoiiai caaiey, eeanniiai
/eia e ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaa?aae.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?aciiaeaeiinoue ii?aeueiiai
aicaeaenoaey ia inoaeaeaiiiai, niaa?oeaoaai oyaeeia eee iniai oyaeeia
i?anooieaiea (noaouey 48 OE ?O).
Enoi?ey yoiai iaeacaiey i/aiue ae?aaiyy. Aua aei ?aaiethoeee oe?iei
eniieueciaaeenue aai i?aaeee – eeoaiea i?aa, aa?uee?othueany io auaea/e
aieiaie (i?aa?auaiey a oieiia) aei iiaeu, eeoaiey i?aaa canaaeaoue a
aiy?neie Aeoia eee i?eeaca, eae yoi auei, iai?eia?, ii Niai?iiio
Oeiaeaieth 1649. I?eiaiyeenue yoe iaeacaiey, ?acoiaaony, oieueei e
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui nineiaeyi e iaiiieiaee /anoe/iia iauyaeaiea aia
caeiia. A iineaaeiai Oaieiaiii Eiaeaena niaaoneiai ia?eiaea (1961 aiae)
yoi iaeacaiea oaeaea nouanoaiaaei e auei i?aaeoniio?aii noaoueae 29 OE
?NON?.
Yoi iaeacaiea i?eiaiyaony oieueei a aeaea aeiiieieoaeueiiai, i?e/ai iii
ia i?aaeoniio?aii ie a iaeiie noaouea Iniaaiiie /anoe OE, iiyoiio noae
iacia/aao aai naiinoiyoaeueii. Aaeeinoaaiiia ia?aie/aiea ninoieo a oii,
/oi iniiaiia iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiia iaeacaiea, niaeanii i.4 no. 15 OE
?O, aeieaeii auoue nauoa iyoe eao eeoaiey naiaiaeu (oi anoue,
i?anooieaiea aeieaeii auoue oyaeeeie eee iniai oyaeeei).
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi o/aiua noaiaie (aeieoi?a,
eaiaeeaeaou iaoe e o.i.), nii?oeaiua caaiey, i?ioanneiiaeueiua ia
ioiinyony e ii/aoiuie caaieyi e noae ia iiaeao eo eeoeoue ia iniiaaiee
noaouee 48 OE ?O.
Ainieoaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea yoiai iaeacaiey ia inoaeaeaiiiai, n iaoae
oi/ee c?aiey, ia i/aiue aaeeei, iineieueeo a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
iici?yuaa aicaeaenoaea iaeacaiey (iniaaiii, eeoaiea aieineiai caaiey),
iai?aaeaiiia ia ineoieiae/aneoth noi?iio ee/iinoe inoaeaeaiiiai, ia
aeinoeaiao naiae oeaee. Aieaa oiai, iii iiaeao i?eaanoe e iceiaeaieth
inoaeaeaiiiai, oneeaieth aai anioeeaeueiuo iaeeiiiinoae, niinianoaiaaoue
aai io/oaeaeaieth io iauanoaa (“iinoaaeai aia caeiia”). A oi aea a?aiy,
aeaiiia iaeacaiea iiae/a?eeaaao inoaeaeaiea i?anooiiiai iiaaaeaiey
aeiiaiiai noaeaaiuie i?aaiaie e ainoaea?noaii a oeaeii.
2.4. Iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey yaeyaony iiaaeeie ii n?aaiaieth n Oaieiaiui
Eiaeaenii ?NON?, oioy aai iiaeiaea nouanoaiaaei aua a oea?neie ?innee
(iauanoaaiiua ?aaiou iacia/aeenue aieinoiuie noaeaie). Iiea aua noaouey
49 OE ?O, ?aaoee?othuay iacia/aiea yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey, ia aaaaeaia a
aeaenoaea, iineieueeo niaeanii no. 4 Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia i aaaaeaiea a
aeaenoaea Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena ?O io 13 ethiy 1996 aiaea, eioi?ay
i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou (oae aea eae e a?ano) aoaeoo
i?eiaiyoueny iinea nicaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey eniieiaiey yoiai aeaea
iaeacaiey oneiaee, ii ia iicaeiaa 2001 aiaea.
Ii caiuneo caeiiiaeaoaey, iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou, ioe?uaay ia?a/aiue
aeaeia iaeacaiey, oae eee eia/a ia?aie/eaathueo naiaiaeo, aeieaeiu
aunooiaoue eae iaeaieaa uaaeyuee niinia iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey
ia ee/iinoue, naycaiiua n ia?aie/aieai naiaiaeu. Yoio iaeacaiea
i?eiaiyaony oieueei eae iniiaiia.
Niaea?aeaieai yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey ii /. 1 no. 49 yaeyaony aanieaoiue
o?oae, io eiee/anoaa, oa?aeoa?a e oneiaee inouanoaeaiey eioi?iai
inoaeaeaiiue oeeiieoueny ia ai?aaa.
Noaouey 26 Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiiai Eiaeaena onoaiaaeeaaao oneiaey
eniieiaiey e ioauaaiey iaeacaiey a aeaea iaycaoaeueiuo ?aaio. Oae,
inoaeaeaiiua e iaycaoaeueiui ?aaioai aeieaeiu niaethaeaoue i?aaeea
aioo?aiiaai ?anii?yaeea i?aaiecaoeee, a eioi?uo iie ioauaatho iaeacaiea
a aeaea iaycaoaeueiuo ?aaio; aeia?iniaanoii ioiineoueny e o?oaeo;
?aaioaoue ia ii?aaeaeyaiuo aeey ieo iauaeoao e io?aaioaoue onoaiiaeaiiue
aeey ieo noaeii n?ie iaycaoaeueiuo ?aaio; noaaeoue a ecaanoiinoue
oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueioth einiaeoeeth ia eciaiaiee ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao a /.3 no.49 OE ?O aiciiaeiinoue e ii?yaeie
caiaiu yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey a neo/aa ceinoiiai oeeiiaiey inoaeaeaiiiai
io ioauaaiey iaycaoaeueiuo ?aaio ia?aie/aieai naiaiaeu eee a?anoii.
Ceinoii oeeiiythueiny io ioauaaiey iaycaoaeueiuo ?aaio ii no. 30 OEE ?O
i?eciaaony inoaeaeaiiue, eioi?ue: a) aieaa aeaoo ?ac a oa/aiea ianyoea
ia auoae ia iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou aac oaaaeeoaeueiuo i?e/ei; a) aieaa
aeaoo ?ac a oa/aiea ianyoea ia?ooee o?oaeiaoth aeenoeeieeio; a) ne?ueny
a oeaeyo oeeiiaiey io ioauaaiey iaeacaiey.
A /. 4 no. 49 OE ?O onoaiiaeai ia?a/aiue eeoe, e eioi?ui iaeacaiea yoiai
aeaea ia i?eiaiyaony:
N iaoae oi/ee c?aiey, aiineaaenoaee iiaeao aicieeiooue iio?aaiinoue a
?anoe?eoaeueiii oieeiaaiee yoie ii?iu, iineieueeo aiaiiineoaeauee eee
?aaioiee i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia ii i?e/eiai eo iinoiyiiiai
iaoiaeaeaiey ia neoaeaa oaeiio iaeacaieth iiaeaa?aioou auoue ia iiaoo.
Iaeacaiea a aeaea iaycaoaeueiuo ?aaio eniieiytho
oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiua einiaeoeee ii ianoo aeeoaeuenoaa inoaeaeaiiuo
ia iauaeoao, ii?aaeaeyaiuo i?aaiaie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey ii
niaeaniaaieth n oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiuie einiaeoeeyie, eioi?ua oaeaea
aaaeoo o/ao inoaeaeaiiuo, ?acuyniytho ei ii?yaeie e oneiaey ioauaaiey
iaeacaiey, eiio?iee?otho iiaaaeaiea inoaeaeaiiuo, aaaeoo noiia?iue o/ao
io?aaioaiiiai inoaeaeaiiuie a?aiaie e eiio?iee?otho naiaa?aiaiiia
ia?a/eneaiea a niioaaonoaothuea athaeaeaou oeiainiauo n?aaenoa ca
auiieiaiiua inoaeaeaiiuie ?aaiou.
2.5. Eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou.
Aei 1933 aiaea yoi iaeacaiea eiaei iacaaiea “i?eioaeeoaeueiua ?aaiou”, a
Eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiaii eiaeaena 1933 aiaea – “eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiaua
?aaiou”. Aei yoiai oeacaiey ia eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou ano?a/aaony a
ia?auo aeoao niaaoneiai ia?eiaea ii oaieiaiiio i?aao (Aeae?ao “I noaea”,
Eino?oeoeee ?aaiethoeeiiiui o?eaoiaeai e ae?.).
Ii n?aaiaieth n Oaieiaiui Eiaeaenii 1961 aiaea, auee aianaiu iaeioi?ua
eciaiaiey a ?aaeaiaioaoeeth eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio – noaouee 27 e 28 OE
?NON? iauaaeeiaiu a iaeio – 50 OE ?O, ioauaaiea iaeacaiey ia?aie/aii
ianoii ?aaiou inoaeaeaiiiai, aaaaeaiu iiaua iniiaaiey e ii?yaeie caiaiu
aeaiiiai aeaea iaeacaiey aieaa no?iaeie, ecuyou eaeea-eeai oeacaiey ia
aiciiaeiinoue caiaiu aeaiiiai aeaea iaeacaiey a ioiioaiee eeoe,
i?eciaiiuo iao?oaeiniiniaiuie.
Nouiinoue iaeacaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi ec ca?aaioea inoaeaeaiiiai
au/eoaaony a aeioiae ainoaea?noaa ii?aaeaeaiiay aeaiaaeiay noiia (io
iyoe aei aeaaaeoeaoe i?ioeaioia), i?e yoii ca inoaeaeaiiui nio?aiyaony
iinoiyiiia ianoi ?aaiou. N?ie iacia/aiey iiaeao eieaaaoueny, niaeanii
i.1 no. 50 OE ?O, io aeaoo ianyoeaa aei aeaoo eao.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou – iaeii ec iaeaieaa /anoi
ano?a/athueony a oaenoa OE iaeacaiee. I?eiaiythony iie oieueei eae
iniiaiie aeae iaeacaiey, a neo/ayo, ii?aaeaeaiiuo naieoeeyie ii?i
Iniaaiii /anoe OE. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy iaiaoeeanue oaiaeaioeey e
oaaee/aieth i?eiaiaiey noaeaie yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey – a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
ieiei 25% i?eaiai?ia aeeth/atho a naay oeacaiey ia eni?aaeoaeueiua
?aaiou.
Cia/aiea eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio aua e a oii, /oi iie iiaoo caiaieoue
oo?ao a neo/aa ceinoiiai oeeiiaiey io aai oieaou. Anee aea eeoei
oeeiiyaony io eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio, oi eo, a naith i/a?aaeue, iiaoo
caiaieoue aieaa no?iaea iaeacaiey: a?ano, ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu, eeoaiea
naiaiaeu.
Eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou ieacuaatho ineoieiae/aneia aicaeaenoaea ia
inoaeaeaiiiai, aiieiuay a naaa oi?ae ainoaea?noaa, ia?aie/eaatho i?aai
ia ia?aiaio ianoa ?aaiou (cai?auaaony oaieueiaiea n ?aaiou ii
nianoaaiiiio aeaeaieth aac ?ac?aoaiey oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiie
einiaeoeee) e, a iaeioi?ie noaiaie, i?ioannee (ainoaea?noaaiiay neoaeaa,
aaieianeay noa?a e o.i., eae i?aaeei, iaaeinooiiu aeey inoaeaeaiiuo),
ii?iaeaeatho eiouanoaaiiua iineaaenoaey, oiaiueoay ?aaeueiue ca?aaioie
inoaeaeaiiiai. A oi aea a?aiy eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou i/aiue yeiiiie/iu n
oi/ee c?aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia e ia naycaiu n ?ac?uaii
iiceoeaiuo nioeeaeueiuo naycae inoaeaeaiiiai.
N yoie oi/ee c?aiey, iaiaoiaeeii i?eciaoue, /oi eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou
yaeythony iaeiei ec oao aeaeia iaeacaiey, eioi?ua caneoaeeaatho aua
aieaa /anoiai i?eiaiaiey.
2.6. Ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa.
Yoio aeae oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey iiaeao auoue iacia/ai oieueei
aiaiiineoaeauei, i?ioiaeyuei aiaiioth neoaeao ii eiio?aeoo. Niaeanii i.1
no. 52 OE ?O, n?ie iaeacaiey ninoaaeyao io o?ao ianyoeaa aei aeaoo eao,
ai a?aiy eioi?uo eeoei ia iiaeao auoue iiauoaii a caaiee e eioi?ua ia
can/eouaathony a auneoao eao, iaiaoiaeeiie aeey i?enaiaiey i/a?aaeiiai
caaiey.
Niaoeeoe/iinoue aeaiiiai aeaea iaeacaiey i/aaeaeia – a Iniaaiiie /anoe
iii i?aaeoniio?aii /ooue aieaa /ai a aeanyoe noaoueyo OE ?O,
?aniieiaeaiiuo a ?acaeaea XI “I?anooieaiey i?ioea aiaiiie neoaeau”.
Aeaiiia iaeacaiea i?eiaiyaony oieueei a aeaea iniiaiiai ca i?anooieaiey,
oa?aeoa?ecothueany iaee/eai niaoeeaeueiiai noauaeoa. I?e yoii iii iiaeao
auoue iacia/aii oaeaea aianoi eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio i?e niaiaaeaiee
iniaiai noaoona iiaenoaeeiiai, iaee/ey naieoeee a noaouea Iniaaiiie
/anoe ianoiyuaai Eiaeaena a aeaea eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio ca niaa?oaiiia
i?anooieaiea e aeaeaiey noaea iacia/eoue eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou, eioi?ua
ii a oaeii neo/aa caiaiyao ia aeaiiue aeae iaeacaiey, oi anoue,
ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa.
Iineieueeo i?eiaiaiea yoiai aeaea iaeacaiey eae iniiaiiai (?aiaa,
eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou aiaiiineoaeauei caiaiyeenue niaea?aeaieai ia
aaoioaaooa n?ieii aei aeaoo ianyoeaa), eiaao iaaieueooth enoi?eth,
noaeu, i?aaeaea anaai aiaiiua, iiea ia i/aiue aeoeaii iacia/atho yoo
ia?o ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, aeaaea i?e iaee/ee e oiio
iniiaaiee. Oae, aeaei eaeoaiaioa A. auei ?anniio?aii nia?aa aiaiiui
noaeii THaeii-Naoaeeineiai aa?ieciia e ca oeeiiaiea io aiaiiie neoaeau
niaeanii /.3 no.337, aio auei iacia/aii iaeacaiea a aeaea eeoaiey
naiaiaeu n?ieii ia iaeei aiae a eieiiee iauaai ?aaeeia. Iaaeaeo oai,
iniiaaiee aeey noieue no?iaiai i?eaiai?a aiaiiue noae Aeaeueiaainoi/iiai
aiaiiiai ie?oaa ia oniio?ae e a eannaoeeiiiii ii?yaeea iacia/ee A.
iaeacaiea a aeaea ia?aie/aiey ii aiaiiie neoaeaa ia aeaa aiaea,
iaeiia?aiaiii inaiaiaeea aai io iaeacaiey ia iniiaaiee no.7 aeoa ia
aiienoee io 24 aeaeaa?y 1997 aiaea.
Caeai/eaay ?anniio?aiea aeaiiiai aeaea iaeacaiey iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue,
/oi e?iia aicaeaenoaey ia i?ioanneiiaeueiua noi?iiu ee/iinoe
inoaeaeaiiiai, ia?aie/aiea ii aiaiiie neoaeaa iaiineo iaoa?eaeueiue
oua?a aeiiaiiio, iineieueeo niaeanii i.2 no. 51 OE ?O, ec aeaiaaeiiai
niaea?aeaiey inoaeaeaiiiai i?iecaiaeyony oaea?aeaiey a ?acia?a aei
aeaaaeoeaoe i?ioeaioia.
2.7. Eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey ecaanoai n aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe – iaianaiea
iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa inoaeaeaiiiio ca oyaeeea i?anooieaiey yaeyeinue
iaeiie ec aa?aioee io ?aoeeaeeaia (a ae?aaiinoe) e i?aaenoaaeyei naiaai
?iaea eiiiainaoeeth ainoaea?noao ca iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey
ia?ii?eyoee ii inouanoaeaieth i?aainoaeey. Eaaei aeiaaaeaoueny, /oi
oaeia iaeacaiea iai?aaeaii, i?aaeaea anaai, ia iaoa?eaeueiua noi?iiu
ee/iinoe.
I?eiaiyoueny eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa, niaeanii i.3 no.45 OE ?O, iiaeao
oieueei eae aeiiieieoaeueiia iaeacaiea, a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
naieoeeyie Iniaaiiie /anoe Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena. Eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa
ia iiaeao auoue caiaiaia eiuie iaoa?eaeueiuie acuneaieyie – oo?aoii,
auieaoie a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee e o.i.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioa?aie/eaaoue eiioeneaoeeth eiouanoaa eae th?eaee/aneia
iaeacaiea io eiioeneaoeee i?aaeiaoia, iaaeeouo i?anooiiui iooai, i?oaeee
i?anooieaiey, ia?eioeeia e ae?oaeo aauae, ecuyouo ec a?aaeaeaineiai
iai?ioa, eioi?ua ia iiaoo yaeyoueny iauaeoii aauiuo i?aa eee
nianoaaiiinoueth inoaeaeaiiiai.
Aa?oiaiue noae oeacuaae, /oi ianoaeaeay aii?in i iacia/aiee eiioeneaoeee
eiouanoaa, noaeu iaycaiu o/eouaaoue ia oieueei oyaeanoue niaeayiiiai
i?anooiieeii, ii e aeaiiua i aai ee/iinoe, iaoa?eaeueiii e naiaeiii
iieiaeaiee, a oaeaea ia iaaeiionoeiinoue iacia/aiey eiioeneaoeee
eiouanoaa i?e oneiaiii inoaeaeaiee.
Ecuyoey ec eiouanoaa iiaeeaaeauaai eiioeneaoeee ii?aaeaeythony
oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O, a eioi?ue aoiaeyo
i?aaeiaou, ionoonoaea eioi?uo neeueii cao?oaeiyao aaeaioaoeeth
inoaeaeaiiiai iinea ioauoey iniiaiiai iaeacaiey. Ia?a/aiue eiouanoaa ia
iiaeeaaeauaai eiioeneaoeee aeeth/aao a ianoiyuee iiiaio: aeeeie aeii,
eaa?oe?a eee aa /anoe, a eioi?ii i?iaeeaaao inoaeaeaiiue e aai naiuey
(ia aieaa iaeiiai aeiia eee eaa?oe?u ia iaeio naiueth), caiaeueiua
o/anoee, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey oicyenoaaiiuo iino?iae, a oaeaea aaaeaiey
naeueneiai eee iiaeniaiiai oicyenoaa, naiaia, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey
i/a?aaeiiai iinaaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?, iaeaaeaea, aaeuea,
iaoaue, iinoaeueiua i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, eooiiiay ooaa?ue, iaoiaeyuayny a
oiio?aaeaiee, ieieiaeueii iaiaoiaeeiay iaaaeue, aeaoneea aaue, aeaiueae
a noiia aei o?ao ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea ia eaaeaeiai /eaia
naiuee, a oaeaea iaeioi?ua eiua aaue.
A oeaeii, eiioeneaoeey eiouanoaa – iaeii ec naiuo aeaenoaaiiuo e
?aaeeeaeueiuo n?aaenoa, ieacuaathueo aeeyiea ia iaoa?eaeueiua noi?iiu
ee/iinoe inoaeaeaiiiai.
2.8. Ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu.
Yoi iiaia iaeacaiea, iiyaeaoaany a Oaieiaiii eiaeaena 1997 aiaea e
i?eiaiythuaany eae iniiaiia. Nouiinoue aai ninoieo a niaea?aeaiee
inoaeaeaiiiai a niaoeeaeueiii o/?aaeaeaiee aac ecieyoeee io iauanoaa a
oneiaeyo inouanoaeaiey ca iei iaaeci?a. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeiai iaeacaiey
aucaaia oai, /oi ia?aaeei eni?aaeaiey inoaeaeaiiiai iiaeii aeinoe/ue ia
iai?aaeyy aai a iaieoaioeea?iua o/?aaeaeaiey e ia ?ac?uaay aai
iieiaeeoaeueiuo nioeeaeueiuo naycae. Niaeanii ii.2,3 no. 53 OE ?O yoi
iaeacaiea iacia/aaony ca oiuoeaiiua i?anooieaiey ia n?ie io iaeiiai
aiaea aei o?ao eao, a ca iainoi?iaeiua i?anooieaiey – ia n?ie io iaeiiai
aiaea aei iyoe eao. I?e yoii, i?e caiaia eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio
ia?aie/aieai naiaiaeu, aai n?ie iiaeao ninoaaeyoue iaiaa iaeiiai aiaea.
A neo/aa ceinoiiai oeeiiaiey io ioauaaiey iaeacaiey, eiaaea auynieeanue
iaaiciiaeiinoue eni?aaeaiey anioeeaeueiuo iaeeiiiinoae inoaeaeaiiiai e
iaio iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaii eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia n?ie, ii?aaeaeaiiue
i?eaiai?ii noaea. I?e yoii a?aiy oaea ioauoiai iaeacaiey can/eouaaaony
ec ?an/ao iaeei aeaiue ia?aie/aiey naiaiaeu ca iaeei aeaiue eeoaiey
naiaiaeu.
Ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu iacia/aaony eeoeai, i?eciaiiui eiaaeeaeaie ia?aie
eee aoi?ie a?oiiu, aa?aiaiiui aeaiueiai, aeaiueiai, eiathuei aeaoae a
aic?anoa aei ainueie eao, aeaiueiai, aeinoeaoei iyoeaeanyoeiyoeeaoiaai
aic?anoa, ioae/eiai, aeinoeaoei oanoeaeanyoeeaoiaai aic?anoa, a oaeaea
aiaiiineoaeauei, i?ioiaeyuei aiaiioth neoaeao ii i?ecuao.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey iiea ia i?eiaiyaony, iineieueeo ia nicaeaiu aeey
yoiai oneiaey. Aai aaaaeaiea a aeaenoaea iaeeaeaaony ia iicaea 2001
aiaea.
2.9. A?ano.
Yoi iaeacaiea oaeaea yaeyaony i?aaiaie iiaaeeie e caeeth/aaony a
niaea?aeaiee inoaeaeaiiiai a oneiaeyo no?iaie ecieyoeee io iauanoaa ia
n?ie io iaeiiai aei oanoe ianyoeaa. A neo/aa caiaiu iaycaoaeueiuo eee
eni?aaeoaeueiuo ?aaio iii iiaeao auoue iacia/aii oaeaea ia n?ie iaiaa
iaeiiai ianyoea. Aiaiiineoaeauea ioauaatho a?ano ia aaoioaaooa.
Niaeanii /.1 no. 69 Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiiai eiaeaena ?O, inoaeaeaiiua
aeaiueiu, inoaeaeaiiua ioae/eiu, inoaeaeaiiua ianiaa?oaiiieaoiea, a
oaeaea eeoea, ?aiaa ioauaaaoea iaeacaiea a eni?aaeoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo
e eiathuea noaeeiinoue, ?aciauathony aeey ioauoey iaeacaiey ?acaeaeueii.
Iaeacaiea i?eiaiyaony oieueei eae iniiaiia, a neo/ayo i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
ii?iaie Iniaaiii /anoe Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena. Yoio aeae iaeacaiey ia
iiaeao auoue iacia/ai eeoeai, ia aeinoeaoei e iiiaioo auianaiey noaeii
i?eaiai?a oanoiaaeoeaoeeaoiaai aic?anoa, a oaeaea aa?aiaiiui aeaiueiai e
aeaiueiai, eiathuei aeaoae a aic?anoa aei ainueie eao.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey, eae oaea ioia/aeinue auoa, iiea ia i?eiaiyaony, ii
iaeioi?ua iiaeaiaeiua eaiie a iai, a aa?iaa a ianiaeaniaaiiinoe iaaeaeo
ii?iaie Iauae e Iniaaiiie oaea ioia/aiu. Oae, A.I. Noaiaoei i?eaiaeeo a
ea/anoaa i?eia?a aeiioaoe/aneee eacon. Aeiionoei, I., eiathuay
iyoeeaoiaai ?aaaiea, oiuoeaiii i?e/eiyao eaaeee a?aae caei?iaueth Ae.
i?e ?aoeeaeeaa. A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 68 OE n?ie iaeacaiey I. ia
iiaeao auoue ieaea aeaoo ianyoeaa a?anoa (no. 115 OE), ii a?ano e
aeiiaiie iai?eiaiei. A yoii neo/aa, ii iiaieth aaoi?a, ieacuaaaony
iaaiciiaeiui naii iacia/aiea iaeacaiey.
2.10. Niaea?aeaiea a aeenoeeieeia?iie aieineie /anoe.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey i?eiaiyaony eae iniiaiie e aiaiiineoaeauei,
i?ioiaeyuei aiaiioth neoaeao ii eiio?aeoo eee i?ecuao ia aeieaeiinoyo
na?aeaioneiai eee ?yaeiaiai ninoaaa, anee iie ia iiiaio auianaiey noaeii
i?eaiai?a ia ioneoaeeee onoaiiaeaiiiai caeiiii n?iea neoaeau ii i?ecuao.
N?iee iaeacaiey iiaoo aa?uee?iaaoueny oi o?ao ianyoeaa aei aeaoo eao a
i?aaeaeao naieoeee noaouee Iniaaiiie /anoe eee a ii?yaeea caiaiu eeoaiey
naiaiaeu n?ieii ia aieaa aeaoo eao ec ?an/aoa iaeei aeaiue eeoaiey
naiaiaeu ia iaeei aeaiue niaea?aeaiey a aeenoeeieeia?iie /anoe. I?aaeea
ioauaaiey iaeacaiey ?aaeaiaioe?othony aeaaie 20 (no. 155 – 171)
Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiiai eiaeaena ?O e i?eeacii ieieno?a iai?iiu ?O io
29.07.1997 aiaea “I i?aaeeao ioauaaiey oaieiaiuo iaeacaiee inoaeaeaiiuie
aiaiiineoaeaueie”. I?aaiecaoeeiiii aeenoeeieeia?iua /anoe i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie ioaeaeueiua ?iou eee aaoaeueiiu, a eioi?uo e ioauaatho iaeacaiea
aiaiiineoaeauea.
Yoio aeae iaeacaiey ia i?aeoeea i?eiaiyaony iau/ii noaeaie aiaiiuo
/anoae e aa?ieciiia. Onoaiaaeeaay aai, caeiiiaeaoaeue no?aieeny
nio?aieoue nouanoaothuoth a ?innee i?aaiaoth ii?io, iicaieythuoth
ineoieiae/anee aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia inoaeaeaiiuo aiaiiineoaeaueo iooai
oi?ioee?iaaiey oaieiaii-i?aaiaiai oi?aea, a oaeaea aiceiaeaieai ia
aeiiaiiai aeiiieieoaeueiuo oyaio, naycaiiuo n i?ioiaeaeaieai neoaeau a
/anoe n aieaa aeanoeei ?aaeeiii.
2.11. Eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie.
Ianiio?y ia oaaee/aiea aeiee ae?oaeo iaeacaiee a iauai /enea naieoeee
oaieiaii-i?aaiauo ii?i, eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie aei neo
ii? yaeyaony iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui aeaeii iaeacaiey a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee (io 30 aei 35%). Iii caeeth/aaony a i?eioaeeoaeueiie
ecieyoeee io iauanoaa ia n?ie io oanoe ianyoeaa aei aeaaaeoeaoe eao (ii
niaieoiiinoe i?anooieaiee – aei aeaaaeoeaoe iyoe eao, a ii niaieoiiinoe
i?eaiai?ia – aei o?eaeoeaoe eao). I?e yoii aeey eeoe, niaa?oeaoeo
i?anooieaiea aei aeinoeaeaiey ainaiiaaeoeaoeeaoiaai aic?anoa, iaeacaiea
a aeaea eeoaiey naiaiaeu ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue aeanyoe eao, a
niioaaonoaee ni i. 6 no. 88 OE ?O.
Oaieiaiia e oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao
oaeaea aeae eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiaiai o/?aaeaeaiey a caaeneiinoe io
oyaeanoe niaa?oaiiiai i?anooieaiey, iaee/ey iaiiaaoaiiuo noaeeiinoae e
ae?oaeo th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia. Oae, a niioaaonoaee ni no. 58 OE ?O,
ioauaaiea eeoaiey naiaiaeu iacia/aaony
eeoeai, inoaeaeaiiui ca i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua ii iainoi?iaeiinoe, e
eeoaieth naiaiaeu ia n?ie ia nauoa iyoe eao, – a eieiieyo-iinaeaieyo;
eeoeai, aia?aua inoaeaeaiiui e eeoaieth naiaiaeu ca niaa?oaiea
oiuoeaiiuo i?anooieaiee iaaieueoie eee n?aaeiae oyaeanoe e oyaeeeo
i?anooieaiee, a oaeaea eeoeai, inoaeaeaiiui ca i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua
ii iainoi?iaeiinoe, e eeoaieth naiaiaeu ia n?ie nauoa iyoe eao, – a
eni?aaeoaeueiuo eieiieyo iauaai ?aaeeia;
eeoeai, aia?aua inoaeaeaiiui e eeoaieth naiaiaeu ca niaa?oaiea iniai
oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee, a oaeaea i?e ?aoeeaeeaa i?anooieaiee, anee
inoaeaeaiiue ?aiaa ioauaae eeoaiea naiaiaeu, e aeaiueiai i?e iniai
iianiii ?aoeeaeeaa i?anooieaiee – a eni?aaeoaeueiuo eieiieyo no?iaiai
?aaeeia;
i?e iniai iianiii ?aoeeaeeaa i?anooieaiee, a oaeaea eeoeai, inoaeaeaiiui
e iiaeeciaiiiio eeoaieth naiaiaeu, – a eni?aaeoaeueiuo eieiieyo iniaiai
?aaeeia.
E?iia oiai, /anoue n?iea iiaeao auoue iacia/aia a aeaea ioauaaiey
iaeacaiey a oth?ueia i?e iaee/ee iaeiiai ec aeaoo oneiaee: niaa?oaiea
iniai oyaeeiai i?anooieaiey ia n?ie nauoa iyoe eao eee iniai iianiii
?aoeeaeeaa i?anooieaiee.
Iaiauaiea noaeaaiie i?aeoeee iieacuaaao, /oi noaeu a oeaeii
aeeooa?aioee?iaaiii iiaeoiaeyo e iacia/aieth iaeacaiey a aeaea eeoaiey
naiaiaeu, inouanoaeyy ia i?aeoeea i?eioeei eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee
iaeacaiey. Iaeaieaa /anoi e eeoaieth naiaiaeu i?eaiaa?eaathony
inoaeaeaiiua ca oyaeeea e iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey, oaeei ia?acii,
iaaethaeaaony oaaee/aiea n?aaeiaai n?iea iaeacaiey, /oi oaea iaoei naia
cae?aieaiea a oaieiaiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaaeaeo oai, eiee/anoai
i?eaiai?ia, ioiaiaiiuo aunoeie noaeaaiuie einoaioeeyie, inoaaony
aeinoaoi/ii aunieei. Iiyoiio Ieaioi Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O iaiaeiie?aoii
ia?auaeny e oaia iacia/aiey iaeacaiey a aeaea eeoaiey naiaiaeu, iaiauae
noaeaaioth i?aeoeeo, aeaaae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ieaeanoiyuei noaeai, iniaaiii
a /anoe aeieaeiie ioeaiee anao ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, iiaoueo iiaea/ue
eciaiaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee niaeayiiiai aeiiaiiai, e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
eciaieoue aeae e ia?o iaeacaiey.
Eeoaiea naiaiaeu iiaeao caiaieoue ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu e eni?aaeoaeueiua
?aaiou a neo/ayo ceinoiiai io ieo oeeiiaiey.
A oeaeii, eeoaiea naiaiaeu inoaaony iaeiei ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
aeaeia iaeacaiee, i?e/ai ia oieueei a ?innee e auaoeo ?anioaeeeao
Niaaoneiai Nithca, ii e a ie?a oaeaea. Oio aeae iaeacaiey, aaeaeo aai
oyaeanoe, aeieaeai iacia/aoueny eeoeai, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho
cia/eoaeueioth oa?ico aeey iauanoaa eee eni?aaeaiea eioi?uo
i?aaenoaaeyaony iaaiciiaeiui aac i?eiaiaiey ia? eeoaiey naiaiaeu. E?iia
eeoaiey naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue noaeii n?ie, i?eiaiyaony oaeaea aua
iaeii, i/aiue no?iaia iaeacaiea, i eioi?ii ?a/ue iieaeao ieaea.
2.12. Iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu.
Iacia/aiea iiaeeciaiiiai eeoaiey naiaiaeu yaeyaony ioiineoaeueii iiaui
aeey iaoaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e auei aaaaeaii a 1992 aiaeo Aa?oiaiui
Niaaoii ?NON? a ii?yaeea iiieeiaaiey i?e caiaia nia?oiie eacie.
Ioaeaeueiui aeaeii iaeacaiey iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu noaei iinea
aaaaeaiey a aeaenoaea Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena ?O 1997 aiaea. Niaeanii no. 57
OE ?O, iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu iacia/aaony, eiaaea noae ni/oao
aiciiaeiui ia i?eiaiyoue e iiaenoaeeiiio nia?oioth eaciue, a i?eiaiaiea
iaeacaiey a aeaea eeoaiey naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie i?aaenoaaeyaony
neeoeii iyaeei.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue nio?aiyao aeey eeoe, eioi?ui iacia/ai yoio aeae
iaeacaiey, oain aueoe ia naiaiaeo i?e oneiaee eni?aaeaiey (anee aoaeao
i?eciaii, /oi iie ia ioaeaeathony a aeaeueiaeoai ioauaaiee iaeacaiey) e
ioauoee ia iaiaa 25 eao eeoaiey naiaiaeu.
Ii e?oao eeoe, nio?aiaiu oa aea ia?aie/aiey, /oi e aeey nia?oiie eacie –
iaaiciiaeii i?eiaiyoue iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu e aeaiueiai,
eeoeai, eioi?ui ia iiiaio niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey ia eniieieeinue
ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao e eeoeai, aeinoeaoei oanoeaeanyoeiyoeeaoiaai
aic?anoa.
Eae iieacuaaao eco/aiea i?aeoeee, ianoiyoaeuenoaaie, neoaeaueie
iniiaaieyie e caiaia iaeacaiey a aeaea nia?oiie eacie ia iiaeeciaiiia
eeoaiea naiaiaeu, yaeythony, a /anoiinoe, ionoonoaea noaeeiinoae,
iieiaeie aic?ano, iieiaeeoaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee, yaea n iiaeiiie,
aeoeaiia niinianoaiaaiea ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiey, ionoonoaea ioya/athueo
ianoiyoaeuenoa.
2.13. Nia?oiay eaciue.
Eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a iaeacaiey, i?eiaiyaiay oieueei ca iniai oyaeeea
i?anooieaiey i?ioea aeecie (i.2 no.20 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, /.1 no. 59 OE
?O). Iaaa?ii, eiaiii yoi iaeacaiea aucuaaao nae/an aieueoa anaai nii?ia.
Aai i?ienoiaeaeaiea ainoiaeeo e iaeaieaa ae?aaiei a?aiaiai /aeiaa/aneie
enoi?ee e e?iaiie ianoe ca inei?aeaiea eee oaeenoai eiai-eeai ec ?iaea.
A ?onneii oaieiaiii i?aaa nia?oiay eaciue i?enoonoaiaaea ai anao
aei?aaiethoeeiiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo nai?ieeao, ia/eiay n “?onneie
I?aaaeu”, aaea iia i?eiaiyeanue, ai?i/ai, ia neeoeii oe?iei. Iee aue
aeinoeaioo iinea i?eiyoey Niai?iiai Oeiaeaiey, niaeanii eioi?iio aieaa
60 ninoaaia i?anooieaiee iaeacuaaeenue nia?oueth e a?oeeoeia Iao?a
Ia?aiai, eiaaea auaeaeyeinue oaea 123 ninoaaa, i?aaeoniao?eaathueo
nia?oioth eaciue. ?acoiaaony, yoi ia neeueii aieueoa, /ai a Oaieiaiii
Eiaeaena ?NON? 1961 aiaea, ii aaaeue e ninoaaia i?anooieaiee ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia aeaaaeoeaoiai aaea auei ecaanoii ianeieueei aieueoa.
N?aco iinea ?aaiethoeee 1917 aiaea (26 ieoya?y – 8 iiya?y ii iiaiio
noeeth) nia?oiay eaciue auea ioiaiaia. Ii oaea iaiaa /ai /a?ac aiae, a
nayce n ia/aeii a?aaeaeaineie aieiu e iauyaeaieai “e?aniiai oa??i?a” iia
auea ainnoaiiaeaia a aeaea ?anno?aea 21 oaa?aey 1918 aiaea (aei
?aaiethoeee i?eiaiyeinue oaeaea iiaaoaiea). Niaoeeaeueiui aeae?aoii
AOeEE e NIE io 17 yiaa?y 1920 aiaea nia?oiay eaciue auea aiiaue
ioiaiaia, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i caoooaiee a?aaeaeaineie aieiu, ii
ianooieaiea aaia?aea A?aiaaey e aieia n Iieueoae 1920 aiaea aiiaue
aucaaee iaiaoiaeeiinoue ainnoaiiaeoue i?eiaiaiea ?anno?aea eae ia?u,
i?eiaiyaiie e aeaca?oe?ai e eciaiieeai. Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ?NON? 1922
aiaea iiianoee ?anno?ae a ia?a/ia ia? iaeacaiey, oeacaa ia aai a?aiaiiue
oa?aeoa? e aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey aieioue aei iieiie ioiaiu nia?oiie
eacie.
A 1943 aiaeo auea aaaaeaiey iiaay oi?ia inouanoaeaiey nia?oiie eacie,
aieaa aeanoieay, io/eoaeueiay e iici?yuay – iiaaoaiea, i?eiaiyaiay e
iaeaieaa ceinoiui eciaiieeai ?iaeeia. 26 iay 1947 aiaea nia?oiay eaciue,
Oeacii I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? “Ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie”
aiiaue auea ioiaiaia, ii oaea oieueei a ie?iia a?aiy, a ca i?anooieaiey,
iaeacoaiua nia?oiie eaciueth, a ie?iia a?aiy i?aaeiieaaaeinue i?eiaiyoue
eeoaiea naiaiaeu n?ieii ia aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue eao. Iaeiaei oaea /a?ac
o?e aiaea oio aea i?aai ?ac?aoee i?eiaiaiea ?anno?aea e eciaiieeai
?iaeeiu, iiae?uaieeai, aeeaa?naioai e oieiiai, a a 1954 aiaeo yoio
nienie aue aeiiieiai eeoeaie, niaa?oeaoeie oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai i?e
ioya/athueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao.
Iineaaeiaaaoaa ca yoei i?eiyoea Iniia oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa 1958
aiaea e Oaieiaiiai Eiaeaena ?NON? 1961 aiaea iiaeoaa?aeeee nouanoaiaaiea
nia?oiie eacie /a?ac ?anno?ae eae aunooth, eneeth/eoaeueioth ia?o
iaeacaiey aac oeacaiey aa a?aiaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. N iaoae oi/ee c?aiey yoi
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei ia ieii/aoaeueiii i?eciaiee Niaaoneei ainoaea?noaii
nia?oiie eacie, aeaaea ianiio?y ia caaa?oaiea noaeeineiai ia?eiaea
?ai?annee e /enoie.
Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, eae oaea ioia/aeinue ?ac?aoeea
ia?aie/aiiia eniieueciaaiea nia?oiie eacie, a iiaue Oaieiaiue Eiaeaen
1997 aiaea aeaoaeece?iaae aiciiaeiinoe aa i?eiaiaiey. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
yoio aeae th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaeoniio?ai ca iyoue ninoaaia
i?anooieaiee – oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai i?e ioya/athueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao (no.
105), iinyaaoaeuenoai ia aeeciue iauanoaaiiiai eee iieeoe/aneiai
aeayoaey (no. 277), iinyaaoaeuenoai ia aeeciue eeoea, inouanoaeythuaai
i?aainoaeea eee i?iaiaeyuaai ?anneaaeiaaiea (no. 295), iinyaaoaeuenoai
ia aeeciue nio?oaeieea i?aaiio?aieoaeueiiai i?aaia (no. 317) e aaiioeeae
(no. 357). Eaaei caiaoeoue, /oi ana yoe i?anooieaiey naycaiu n aieueoae
iauanoaaiiie iianiinoueth, iiyoiio caeiiiaeaoaeue, ianiio?y ia i?ioanou
Niaaoa Aa?iiu, eioi?ue aunooiaao ca iieioth ioiaio nia?oiie eacie a
ainoaea?noaao-/eaiao, n/ae iaiaoiaeeiui a ea/anoaa aunoae ia?u oeacaoue
aiciiaeiinoue nia?oiie eacie.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nia?oiay eaciue a ?innee ia i?eiaiyaony, niaeanii
Iinoaiiaeaieth Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai Noaea ?O io 02 oaa?aey 1998 aiaea.
Iineieueeo aaaaeaiea noaeia i?enyaeiuo aeeeony oaea ianeieueei eao
(aa?iaa, aieueoa oanoe eao ie/aai ia aeaeaaony a yoii iai?aaeaiee) e
caeiao aua i/aiue iaiaei a?aiaie, iu iiaeai aiai?eoue i oii, /oi iaeei
ec naiuo yooaeoeaiuo e aeaenoaaiiuo aeaeia, i?aaeoniio?aiiue
Eiinoeoooeeae e oaieiaiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, oaeoe/anee ia?aeeciaai.
Oa inoaeaeaiiua, eioi?ua auee i?eaiai?aiu e nia?oiie eacie a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, oaeaea
iiaeieao iaeeaeatho eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a. Eoi-oi ec ieo ieoao i?inueau i
iiieeiaaiee a niioaaonoaothuoth eiienneth i?e I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, eoi-oi, iai?ioea, oiieyao nie?aoeoue aio n?ie iaeeaeaiey.
Eeoea, i?eaiai?aiiua e nia?oiie eacie, eniuouaatho cia/eoaeueiua
ii?aeueiua no?aaeaiey, iineieueeo ia ciatho, eiaaea eiaiii i?eaiai? a
ioiioaiee ieo aoaeao i?eaaaeai a eniieiaiea.
Aei oao ii?, iiea aeaenoaiaaea i?aaeuaeouay Eiinoeoooeey 1978 aiaea e
oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai niaaoneiai ia?eiaea, noaeaie nia?oiay
eaciue /aua anaai iacia/aeanue ca aaiaeeoeci (no. 77 OE ?NON?),
ecianeeiaaiea, iiaeaeoaa iniai oyaeeea iineaaenoaey (/.4 no. 117 OE
?NON?), iinyaaoaeuenoai ia aeeciue ?aaioieea ieeeoeee eee ia?iaeiiai
ae?oaeeiieea (1912 OE ?NON?). A oeaeii, a eiioea 80-o – ia/aea 90-o
aiaeia, nia?oiay eaciue ninoaaeyea iaiaa 0,05% a oeaeii ii no?oeoo?a
iaeacaiee, a ii ninoaaai, eioi?ua i?aaeoniao?eaaee i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie
eacie – ieiei 5%.
Aunoea noaeaaiua einoaioeee ia?aaeei ?anniao?eaatho aeaea, naycaiiua n
iacia/aieai nia?oiie eacie a eannaoeeiiiii ii?yaeea. Oae, a 1997 aiaeo
Noaeaaiie eieeaaeae ii oaieiaiui aeaeai Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O auei
?anniio?aii 157 oaeeo aeae a ioiioaiee 185 /aeiaae. Ec ieo ioiaiaiu
i?eaiai?u a ioiioaiee 11 /aeiaae (5,9%). N ae?oaie noi?iiu, oie aea
einoaioeeae ia i?ioyaeaiee aeaayiinouo aiaeia iaiaeiie?aoii ioiaiyeenue
i?eaiai?u aaeaeo iaiainiiaaiiie iyaeinoe iaeacaiey (ii ianeieueei
aeanyoeia i?eaiai?ia aaeaaiaeii), a oii /enea e ii noaoueyi,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuei i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie.
Iaeiei ec ianiiiaiiuo iethnia nia?oiie eacie yaeyaony iieiia ionoonoaea
?aoeeaeeaia. Ii?aeueiia iaeaa/aiea, eniuouaaaiia iauanoaii, eiaaea
i?anooiiee ianao caneoaeaiiia, n oi/ee c?aiey nioeeoia, iaeacaiea oaeaea
o?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue. N?aaee iaaeinoaoeia iau/ii iacuaatho oiiaeiaeaiea
ainoaea?noaa i?anooiieeo, oioneay ec aeaeo iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey e iaania/aiey iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea,
iaaiciiaeiinoue eni?aaeaiey inoaeaeaiiiai e iaeanoi/aiea iauanoaa.
Iaeiaei iauanoai a aeaiiuo neo/ayo ia caeioa?aniaaii a eni?aaeaiee
inoaeaeaiiiai, a no?aieony eeoue nio?aieoue iauanoaaiiue ii?yaeie io
iniai oyaeeeo ia iaai iinyaaoaeuenoa, a eo/oa anaai yoi naeaeaoue,
oece/anee oie/oiaeea i?anooiieea. Ii?inu iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey
iieacuaatho, /oi ianaeaiea iiaeaea?aeeaaao yoo aunooth ia?o iaeacaiey.
Oiiae “Iauanoaaiiia iiaiea” i?iaiaeee oaeea ii?inu a eiioea 1997 e
eiioea 1998 aiaeia. Eiee/anoai ?aniiiaeaioia, auneacaaoeony ca ioiaio
nia?oiie eacie auei niioaaonoaaiii 21 e 30 i?ioeaioia, i?ioea ioiaiu
nia?oiie eacie auneacaeenue 70 e 64 i?ioeaioa niioaaonoaaiii. Aieaa
oiai, oaea iinea cai?auaiey auianaiey nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia
Eiinoeoooeeiiiui Noaeii ?O, a iiaii ii?ina (02 ethiy 1999 aiaea) ca
i?eaaaeaiea oaea auianaiiuo i?eaiai?ia a eniieiaiea auneacaeinue ii/oe
70 i?ioeaioia ?inneyi.
Eiaiii iiyoiio, a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo, o/eouaay ?inneeneea i?aaiaua
o?aaeeoeee, noaaeoue aii?in i iieiie ioiaia nia?oiie eacie, n iaoae
oi/ee c?aiey, iaoeaeaniia?acii.
Caeeth/aiea
Oaeei ia?acii, iu ?anniio?aee ana nia?aiaiiua aeaeu iaeacaiey,
ia?a/eneaiiua a aeaenoaothuai oaieiaiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e nenoaio
iaeacaiee, a eioi?oth iie aoiaeyo. ?acoiaaony, i?aeoe/anee eaaeaeue ec
aeaeia caneoaeeaaao ioaeaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey, iineieueeo ec-ca
ia?aie/aiiinoe iauaia ianoiyuae ?aaiou ca ?aieaie inoaeenue iaeioi?ua
aniaeou i?eiaiaiey iaeacaiey, caiaiu iaeieo iaeacaiee ae?oaeie, eco/aiea
noaeaaiie i?aeoeee ii aii?inai iacia/aiey iaeacaiey.
Iaeiaei, a oeaeii oaia i?aaenoaaeyaony ?ane?uoie. A ?aaioa aue i?iaaaeai
n?aaieoaeueii-i?aaiaie aiaeec ?acee/iuo aeaeia iaeacaiey, i?eaaaeaia
e?aoeay enoi?ey oaieiaii-i?aaiaiai i?eioaeaeaiey, ia/eiay n “?onneie
I?aaaeu” e aei?aaiethoeeiiiiai i?aaa e caeai/eaay caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
niaaoneiai ia?eiaea. Eaaeaeue aeae iaeacaiey, i?aaeoniio?aiiue
aeaenoaothuei oaieiaiui caeiiii aue ?anniio?ai a ioaeaeueiii iaaieueoii
enneaaeiaaiee, aeaii aai ii?aaeaeaiea, oeacaiu oa ii?iu, eioi?ua
ia?acotho einoeooo i?aaiauo ii?i, naycaiiuo n aai ?aaeaiaioaoeeae.
Auea aeaia ioeaiea nia?aiaiiiio ninoiyieth nenoaiu iaeacaiey, aa enoi?ee
a niaaoneee ia?eiae, iaiaoiaeeiinoe, iieiaeeoaeueiuo e iaaaoeaiuo noi?ii
?acee/iuo aeaeia iaeacaiee, iniaaiiinoae eo i?eiaiaiey, ee/iia ioiioaiea
aaoi?a e oai eee eiui ia?ai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey ia aeiiaiuo a
niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiee. Ioia/aii, /oi ec o?eiaaeoeaoe i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
Oaieiaiui eiaeaenii aeaeia iaeacaiey, iiea ?aaeueii aeaenoaotho oieueei
aeanyoue, inoaeueiua o?e (a?ano, iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou e ia?aie/aiea
naiaiaeu) aeieaeiu aoaeoo aaaaeaiu a oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueioth i?aeoeeo
ia iicaeiaa 2001 aiaea, iinea nicaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo oneiaee aeey eo
eniieiaiey.
Aue i?iaaaeai n?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec nenoaiu iaeacaiee nia?aiaiiiai
Oaieiaiiai Eiaeaena ?O (anooiee a aeaenoaea a 1997 aiaeo) e nenoaiu
iaeacaiee, i?aaeoniio?aiiie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii auaoae ?NON?, auaeaeaiu
iiaaeeu a oaieiaiii i?aaa, ioia/aiu iaeacaiey, eioi?ua auee eneeth/aiu
ec nenoaiu iaeacaiee, ia?a/eneaiu oa iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey,
eioi?ua auee aianaiu caeiiiaeaoaeai a oaeno oaieiaiiai caeiia.
Aaoi? i?eaea?aeeaaaony iiceoeee, eioi?oth ?acaeaeyao aieueoeinoai
i?aeoeeia e oai?aoeeia-i?aaiaaaeia – iaeacaiea aeieaeii auoue
eiaeeaeaeoaeece?iaaii. Yoi neaaeoao iiieiaoue, i?aaeaea anaai, oaeei
ia?acii, /oi anee aiciiaeii eni?aaeaiea ee/iinoe inoaeaeaiiiai aac
i?eiaiaiey ia?, naycaiiuo n eeoaieai naiaiaeu, oi iaiaoiaeeii
eniieueciaaoue aieaa aoiaiiua aeaeu iaeacaiey – ?inneeneea
iaieoaioeea?iua o/?aaeaeaiey inoaaeytho ia oae oae iiiai oainia ia
eni?aaeaiea anioeeaeueiuo iaeeiiiinoae ee/iinoe e ia?aaea/a eo a
aaaeaiea Ieienoa?noaa thnoeoeee ia niiaeao auno?i ?aoeoue i?iaeaio. Oai
aieaa, /oi nia?aiaiiua oaieiaii-i?aaiaua naieoeee i?aaeinoaaeytho
noaeaaiui i?aaiai oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe ii i?eiaiaieth oaeeo aeaeia
iaeacaiey eae oo?ao, eni?aaeoaeueiua ?aaiou e iaycaoaeueiua ?aaiou ca
i?anooieaiey iaaieueoie e n?aaeiae oyaeanoe. Aiaeec noaeaaiie i?aeoeee
iieacuaaao ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoie o?iaaiue ?aoeeaeeaia n?aaee oao, eoi
iiaeaa?any oaeei iaeacaieyi, iniaaiii ii n?aaiaieth n o?iaiai
?aoeeaeeaia n?aaee oao, eoi aue inoaeaeai e eeoaieth.
Iaeiaei, anee i?aaii?eiaieoaeue oaa?ai a iaaiciiaeiinoe eni?aaeaiey
inoaeaeaiiiai, a aai iinoiyiiie iniaie iianiinoe aeey iauanoaa, ii
aeieaeai ia eieaaeynue i?eiaiyoue aunooth ia?o iaeacaiey – nia?oioth
eaciue, – iineieueeo niaea?aeaoue inoaeaeaiiiai e iiaeeciaiiiio eeoaieth
naiaiaeu ca n/ao iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia iaaoiaiii ii ioiioaieth e
iineaaeiei. Ai?i/ai, i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie aiciiaeii eeoue iinea
caaa?oaiey noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu, a eiaiii, aaaaeaiey noaeia i?enyaeiuo.
?acoiaaony, aaoi? aeaeae io io?eoeaiey ?iee oaeie ?ani?ino?aiaiiie ia?u
iaeacaiey eae eeoaiea naiaiaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie, i?inoi iaiaoiaeeii
ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia aieaa iyaeea aeaeu iaeacaiey, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo
iiaeii eaa/a aeinoe/ue oeaeae, noiyueo ia?aae oaieiaiui iaeacaieai.
Caeii/eoue ?aaioo iia oioaeinue au iuneueth iaeiiai ec auaeathueony
enneaaeiaaoaeae oaieiaiiai i?aaa, *. Aaeea?ea, eioi?ue ooaa?aeaeae, /oi
oaa?aiiinoue a iaecaaaeiinoe oioy au e oia?aiiiai iaeacaiey i?iecaiaeeo
anaaaea aieueoaa aia/aoeaiea, /ai no?ao ia?aae ae?oaei, aieaa aeanoieei,
ii nii?iaiaeaeaaiui iaaeaaeaeie ia aaciaeacaiiinoue. N yoei iiaieai
o?oaeii ia niaeaneoueny.
Aeaeeia?aoey
Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. I., 1993.
Oaieiaiue Eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee / Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
?O. – 17.06.1996. – ?25. – No. 2954.
Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiue eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee / Nia?aiea
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O. – 13.07.1997. – ?2. – No. 198.
Oaaea?aeueiue Caeii “I aaaaeaiee a aeaenoaea Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” io 13.06.1996 / Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O.
– 17.06.1996. – ?25. – No. 2955.
I?eeiaeaiea I e Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiiio eiaeaeno ?O. Nia?aiea
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O. – 13.01.97. – ?2. – No. 198.
Iinoaiiaeaiea Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai Noaea ?3-I io 02.02.1999 / Nia?aiea
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O. – 08.02.1999. – ?6. – No. 867.
Iinoaiiaeaiea Ieaioia Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O io 04.07.97 ?8 // “?inneeneay
aacaoa”. – ?138. – 19.07.1997.
Ii?aaeaeaiea Noaeaaiie eieeaaee Aa?oiaiiai Noaea io 09.12.97 //
Atheeaoaiue Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O. – 1998. – ?6. – N. 9.
I?eeac ieieno?a iai?iiu ?O io 29.07.1997 aiaea “I i?aaeeao ioauaaiey
oaieiaiuo iaeacaiee inoaeaeaiiuie aiaiiineoaeaueie” // Atheeaoaiue
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. 1998,
?1. N. 9-35.
Iaci? noaeaaiie ?aaiou aiaiiuo noaeia aa?ieciiia e aieineeo /anoae ca I
iieoaiaeea 1998 aiaea io 01.07.98.
Iaci? noaeaaiie i?aeoeee Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O ca II eaa?oae 1998 aiaea //
Atheeaoaiue Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O. – 1998. – ?11.
Iinoaiiaeaiea Ieaioia Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O ? 1 io 27.01.1999 //
Atheeaoaiue Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O. – 1999. – ?3. – N.2
Iaci? eannaoeeiiiie i?aeoeee Noaeaaiie eieeaaee ii oaieiaiui aeaeai
Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O ca 1997 aiae // Atheeaoaiue Aa?oiaiiai Noaea
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. – 1998. – ?12. – N. 12.
Atheeaoaiue Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O. – 1997. – ?7. – N. 20
Oaieiaiue Eiaeaen ?NON? 1961a. Ii ninoiyieth ia 30 ethey 1996 aiaea.
Aaa?ee-Oaoiaoia E.A., Aonueeiaa A.E. Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu
eeanneoeeaoeee oaieiaiuo iaeacaiee. – Ai?iiaae, 1971.
Ai?aeaaa A. I i?anooiiinoe e noaeeiinoe a NNN? // Aanoiee Aa?oiaiiai
Noaea NNN?. – 1991. – ?3. – N. 21-22.
Eiiiaioa?ee e Oaieiaiiio Eiaeaeno ?O / Iiae ?aae. TH.E. Neo?aoiaa e A.I.
Eaaaaeaaa. Ecae. 2-a. – I.: TH?eno, 1998.
Iaeueei A.A. Nia?oiay eaciue eae i?aaiaia ia?aie/aiea // Ainoaea?noai e
i?aai. – 1993. – ?1.
Ia?oeaa A. Niaoeeaeueiia i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea i?anooieaiee. – Iine, 1977.
Iaoiia A. ?inneeneia oaieiaiia i?aai. Iauay /anoue. – i.: AAE, 1996.
?aoaoieeia O. Aaeea?ea. – I., 1987.
?inneeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai X – XX aaeia. A aeaayoe oiiao. – I.:
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