IEAI ?AOA?AOA:
?a/ue eae n?aaenoai eiiioieeaoeee.
Aeaeu aa?aaeueiuo eiiioieeaoeee
1. ?acaiai?, aanaaea, niaanaaeiaaiea
2. Nii?, aeeneonney, aeaaaou, i?aiey, aeenioo
3. Eeanneoeeaoeey nii?a:
a) ii oeaee;
a) ii eiee/anoao o/anoieeia;
a) ii oi?ia aaaeaiey ai?ueau iiaiee.
III. ?ieue aa?aaeueiuo eiiioieeaoeee.
IV. I?eeiaeaiea:
Aeaeiaay ea?a “Iieeoaie”
Oi?aaeiaiea ii oaia.
Iiaeeeiiia e?anii?a/ea ia ioaeaeaaony
ie a eieieieueiii caiia,
/oiau nicuaaoue ia?iae,
ie a iieeoeee, /oiau iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ii?yaeie
Yia?nii
Eae ie auee aaaeiu /oanoaa, yiioeee, ioiioaiey ethaeae, ii iauaiea
i?aaeiieaaaao ia oieueei e ia noieueei ia?aaea/o yiioeeiiaeueiuo
ninoiyiee, neieueei ia?aaea/o eioi?iaoeee. Niaea?aeaiea eioi?iaoeee
ia?aaeaaony i?e iiiiue ycuea, o. a. i?eieiaao aa?aaeueioth eee
neiaanioth oi?io.
A?yae ee iiaeii niiiaaaoueny a oii, /oi ciaiey iniia i?aoi?neiai
eneonnoaa iaiaoiaeeii eaaeaeiio, eoi o/anoaoao a iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Aeaoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, i?ioanney eioi?iai naycaia n iinoiyiiui
i?iecianaieai ?a/ae, /oaieai eaeoeee, aeieeaaeia, i?inoi iaiuneeia aac
iniiaaoaeueiuo ciaiee i?eioeeiia e i?aaee i?aoi?neiai eneonnoaa.
Ioaee/iay ?a/ue iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae naiaia?aciia i?iecaaaeaiea
eneonnoaa, eioi?ay aicaeaenoaoao iaeiia?aiaiii e ia /oanoaa, e ia
niciaiea. Anee aeaenoaoao oieueei ia niiniaiinoue eiae/aneiai aini?eyoey
ioeaiee yaeaiee, ia cao?aaeaay /oanoaaiiie noa?u /aeiaaea, iia ia
niiniaia i?iecaiaeeoue neeueiia aia/aoeaiey. Ianoa?noai ioaee/iie ?a/e
ninoieo a oiaeii eniieueciaaiee iaueo oi?i /aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey:
eiae/aneie e ia?aciie. Eneonnoai anoue iuoeaiea ia?acaie – yoio caeii
iiaeao auoue i?eiaiei e e i?aoi?neiio eneonnoao. Eaeay ?a/e, aa
niaea?aeaiea aeioiaeeo aei niciaiey /a?ac yiioeeiiaeueioth noa?o.
Caaea/a i?aoi?a ninoieo a oii, /oiau aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia /oanoaa
neooaoaeae. Neeueiia /oanoai, ia?aaeeaaiea /aeiaaea anaaaea cao?aaeaatho
e ?acoi, inoaaeyy iaecaeaaeeiua aia/aoeaiey. ?a/ue anoue ia/oi aieueoaa,
/ai iaoaie/anee i?iecaiaeeiue ?yae caoeia, eioi?ue au?aaeaao ieiieaoiua
iaaethaeaiey e iano?iaiey, caieiathuea a aeaiioth ieiooo oiai, eoi
aiai?eo. ?a/ue – yoi /aeiaae a oeaeii. Eaaeaeia auneacuaaiea e
oaeoe/anee, e a niciaiee aini?eieiathuaai aa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
iaiiaaiiia ?ane?uoea anaai iiuoa e oa?aeoa?a, iaia?aiee e /oanoa
/aeiaaea. ?a/ue – iaiouaieaiay /anoue oa?aeoa?a e naiui oe?ieei ia?acii
ii?aaeaeytho ee/iinoue. A iaoe aeie ?a/ue, aieaa /ai eiaaea eeai
i?aaeaea, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaaiia n?aaenoai, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai
ethaee aeeaoo aianoa e nio?oaeie/atho a ianoiuo, iaoeeiiaeueiuo e aeaaea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ianooaaao. Aeey ie?a, ia?aae ethaie a?icyuae aio
iianiinoueth, neiai aoaeao oai n?aaenoaii, eioi?ui ethaee aeiauethony
iiaaaeu, anee iii ainoi?aeanoaoao.
Neiai yaeyaony n?aaenoaii ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee, ii ia anaaaea
i?ienoiaeeo aa iieiay ia?aaea/a io iaeiiai /aeiaaea ae?oaiio.
I?e ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee /anoe/ii eneaaeaaony aa niune, /anoe/ii
i?ienoiaeeo aa iioa?y. Yoio i?ioeann oooeeai i?ieeethno?e?iaae A. Iieue
a i?eia?a ia?aaea/e oeacaiee ii oeaii/ea eaieoai – aaeuthoaio – na?aeaio
– eai?ae – ?yaeiaua nieaeaou:
Eaieoai – aaeuthoaioo: “Eae au ciaaoa, caao?a i?iecieaeao nieia/iia
caoiaiea, yoi auaaao ia eaaeaeue aeaiue. Niaa?eoa ee/iue ninoaa a 5
/ania ia ieaoeo, a iioiaeiie iaeaaeaea. Iie niiaoo iaaethaeaoue yoi
yaeaiea, a y aeai ei iaiaoiaeeiua iauyniaiey. Anee aoaeao eaeoe
aeiaeaeue, oi iaaethaeaoue aoaeao ia/aai, a oaeii neo/aa inoaaueoa
ethaeae a eaca?ia.”
Aaeuthoaio – na?aeaioo: “Ii i?eeaco eaieoaia caao?a oo?ii i?iecieaeao
nieia/iia caoiaiea a iioiaeiie iaeaaeaea. Eaieoae ia ieaoeo aeano
iaiaoiaeeiua iauyniaiey, a yoi auaaao ia eaaeaeue aeaiue. Anee aoaeao
eaeoe aeiaeaeue, iaaethaeaoue aoaeao ia/aai, oiaaea yaeaiea ninoieony a
eaca?ia.”
Na?aeaio – eai?aeo: “Ii i?eeaco eaieoaia caao?a oo?ii a 5 /ania caoiaiea
ia ieaoeo ethaeae a iioiaeiie iaeaaeaea. Eaieoai aeano iaiaoiaeeiua
iauyniaiey ia n/ao yoiai yaeaiey, anee aoaeao aeiaeaeeeai, /oi auaaao ia
eaaeaeue aeaiue.”
Eai?ae – nieaeaoai: “ Caao?a a naioth ?aiue, a 5 /ania, nieioea ia
ieaoeo i?iecaaaeao caoiaiea eaieoaia a eaca?ia. Anee aoaeao aeiaeaeeeai,
oi yoi ?aaeeia yaeaiea ninoieony a iioiaeiie iaeaaeaea, a yoi auaaao ia
eaaeaeue aeaiue.”
Aeaeii, /oi nai i?ioeann neiaaniiai ioi?ieaiey iunee e eo iiieiaiea n
iaecaaaeiinoueth ii?iaeaeaao aeaoi?iaoeeth niunea niiauaiey. E ana aea
ethaee iiieiatho ae?oa ae?oaa. Iiieiaiea iinoiyiii ei??aeoe?oaony,
iineieueeo iauaiea – yoi ia i?inoi ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee (ciaiey,
oaeoe/aneeo naaaeaiee, oeacaiee, i?eeacaiee, aeaeiauo niiauaiee), a
iaiai eioi?iaoeeae, i?aaeiieaaathuae ia?aoioth naycue.
Auneacuaaiea aac i?eaioaoeee ia niaanaaeieea iineo oi?io iiiieiaa. Noiia
iioa?ue eioi?iaoeee i?e iiiieiae/aneii niiauaiee iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 50%,
a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo e 80% io iauaia enoiaeiie eioi?iaoeee.
Iiiieiae/iinoue a iauaiee ainieouaaao ethaeae n iaeiiiaeaeaeiie
ineoeeie, ieceei oai?/aneei iioaioeeaeii. Enneaaeiaaiey aea iieacuaatho,
/oi iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiie oi?iie iauaiey yaeyaony aeeaeia.
Aeeaeia i?aaeiieaaaao naiaiaeiia aeaaeaiea ?a/ueth, /ooeinoue e
iaaa?aaeueiui neaiaeai, niiniaiinoue ioee/aoue ene?aiiea ioaaou io
oeeii/eauo. A iniiaa aeeaeiaa – oiaiea caaeaaaoue aii?in naaa e ae?oaei.
Aianoi oiai, /oiau i?ieciineoue aacaiaeeyoeeiiiua iiiieiae, ai?acaei
yooaeoeaiaa i?aia?aciaaoue naie eaeae a oi?io aii?inia, ai?iae?iaaoue eo
a aanaaea n eieeaaaie, iiniio?aoue, iiaeaea?aeeaathony iie eee iao. Oaea
nai oaeo aii?ina aeaiiino?e?oao aeaeaiea o/anoaiaaoue a iauaiee,
iaania/eaaao aai aeaeueiaeoaa oa/aiea e oaeoaeaiea.
Eoeueoo?a iiaaaeaiey a ethaii iauaiee ia iuneeia aac niaethaeaiey i?aaee
aa?aaeueiiai yoeeaoa, naycaiiiai n oi?iaie e iaia?aie ?a/e, neiaa?iui
caianii, o. a. ni anai noeeai ?a/e, i?eiyoui a iauaiee ethaeae.
1. A ?acaiai?a iaaei oiaoue aeaoue ioaao ia ethaie aii?in.
2. A aa?aaeueiii iauaiee ethaeae aeaeiaie yoeeao i?aaeiieaaaao
i?eiaiaiea ?acee/iuo ineoieiae/aneeo i?eaiia. Iaeei ec ieo – “oi?ioea
iiaeaaeeaaiey”. Yoi neiaaniua iai?iou oeia: “Oaea/e aai!”, “AEaeath
oniaoa!”, “Ie iooa, ie ia?a!”, i?eiineiua n ethauie iooaieaie.
3. A ?a/aaii yoeeaoa aeaeiauo ethaeae aieueoia cia/aiea eiatho
eiiieeiaiou – i?eyoiua neiaa, au?aaeathuea iaeia?aiea, iieiaeeoaeueioth
ioeaieo aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee iiaeao eiaoue ?acee/ioth oi?io – yoi iiaeao auoue
e ?acaiai?, e aanaaea , e niii?, e aeaaea eaeoeey. Oaeei ia?acii, aeaeu
aa?aaeueiuo eiiioieeaoeee i/aiue ?aciiia?aciu. Auai? oiai eee eiiai
n?aaenoaa caaeneo io oeaeae auneacuaaiey, eiee/anoaa o/anoieeia.
A naiai ?aoa?aoa y oioaea au neacaoue anaai eeoue ianeieueei neia i
oaeeo aeaeao aa?aaeueiuo eiiioieeaoeee, eae ?acaiai?, aanaaea,
niaanaaeiaaiea e iiae?iaii inoaiiaeoueny ia oaeeo aeaeao, eae nii?, e
iaiaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo – aeeneonnee, iieaieea, aeaaaoao.
?acaiai? – yoi neiaaniue iaiai iiaieyie, naaaeaieyie. ?acaiai? /anoi
oiio?aaeyaony eae neiiiei e neiao aanaaea. ?acaiai?, aanaaea,
ianoaeaeaiea i?aaeiieaaatho iaee/ea 2-o eee ianeieueeeo o/anoieeia,
eioi?ua a iai?eioaeaeaiiie ianoaiiaea auneacuaatho naie iiaiey,
niia?aaeaiey ii oiio eee eiiio iiaiaeo. Ianoaeaeaiea aaaeaony ii
eaeie-eeai ii?aaeaeaiiie oaia e eaaeaeue o/anoiee auneacuaaao naith
oi/eo c?aiey. O/anoieee ?acaiai?a caaeatho ae?oa ae?oao aii?inu, /oiau
ociaoue oi/eo c?aiey niaanaaeieea eee i?iynieoue iaiiiyoiua iiiaiou
ianoaeaeaiey. Aanaaea iniaaiii yooaeoeaia a oii neo/aa, anee aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?acuynieoue eaeie-eeai aii?in, inaaoeoue i?iaeaio.
Niaanaaeiaaiea – niaoeeaeueii i?aaieciaaiiay aanaaea ia iauanoaaiiua,
iao/iua oaiu.
Nii?. Neiai nii? neoaeeo aeey iaicia/aiey i?ioeanna iaiaia
i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie iiaieyie. Iiae nii?ii iiieiaaony anyeia noieeiiaaiea
iiaiee, ?aciiaeaney a oi/eao c?aiey ii eaeiio eeai aii?ino, i?aaeiaoo,
ai?ueaa, i?e eioi?ie eaaeaeay ec noi?ii ionoaeaaao naith i?aaioo.
A ?onneii ycuea anoue e ae?oaea neiaa aeey iaicia/aiey aeaiiiai yaeaiey:
aeenioo. aeeneonney, iieaieea, aeaaaou, i?aiey. Aeiaieueii /anoi iie
oiio?aaeythony eae neiiieiu e neiao nii?.
Neiai aeenioo i?eoei e iai ec eaoeineiai (disputar – ?annoaeaeaoue,
disputatio – i?aiea) e ia?aiia/aeueii iaicia/aei ioaee/ioth caueoo
iao/iiai ni/eiaiey, iaienaiiiai aeey iieo/aiey o/aiie noaiaie. Naaiaeiy
a yoii cia/aiee neiai aeenioo ia oiio?aaeyaony. Yoei neiaii iacuaatho
ioaee/iue nii? ia iao/ioth e iauanoaaiii aaaeioth oaio.
Aeeneonneae (eao. discusso enneaaeiaaiea, ?anniio?aiea ?acai?)
iacuaaaony oaeie ioaee/iue nii?, oeaeueth eioi?iai yaeythony auyniaiea e
niiinoaaeaiey ?aciuo oi/ae c?aiey, iiene, auyaeaiea enoeiiiai iiaiey,
iaoiaeaeaiea i?aaeeueiiai ?aoaiey nii?iiai aii?ina. Aeeneonney n/eoaaony
yooaeoeaiui niiniaii oaaaeaeaiey, oae eae aa o/anoieee naie i?eoiaeyo e
oiio eee eiiio auaiaeo.
Aeeneonney- yoi iaiai iiaieyie ii aii?inai a niioaaonoaee n aieaa eee
iaiaa ii?aaeaeaiiuie i?aaeeaie i?ioeaaeo?u e n o/anoeai anao eee oieueei
iaeioi?uo i?enoonoaothueo ia nia?aiee. I?e ianniaie aeeneonnee ana
/eaiu, ca eneeth/aieai i?aaenaaeaoaey, iaoiaeyony a ?aaiii iieiaeaiee.
Caeanue ia auaeaeytho iniauo aeieeaae/eeia e ana i?enoonoaotho ia
oieueei a ea/anoaa neooaoaeae. Niaoeeaeueiue aii?in ianoaeaeaaony a
ii?aaeaeaiiii ii?yaeea, iau/ii a niioaaonoaee ni no?iaei eee ianeieueei
aeaeieciaiaiiui ?aaeaiaioii e iiae i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaii aeieaeiinoiiai
eeoea.
Nia?aiea, ia ianoaaeaiiia oi?iaeueiinoyie e iinayuaiiia ianoaeaeaieth
eaeiai-eeai /anoiiai aii?ina, iau/ii iacuaaaony ianniaui ieoeiaii.
Canaaeaiea eiiennee- iaeaieaa /anoue aeae ianniaiai ianoaeaeaiey.
?aaoey?iua aeaeiaua nannee aieueoeinoaa iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee
i?iaiaeyony oaeaea, eae aeeneonnee yoiai aeaea. Ianniaua aeeneonnee
iiae/eiythony i?aaeeai ia?eaiaioneie i?ioeaaeo?u. Ii eiiaaea i?ioeaaeo?a
auaaao niaa?oaiii i?inoie, iaoi?iaeueiie. Iaeiaei e a oaeeo neo/ayo
eiaaony i?aaenaaeaoaeue, eioi?ue neaaeeo, /oiau ianoaeaeaiea oei
ii?iaeueii e oieueei ii iiaanoea aeiy, /oiau ieeoi i?e ianoaeaeaiee ia
caieiae i?aeiouanoaaiiiai iieiaeaiey e /oiau auneacaeinue ii
aiciiaeiinoe eae iiaeii aieueoa eiiiaoaioiuo o/anoieeia nia?aiey.
A?oiiiaay aeeneonney caeeth/aaony a ianoaeaeaiee aii?inia niaoeeaeueiie
auaeaeaiiie a?oiiie ia?aae aoaeeoi?eae. Eae e ethaay oi?ia ianoaeaeaiey
ia?aae neooaoaeyie, iia i?aaenoaaeyao aeenioo. Oeaeue a?oiiiaie
aeeneonnee – i?aaenoaaeoue aiciiaeiia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu eee ianoaeeoue
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua oi/ee c?aiey ii nii?iui aii?inai. Ii iau/ii iia ia
?ac?aoaao nii?a e ia neeiiyao aoaeeoi?ee e eaeiio-eeai aaeeiiia?acee
aeaenoaee.
A a?oiiiaie aeeneonnee i?eieiaao o/anoea io 3 aei 8 /eaiia, ia n/eoay
i?aaenaaeaoaey. A? aa?eaio- aeeaeia, aeeth/aao oieueei aeaoo o/anoieeia.
O/anoieee aeieaeiu auoue oi?ioi iiaeaioiaeaiu, eiaoue i?e naaa caiaoee
ni noaoenoe/aneeie e ae?oaeie iaiaoiaeeiuie aeaiiuie. Iie aeieaeiu
ianoaeaeaoue aii?inu iai?eioaeaeaiii. A iaeeaeaiiie iaia?a. Caaeaaay
aii?inu e aeaeay e?aoeea caia/aiey.
Neiiiceoi – ?yae aunooieaiee a?oiiu ethaeae n ei?ioeeie ?a/aie ia iaeio
e oo aea oaio. Eae e a a?oiiiaie aeeneonnee a? oeaee naiaeyony iau/ii ia
e ?ac?aoaieth i?iaeaiu eee nii?a a e eceiaeaieth ?acee/iuo oi/ae c?aiey
aeey ?anoe?aiey e?oaici?a aoaeeoi?ee e ieacaiee ia ia? aicaeaenoaey.
*enei aunooiathueo ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue /aou?a eee iyoue, /oiau ia
caoyiooue nia?aiea e ia eeoeoue eaaeaeiai o/anoieea a?oiiu aiciiaeiinoe
?acaeoue oi/eo c?aiey ii ianoaeaeaaiiio aii?ino. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
ia neiiiceoia i?eiyoa i?ioeaaeo?a iaieo aeaeia aeeneonnee. Ia neiiiceoia
eiiaaea aeiioneathony eiiiaioa?ee eee aii?inu ni noi?iiu neooaoaeae.
Eaeoeey, i?aaenoaaeyy niaie aaeeinoaaiiia aunooieaiea n iineaaeothueie
aii?inaie neooaoaeae e ioaaoaie ia ieo eaeoi?a, eiiaaea ?anniao?eaaaony
eae aeeneonney. Ii aiai?eoue i iae aieaa oianoii a ?acaeaea i
neiiiceoia. Eaeoeeiiiay oi?ia /anoi iaoiaeeo i?eiaiaiea ia caiyoeyo ii
eneonnoao ?a/e, iineieueeo iia ia naycaia ii?aaeaeaiiie oi?iie e
a?aiaiai.
Ae?oaie oa?aeoa? iineo iieaieea. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaoao e yoeiieiaey
aeaiiiai oa?ieia. Ae?aaiaa?a/aneia neiai polemicos icia/aao
“aieinoaaiiue, a?aaeaeaaiue”. Iieaieea-yoi ia i?inoi nii?, a oaeie, i?e
eioi?ii eiaaony eiio?iioaoeey, i?ioeainoiyiea, i?ioeaiai?noai noi?ii,
eaeae e ?a/ae. Iieaieeo iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae ai?ueao i?eioeeieaeueii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo iiaiee ii oiio eee eiiio aii?ino, ioaee/iue nii? n
oeaeueth caueoeoue, ionoiyoue naith oi/eo c?aiey e ii?iaa?aiooue iiaiea
iiiiiaioa.
Iieaieea ioee/aaony io aeeneonnee e aeeniooa eiaiii naiae oeaeaaie
iai?aaeaiiinoueth. O/anoieee aeeneonnee e aeeniooa, niiinoaaeyy
i?ioeai?a/eaua noaeaeaiey, noa?athony i?eeoe e aaeeiiio iiaieth, iaeoe
iauaa ?aoaiea, onoaiiaeoue enoeio. Oeaeue iieaieee eiay : iaaei
iaea?aeaoue iiaaaeo iaae i?ioeaieeii, ionoiyoue e ooaa?aeeoue
nianoaaiioth iiceoeeth.
Iaeiaei neaaeoao eiaoue aaeaeo, /oi iiaeeeiii iao/iay iieaieea aaaeaony
ia i?inoi ?aaee iiaaaeu eae oaeiaie. Iie?aynue ia i?eioeeieaeueiua
iiceoeee, iieaienou ?aoatho nioeeaeueii cia/eiua aii?inu, eo aunooieaiey
iai?aaeaiu i?ioea anaai, /oi iaoaao yooaeoeaiiio iauanoaaiiiio
?acaeoeth.
Iieaieea – yoi iaoea oaaaeaeaoue. Iia o/eo iiaee?aieyoue iunee
oaaaeeoaeueiuie e iainii?eiuie aeiaiaeaie, iao/iuie a?aoiaioaie.
Neiai aeaaaou o?aioeocneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey (debat- nii?, i?aiey).
I?aiey- ?onneia neiai, caoeene?iaaiiia a eaeneeiia 17 aaea.
Aaeeiie eeanneoeeaoeee nii?ia ia nouanoaoao, oioy aeaeathony iiiuoee
nenoaiaoece?iaaoue eo. E iniiaiui oaeoi?ai, aeeythuei ia oa?aeoa? nii?a
e aai iniaaiiinoe ioiineony oeaeue nii?a, nioeeaeueiay cia/eiinoue
i?aaeiaoa nii?a, eiee/anoai o/anoieeia, oi?iu i?iaaaeaiey nii?a. Ii
oeaee ?acee/atho neaaeothuea aeaeu nii?a: nii? ec-ca enoeiu, aeey
oaaaeaeaiey eiai-eeai, aeey iiaaaeu, nii? ?aaee nii?a. Nii? iiaeao
neoaeeoue n?aaenoaii aeey iienea enoeiu, aeey i?iaa?ee eaeie-eeai iunee,
eaeae, aeey a? iainiiaaiey. *oiau iaeoe i?aaeeueiia ?aoaiea, iieaienou
niiinoaaeytho naiua ?aciua oi/ee c?aiey ia oo eee eioth i?iaeaio. Iie
caueuatho eaeoth-eeai iuneue io iaiaaeaiey, /oiau ociaoue, eaeea iiaoo
auoue aic?aaeaiey i?ioea yoie iunee, eee, iai?ioea, iaiaaeatho ia
iieiaeaiea, auneacaiiia iiiiiaioii, /oiau auynieoue, eaeea anoue
a?aoiaiou a aai iieueco. A oaeii nii?a ouaoaeueii iiaeae?athony e
aiaeece?othony aeiaiaeu, acaaoaiii ioeaieaathony iiceoeee e acaeyaeu
i?ioeaiiieiaeiie noi?iiu. Eiia/ii, oaeie nii? aiciiaeai oieueei iaaeaeo
eiiiaoaioiuie ethaeueie, ciathueie aeaiioth i?iaeaio, caeioa?aniaaiiuie
a a? ?aoaiee. E?iia ianiiiaiiie iieuecu, nii? ?aaee enoeiu i?eia?aoaao
oa?aeoa? iniaie e?aniou, ii iiaeao aeinoaaeoue ianoiyuaa ianeaaeaeaiea e
oaeiaeaoai?aiea o/anoieeai nii?a. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeie oinoaaiiie ai?ueau
/aeiaae /oanoaoao naay aicauoaiiaa e eo/oa. E aeaaea anee i?eoiaeeoueny
ionooiaoue, naeaaaoue iiceoeee, ioeacuaaoueny io caueuaaiie iunee, oi
iai?eyoiia iuouaiea io ii?aaeaiey ionooiaao ia caaeiee ieai.
Caaea/ae nii?a iiaeao noaoue ia i?iaa?ea enoeiu, a oaaaeaeaiea
iiiiiaioa. I?e yoii auaeaeythony aeaa aaaeiuo iiiaioa. Nii?yuee
oaaaeaeaao i?ioeaieea a oii, a /ai nai aeoaiei oaaaeaeai. Ii ii?ie ii
oaa?yao e iioiio, /oi oae “iaaei” ii aeieao neoaeau, a neeo eaeeo-eeai
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Nai aea ii aiana ia aa?eo a enoeio oiai, /oi caueuaao,
eee a eiaeiinoue oiai, ia /oi iaiaaeaao.
Oeaeueth nii?a auaaao ia enneaaeiaaiea, ia oaaaeaeaiea, a iiaaaea.
I?e/ai iieaienou aeiaeaathony aa ii ?aciui iioeaai. Iaeie n/eoatho, /oi
ionoaeaatho i?aaia aeaei, caueuatho iauanoaaiiua eioa?anu. Iie
oaaaeaeaiu a naiae i?aaioa e aei eiioea inoathony ia i?eioeeieaeueiuo
iiceoeeyo. Ae?oaei iiaaaea ioaeia aeey naiiooaa?aeaeaiey. Iiyoiio ei
i/aiue aaaeiu oniao a nii?a, aunieay ioeaiea ie?oaeathueo, i?eciaiea
naieo eioaeeaeooaeueiuo niiniaiinoae, i?aoi?neeo aeaiiuo. O?aouee i?inoi
ethayo iiaaaeaeaoue. Ei oi/aony iiaaaeu iiyooaeoeaiaa. A i?eaiao e
n?aaenoaao aeey iaea?aeaiey iiaaaeu iie ia noaniythony.
Aeiaieueii /anoi ano?a/aaony e nii? ?aaee nii?a. Yoi naiaai ?iaea
“eneonnoai aeey eneonnoaa”. Aeey oaeeo nii?ueeia aac?acee/ii, i /ai
nii?eoue, n eai nii?eoue, ca/ai nii?eoue. Ei aaaeii aeaniooue
e?anii?a/eai. Anee au aoaeaoa io?eoeaoue eaeia-eeai iieiaeaiea, iie
iaycaoaeueii ia/ioo aai caueuaoue. Iiaeiaiuo iieaienoia iiaeii
ano?aoeoue n?aaee iieiaeaaee.
I?eaaaeaiiay eeanneoeeaoeey aeaeia nii?a ii oeaee iineo oneiaiue
oa?aeoa?. A aeecie eo ia anaaaea oaeaaony /aoei ?aca?aie/eoue.
Oa?aeoa? nii?a ii?aaeaeyaony e nioeeaeueiie cia/eiinoueth ianoaeaeaaiie
i?iaeaiu. I?aaeiaoii nii?a auaatho aii?inu, io?aaeathuea
iaua/aeiaa/aneea eioa?anu. E iei, a /anoiinoe, ioiinyony i?iaeaiu
yeieiaee, auaeeaaiey /aeiaa/anoaa, nio?aiaiey ie?a ia Caiea. A i?ioeanna
nii?a iiaoo cao?aaeaaoueny iaoeeiiaeueiua eioa?anu, eioa?anu
ii?aaeaeaiiuo nioeeaeueiuo neiaa iauanoaa. Ia?aaeei i?eoiaeeoueny
ionoaeaaoue a?oiiiaua eioa?anu, iai?eia? : ethaeae ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?ioannee, eieeaeoeaia ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee. A nii?a
caueuathony naiaeiua, a oaeaea ee/iua eioa?anu iieaienoia.
Ia niaoeeoeeo nii?a aeeyao eiee/anoai eeoe, i?eieiathueo o/anoea a
ianoaeaeaiee i?iaeaiiuo aii?inia. Ii yoiio i?eciaeo iiaeii auaeaeeoue
o?e iniiaiuo a?oiiu: nii?-iiiieia (/aeiaae nii?eo nai n niaie, yoi oae
iacuaaaiue aioo?aiiee nii?), nii?-aeeaeia (iieaiece?otho aeaa eeoea),
nii?-iieeeia (aaaeaony ianeieueeeie eee iiiaeie eeoeaie). A naith
i/a?aaeue nii?-iieeeia iiaeao auoue ianniaui (ana i?enoonoaothuea
o/anoaotho a nii?a) e a?oiiiaui (nii?iue aii?in ?aoaao auaeaeaiiay
a?oiia eeoe a i?enoonoaee anao o/anoieeia).
Nii?u iiaoo i?ienoiaeeoue i?e neooaoaeyo e aac ieo. I?enoonoaea
neooaoaeae, aeaaea anee iie ia au?aaeatho naiaai ioiioaiey e nii?o,
aeaenoaoao ia nii?yueo. Iiaaaea i?e neooaoaeyo i?eiineo aieueoaa
oaeiaeaoai?aiea, euenoeo naiiethaeth, a ii?aaeaiea noaiiaeony aieaa
aeinaaeiui e iai?eyoiui. Iiyoiio o/anoieee nii?a i?e neooaoaeyo
iaycaoaeueii o/eouaatho i?enoonoaothueo, eo ?aaeoeeth, ouaoaeueii
ioae?atho iaiaoiaeeiua a?aoiaiou, /aua i?iyaeytho oii?noai ai iiaieyo,
ii?ie eceeoithth ai?y/iinoue.
A iauanoaaiiie aeecie ia?aaeei i?eoiaeeony ano?a/aoueny e ni nii?ii aeey
neooaoaeae. Nii? aaaeaony aeey oiai, /oiau i?eaea/ue aieiaiea e
i?iaeaia, i?iecaanoe ia neooaoaeae ii?aaeaeaiiia aia/aoeaiea, iiaeeyoue
iaiaoiaeeiui ia?acii.
Ia i?ioeann nii?a iaeeaaeuaaao naie ioia/aoie e oi?ia ai?ueau iiaiee.
Nii?u iiaoo auoue onoiuie e ienueiaiiuie. Onoiay oi?ia i?aaeiieaaaao
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia iauaiea eiie?aoiuo eeoe ae?oa n ae?oaii, ienueiaiiay
oi?ia – iiin?aaeiaaiiia iauaiea. Onoiua nii?u, eae i?aaeei, ia?aie/aiu
ai a?aiaie e caieioou a i?ino?ainoaa. Ienueiaiiua oi?iu aieaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiu ai a?aiaie.
A onoiii nii?a, iniaaiii anee ii aaaeaony i?e neooaoaeyo, aaaeioth ?ieue
ea?atho aiaoiea e ineoieiae/aneea iiiaiou. Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao
iaia?a oaa?aiii aea?aeaoueny, auno?ioa ?aaeoeee, aeeainoue iuoeaiey,
ino?ioiea. ?iaeee, canoai/eaue /aeiaae iau/ii i?iea?uaaao ii n?aaiaieth
n naiioaa?aiiui i?ioeaieeii. Iiyoiio ienueiaiiue nii? auaaao aieaa
i?eaiaeai aeey auyniaiey enoeiu, /ai onoiue.
Nii?u aeaeyony ia i?aaieciaaiiua e iai?aaieciaaiiua (noeoeeiua).
I?aaieciaaiiua nii?u ieaie?othony, aioiayony, i?iaiaeyony iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii niaoeeaeenoia. Iieaienou eiatho aiciiaeiinoue ca?aiaa
iiciaeiieoueny n i?aaeiaoii nii?a, ii?aaeaeeoue naith iiceoeeth,
iiaeia?aoue iaiaoiaeeiua a?aoiaiou, i?iaeoiaoue ioaaou ia aiciiaeiua
aic?aaeaiey iiiiiaioia.
Iai?aaieciaaiiua, noeoeeiua nii?u, eae i?aaeei, iaiaa i?iaeoeoeaiu. A
iiaeiaiuo nii?ao aunooieaiey o/anoieeia auaatho iaaeinoaoi/ii
a?aoiaioe?iaaiiuie, ii?ie i?eaiaeyony neo/aeiua aeiaiaeu, cao/ao ia
nianai c?aeua auneacuaaiey.
Eoae, a naiai ?aoa?aoa y ?anniio?aea aeaeu aa?aaeueiuo eiiioieeaoeee, eo
oeaee e niaea?aeaiea, iaoiaeu i?iaaaeaiey. Aa?aaeueiua, ciaeiaua nenoaiu
anaaaea auee, e ii anae aeaeeiinoe aoaeoo aeaaiuie n?aaenoaaie
/aeiaa/aneiai iauaiey. “Neiai- yoi naia aeeciue,” – aiai?ee O. Iaii.
I?eioeeieaeueiui oneiaeai oniaoiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey yaeyaony
niiniaiinoue ethaeae “iaeoe iauee ycue” – eiaiii ycue, a ia aeano eee
iico.
“Neiai, – ieoao ineoieia A. ?. Eo?ey, – yaeyaony e n?aaenoaii eiioaeoa,
e i?oaeeai neiaeiie iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aeoeea
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aic?anoathuai ciaiee i ?a/aauo eiiioieeaoeee a
oneiaeyo oneiaeiaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiioaeoia ethaeae, a i?ioeanna
acaeiiioiioaiee ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e iiae/eiaiiuo, ee/iinoe e eieeaeoeaa.
Aeey i?aaeeueiiai eceiaeaiey iunee n iiiiuueth neiaa iaiaoiaeeii
aieiaoaeueii neaaeeoue ca aa?iiie/iui niaaeeiaieai a neiaa ooieoeee
iauaiey e iaiauaiey, eiiioieeaoeee e iuoeaiey. ”
Oae, Aeeiienee Aaeeea?ianneee, aiai?y i e?anioa e oeaiiinoe neiaa,
i?aaeoi?aaeaeae iieiaeuo i?aoi?ia : “… ana iieiaeua aeooe
ianeaaeaeathony oeaaoenoinoueth au?aaeaiey e no?aiyony e iae aacoiii,
neiaii iaea?aeeiua aiaii. Iie-oi e ioaeaeathony n naiiai ia/aea a
iniiaaoaeueiii e ?acoiiii iaaeci?a e ?oeiaiaenoaa, anee oieueei oioyo ia
anyeia auaiaa?eaaoue neiai, /oi ia ycue iiiaaeao, e ia iaoaea/o
niaaeeiyoue iaaeaeo niaith ia?aua iiiaaoeany neiaa, ii iieueciaaoueny
iiaeai?ii neia /enouo e iiaeeeiiuo e niaeaenoaiaaoue eo e?anioa,
niaaeeiyy eo aaee/aai e aianoa n oai i?eyoii…neiai aea a?ioaiiia
iaoaaae, eae iiiaei, aoaeo aianoa n niaie e iieacioth iuneue.”
I?eeiaeaiea
AeAEIAAss EA?A “IIEEOAIE”.
Iieeoaie i?aaeiieaaaao noieeiiaaiea ethaeae n i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie
eaeaieiae/aneeie acaeyaeaie e onoaiiaeaie, o.a. ii nooe ii i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie iieaieeo. Caaea/a iieeoaiy- noieeiooue a nii?a noi?iiu, noiyuea ia
i?eioeeieaeueii ?aciuo iiceoeeyo.
Oeaeue ea?u- oi?ie?iaaiea iaaueia e oiaiee aaaeaiey iieaieee, ieacaiea
iiiiue ai aeaaeaiee eoeueoo?ie nii?a e niaa?oainoaiaaiee iieaie/aneiai
ianoa?noaa.
Aeaeiaay ea?a i?iaiaeeony a /aou?a yoaia. A iae i?eieiatho o/anoea
i?aiiaeaaaoaee e o/aueany iaeiiai eee aeaoo eeannia. Ia ?aciuo yoaiao
ea?u iie auiieiytho ii?aaeaeaiiua ?iee: i?aaiecaoi?a, ?oeiaiaeeoaey,
o/anoieea iieeoaiy, niaoeeaeenoa ii oaia, niaoeeaeenoa ii eiaeea,
niaoeeaeenoa ii eoeueoo?a nii?a, niaoeeaeenoa ii eoeueoo?a ?a/e,
e?eoeea.
Ia?aue yoai yaeyaony i?aaiecaoeeiiiui. Ia eiinoeueoaoeee ?anneacuaaaony
i iacia/aiee e oeaee ea?u, i ii?yaeea a? i?iaaaeaiey, caaea/ao
o/anoieeia ea?u, i iaoiaeeea iiaeaioiaee e iieeoaith. Auaeaeyaony a?oiia
i?aaiecaoi?ia, auae?aaony a? eeaea?. O/anoieee aeaeiaie ea?u
ii?aaeaeytho oaio i?aaenoiyuae iieaieee. Aeey ianoaeaeaiey
?aeiiaiaeoaony a?aoue iaeaieaa aeooaeueiua e ino?ua i?iaeaiu
nia?aiaiiinoe, aucuaathuea eioa?an o i?enoonoaothueo. O/anoieee iieeoaiy
aeaeyony ia aeaa a?oiiu, i?aaenoaaeythuea ?acee/iua iauanoaaiiua e
iiceoeee. Iiaeaee?oaony neooaoeey iauaiey.
Ia aoi?ii yoaia inouanoaeyaony iiaeaioiaea e iieeoaith. I?aaiecaoi?u
?aoatho ana iaoiaee/aneea aii?inu, iacia/atho ?oeiaiaeeoaey,
“niaoeeaeenoia”, i?iaeoiuaatho ioi?ieaiea aoaeeoi?ee. O/anoieee aeaeiaie
ea?u eco/atho oaio i?aaenoiyuaai iieeoaiy, ciaeiiyony n niioaaonoaothuae
eeoa?aoo?ie, eiinoeueoe?othony ii anai aii?inai ni niaoeeaeenoaie.
A?oiiu ?ac?aaaouaatho a ?aieao aua?aiiie oaiu aii?inu, eioi?ua iie
i?aaeiieaaatho caaeaoue naiei “i?ioeaieeai”, aioiayo aa?eaiou aiciiaeiuo
ioaaoia ia ieo, iiaeae?atho a?aoiaiou e eiio?a?aoiaiou.
Ia o?aoueai yoaia i?iaiaeeony iieeoaie ii eca?aiiie oaia. Aaaeao
iieeoaie ?oeiaiaeeoaeue, iacia/aiiue i?aaiecaoi?aie. Ii i?aaenoaaeyao
iaa a?oiiu, aiai?eo i oeaee aeaiiie ano?a/e, i?aaeeaaaao i?eiyoue
aeoeaiia o/anoea a ?aaioa. Eaaeaeay a?oiia e?aoei ?anneacuaaao i naaa.
O/anoieee iieeoaiy, iacaaeneii io “aeieaeiinoae”, ianoaeaeatho
i?aaeeiaeaiiua i?iaeaiu.
*aoa??oue yoai- caeeth/eoaeueiue. Ia yoii yoaia i?aaiecoaony
ianoaeaeaiea i?iaaaeaiiiai iieeoaiy, e?eoe/anee aiaeece?oaony
aeayoaeueiinoue anao o/anoieeia aeaeiaie ea?u. Iineaaeiaaoaeueii
i?aaeinoaaeyaony neiai “niaoeeaeenoai”.
Niaoeeaeeno ii oaia aiaeece?oao aeooaeueiinoue aua?aiiie oaiu,
ceiaiaeiaaiinoue i?aaeeiaeaiiuo aii?inia. Ii ioeaieaaao, oaeaeinue ee
o/anoieeai iieaieee ?acia?aoueny a ianoaeaeaaiuo i?iaeaiao, eae iieii
?anniio?aia aua?aiiay oaia. Niaoeeaeeno ii eiaeea ia?auaao aieiaiea ia
oiaiea aunooiathueo aeieacuaaoue naith i?aaioo, oaaaeaeaoue ae?oaeo,
ii?iaa?aaoue iiaiea iiiiiaioa. Ii aiaeece?oao, ianeieueei aeieacaoaeueiu
e oaaaeeoaeueiu a?aoiaiou, i?eaiaeeiua o/anoieeaie iieeoaiy aeey
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey auaeaeiooie oi/ee c?aiey, ioia/aao eiae/aneea ioeaee.
Niaoeeaeeno ii eoeueoo?a ?a/e inaauaao oaeea aii?inu, eae niaethaeaiea
aunooiathuei ii?i nia?aiaiiiai ?onneiai ycuea, iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea a
eo ?a/e neia-ia?aceoia, oiaeia eniieueciaaiea oa?ieiia, eiino?aiiuo
neia, ia?aciinoue e au?aceoaeueiinoue ?a/e, iacuaaao ?a/aaua ioeaee e
iaaei/aou. Niaoeeaeeno ii eoeueoo?a nii?a ioia/aao, niaethaeaee ee
i?aoi?u i?aanoaaiii-ynoaoe/aneea ii?iu nii?a, oiaei ee iia?e?iaaee
iiiyoeyie, ia ooiaeeee ee io i?aaeiaoa nii?a.
Auneacuaaiey “niaoeeaeenoia” iaiauaao “e?eoee”. Ii aeaao ea/anoaaiiue
aiaeec aunooieaiee o/anoieeia. Aeey e?eoeea iaiaoiaeeiu oaeea ea/anoaa,
eae iauaeoeaiinoue, i?eioeeieaeueiinoue, e?eoe/aneee oi, auno?ioa e
ino?ioa ?aaeoeee, niiniaiinoue e iaiauaieyi.
Caoai i?aaeeaaaaony auneacaoue naia iiaiea ?oeiaiaeeoaeth e anai
aeaeathuei i?eiyoue o/anoea a ianoaeaeaiee. A caeeth/aiea iiaeaiaeyony
eoiae anao yoaiia aeaeiaie ea?u.
Aeaeiaay ea?a “Iieeoaie” aucuaaao aieueoie eioa?an o o/anoieeia. Iia
iiiiaaao ?acia?aoueny a neiaeiuo i?iaeaiao nia?aiaiiie aeecie,
niinianoaoao aieaa aeoaieiio onaiaieth iaoa?eaea, oi?ie?iaaieth e
cae?aieaieth oaaaeaeaiee, yaeyaony aeaenoaaiiui n?aaenoaii au?aaioee
aeoeaiie aeeciaiiie iiceoeee.
OI?AAEIAIEA II OAIA
I, e?ae iie! I oaaa,
Naiaiaeu eieuaaeue,
Iith y ianiue,
Caiey iieo iooeia,
Neeoaeueoeaa ai?aeue e?ia,
N aa?oei naieo oieiia
Oee aiee aanoue.
No?aia ?iaeiay! Ou
E?ae /anoe e ia/ou,
Iiy ethaiaue!
Ethaeth eana oaie,
E neaeu, e ?o/uee,
E na?aeoea io ethaae
O?aiauao aiiaue.
Ionoue a iaiee aao?ia
E oaeanoa eenoia
Naiaiaeu ianiue cao/eo.
Ionoue aoi?eo iania oie
E ia?oaue , e aeeaie,
E ai? iiao/eo no?ie
Oo ianiue o?aieo.
E Aieueiinoe oai?aoe,
E Oaaa, ainiiaeue-ioaoe,
Iieueaa eaoeo :
Iaae ?iaeeiie ceaoie
Naao aieueiinoe nayoie
Iaaaniouae caacaeie
Caaeae e caueoe !
Nyithyeue O. Nieo.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U :
Aieneoineee A. A. “ ss aiai?th, iu aiai?ei ”, I, I?inaauaiea,1989
Ii/aaiee I. I. “*aeiaa/aneia iauaiea”, I.,I?inaauaiea,1986
Iaaeiaa E. A. “Nii?, aeeneonney, iieaieea” , I, I?inaauaiea, 1991
Niia? I. “Iniiau eneonnoaa ?a/e”, I, 1995
Nioeeaeueiay ineoieiaey e yoeea aeaeiaiai iauaiey. Eaa?eiaiei A. I. I.,
1995
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