Eacaineay ainoaea?noaaiiay aeaaeaiey eoeueoo?u e
eneonnoa
Oaeoeueoao: Yeiiiieea e oi?aaeaiea nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ii iauae ineoieiaee
Oaia: Ineoieiaey e aa i?aaeiao
auiieieea: Oaoeciaa A.E. a?. ? 015
i?iaa?ee :
Eacaiue 2002
Aii?inu aeey naiinoiyoaeueiie ?aaiou:
No?oeoo?a ineoieiae/aneie iaoee . . . . . . 2 – 6
i?eioeeiu, eaaeauea a iniiaa ioa/anoaaiiie ineoieiae/aneie iaoee . . . .
. . . 6 – 7
Iaoiaeu ineoieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey . . . 7 -10
eaoaai?ey niciaiey . . . . . . . 10 – 15
iauaa i?aaenoaaeaiea i aeayoaeueiinoe . . . . . . . 15 – 18
eaoaai?ey ee/iinoe . . . . . . . . 18 – 23
iioeaaoeeiiiay . . . . . . . . 23 – 27
aieiaiea . . . . . . . . 27 – 32
Iuouaiey . . . . . . . . 32 – 37
aini?eyoea . . . . . . 37 – 41
iaiyoue . . . . . . . . 41 – 43
caiiieiaiea e aini?iecaaaeaiea eae i?ioeannu iaiyoe . . . . . . . . 43
– 44
caauaaiea e nio?aiaiea eae i?ioeannu iaiyoe . . . 44 – 45
iuoeaiea . . . . . . 45 – 46
aiia?aaeaiea . . . . . . . 46 – 47
/oanoaa . . . . . . . . 47 – 48
aiey . . . . . . . . . 48 – 49
oaiia?aiaio . . . . . . . . 49 – 50
oa?aeoa? . . . . . . . . 50 – 51
niiniaiinoe . . . . . . . . 51 – 52
ineoieiaey eae iaoea
Ineoieiaey eae iaoea iaeaaeaao iniauie ea/anoaaie, eioi?ua ioee/atho aa
io ae?oaeo aeenoeeieei. Eae nenoaio i?iaa?aiiuo ciaiee ineoieiaeth
ciatho iaiiiaea, a iniiaiii oieueei oa, eoi ath niaoeeaeueii caieiaaony,
?aoay iao/iua e i?aeoe/aneea caaea/e. Aianoa n oai eae nenoaia
aeeciaiiuo yaeaiee ineoieiaey ciaeiia eaaeaeiio /aeiaaeo. Iia
i?aaenoaaeaia aio a aeaea nianoaaiiuo iuouaiee, ia?acia, i?aaenoaaeaiee,
yaeaiee iaiyoe, iuoeaiey, ?a/e, aiee, aiia?aaeaiey, eioa?ania, iioeaia,
iio?aaiinoae, yiioeee, /oanoa e iiiaiai ae?oaiai. Iniiaiua ineoe/aneea
yaeaiey iu iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiaeai iaia?oaeeoue o naieo naay e einaaiii
iaaethaeaoue o ae?oaeo ethaeae.
A iao/iii oiio?aaeaiee oa?iei «ineoieiaey» iiyaeeny aia?aua a XVI aa.
Ia?aiia/aeueii ii ioiineeny e iniaie iaoea, eioi?ay caieiaeanue
eco/aieai oae iacuaaaiuo aeooaaiuo, eee ineoe/aneeo, yaeaiee, o.a.
oaeeo, eioi?ua eaaeaeue /aeiaae eaaei iaia?oaeeaaao a nianoaaiiii
niciaiee a ?acoeueoaoa naiiiaaethaeaiey. Iicaeiaa, a XVII—XIX aa., noa?a
enneaaeiaaiee ineoieiaia cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eeanue, aeeth/ea a naay
iainiciaaaaiua ineoe/aneea i?ioeannu (aanniciaoaeueiia) e
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea.
A XX noieaoee ineoieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey auoee ca ?aiee oao yaeaiee,
aie?oa eioi?uo iie ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia eiioeaio?e?iaaeenue. A yoie
nayce iacaaiea «ineoieiaey» io/anoe oo?aoeei naie ia?aiia/aeueiue,
aeinoaoi/ii oceee niune, eiaaea iii ioiineeinue oieueei e noauaeoeaiui,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aini?eieiaaiui e ia?aaeeaaaiui /aeiaaeii yaeaieyi
niciaiey. Iaeiaei aei neo ii? ii neiaeeaoaeny aaeaie o?aaeeoeee ca yoie
iaoeie nio?aiyaony aa i?aaeiaa iacaaiea.
N XIX a. ineoieiaey noaiiaeony naiinoiyoaeueiie e yenia?eiaioaeueiie
iaeanoueth iao/iuo ciaiee.
*oi aea yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii eco/aiey ineoieiaee? I?aaeaea anaai, ineoeea
/aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo, aeeth/athuay a naay iiiaea noauaeoeaiua yaeaiey. N
iiiiuueth iaeieo, oaeeo, iai?eia?, eae iuouaiey e aini?eyoea, aieiaiea e
iaiyoue, aiia?aaeaiea, iuoeaiea e ?a/ue, /aeiaae iiciaao ie?. Iiyoiio eo
/anoi iacuaatho iiciaaaoaeueiuie i?ioeannaie. Ae?oaea yaeaiey
?aaoee?otho aai iauaiea n ethaeueie, iaiin?aaenoaaiii oi?aaeytho
aeaenoaeyie e iinooieaie. Eo iacuaatho ineoe/aneeie naienoaaie e
ninoiyieyie ee/iinoe, aeeth/atho a eo /enei iio?aaiinoe, iioeau, oeaee,
eioa?anu, aieth, /oanoaa e yiioeee, neeiiiinoe e niiniaiinoe, ciaiey e
niciaiea. E?iia oiai, ineoieiaey eco/aao /aeiaa/aneia iauaiea e
iiaaaeaiea, eo caaeneiinoue io ineoe/aneeo yaeaiee e, a naith i/a?aaeue,
caaeneiinoue oi?ie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey ineoe/aneeo yaeaiee io ieo.
*aeiaae ia i?inoi i?iieeaao a ie? n iiiiuueth naieo iiciaaaoaeueiuo
i?ioeannia. Ii aeeaao e aeaenoaoao a yoii ie?a, oai?y aai aeey naay n
oeaeueth oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo iaoa?eaeueiuo, aeooiaiuo e eiuo
iio?aaiinoae, niaa?oaao ii?aaeaeaiiua iinooiee. Aeey oiai /oiau iiiyoue
e iauynieoue /aeiaa/aneea iinooiee, iu ia?auaainy e oaeiio iiiyoeth, eae
ee/iinoue.
A naith i/a?aaeue ineoe/aneea i?ioeannu, ninoiyiey e naienoaa /aeiaaea,
iniaaiii a eo aunoeo i?iyaeaieyo, a?yae ee iiaoo auoue iniuneaiu aei
eiioea, anee eo ia ?anniao?eaaoue a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee aeecie
/aeiaaea, io oiai, eae i?aaieciaaii aai acaeiiaeaenoaea n i?e?iaeie e
iauanoaii (aeayoaeueiinoue e iauaiea). Iauaiea e aeayoaeueiinoue oaeaea
iiyoiio ninoaaeytho i?aaeiao nia?aiaiiuo ineoieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee.
Ineoe/aneea i?ioeannu, naienoaa e ninoiyiey /aeiaaea, aai iauaiea e
aeayoaeueiinoue ?acaeaeythony e enneaaeothony ioaeaeueii, oioy a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iie oanii naycaiu ae?oa n ae?oaii e ninoaaeytho
aaeeiia oeaeia, iacuaaaiia aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea.
Eco/ay ineoieiaeth e iiaaaeaiea ethaeae, o/aiua euoo eo iauyniaiea, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, a aeieiae/aneie i?e?iaea /aeiaaea, n ae?oaie — a aai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii iiuoa, n o?aoueae — a caeiiao, ia iniiaa eioi?uo
no?ieony e ii eioi?ui ooieoeeiie?oao iauanoai. A iineaaeiai neo/aa
enneaaeoaony caaeneiinoue ineoeee e iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea io ianoa,
caieiaaiiai ei a iauanoaa, io nouanoaothuae nioeeaeueiie nenoaiu, no?iy,
iaoiaeia iao/aiey e ainieoaiey, eiie?aoiuo ioiioaiee, neeaaeuaathueony o
aeaiiiai /aeiaaea n ie?oaeathueie ethaeueie, io oie nioeeaeueiie ?iee,
eioi?oth ii ea?aao a iauanoaa, io aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, a eioi?uo
iaiin?aaenoaaiii o/anoaoao.
E?iia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie ineoieiaee iiaaaeaiey a e?oa yaeaiee, eco/aaiuo
ineoieiaeae, aoiaeyo e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie a ?acee/iuo
/aeiaa/aneeo iauaaeeiaieyo — aieueoeo e iaeuo a?oiiao, eieeaeoeaao.
Iiaeaiaey eoia neacaiiiio, i?aaenoaaei a aeaea noaiu iniiaiua oeiu
yaeaiee, eioi?ua eco/aao nia?aiaiiay ineoieiaey.
Iie ia?a/eneaiu a eaaie /anoe oaae. 1. A i?aaie aa /anoe i?eaaaeaiu
i?eia?u eiie?aoiuo iiiyoee, oa?aeoa?ecothueo niioaaonoaothuea yaeaiey.
Oaaeeoea 1
? i/i ssaeaiey, eco/aaiua ineoieiaeae Iiiyoey, oa?aeoa?ecothuea yoe
yaeaiey
I?ioeannu: eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua,
aioo?aiiea (ineoe/aneea)
Aiia?aaeaiea, ainiiieiaiea, aini?eyoea, caauaaiea, caiiieiaiea,
eaeaiiioi?eea, ei-naeo, eio?iniaeoeey, iioeaaoeey, iuoeaiea, iao/aiea,
iaiauaiea, iuouaiea, iaiyoue, ia?niiaeecaoeey, iiaoi?aiea,
i?aaenoaaeaiea, i?eaueaiea, i?eiyoea ?aoaiee, ?aoeaeney, ?a/ue,
naiiaeooaeecaoeey, naiiaiooaiea, naiiiaaethaeaiea, naiieiio?ieue,
naiiii?aaeaeaiea, oai?/anoai, ociaaaiea, oiicaeeth/aiea, onaiaiea.
Ninoiyiey: eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua,
aioo?aiiea (ineoe/aneea)
Aaeaioaoeey, aooaeo, aea/aiea, aieiaiea, aicaoaeaeaiea,
aaeethoeeiaoeey, aeiiic, aeaia?niiaeecaoeey, aeeniiceoeey, aeaeaiea,
eioa?an, ethaiaue, iaeaioieey, iioeaaoeey, iaia?aiea, iai?yaeaiiinoue,
iano?iaiea, ia?ac, io/oaeaeaiea, ia?aaeeaaiea, iiieiaiea, iio?aaiinoue,
?annayiiinoue, naiiaeooaeecaoeey, naiiiaeaaeaiea, neeiiiinoue, no?anoue,
no?aieaiea, no?ann, noue, oaiia?aiaio, o?aaiaeiinoue, oaaaeaeaiiinoue,
o?iaaiue i?eoycaiee, onoaeinoue, onoaiiaea, ooiieaiea, o?ono?a-oeey,
/oanoai, yeoi?ey, yiioeey.
Naienoaa
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua,
aioo?aiiea (ineoe/aneea)
Eeethcee, eiinoaioiinoue, aiey, caaeaoee, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue,
eiiieaen iaiieiioeaiiinoe, ee/iinoue, iaea?aiiinoue, i?aae?annoaeie,
?aaioiniiniaiinoue, ?aoeoaeueiinoue, ?eaeaeiinoue, niaanoue, oi?yinoai,
oeaaiaoe/iinoue, oa?aeoa?, yaioeaio?eci.
I?ioeannu:
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua,
aiaoiea (iiaaaeai/aneea)
Aeaenoaea, aeayoaeueiinoue, aeano, ea?a, eii-?eioeia, ieieea, iaaue,
iiae?aaeaiea, iinooiie, ?aaeoeey, oi?aaeiaiea.
Naienoaa:
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua, aiaoiea (iiaaaeai/aneea) Aaoi?eoaoiinoue,
aiooaaiinoue, aaieaeue
iinoue, ianoie/eainoue, iao/aaiinoue, iaea
?aiiinoue, i?aaieciaaiiinoue, oaiia?aiaio,
o?oaeiethaea, oaiaoeci, oa?aeoa?, /anoieth
aea, yaieci.
I?ioeannu: a?oiiiaua,
aioo?aiiea Eaeaioeoeeaoeey, eiiioieeaoeey, eiioi?i
iinoue, iauaiea, iaaeee/iinoiia aini?e
yoea, iaaeee/iinoiua ioiioaiey, oi?ie
?iaaiea a?oiiiauo ii?i.
Ninoiyiey: a?oiiiaua,
aioo?aiiea Eiioeeeo, niei/aiiinoue, a?oiiiaay iiey
?ecaoeey, ineoieiae/aneee eeeiao
Naienoaa: a?oiiiaua,
aiaoiea Niaianoeiinoue, noeeue eeaea?noaa, niia?ie
/anoai, nio?oaeie/anoai, yooaeoeaiinoue aea
yoaeueiinoe a?oiiu.
I?ioeannu: a?oiiiaua,
aiaoiea Iaaea?oiiiaua ioiioaiey
Ninoiyiey: a?oiiiaua,
aiaoiea Iaieea, ioe?uoinoue a?oiiu, cae?uoinoue
a?oiiu.
Naienoaa: a?oiiiaua,
aiaoiea I?aaieciaaiiinoue.
INIIAIUA IO?ANEE INEOIEIAEE
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ineoieiaey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aanueia ?acaaoaeaiioth
nenoaio iaoe. A iae auaeaeyaony iiiai io?aneae, i?aaenoaaeythueo niaie
ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueii ?acaeaathueany iai?aaeaiey iao/iuo
enneaaeiaaiee. Eiay a aeaeo yoio oaeo, a oaeaea oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy nenoaia ineoieiae/aneeo iaoe i?iaeieaeaao aeoeaii
?acaeaaoueny (eaaeaeua 4—5 eao iiyaeyaony eaeia-eeai iiaia iai?aaeaiea),
i?aaeeueiaa auei au aiai?eoue ia ia iaeiie iaoea ineoieiaee, a i
eiiieaena ?acaeaathueony ineoieiae/aneeo iaoe. Eo a naith i/a?aaeue
iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia ooiaeaiaioaeueiua e i?eeeaaeiua, iauea e
niaoeeaeueiua. Ooiaeaiaioaeueiua, eee aaciaua, io?anee ineoieiae/aneeo
iaoe eiatho iauaa cia/aiea aeey iiieiaiey e iauyniaiey ineoieiaee e
iiaaaeaiey ethaeae iacaaeneii io oiai, eoi iie e eaeie eiie?aoiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth caieiathony. Yoe iaeanoe i?ecaaiu aeaaaoue ciaiey,
iaeeiaeiai iaiaoiaeeiua anai, eiai eioa?anotho ineoieiaey e iiaaaeaiea
ethaeae. A neeo oaeie oieaa?naeueiinoe yoe ciaiey eiiaaea iauaaeeiytho
oa?ieiii «iauay ineoieiaey».
I?eeeaaeiuie iacuaatho io?anee iaoee, aeinoeaeaiey eioi?uo
eniieuecothony ia i?aeoeea. Iauea io?anee noaayo e ?aoatho i?iaeaiu,
iaeeiaeiai aaaeiua aeey ?acaeoey anao aac eneeth/aiey iao/iuo
iai?aaeaiee, a niaoeeaeueiua — auaeaeytho aii?inu, i?aaenoaaeythuea
iniaue eioa?an aeey iiciaiey eaeie-eeai iaeiie eee ianeieueeeo a?oii
yaeaiee.
?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua ooiaeaiaioaeueiua e i?eeeaaeiua, iauea e
niaoeeaeueiua io?anee ineoieiaee, naycaiiua n ia?aciaaieai.
Iauay ineoieiaey (?en. 2) enneaaeoao eiaeeaeaea, auaeaeyy a iai
iiciaaaoaeueiua i?ioeannu e ee/iinoue. Iiciaaaoaeueiua i?ioeannu
ioaaouaatho iuouaiey, aini?eyoea, aieiaiea, iaiyoue, aiia?aaeaiea,
iuoeaiea e ?a/ue. N iiiiuueth yoeo i?ioeannia /aeiaae iieo/aao e
ia?a?aaaouaaao eioi?iaoeeth i ie?a, iie aea o/anoaotho a oi?ie?iaaiee e
i?aia?aciaaiee ciaiee. Ee/iinoue niaea?aeeo naienoaa, eioi?ua
ii?aaeaeytho aeaea e iinooiee /aeiaaea. Yoi — yiioeee, niiniaiinoe,
aeeniiceoeee, onoaiiaee, iioeaaoeey, oaiia?aiaio, oa?aeoa? e aiey.
Niaoeeaeueiua io?anee ineoieiaee (?en. 3), oanii naycaiiua n oai?eae e
i?aeoeeie iao/aiey e ainieoaiey aeaoae, aeeth/atho aaiaoe/aneoth
ineoieiaeth, ineoioeceieiaeth, aeeooa?aioeeaeueioth ineoieiaeth,
aic?anoioth ineoieiaeth, nioeeaeueioth ineoieiaeth, iaaeaaiae/aneoth
ineoieiaeth, iaaeeoeeineoth ineoieiaeth, iaoiineoieiaeth, th?eaee/aneoth
ineoieiaeth, ineoiaeeaaiinoeeo e ineoioa?aieth.
Aaiaoe/aneay ineoieiaey eco/aao ianeaaenoaaiiua iaoaieciu ineoeee e
iiaaaeaiey, eo caaeneiinoue io aaiioeia. Aeeooa?aioeeaeueiay ineoieiaey
auyaeyao e iienuaaao eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ?acee/ey ethaeae, eo i?aaeiinueee
e i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey. A aic?anoiie ineoieiaee yoe ?acee/ey
i?aaenoaaeaiu ii aic?anoai. Yoa io?aneue ineoieiaee eco/aao oaeaea
eciaiaiey, i?ienoiaeyuea i?e ia?aoiaea ec iaeiiai aic?anoa a ae?oaie.
Aaiaoe/aneay, Aeeooa?aioeeaeueiay e aic?anoiay ineoieiaey aianoa acyoua
yaeythony iao/iie iniiaie aeey iiieiaiey caeiiia ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey
?aaaiea.
Nioeeaeueiay ineoieiaey eco/aao /aeiaa/aneea acaeiiioiioaiey, yaeaiey,
aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna iauaiey e acaeiiaeaenoaey ethaeae ae?oa n
ae?oaii a ?aciiai ?iaea a?oiiao, a /anoiinoe a naiuea, oeiea, a
o/aie/aneii e iaaeaaiae/aneii eieeaeoeaao. Oaeea ciaiey iaiaoiaeeiu aeey
ineoieiae/anee i?aaeeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ainieoaiey.
Iaaeaaiae/aneay ineoieiaey iauaaeeiyao anth eioi?iaoeeth, naycaiioth n
iao/aieai e ainieoaieai. Iniaia aieiaiea caeanue ia?auaaony ia
iainiiaaiea e ?ac?aaioeo iaoiaeia iao/aiey e ainieoaiey ethaeae ?aciiai
aic?anoa.
O?e neaaeothuea io?anee ineoieiaee — iaaeeoeeineay e iaoiineoieiaey, a
oaeaea ineoioa?aiey — eiatho aeaei n ioeeiiaieyie io ii?iu a ineoeea e
iiaaaeaiee /aeiaaea. Caaea/a yoeo io?aneae ineoieiae/aneie iaoee —
iauynieoue i?e/eiu aiciiaeiuo ineoe/aneeo ia?ooaiee e iainiiaaoue
iaoiaeu eo i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e ea/aiey. Oaeea ciaiey iaiaoiaeeiu oai,
aaea iaaeaaia eiaao aeaei n oae iacuaaaiuie o?oaeiuie, a oii /enea
iaaeaaiae/anee caiouaiiuie, aeaoueie eee ethaeueie, ioaeaeathueieny a
ineoieiae/aneie iiiiue. TH?eaee/aneay ineoieiaey ?anniao?eaaao onaiaiea
/aeiaaeii i?aaiauo ii?i e i?aaee iiaaaeaiey e oaeaea ioaeia aeey
ainieoaiey. Ineoiaeeaaiinoeea noaaeo e ?aoaao i?iaeaiu ineoieiae/aneie
ioeaiee o?iaiy ?acaeoey aeaoae e eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeee.
Eco/aiea ineoieiae/aneeo iaoe ia/eiaaony n iauae ineoieiaee, oae eae aac
aeinoaoi/ii aeoaieiai ciaiey iniiaiuo iiiyoee, aaiaeeiuo a eo?na iauae
ineoieiaee, iaaiciiaeii aoaeao ?acia?aoueny a oii iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue
niaea?aeeony a niaoeeaeueiuo ?acaeaeao eo?na. Iaeiaei oi, /oi
i?aaeeaaaaony a ia?aie eieaa o/aaieea, ia anoue iauay ineoieiaey a
/enoii aeaea. Yoi, nei?aa, oaiaoe/aneay iiaeai?ea iaoa?eaeia ec
?acee/iuo iaeanoae ineoieiae/aneie iaoee, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey
iao/aiey e ainieoaiey aeaoae, oioy iniiao eo, eiia/ii, ninoaaeytho
iauaineoieiae/aneea ciaiey.
IAOIAeU ENNEAAeIAAIEss A INEOIEIAEE
Iaoiaeu iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee — yoi oa i?eaiu e n?aaenoaa, n iiiiuueth
eioi?uo o/aiua iieo/atho aeinoiaa?iua naaaeaiey, eniieuecoaiua aeaeaa
aeey iino?iaiey iao/iuo oai?ee e au?aaioee i?aeoe/aneeo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee.
Neea iaoee ai iiiaii caaeneo io niaa?oainoaa iaoiaeia enneaaeiaaiey, io
oiai, ianeieueei iie aaeeaeiu e iaaeaaeiu, eae auno?i e yooaeoeaii
aeaiiay io?aneue ciaiee niiniaia aini?eiyoue e eniieueciaaoue o naay ana
naiia iiaia, ia?aaeiaia, /oi iiyaeyaony a iaoiaeao ae?oaeo iaoe. Oai
aaea yoi oaeaaony naeaeaoue, iau/ii iaaethaeaaony caiaoiue i?i?ua
aia?aae a iiciaiee ie?a.
Ana neacaiiia ioiineony e e ineoieiaee. Aa yaeaiey ianoieueei neiaeiu e
naiaia?aciu, ianoieueei o?oaeiiaeinooiiu aeey eco/aiey, /oi ia
i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee yoie iaoee aa oniaoe iaiin?aaenoaaiii caaenaee
io niaa?oainoaa i?eiaiyaiuo iaoiaeia enneaaeiaaiey. Ni a?aiaiai a iae
ieacaeenue eioaa?e?iaaiiuie iaoiaeu naiuo ?aciuo iaoe. Yoi — iaoiaeu
oeeinioee e nioeeieiaee, iaoaiaoeee e oeceee, eioi?iaoeee e eeaa?iaoeee,
oeceieiaee e iaaeeoeeiu, aeieiaee e enoi?ee, ?yaea ae?oaeo iaoe.
Aeaaiaea?y i?eiaiaieth iaoiaeia anoanoaaiiuo e oi/iuo iaoe, ineoieiaey
ia/eiay ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu i?ioeiai aaea auaeaeeeanue a
naiinoiyoaeueioth iaoeo e noaea aeoeaii ?acaeaaoueny. Aei yoiai iiiaioa
ineoieiae/aneea ciaiey iieo/aee a iniiaiii iooai naiiiaaethaeaiey
(eio?iniaeoeee), oiic?eoaeueiuo ?annoaeaeaiee, iaaethaeaiey ca
iiaaaeaieai ae?oaeo ethaeae. Aiaeec e ?acoiiia iaiauaiea iiaeiaiiai
?iaea aeeciaiiuo oaeoia nua?aee naith iieiaeeoaeueioth ?ieue a enoi?ee
ineoieiaee. Iie iineoaeeee iniiaie aeey iino?iaiey ia?auo iao/iuo
oai?ee, iauyniythueo nouiinoue ineoieiae/aneeo oaiiiaiia e /aeiaa/aneiai
iiaaaeaiey. Iaeiaei noauaeoeaeci yoeo iaoiaeia, eo iaaeinoaoi/iay
iaaeaaeiinoue e neiaeiinoue yaeeenue i?e/eiie oiai, /oi ineoieiaey
aeieaia a?aiy inoaaaeanue oeeinionoaothuae, iayenia?eiaioaeueiie iaoeie,
niiniaiie i?aaeiieaaaoue, ii ia aeieacuaaoue i?e/eiii-neaaenoaaiiua
nayce, nouanoaothuea iaaeaeo ineoe/aneeie e ae?oaeie yaeaieyie. Aianoa n
oai ec-ca /?acia?ii au?aaeaiiiai oai?aoece?iaaiey iia auea oaeoe/anee
ioi?aaia io i?aeoeee.
Iaia?aiea naeaeaoue aa ianoiyuae, aieaa eee iaiaa oi/iie, i?aeoe/anee
iieaciie iaoeie, ia oieueei iienuaathuae, ii e iauyniythuae yaeaiey auei
naycaii n aiaae?aieai a iaa eaai?aoi?iiai yenia?eiaioa e ecia?aiey.
Iiiuoee eiee/anoaaiiie ioeaiee ineoieiae/aneeo yaeaiee i?aaei?eieiathony
ia/eiay ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX a. Iaeiie ec ia?auo oaeeo iiiuoie auei
ioe?uoea e oi?ioee?iaea eythony iao/iie iniiaie aeey iiieiaiey caeiiia
ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?aaaiea.
Nioeeaeueiay ineoieiaey eco/aao /aeiaa/aneea acaeiiioiioaiey, yaeaiey,
aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna iauaiey e acaeiiaeaenoaey ethaeae ae?oa n
ae?oaii a ?aciiai ?iaea a?oiiao, a /anoiinoe a naiuea, oeiea, a
o/aie/aneii e iaaeaaiae/aneii eieeaeoeaao. Oaeea ciaiey iaiaoiaeeiu aeey
ineoieiae/anee i?aaeeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ainieoaiey.
Iaaeaaiae/aneay ineoieiaey iauaaeeiyao anth eioi?iaoeeth, naycaiioth n
iao/aieai e ainieoaieai. Iniaia aieiaiea caeanue ia?auaaony ia
iainiiaaiea e ?ac?aaioeo iaoiaeia iao/aiey e ainieoaiey ethaeae ?aciiai
aic?anoa.
O?e neaaeothuea io?anee ineoieiaee — iaaeeoeeineay e iaoiineoieiaey, a
oaeaea ineoioa?aiey — eiatho aeaei n ioeeiiaieyie io ii?iu a ineoeea e
iiaaaeaiee /aeiaaea. Caaea/a yoeo io?aneae ineoieiae/aneie iaoee —
iauynieoue i?e/eiu aiciiaeiuo ineoe/aneeo ia?ooaiee e iainiiaaoue
iaoiaeu eo i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e ea/aiey. Oaeea ciaiey iaiaoiaeeiu oai,
aaea iaaeaaia eiaao aeaei n oae iacuaaaiuie o?oaeiuie, a oii /enea
iaaeaaiae/anee caiouaiiuie, aeaoueie eee ethaeueie, ioaeaeathueieny a
ineoieiae/aneie iiiiue. TH?eaee/aneay ineoieiaey ?anniao?eaaao onaiaiea
/aeiaaeii i?aaiauo ii?i e i?aaee iiaaaeaiey e oaeaea ioaeia aeey
ainieoaiey. Ineoiaeeaaiinoeea noaaeo e ?aoaao i?iaeaiu ineoieiae/aneie
ioeaiee o?iaiy ?acaeoey aeaoae e eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeee.
Eco/aiea ineoieiae/aneeo iaoe ia/eiaaony n iauae ineoieiaee, oae eae aac
aeinoaoi/ii aeoaieiai ciaiey iniiaiuo iiiyoee, aaiaeeiuo a eo?na iauae
ineoieiaee, iaaiciiaeii aoaeao ?acia?aoueny a oii iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue
niaea?aeeony a niaoeeaeueiuo ?acaeaeao eo?na. Iaeiaei oi, /oi
i?aaeeaaaaony a ia?aie eieaa o/aaieea, ia anoue iauay ineoieiaey a
/enoii aeaea. Yoi, nei?aa, oaiaoe/aneay iiaeai?ea iaoa?eaeia ec
?acee/iuo iaeanoae ineoieiae/aneie iaoee, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey
iao/aiey e ainieoaiey aeaoae, oioy iniiao eo, eiia/ii, ninoaaeytho
iauaineoieiae/aneea ciaiey.
Iaia?aiea naeaeaoue aa ianoiyuae, aieaa eee iaiaa oi/iie, i?aeoe/anee
iieaciie iaoeie, ia oieueei iienuaathuae, ii e iauyniythuae yaeaiey auei
naycaii n aiaae?aieai a iaa eaai?aoi?iiai yenia?eiaioa e ecia?aiey.
Iiiuoee eiee/anoaaiiie ioeaiee ineoieiae/aneeo yaeaiee
i?aaei?eieiathony, ia/eiay ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX a. Iaeiie ec ia?auo
oaeeo iiiu aaee/eiao noeioeaie, aicaeaenoaothueie ia i?aaieci. E iei
ioiinyony caeiiu Aoaa?a—Aaaa?a, Aaaa?a—Oaoia?a, Noeaaina,
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie iaoaiaoe/aneea oi?ioeu, i?e iiiiue eioi?uo
ii?aaeaeyaony naycue iaaeaeo oece/aneeie noeioeaie e iuouaieyie
/aeiaaea, a oaeaea aaniethoiue e ioiineoaeueiue ii?iae iuouaiee.
Nthaea aea neaaeoao ioianoe e ia/aeueiue yoai ?acaeoey
aeeooa?aioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee (eiiaoe XIX a.), eiaaea
aeey auyaeaiey iaueo ineoieiae/aneeo naienoa e niiniaiinoae, ioee/athueo
ethaeae ae?oa io ae?oaa, noaee eniieueciaaoue iaoiaeu iaoaiaoe/aneie
noaoenoeee.
Aiineaaenoaee, oaea a XX a., oaiaeaioeey eniieueciaaiey iaoaiaoe/aneeo
iiaeaeae e ?an/aoia iieo/eea oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a naiuo ?aciuo
io?aneyo ineoieiaee. Aac ieo nae/an ia iaoiaeeony ie iaeii na?ueaciia
iao/iia ineoieiae/aneia enneaaeiaaiea.
N eiioea 80-o aiaeia XIX a. a ineoieiaee noaee nicaeaaaoueny e
i?eiaiyoueny niaoeeaeueiua oaoie/aneea i?eai?u e ono?ienoaa aeey
i?iaaaeaiey eaai?aoi?iuo yenia?eiaioaeueiuo iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee.
Ieiia?ii a yoii ioiioaiee yaeeny iaiaoeeee o/aiue A.Aoiaeo, eioi?ue a
Eaeioeeaa i?aaieciaae ?aaioo ia?aie ineoieiae/aneie eaai?aoi?ee.
Oaoie/aneea i?eai?u e ono?ienoaa iicaieyee enneaaeiaaoaeth noaaeoue e
i?iaiaeeoue eiio?iee?oaiue e oi?aaeyaiue iao/iue yenia?eiaio,
aeice?iaaoue aicaeaenoaey oece/aneeo noeioeia, ia eioi?ua aeieaeai
?aaae?iaaoue /aeiaae, ecia?youe aai ?aaeoeee. Nia/aea yoi auee
aeiaieueii i?inoua oaoie/aneea ono?ienoaa, a iniiaiii iaoaie/aneea. A
ia/aea XX a. e iei i?eniaaeeieeenue yeaeo?e/aneea i?eai?u, a a iaoa
a?aiy a ineoieiae/aneeo eaai?aoi?iuo enneaaeiaaieyo eniieuecothony
iiiaea aeaeu nia?aiaiiie aiia?aoo?u, a oii /enea ?aaeei-, aeaeai- e
yeaeo?iiiie, aeeth/ay YAI.
Ia?yaeo n iaoaiaoecaoeeae e oaoiecaoeeae enneaaeiaaiee a ineoieiaee aei
neo ii? ia oo?aoeee naiaai cia/aiey o?aaeeoeeiiiua iaoiaeu nai?a iao/iie
eioi?iaoeee, a oii /enea oaeea, eae iaaethaeaiea, naiiiaaethaeaiea e
ii?in. I?e/ei nio?aiaiey eo cia/aiey ianeieueei. Ia?aay ninoieo a oii,
/oi yaeaiey, eco/aaiua a ineoieiaee, neiaeiu e oieeaeueiu, eo ia anaaaea
iiaeii eco/eoue n iiiiuueth iaoiaeia, caeinoaiaaiiuo ec ae?oaeo iaoe.
Aeey enneaaeiaaiey oaeeo oiieeo yaeaiee, eioi?uie caieiaaony ineoieiaey,
iaoiaeu anoanoaaiiuo e oi/iuo iaoe ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ia aiaeyony.
Iaaethaeaiea e naiiiaaethaeaiea iicaieytho oeiaeoue iiiaia ec oiai, /oi
i?aeoe/anee iaaeinooiii i?eai?ai, iaiienoaii n iiiiuueth oi/iuo
iaoaiaoe/aneeo oi?ioe. Naiiiaaethaeaiea ia?aaeei i?eiaiyaony a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea enneaaeiaaoaeue oi/ao iaiin?aaenoaaiii nai, a ia ni neia
ae?oaeo eeoe eee ii iieacaieyi aacaeooiuo i?eai?ia iieo/eoue naaaeaiey
ia iuouaieyo, yiioeeiiaeueiuo ia?aaeeaaieyo, ia?acao, i?aaenoaaeaieyo,
iuneyo, nii?iaiaeaeathueo oio eee eiie iiaaaeai/aneee aeo.
Iaeiaei aeaiiua iaaethaeaiey, e iniaaiii naiiiaaethaeaiey, ii/oe anaaaea
o?aaotho i?iaa?ee ia aeinoiaa?iinoue e iaaeaaeiinoue. Oai, aaea yoi
aiciiaeii, yoe aeaiiua iaiaoiaeeii eiio?iee?iaaoue i?e iiiiue eiuo,
aieaa iauaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia, a /anoiinoe iaoaiaoe/aneeo ?an/aoia.
A oaae. 2 i?aaenoaaeaiu iaoiaeu, eioi?ua eniieuecothony a nia?aiaiiie
ineoieiaee aeey nai?a oae iacuaaaiuo ia?ae/iuo aeaiiuo o.a. eioi?iaoeee,
iiaeeaaeauae aeaeueiaeoaio ooi/iaieth e ia?aaioea.
Oaaeeoea 2
Iniiaiua iaoiaeu ineoieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee e eo aa?eaiou,
i?eiaiyaiua aeey nai?a ia?ae/iuo aeaiiuo
Iniiaiie iaoiae Aa?eaio iniiaiiai iaoiaea
Iaaethaeaiea Aiaoiaa (iaaethaeaiea ni noi?iiu)
Aioo?aiiaa (naiiiaaethaeaiea)
Naiaiaeiia
Noaiaea?oece?iaaiiia
Aeeth/aiiia
Noi?iiiaa
Ii?in Onoiue
Ienueiaiiue
Naiaiaeiue
Noaiaea?oece?iaaiiue
Oanou Oano-ii?iniee
Oano-caaeaiea
I?iaeoeaiue oano
Yenia?eiaio Anoanoaaiiue
Eaai?aoi?iue
Iiaeaee?iaaiea Iaoaiaoe/aneia
Eiae/aneia
Oaoie/aneia
Eeaa?iaoe/aneia
Iaaethaeaiea eiaao ianeieueei aa?eaioia. Aiaoiaa iaaethaeaiea — yoi
niinia nai?a aeaiiuo i ineoieiaee e iiaaaeaiee /aeiaaea iooai i?yiiai
iaaethaeaiey ca iei ni noi?iiu. Aioo?aiiaa iaaethaeaiea, eee
naiiiaaethaeaiea, i?eiaiyaony oiaaea, eiaaea ineoieia-enneaaeiaaoaeue
noaaeo ia?aae niaie caaea/o eco/eoue eioa?anothuaa aai yaeaiea a oii
aeaea, a eaeii iii iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?aaenoaaeaii a aai niciaiee.
Aioo?aiia aini?eieiay niioaaonoaothuaa yaeaiea, ineoieia eae au
iaaethaeaao ca iei (iai?eia?, ca naieie ia?acaie, /oanoaaie, iuneyie,
ia?aaeeaaieyie) eee iieuecoaony aiaeiae/iuie aeaiiuie, niiauaaiuie aio
ae?oaeie ethaeueie, eioi?ua naie aaaeoo eio?iniaeoe?iaaiea ii aai
caaeaieth.
Naiaiaeiia iaaethaeaiea ia eiaao ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiuo ?aiie, i?ia?aiiu,
i?ioeaaeo?u aai i?iaaaeaiey. Iii iiaeao iaiyoue i?aaeiao eee iauaeo
iaaethaeaiey, aai oa?aeoa? a oiaea naiiai iaaethaeaiey a caaeneiinoe io
iiaeaeaiey iaaethaeaoaey. Noaiaea?oece?iaaiiia iaaethaeaiea, iai?ioea,
ca?aiaa ii?aaeaeaii e /aoei ia?aie/aii a ieaia oiai, /oi iaaethaeaaony.
Iii aaaeaony ii ii?aaeaeaiiie, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii i?iaeoiaiiie i?ia?aiia e
no?iai neaaeoao ae, iacaaeneii io oiai, /oi i?ienoiaeeo a i?ioeanna
iaaethaeaiey n iauaeoii eee naiei iaaethaeaoaeai.
I?e aeeth/aiiii iaaethaeaiee (iii /aua anaai eniieuecoaony a iauae,
aic?anoiie, iaaeaaiae/aneie e nioeeaeueiie ineoieiaee) enneaaeiaaoaeue
aunooiaao a ea/anoaa iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai o/anoieea oiai i?ioeanna, ca
oiaeii eioi?iai ii aaaeao iaaethaeaiea. Iai?eia?, ineoieia iiaeao
?aoaoue a oia eaeoth-eeai caaea/o, iaeiia?aiaiii iaaethaeay ca niaie.
Ae?oaie aa?eaio aeeth/aiiiai iaaethaeaiey: enneaaeoy acaeiiioiioaiey
ethaeae, yenia?eiaioaoi? iiaeao aeeth/eoueny nai a iauaiea n
iaaethaeaaiuie ethaeueie, ia i?ae?auay a oi aea a?aiy iaaethaeaoue ca
neeaaeuaathueieny iaaeaeo ieie e yoeie ethaeueie acaeiiioiioaieyie.
Noi?iiiaa iaaethaeaiea a ioee/ea io aeeth/aiiiai ia i?aaeiieaaaao
ee/iiai o/anoey iaaethaeaoaey a oii i?ioeanna, eioi?ue ii eco/aao.
Eaaeaeue ec iacaaiiuo aeaeia iaaethaeaiey eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe e
i?eiaiyaony oai, aaea ii iiaeao aeaoue iaeaieaa aeinoiaa?iua
?acoeueoaou. Aiaoiaa iaaethaeaiea, iai?eia?, iaiaa noauaeoeaii, /ai
naiiiaaethaeaiea, e iau/ii i?eiaiyaony oai, aaea i?eciaee, ca eioi?uie
iaiaoiaeeii iaaethaeaoue, eaaei iiaoo auoue auaeaeaiu e ioeaiaiu ecaia.
Aioo?aiiaa iaaethaeaiea iacaiaieii e /anoi aunooiaao eae aaeeinoaaiii
aeinooiiue iaoiae nai?a ineoieiae/aneeo aeaiiuo a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
ionoonoaotho iaaeaaeiua aiaoiea i?eciaee eioa?anothuaai enneaaeiaaoaey
yaeaiey. Naiaiaeiia iaaethaeaiea oeaeaniia?acii i?iaiaeeoue a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea iaaiciiaeii oi/ii ii?aaeaeeoue, /oi neaaeoao
iaaethaeaoue, eiaaea i?eciaee eco/aaiiai yaeaiey e aai aa?iyoiue oiae
ca?aiaa ia ecaanoiu enneaaeiaaoaeth. Noaiaea?oece?iaaiiia iaaethaeaiea,
iai?ioea, eo/oa eniieueciaaoue oiaaea, eiaaea o enneaaeiaaoaey eiaaony
oi/iue e aeinoaoi/ii iieiue ia?a/aiue i?eciaeia, ioiineiuo e eco/aaiiio
oaiiiaio.
Aeeth/aiiia iaaethaeaiea iieacii a oii neo/aa, eiaaea ineoieia iiaeao
aeaoue i?aaeeueioth ioeaieo yaeaieth, eeoue i?i/oanoaiaaa aai ia naiii
naaa. Iaeiaei anee iiae aeeyieai ee/iiai o/anoey enneaaeiaaoaey aai
aini?eyoea e iiieiaiea niauoey iiaeao auoue eneaaeaii, oi eo/oa
ia?auaoueny e noi?iiiaio iaaethaeaieth, i?eiaiaiea eioi?iai iicaieyao
aieaa iauaeoeaii
noaeeoue i iaaethaeaaiii.
Ii?in i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaoiae, i?e eniieueciaaiee eioi?iai /aeiaae
ioaa/aao ia ?yae caaeaaaaiuo aio aii?inia. Anoue ianeieueei aa?eaioia
ii?ina, e eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaao naie aeinoieinoaa e iaaeinoaoee.
?anniio?ei eo.
Onoiue ii?in i?eiaiyaony a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aeaeaoaeueii aanoe
iaaethaeaiea ca iiaaaeaieai e ?aaeoeeyie /aeiaaea, ioaa/athuaai ia
aii?inu. Yoio aeae ii?ina iicaieyao aeoaaea, /ai ienueiaiiue,
i?iieeiooue a ineoieiaeth /aeiaaea, iaeiaei o?aaoao niaoeeaeueiie
iiaeaioiaee, iao/aiey e, eae i?aaeei, aieueoeo cao?ao a?aiaie ia
i?iaaaeaiea enneaaeiaaiey. Ioaaou eniuooaiuo, iieo/aaiua i?e onoiii
ii?ina, nouanoaaiii caaenyo e io ee/iinoe oiai /aeiaaea, eioi?ue aaaeao
ii?in, e io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae oiai, eoi ioaa/aao ia
aii?inu, e io iiaaaeaiey iaieo eeoe a neooaoeee ii?ina.
Ienueiaiiue ii?in iicaieyao ioaaoeoue aieueoaa eiee/anoai ethaeae.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiay aai oi?ia — aieaoa. Ii aa iaaeinoaoeii
yaeyaony oi, /oi, i?eiaiyy aieaoo, iaeuecy ca?aiaa o/anoue ?aaeoeee
ioaa/athuaai ia niaea?aeaiea aa aii?inia e, enoiaey ec yoiai, eciaieoue
eo.
Naiaiaeiue ii?in — ?aciiaeaeiinoue onoiiai eee ienueiaiiiai ii?ina, i?e
eioi?ie ia?a/aiue caaeaaaaiuo aii?inia e aiciiaeiuo ioaaoia ia ieo
ca?aiaa ia ia?aie/ai ii?aaeaeaiiuie ?aieaie. Ii?in aeaiiiai oeia
iicaieyao aeinoaoi/ii aeaei iaiyoue oaeoeeo enneaaeiaaiey, niaea?aeaiea
caaeaaaaiuo aii?inia, iieo/aoue ia ieo ianoaiaea?oiua ioaaou. A naith
i/a?aaeue noaiaea?oece?iaaiiue ii?in, i?e eioi?ii aii?inu e oa?aeoa?
aiciiaeiuo ioaaoia ia ieo ii?aaeaeaiu ca?aiaa e iau/ii ia?aie/aiu
aeinoaoi/ii oceeie ?aieaie, aieaa yeiiiie/ai ai a?aiaie e a
iaoa?eaeueiuo cao?aoao, /ai naiaiaeiue ii?in.
Oanou yaeythony niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie iaoiaeaie ineoiaeeaaiinoe/aneiai
ianeaaeiaaiey, i?eiaiyy eioi?ua iiaeii iieo/eoue oi/ioth eiee/anoaaiioth
eee ea/anoaaiioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo eco/aaiiai yaeaiey. Io ae?oaeo iaoiaeia
enneaaeiaaiey oanou ioee/athony oai, /oi i?aaeiieaaatho /aoeoth
i?ioeaaeo?o nai?a e ia?aaioee ia?ae/iuo aeaiiuo, a oaeaea naiaia?acea eo
iineaaeothuae eioa?i?aoaoeee. N iiiiuueth oanoia iiaeii eco/aoue e
n?aaieaaoue iaaeaeo niaie ineoieiaeth ?aciuo ethaeae, aeaaaoue
aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiua e niiinoaaeiua ioeaiee.
Aa?eaiou oanoa: oano-ii?iniee e oano-caaeaiea. Oano-ii?iniee iniiaai ia
nenoaia ca?aiaa i?iaeoiaiiuo, ouaoaeueii ioia?aiiuo e i?iaa?aiiuo n
oi/ee c?aiey eo aaeeaeiinoe e iaaeaaeiinoe aii?inia, ii ioaaoai ia
eioi?ua iiaeii noaeeoue i ineoieiae/aneeo ea/anoaao eniuooaiuo.
Oano-caaeaiea i?aaeiieaaaao ioeaieo ineoieiaee e iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea ia
aaca oiai, /oi ii aeaeaao. A oanoao yoiai oeia eniuooaiiio i?aaeeaaaaony
na?ey niaoeeaeueiuo caaeaiee, ii eoiaai auiieiaiey eioi?uo noaeyo i
iaee/ee eee ionoonoaee e noaiaie ?acaeoey o iaai eco/aaiiai ea/anoaa.
Oano-ii?iniee e oano-caaeaiea i?eiaieiu e ethaeyi ?aciiai aic?anoa,
i?eiaaeeaaeauei e ?acee/iui eoeueoo?ai, eiathuei ?aciue o?iaaiue
ia?aciaaiey, ?aciua i?ioannee e iaiaeeiaeiaue aeeciaiiue iiuo. Yoi — eo
iieiaeeoaeueiay noi?iia. A iaaeinoaoie ninoieo a oii, /oi i?e
eniieueciaaiee oanoia eniuooaiue ii aeaeaieth iiaeao niciaoaeueii
iiaeeyoue ia iieo/aaiua ?acoeueoaou, iniaaiii anee ii ca?aiaa ciaao, eae
ono?iai oano e eaeei ia?acii ii aai ?acoeueoaoai aoaeoo ioeaieaaoue aai
ineoieiaeth e iiaaaeaiea’. E?iia oiai, oano-ii?iniee e oano-caaeaiea
iai?eiaieiu a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea eco/aieth iiaeeaaeao ineoieiae/aneea
naienoaa e oa?aeoa?enoeee, a nouanoaiaaiee eioi?uo eniuooaiue ia iiaeao
auoue iieiinoueth oaa?ai, ia iniciaao eee niciaoaeueii ia oi/ao
i?eciaaaoue eo iaee/ea o naay. Oaeeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie yaeythony,
iai?eia?, iiiaea io?eoeaoaeueiua ee/iinoiua ea/anoaa e iioeau
iiaaaeaiey.
A yoeo neo/ayo iau/ii i?eiaiyaony o?aoee oei oanoia — i?iaeoeaiua. A
iniiaa oaeeo oanoia eaaeeo iaoaieci i?iaeoeee, niaeanii eioi?iio
iainiciaaaaiua nianoaaiiua ea/anoaa, iniaaiii iaaeinoaoee, /aeiaae
neeiiai i?eienuaaoue ae?oaei ethaeyi. I?iaeoeaiua oanou i?aaeiacia/aiu
aeey eco/aiey ineoieiae/aneeo e iiaaaeai/aneeo iniaaiiinoae ethaeae,
aucuaathueo iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea. I?eiaiyy oanou iiaeiaiiai ?iaea, i
ineoieiaee eniuooaiiai noaeyo ia iniiaaiee oiai, eae ii aini?eieiaao.
Iieuecoynue i?iaeoeaiui oanoii, ineoieia n aai iiiiuueth aaiaeeo
eniuooaiiai a aiia?aaeaaioth, nthaeaoii iaii?aaeaeaiioth neooaoeeth,
iiaeeaaeauoth i?iecaieueiie eioa?i?aoaoeee. Oaeie neooaoeeae iiaeao
noaoue, iai?eia?, iiene ii?aaeaeaiiiai niunea a ea?oeiea, aaea
ecia?aaeaiu iaecaanoii eaeea ethaee, iaiiiyoii /ai caiyoua. Ioaeii
ioaaoeoue ia aii?inu, eoi yoe ethaee, /ai iie icaai/aiu, a /ai aeoiatho
e /oi i?iecieaeao aeaeueoa. Ia iniiaaiee niaea?aeaoaeueiie
eioa?i?aoaoeee ioaaoia noaeyo i nianoaaiiie ineoieiaee ioaa/athueo.
Oanou i?iaeoeaiiai oeia i?aaeuyaeytho iiauoaiiua o?aaiaaiey e o?iaith
ia?aciaaiiinoe e eioaeeaeooaeueiie c?aeinoe eniuooaiuo, e a yoii ninoieo
iniiaiia i?aeoe/aneia ia?aie/aiea eo i?eiaieiinoe. E?iia oiai, oaeea
oanou o?aaotho aieueoie niaoeeaeueiie iiaeaioiaee e aunieie
i?ioanneiiaeueiie eaaeeoeeaoeee ni noi?iiu naiiai ineoieiaa.
Niaoeeoeea yenia?eiaioa eae iaoiaea ineoieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi a iai oeaeaiai?aaeaiii e i?iaeoiaiii nicaeaaony
eneonnoaaiiay neooaoeey, a eioi?ie eco/aaiia naienoai auaeaeyaony,
i?iyaeyaony e ioeaieaaaony eo/oa anaai. Iniiaiia aeinoieinoai
yenia?eiaioa ninoieo a oii, /oi ii iicaieyao iaaeaaeiaa, /ai ana
inoaeueiua iaoiaeu, aeaeaoue auaiaeu i i?e/eiii-neaaenoaaiiuo naycyo
enneaaeoaiiai yaeaiey n ae?oaeie oaiiiaiaie, iao/ii iauyniyoue
i?ienoiaeaeaiea yaeaiey e ?acaeoea. Iaeiaei i?aaieciaaoue e i?iaanoe
ianoiyuee, ioaa/athuee anai o?aaiaaieyi ineoieiae/aneee yenia?eiaio ia
i?aeoeea auaaao iaeaaei, iiyoiio a iao/iuo enneaaeiaaieyo ii ano?a/aaony
?aaea, /ai ae?oaea iaoiaeu.
Eiathony aeaa iniiaiua ?aciiaeaeiinoe yenia?eiaioa: anoanoaaiiue e
eaai?aoi?iue. Ae?oa io ae?oaa iie ioee/athony oai, /oi iicaieytho
eco/aoue ineoieiaeth e iiaaaeaiea ethaeae a oneiaeyo, ioaeaeaiiuo eee
i?eaeeaeaiiuo e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Anoanoaaiiue yenia?eiaio
i?aaiecoaony e i?iaiaeeony a iau/iuo aeeciaiiuo oneiaeyo, aaea
yenia?eiaioaoi? i?aeoe/anee ia aiaoeaaaony a oiae i?ienoiaeyueo niauoee,
oeene?oy eo a oii aeaea, eae iie ?acai?a/eaathony naie ii naaa.
Eaai?aoi?iue yenia?eiaio i?aaeiieaaaao nicaeaiea iaeioi?ie eneonnoaaiiie
neooaoeee, a eioi?ie eco/aaiia naienoai iiaeii eo/oa anaai eco/eoue.
Aeaiiua, iieo/aaiua a anoanoaaiiii yenia?eiaioa, eo/oa anaai
niioaaonoaotho oeie/iiio aeeciaiiiio iiaaaeaieth eiaeeaeaea, ?aaeueiie
ineoieiaee ethaeae, ii ia anaaaea oi/iu ec-ca ionoonoaey o
yenia?eiaioaoi?a aiciiaeiinoe no?iai eiio?iee?iaaoue aeeyiea
anaaiciiaeiuo oaeoi?ia ia eco/aaiia naienoai ?acoeueoaou eaai?aoi?iiai
yenia?eiaioa, iai?ioea, auea?uaatho a oi/iinoe, ii caoi onooiatho a
noaiaie anoanoaaiiinoe -niioaaonoaey aeecie.
Iiaeaee?iaaiea eae iaoiae i?eiaiyaony a oii neo/aa, eiaaea enneaaeiaaiea
eioa?anothuaai o/aiiai yaeaiey iooai i?inoiai iaaethaeaiey, ii?ina,
oanoa eee yenia?eiaioa cao?oaeiaii eee iaaiciiaeii a neeo neiaeiinoe eee
o?oaeiiaeinooiiinoe. Oiaaea i?eaaaatho e nicaeaieth eneonnoaaiiie
iiaeaee eco/aaiiai oaiiiaia, iiaoi?ythuae aai iniiaiua ia?aiao?u e
i?aaeiieaaaaiua naienoaa. Ia yoie iiaeaee aeaoaeueii enneaaeotho aeaiiia
yaeaiea e aeaeatho auaiaeu i aai i?e?iaea.
Iiaeaee iiaoo auoue oaoie/aneeie, eiae/aneeie, iaoaiaoe/aneeie,
eeaa?iaoe/aneeie. Iaoaiaoe/aneay iiaeaeue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie au?aaeaiea
eee oi?ioeo, aeeth/athuoth ia?aiaiiua e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ieie,
aini?iecaiaeyuea yeaiaiou e ioiioaiey a eco/aaiii yaeaiee. Oaoie/aneia
iiaeaee?iaaiea i?aaeiieaaaao nicaeaiea i?eai?a eee ono?ienoaa, ii naiaio
aeaenoaeth iaiiieiathuaai oi, /oi iiaeeaaeeo eco/aieth. Eeaa?iaoe/aneia
iiaeaee?iaaiea iniiaaii ia eniieueciaaiee a ea/anoaa yeaiaioia iiaeaee
iiiyoee ec iaeanoe eioi?iaoeee e eeaa?iaoeee. Eiae/aneia iiaeaee?iaaiea
iniiaaii ia eaeayo e neiaieeea, i?eiaiyaiie a iaoaiaoe/aneie eiaeea.
Iaeaieaa ecaanoiuie i?eia?aie iaoaiaoe/aneiai iiaeaee?iaaiey a
ineoieiaee yaeythony oi?ioeu, au?aaeathuea niaie caeiiu Aoaa?a—Aaaa?a,
Aaaa?a—Oaoia?a e Noeaaina. Eiae/aneia iiaeaee?iaaiea oe?iei
eniieuecoaony i?e eco/aiee iuoeaiey /aeiaaea e aai n?aaiaiee n ?aoaieai
caaea/ au/eneeoaeueiie iaoeiie. N iiiaeanoaii ?aciiia?aciuo i?eia?ia
oaoie/aneiai iiaeaee?iaaiey iu ano?a/aainy a iao/iuo enneaaeiaaieyo,
iinayuaiiuo eco/aieth aini?eyoey e iaiyoe /aeiaaea. Yoi — iiiuoee
iino?iaiey ia?oeaio?iiia — iaoei, niiniaiuo iaiiaeiaea /aeiaaea
aini?eieiaoue e ia?a?aaaouaaoue naini?ioth eioi?iaoeeth, caiiieiaoue e
aini?iecaiaeeoue aa.
Eeethno?aoeeae eeaa?iaoe/aneiai iiaeaee?iaaiey yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea a
ineoieiaee eaeae iaoaiaoe/aneiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey ia YAI. ?acaeoea
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey ?aaiou YAI ca iineaaeiea ianeieueei aeanyoeia
eao ioe?uei aeey ineoieiaee iiaua ia?niaeoeau eco/aiey eioa?anothueo aa
i?ioeannia e /aeiaa/aneiai iiaaaeaiey, oae eae ieacaeinue, /oi
iuneeoaeueiua iia?aoeee, eniieuecoaiua ethaeueie, eiaeea eo
?annoaeaeaiee i?e ?aoaiee caaea/ aanueia aeecee e iia?aoeeyi e eiaeea,
ia iniiaa eioi?uo ?ac?aaaouaathony i?ia?aiiu aeey YAI. Yoi i?eaaei e
iiiuoeai i?aaenoaaeaiey e iienaiey iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea, aai ineoieiaee
ii aiaeiaee n aeaenoaeai yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiuo ono?ienoa. Ieiia?aie
a yoii ioiioaiee a ineoieiaee aunooieee ecaanoiua aia?eeaineea o/aiua
Ae.Ieeea?, TH.Aaeaioa? E.I?ea?ai1. Ioiaoea iaee/ea a i?aaiecia oaeie aea
neiaeiie, ea?a?oe/anee iino?iaiiie nenoaiu ?aaoeyoeee iiaaaeaiey, eaeay
oa?aeoa?ecoao no?oeoo?o e ooieoeeiie?iaaiea i?ia?aii aeey YAI, iie
naeaeaee auaiae i oii, /oi iiaeiaiui aea ia?acii iiaeao auoue iienaii e
iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea.
E?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo iaoiaeia, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey nai?a ia?ae/iie
eioi?iaoeee, a ineoieiaee oe?iei i?eiaiythony ?acee/iua niiniau e i?eaiu
ia?aaioee yoeo aeaiiuo, eo eiae/aneiai e iaoaiaoe/aneiai aiaeeca aeey
iieo/aiey aoi?e/iuo ?acoeueoaoia, o.a. oaeoia e auaiaeia, auoaeathueo ec
eioa?i?aoaoeee ia?a?aaioaiiie ia?ae/iie eioi?iaoeee. Aeey yoie oeaee
i?eiaiythony, a /anoiinoe, ?aciiia?aciua iaoiaeu iaoaiaoe/aneie
noaoenoeee, aac eioi?uo ca/anooth iaaiciiaeii iieo/eoue aeinoiaa?ioth
eioi?iaoeeth ia eco/aaiuo yaeaieyo, a oaeaea iaoiaeu ea/anoaaiiiai
aiaeeca.
Niuneii neiaa a ineoieiaee iacuaatho oo /anoue aai cia/aiey eee oi
niaoeeoe/aneia cia/aiea, eioi?ia neiai i?eia?aoaao ?a/e oiio?aaeythuaai
aai /aeiaaea. Ni niuneii neiaa, e?ii annioeee?iaaiiie n iei /anoe
cia/aiey, naycaii iiiaeanoa /oanoa, iuneae, annioeeaoeee e ia?acia,
eioi?ua aeaiiia neiai aucuaaao a niciaiee eiie?aoiiai /aeiaaea.
Niciaiea, iaeiaei, nouanoaoao ia oieueei a neiaaniie, ii e ia?aciie
oi?ia. A oaeii neo/aa iii naycaii n eniieueciaaieai aoi?ie neaiaeueiie
nenoaiu, aucuaathuae e i?aia?acothuae ni ioaaonoaothuea ia?acu. Iaeaieaa
y?eei i?eia?ii ia?aciiai /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey yaeyaony eneonnoai,
eeoa?aoo?a, iocuea. Iie oaeaea aunooiatho eae oi?iu io?aaeaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ii ia a aano?aeoiie, eae yoi naienoaaiii iaoea, a a
ia?aciie oi?ia.
AICIEEIIAAIEA E ?ACAEOEA NICIAIEss
Niciaiea /aeiaaea aicieeei e ?acaeaaeinue a iauanoaaiiue ia?eiae aai
nouanoaiaaiey, e enoi?ey noaiiaeaiey niciaiey ia auoiaeeo, aa?iyoii, ca
?aiee oao ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia ouny/ eao, eioi?ua iu ioiinei e enoi?ee
/aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa. Aeaaiui oneiaeai aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey yaeyaony niaianoiay i?iaeoeoeaiay iiin?aaeiaaiiay
?a/ueth i?oaeeeiay aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae. Yoi oaeay aeayoaeueiinoue,
eioi?ay o?aaoao eiiia?aoeee, iauaiey e acaeiiaeaenoaey ethaeae ae?oa n
ae?oaii. Iia i?aaeiieaaaao nicaeaiea oaeiai i?iaeoeoa, eioi?ue anaie
o/anoieeaie niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe niciaaony eae oeaeue eo
nio?oaeie/anoaa. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia niciaiea ia ca?a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa
aicieeei, aa?iyoii (ia yoii nae/an, ii i?ioanoaee aeanyoeia ouny/ eao,
o?oaeii noaeeoue ii?aaeaeaiii), a i?ioeanna eieeaeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
eae iaiaoiaeeiia oneiaea aa i?aaiecaoeee: aaaeue aeey oiai /oiau aianoa
ethaeyi caieiaoueny eaeeo eeai aeaeii, eaaeaeue ec ieo aeieaeai ynii
i?aaenoaaeyoue naaa e eo niaianoiie ?aaiou. Yoa oeaeue aeieaeia auoue
icia/aia, o.a. ?acaeaeaia e au?aaeaia a neiaa.
Oi/ii oae aea, ii-aeaeeiiio, a iioiaaiaca aicieeaao e ia/eiaao
?acaeaaoueny eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia niciaiea ?aaaiea. Aeey iaiiaeaiey oaeaea
iaiaoiaeeiu niaianoiay aeayoaeueiinoue iauaiea ac?ineiai n ?aaaieii,
auaeaeaiea, iniciaiiia neiaaniia iaicia/aiea oeaee acaeiiaeaenoaey. N
naiiai, oeei- e iioiaaiaoe/aneiai aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey niciaiey aai
noauaeoeaiui iineoaeai noaiiaeony ?a/ue, eioi?ay aia/aea aunooiaao eae
n?aaenoai iauaiey (niiauaiey), e0 oai noaiiaeony n?aaenoaii iuoeaiey
(iaiauaiey). I?aaeaea /ai noaoue aeinoiyieai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
niciaiey, aei e naycaiiia n iei niaea?aeaiea aeieaeiu iieo/eoue iauaa
cia/aiea aeey iieuecothueony eie ethaeae. Yoi aia?aua e i?ienoiaeeo a
niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iieo/ea naia anaiauaa cia/aiea neiai caoai
i?iieeaao a eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia niciaiea e noaiiaeony aai aeinoiyieai a
oi?ia cia/aiee e niuneia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aia/aea iiyaeyaony
eieeaeoeaiia, a caoai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia niciaiea, i?e/ai oaeay
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?acaeoey oa?aeoa?ia ia oieueei aeey oeeiaaiaca, ii
e aeey iioiaaiaca niciaiey. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia niciaiea ?aaaiea
oi?ie?oaony ia aaca e i?e oneiaee nouanoaiaaiey eieeaeoeaiiai niciaiey
iooai aai i?enaiaiey (eioa?ei?ecaoeee, nioeeaeecaoeee).
Iniai aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey eiaao
i?iaeoeoeaiue, oai?/aneee oa?aeoa? /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Niciaiea
i?aaeiieaaaao iniciaiea /aeiaaeii ia oieueei aiaoiaai ie?a, ii e naiiai
naay, naieo iuouaiee, ia?acia, i?aaenoaaeaiee e /oanoa. Eiiai iooe
iniciaiey yoiai, e?iia iieo/aiey aiciiaeiinoe «aeaeaiey» nianoaaiiie
ineoieiaee, ii?aaeia/aiiie a oai?aieyo, aeey /aeiaaea iao. Ia?acu,
iunee, i?aaenoaaeaiey e /oanoaa ethaeae iaoa?eaeueii aiieiuathony a
i?aaeiaoao eo oai?/aneiai o?oaea e i?e iineaaeothuai aini?eyoee yoeo
i?aaeiaoia eiaiii eae aiieioeaoeo a naaa ineoieiaeth eo oai?oeia
noaiiayony iniciaiiuie. Iiyoiio oai?/anoai anoue iooue e n?aaenoai
naiiiiciaiey e ?acaeoey niciaiey /aeiaaea /a?ac aini?eyoea ei naieo
nianoaaiiuo oai?aiee.
A ia/aea naiaai ?acaeoey niciaiea /aeiaaea yaeyaony iaaeaaeaiiui ia
aiaoiee ie?. *aeiaae iniciaao, /oi iaoiaeeony a aai, aeaaiaea?y oiio,
/oi n iiiiuueth aeaiiuo aio io i?e?iaeu ?aaiia /oanoa aeaeeo,
aini?eieiaao yoio ie? eae ioaeaeaiiue
Neiaa ycuea iaiieiythony ana aieaa niuneii e, iaeiiaoe, eiaaea ?acaeoea
iieo/atho iaoee, i?e a?auathony a iiiyoey. Neiai-iiiyoea e anoue
aaeeieoea niciaiey a iai?aaeaiea, a ?onea eioi?iai iii aicieeaao, iiaeii
iaicia/eoue eae iiiyoeeiia.
Eaaeaeay iiaay enoi?e/aneay yiioa naiaia?acii io?aaeaaony niciaiee aa
nia?aiaiieeia, e n eciaiaieai enoi?e/aneeo oneiaee nouanoaiaaiey ethaeae
iaiyaony eo niciaiea. Oeeiaaiac aai ?acaeoey iiaeii, oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaenoaaeoue a enoi?e/aneii ?aeo?na. Ii oi aea naiia ni?aaaaeeeai e a
ioiioaiee niciaiey /aeiaaea a oiaea aai iioiaaiaoe/aneiai ?acaeoey, anee
aeaaiaea?y i?iecaaaeaieyi eoeueoo?u, nicaeaiiui ethaeueie, eiaeeaeae ana
aeoaaea i?iieeaao a ineoieiaeth aeeaoeo aei iaai ia?iaeia. Yoi
iai?aaeaiea a ?acaeoee niciaiey anoue niune iaicia/eoue eae
enoi?e/aneia.
A aeaiiue iiiaio enoi?ee niciaiea ethaeae i?iaeieaeaao ?acaeaaoueny,
i?e/ai yoi ?acaeoea, ii-aeaeeiiio, eaeao n ecaanoiui onei?aieai,
aucaaiiui onei?aiiuie oaiiaie iao/iiai, eoeueoo?iiai e oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna. Oaeie auaiae iiaeii naeaeaoue ia iniiaaiee oiai, /oi ana
i?ioeannu, iienaiiua auoa a iniiaiuo iai?aaeaieyo i?aia?aciaaiey
niciaiey, nouanoaotho e oneeeaathony.
Iaaeno?aeueiui iai?aaeaieai aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneiai
niciaiey noaiiaeony ?anoe?aiea noa?u iniciaaaaiiai /aeiaaeii a naaa e
ie?oaeathuai ie?a. Yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue, naycaii n niaa?oainoaiaaieai
n?aaenoa iaoa?eaeueiiai e aeooiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, n ia/aaoaeny a ie?a
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie ?aaiethoeeae, eioi?ay ni a?aiaiai aeieaeia
ia?a?anoe a ?aaiethoeeth eoeueoo?ii-i?aanoaaiioth.
Ia?aua i?eciaee oaeiai ia?aoiaea iu ia/eiaai caia/aoue nae/an. Yoi —
?ino yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaininoiyiey ?aciuo ia ?iaeia e no?ai, eciaiaiea
eo eaeaieiaee e iieeoeee eae ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie, oae e ia aioo?aiiae
a?aia, nieaeaiea iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaiiiai i?ioeaiai?noaa,
iiauoaiea cia/eii, ?aeeaeiciuo, eoeueoo?iuo e i?aanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae a
iauaiee ethaeae ae?oa n ae?oaii. Ia?aeeaeueiui eo?nii eaeao
i?iieeiiaaiea /aeiaaea a oaeiu aeecie, iae?i- e iee?iie?a. Aeaaiaea?y
oniaoai iaoee ?anoe?yaony noa?a iiciaiey e oi?aaeaiee /aeiaaeii, aeanoe
iaae niaie e ie?ii, /aeiaa/aneea oai?/aneea aiciiaeiinoe e,
niioaaonoaaiii» ciaiea ethaeae.
AEAeU E ?ACAEOEA *AEIAA*ANEIE^ AeAssOAEUeIINOE
O nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea eiaaony iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe, /enei eioi?uo i?eia?ii niioaaonoaoao eiee/anoao
eiathueony iio?aaiinoae (n o/aoii iieeiioeae?iaaiiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe).
Aeey oiai /oiau i?aaenoaaeoue e iienaoue ana yoe aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe,
iaiaoiaeeii ia?a/eneeoue iaeaieaa aaaeiua aeey aeaiiiai /aeiaaea
iio?aaiinoe. Ii oaeay caaea/a ia i?aeoeea i?aaenoaaeyaony iai?inoie, oae
eae /enei ?aciiia?aciuo iio?aaiinoae aaeeei e iie eiaeeaeaeoaeueii
aa?uee?otho.
I?iua ii?aaeaeeoue iniiaiua ia?aiao?u, a niioaaonoaee eioi?uie iiaeii
iienuaaoue nenoaio /aeiaa/aneeo iio?aaiinoae, e aeaeaa, iieuecoynue eie,
aeaaaoue oa?aeoa?enoeee aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, i?enoueo eiie?aoiiio
/aeiaaeo. Oaeeo ia?aiao?ia o?e: neea, eiee/anoai e ea/anoai
iio?aaiinoae.
Iiae neeie iio?aaiinoe eiaaony a aeaeo cia/aiea niioaaonoaothuae
iio?aaiinoe aeey /aeiaaea, aa aeooaeueiinoue, /anoioa aicieeiiaaiey e
iiaoaeeoaeueiue iioaioeeae. Aieaa neeueiay iio?aaiinoue yaeyaony aieaa
cia/eiie, aicieeaao /aua, aeiieie?oao iaae ae?oaeie iio?aaiinoyie e
canoaaeyao /aeiaaea aanoe naay oaeei ia?acii, /oiau a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
auea oaeiaeaoai?aia eiaiii aeaiiay iio?aaiinoue.
Eiee/anoai — yoi /enei ?aciiia?aciuo iio?aaiinoae, eiathueony o /aeiaaea
e a?aiy io a?aiaie noaiiayueony aeey iaai aeooaeueiuie. Anoue ethaee, o
eioi?uo /enei iio?aaiinoae ioiineoaeueii iaaaeeei, e iie aiieia oniaoii
ni?aaeythony n eo nenoaiaoe/aneei oaeiaeaoai?aieai, iieo/ay
oaeiaieuenoaea io aeecie. Ii anoue oaeea, eioi?ua eiatho iiiaeanoai
?acee/iuo, ii?ie i?ioeai?a/aueo ae?oa ae?oao, ianiaianoeiuo
iio?aaiinoae. Aeooaeecaoeey oaeeo iio?aaiinoae o?aaoao iaeiia?aiaiiiai
aeeth/aiey /aeiaaea a ?acee/iua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e/ai ia?aaeei
aicieeatho eiioeeeou iaaeaeo ?aciiiai?aaeaiiuie iio?aaiinoyie e
iuouaaony aeaoeoeeo a?aiaie, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey. Oaeea
ethaee iau/ii aeaeothony ia iaoaaoeo a?aiaie e eniuouaatho
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiea io aeecie, a /anoiinoe oiai, /oi aia?aiy ia oniaaatho
aeaeaoue ana aeaea.
Iiae naiaia?aceai iio?aaiinoe eiathony a aeaeo iauaeou, n iiiiuueth
eioi?uo oa eee eiay iio?aaiinoue auoue aeinoaoi/ii iieii oaeiaeaoai?aia
o aeaiiiai /aeiaaea, a aea i?aaeii/eoaaiue niinia oaeiaeaoai?aiey yoie e
ae?oaei, iio?aaiinoae. Iai?eia?, iiciaaaoaeueiay iio?aaiinoue iaeii
iiaeao auoue oaeiaeaoai?aia a ?acoeueoaoa nenoaiaoe/aneiai aeiniio?a
oieueei ?acaeaeaoaeueiuo ia?aaea/ ii oaeaaeaeaieth.
*oaiey aacao, eiea, i?ineooeaaiey ?aaeei e i?iniio?a oaeaia?aaea/.
O?aoueaio iiieii ia?a/eneaiiiai iaiaoiaeeii nenoaiaoe/aneia iauaiea n
ethaeueie — iineoaeyie iieaciie eioi?iaoeeeee iiciaaaoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a, a oaeaea aeeth/aiea a eioa?anioth naiinoiyoaeueioth
oai?/anei-iieneiaoth ?aaioo.
A niioaaonoaee n iienaiiuie ia?aiao?aie, oa?aeoa?ecothueie nenoaio
/aeiaa/aneeo iio?aaiinoae, iiaeii eiaeeaeaeo-1eueii i?aaenoaaeoue e
iienaoue niaieoiiinoue aeayoaeueiinoe oa?aeoa?iuo aeey ioaeaeueii
acyoiai /aeiaaea e aeey a?oii ethaeae. A yoii neo/aa ii eaaeaeiio ec
iacaaiiuo ia?aiao?ia e ii ?aciiia?aceth eo ni/aoaiee iiaeii ninoaaeoue e
i?aaeeiaeeoue eeanneoeeaoeee aeaeia /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ii anoue e ae?oaie iooue: iaiaueoue e auaeaeeoue iniiaiua aeaeu
aeayoaeueiinoe, naienoaaiiua anai ethaeyi. Iie aoaeoo niioaaonoaiaaoue
iauei iio?aaiinoyi, eioi?ua iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue i?aeoe/anee o anao aac
eneeth/aiey ethaeae, a oi/iaa — aeaeai nioeeaeueiie /aeiaa/aneie
aeoeaiinoe, a eioi?ua iaecaaaeii aeeth/aaony eaaeaeue /aeiaae a
i?ioeanna naiaai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ?acaeoey. Yoi — iauaiea, ea?a,
o/aiea e o?oae. Eo neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue a ea/anoaa iniiaiuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
Iauaiea — ia?aue aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, aicieeathuee a i?ioeanna
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ?acaeoey /aeiaaea, ca iei neaaeotho ea?a, o/aiea e
o?oae. Ana yoe aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe iinyo ?acaeaathuee oa?aeoa?, o.a.
i?e aeeth/aiee e aeoeaiii o/anoee a ieo ?aaaiea i?ienoiaeeo aai
eioaeeaeooaeueiia e ee/iinoiia ?acaeoea.
Iauaiea ?anniao?eaaaony eae aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiie ia iaiai
eioi?iaoeeae iaaeaeo iauathueieny ethaeueie. Iii oaeaea i?aneaaeoao
oeaee onoaiiaeaiey acaeiiiiieiaiey, aeia?uo /anoiuo e aeaeiauo
ioiioaiee, ieacaiey acaeiiiiiiue e o/aaii-ainieoaoaeueiiai aeeyiey
ethaeae ae?oa ia ae?oaa. Iauaiea iiaeao auoue iaiin?aaenoaaiiui e
iiin?aaenoaiaaiiui, aa?aaeueiui e iaaa?aaeueiui. I?e iaiin?aaenoaaiiii
iauaiee ethaee iaoiaeyony a eiioaeoao ae?oa n ae?oaii, ciatho e aeaeyo
ae?oa ae?oaa.
Ea?a — yoi oaeie aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, ?acoeueoaoii eioi?iai noaiiaeony
i?iecaiaenoai eaeiai-eeai iaoa?eaeueiiai eee iaia?eaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa
(ca eneeth/aieai aeaeiauo e eiino?oeoi?a, ea? ac?ineuo ethaeae e
aeaoae). Ea?u /anoi eiatho oa?aeoa? aea/aiey, i?aneaaeotho oeaeue
iieo/aiey ioaeuoa. Eiiaaea iie neoaeao n?aaenoaii neiaiee/aneie
?ac?yaeee iai?yaeaiiinoae aicieeoeo iiae aeeyieai aeooaeueiuo
iio?aaiinoae /aeiaaea eioi?ua ii ia a ninoiyiee ineaaeoue eiui iooai.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei oeiia ea?: eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua e a?oiiiaua,
i?aaeiaoiua e nthaeaoiua, ?ieaaua e ea?u n i?aaeeaie. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
ea?u i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?iae aeayoaeueiinoe, eiaaea ea?ie caiyo iaeei
/aeiaae, a?oiiiaua — aeeth/atho ianeieueei eiaeeaeaeia. I?aaeiaoiua ea?u
naycaiu n aeeth/aieai a ea?iaoth aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea eaeeo-eeai
i?aaeiaoia. Nthaeaoiua ea?u ?acai?a/eaathony ii ii?aaeaeaiiiio
noeaia?eth, aini?iecaiaey aai a iniiaiuo aeaoaeyo. ?ieaaua ea?u
aeiioneatho iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea, ia?aie/aiiia ii?aaeaeaiiie ?ieueth,
eioi?oth a ea?a ii aa?ao ia naay. Iaeiiaoe, ea?u n i?aaeeaie
?aaoee?othony ii?aaeaeaiiie nenoaiie i?aaee iiaaaeaiey eo o/anoieeia.
Ia?aaeei a aeecie ano?a/athony niaoaiiua oeiu ea?: i?aaeiaoii-?ieaaua,
nthaeaoii-?ieaaua, nthaeaoiua ea?u n i?aaeeaie e o.i. Ioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo ethaeueie a ea?a, eae i?aaeei, iinyo
eneonnoaaiiue oa?aeoa? a oii niunea yoiai neiaa, /oi ie?oaeathueie iie
ia i?eieiathony ana?ueac e ia yaeythony iniiaaieyie aeey auaiaeia i
/aeiaaea. Ea?iaia iiaaaeaiea e ea?iaua ioiioaiey iaei aeeytho ia
?aaeueiua acaeiiioiioaiey ethaeae, ii e?aeiae ia?a n?aaee ac?ineuo.
Oai ia iaiaa ea?u eiatho aieueoia cia/aiea a aeecie ethaeae. Aeey aeaoae
ea?u eiatho ii i?aeiouanoao ?acaeaathuaa cia/aiea, a o ac?ineuo neoaeao
n?aaenoaii iauaiey, ?ac?yaeee. Iaeioi?ua oi?iu ea?iaie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?eia?aoatho oa?aeoa? ?eooaeia, o/aaii-o?aie?iai/iuo caiyoee, nii?oeaiuo
oaea/aiee.
O/aiea aunooiaao eae aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, oeaeueth eioi?iai yaeyaony
i?eia?aoaiea /aeiaaeii ciaiee, oiaiee e iaaueia O/aiea iiaeao auoue
i?aaieciaaiiui e inouanoaeyoueny a niaoeeaeueiuo ia?aciaaoaeueiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo. Iii iiaeao auoue iai?aaieciaaiiui e i?ienoiaeeoue
iiiooii, a ae?oaeo aeaeao aeayoaeueiinoe eae eo iiai/iue,
aeiiieieoaeueiue ?acoeueoao. O ac?ineu ethaeae o/aiea iiaeao
i?eia?aoaoue oa?aeoa? naiiia?aciaaiey. Iniaaiiinoe o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ninoiyo a oii, /oi iia i?eia?ii neoaeeo n?aaenoaii
ineoieiae/aneiai ?acaeoey eiaeeaeaea.
Iniaia ianoi a nenoaia /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe caieiaao o?oae.
Eiaiii aeaaiaea?y o?oaeo /aeiaae iino?iee niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?oaeee
o?oaea. Iie a naith i/a?aaeue yaeyeenue oaeoi?ii iiauoaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, ?acaeoey iaoee, i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, oaoie/aneiai e ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
Eiaaea aiai?yo i ?acaeoee /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, oi eiaee a aeaeo
neaaeothuea aniaeou i?ia?anneaiiai i?aia?aciaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe:
1. oeeiaaiaoe/aneia ?acaeoea nenoaiu aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.
2. Aeeth/aiea /aeiaaea a ?acee/iua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe a i?ioeanna aai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ?acaeoey (iioiaaiac).
3. Eciaiaiey, i?ienoiaeyuea aioo?e ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe ii
ia?a eo ?acaeoey.
4. Aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth aeayoaeueiinoae, a i?ioeanna eioi?ie ec iaeieo
aeayoaeueiinoae ?iaeaeathony ae?oaea ca n/ao iainiaeaiey e i?aa?auaiey
ioaeaeueiuo aeaenoaee a naiinoiyoaeueiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oeeiaaiaoe/aneia i?aia?aciaaiea nenoaiu /aeiaa/aneeo aeayoaeueiinoae
niaiaaeaao ii nouanoao n enoi?eae nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/anoaa. Eioaa?aoeey e aeeooa?aioeeaoeey iauanoaaiiuo no?oeoo?
nii?iaiaeaeaeenue iiyaeaieai o ethaeae iiauo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe. Oi
aea naiia i?ienoiaeeei ii ia?a ?inoa yeiiiieee, ?acaeoey eiiia?aoeee e
?acaeaeaiey o?oaea. Ethaee iiauo iieieaiee, aeeth/aynue a aeeciue
nia?aiaiiiai ei iauanoaa, onaaeaaee e ?acaeaaee oa aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe,
eioi?ua oa?aeoa?iu aeey aeaiiiai iauanoaa.
Yoio i?ioeann eioaa?aoeee ?anoouaai eiaeeaeaea a aeaenoaothuoth nenoaio
aeayoaeueiinoae iacuaaaony nioeeaeecaoeeae, e aa iiyoaiiia inouanoaeaiea
i?aaeiieaaaao iinoaiaiiia aiaea/aiea ?aaaiea a ea?o, o/aiea e o?oae —
oa /aou?a iniiaiua aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua auee e?aoei iienaiu
auoa. I?e yoii eaaeaeue iacaaiiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe nia/aea
onaaeaaaony a naiii yeaiaioa?iii aeaea, a caoai oneiaeiyaony e
niaa?oainoaoao-• eiuaiea ac?ineiai n ie?oaeathueie ethaeueie oae aea
iaei ii-
Ia iauaiea ieaaeaioea eee ieaaeoaai oeieueieea, eae o?oaeiaay
aeyoaeueiinoue ac?ineuo ethaeae ia aeaoneoth ea?o. I?e i?ioeanna
?acaeoey aeayoaeueiinoe i?ienoiaeyo aa aioo?aiiea i?aia?aciaaiey.
Ai-ia?auo, aeayoaeueiinoue iaiaauaaony iiaui niaea?aeaieai. Aa iauaeoii
e niioaaonoaaiii n?aaenoaa, iieuecothony neiaini/aoaieai «?a/aaay
aeayoaeueiinoue».
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