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Психоаналитическое исследование Э.Фромма в работе Бегство от свободы

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Ieienoa?noai iauaai e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey

Eaeaaneee ainoaea?noaaiiue oaoie/aneee oieaa?neoao

?aoa?ao

ia oaio: “Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneia enneaaeiaaiea Y. O?iiia a ?aaioa ”Aaanoai
io naiaiaeu””

Eniieieoaeue: anie?aio Iiiaeia A.A.

Eaeaane 1999

Iaeaaeaiea

1 Enoi?e/aneee iaci? ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oeeinioee 3

1.1 Ceaioiae O?aeae, ineoiaiaeec e o?aeaeeci 3

1.2 O?aeaei-ia?eneci 6

1.3 Iaio?aeaeeci e aai iniiaiua i?aaenoaaeoaee 7

1.3.1 Aeueo?aae Aaeea? 9

1.3.2 Ea?e Aonoaa THia 10

1.3.3 Ea?ai Oi?ie 11

1.3.4 Y?eo O?iii 12

2 I?iaeaia naiaiaeu /aeiaaea a ?aaioa O?iiia “Aaanoai io naiaiaeu” 13

2.1 Aaaaeaiea a i?iaeaiaoeeo ?aaiou 13

2.2 Aeaienoaaiiinoue naiaiaeu 13

2.3 Ineoieiaeci i?iaeaiu naiaiaeu 14

2.4 Naiaiaea a yiioo ?aoi?iaoeee 15

2.5 Nia?aiaiiua aniaeou naiaiaeu 17

2.6 Iaoaieciu aaanoaa io naiaiaeu 18

2.7 Ineoieiaey iaoeecia 21

2.8 Naiaiaea a oneiaeyo aeaiie?aoee 22

2.9 Oai?aoe/aneea iniiau ineoiaiaeeca O?iiia 26

Oeeoe?oaiay eeoa?aoo?a 29

1 Enoi?e/aneee iaci? ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oeeinioee

1.1 Ceaioiae O?aeae, ineoiaiaeec e o?aeaeeci

O?AEAe CEAIOIAe (1856–1939) — aano?aeeeneee ineoieia e iaa?ieia,
iniiaaoaeue ineoiaiaeeca. E eiioeaiooaeueiiio yae?o oai?ee O?aeaea
ioiinyony eiioeaioeey ineoiiaa?ica e o/aiea i ineoe/aneii aiia?aoa,
aace?othueany ia eaeaa aanniciaoaeueiiai. Aanniciaoaeueiia (“Iii”)
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oo /anoue ineoeee, aaea nin?aaeioi/aiu einoeieoeaiua
eiioeuenu (aeaeaiey) e auoaniaiiua ec niciaiey eaeae. Io niciaiey
aanniciaoaeueiia ioai?iaeaii iaeanoueth i?aaeniciaoaeueiiai (?acoiiia
“ss” /aeiaaea, iaiyoue, iuoeaiea). Iii inouanoaeyao oeaico?o aeaeaiee
aanniciaoaeueiiai e i?aaenoaaeythueo eo eaeae, niia?acoynue n
?aaeueiinoueth aiaoiaai ie?a, nii?ioeaeyaony eo iiiuoeai i?iieeiooue a
niciaiea. A ia?ac?yaeaiiua aeaeaiey, nio?aiythuea aeoeaiinoue, iaoiaeyo
ieieueiua iooe i?iieeiiaaiey a niciaiea. E /eneo oaeeo iooae ioiinyony
niiaeaeaiey, iaiieaee, thii?, a oaeaea yaeaiey ineoe/aneie iaoieiaee.
Ae?oaei e?aaoaieueiui eaiiai oai?ee O?aeaea yaeeinue o/aiea i eeaeaei e
aeaoneie naenoaeueiinoe. N oi/ee c?aiey o/aiey i eeaeaei i?ioeann
ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey /aeiaaea anoue a naiae nouiinoe aeieiae/anee
aeaoa?ieie?iaaiiue i?ioeann i?aa?auaiee aai naenoaeueiiai einoeieoa.
O/aiea O?aeaea, ia aoaeo/e no?iai oeeinioneei, eiaao cia/eoaeueiue
ie?iaicc?ai/aneee iioaioeeae. Ii naycai i?aaeaea anaai ni niaoeeoe/aneei
iniuneaieai /aeiaaea e eoeueoo?u. A iniiaa aai eaaeaei oaaaeaeaiea
O?aeaea a aioaaiiecia i?e?iaeiiai ia/aea a /aeiaaea, naenoaeueiuo e
aa?anneaiuo eiioeuenia aanniciaoaeueiiai, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e, n ae?oaie
noi?iiu, eoeueoo?u. I?e/eiie yoiai aioaaiiecia ia aioo?eineoe/aneii
o?iaia yaeyaony eoeueoo?a n aa eaeaaeaie, ii?iaie, o?aaiaaieyie.
Eoeueoo?a, ii O?aeaeo, iniiaaia ia ioeaca io oaeiaeaoai?aiey aeaeaiee
aanniciaoaeueiiai e nouanoaoao ca n/ao noaeeie?iaaiiie yia?aee eeaeaei.

Neaaenoaeai oaeiai iiieiaiey eoeueoo?u noaea ?iiaioe/aneay e?eoeea aa.
O?aeae i?eoiaeeo e caeeth/aieth, /oi i?ia?ann eoeueoo?u aaaeao e
oiaiueoaieth /aeiaa/aneiai n/anouey e oneeaieth /oanoaa aeiu ec-ca
?anooueo ia?aie/aiee aeey ?aaeecaoeee i?e?iaeiuo aeaeaiee.

I?e iauyniaiee i?ienoiaeaeaiey e nouiinoe einoeieoia eoeueoo?u O?aeae
enoiaeee ec oaaaeaeaiiinoe a iiaeiaee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo e eieeaeoeaiuo
ineoieiae/aneeo caeiiiia?iinoae, a oaeaea a iaeeiaeiainoe iaoaieciia
oi?ie?iaaiey ii?iaeueiuo e iaoieiae/aneeo yaeaiee ineoeee. Yoi iicaieeei
aio, oniio?aa noiaenoai iaaeaeo neiioiiaie iaa?ica iaayc/eainoe e
?aeeaeiciuie ia?yaeaie, iauyaeoue ?aeeaeth “eieeaeoeaiui iaa?icii”, a
iaee/ea a ineoeea /aeiaaea oeie/aneeo oi?i ?aaae?iaaiey (Yaeeiia
eiiieaen) e eieeaeoeaiuo neiaieia oeacuaaao, ii iiaieth O?aeaea, ia
?aaeueiua niauoey a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa, iaiyoueth i eioi?uo aunooiatho
aeaiiua ineoe/aneea oaiiiaiu.

N yoeo aea iiceoeee O?aeae iiaenooiaaony e i?iaeaia eeaea?noaa. Ii
n/eoaao, /oi naycue ethaeae a a?oiia eiaao eeaeaeioth iniiao. Yoa
eeaeaeiay naycue anoue eaeaioeoeeaoeey eiaeeaeaeia n eeaea?ii, eioi?ue
noaiiaeony aioo?eineoe/aneei eaeaaeii aeey eaaeaeiai. Onaaeaay yoi
eaeaae, /aeiaae ioeacuaaaony io /anoe nianoaaiiiai “ss” (eaeaae “ss”) e
iauyniyaony n ae?oaeie /a?ac iauee anai a?oiiiaie eaeaae — aiaeaey.

Ineoieiae/aneea e nioeeieiae/aneea acaeyaeu O?aeaea ieacaee
cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia eneonnoai, nioeeieiaeth, yoiia?aoeth,
ineoieiaeth e ineoeao?eth ia?aie iieiaeiu OO a [1, n. 345-346].

O?AEAeECI — a ?anoe?eoaeueiii iiieiaiee iiae?acoiaaaaony eeanne/aneee
(i?oiaeienaeueiue) ineoiaiaeec, a ioee/ea io iaio?aeaeecia,
aiaeeoe/aneie ineoieiaee THiaa e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie ineoieiaee Aaeea?a. A
aieaa no?iaii e oi/iii niunea aeaiiue oa?iei iaicia/aao o/aiea C.
O?aeaea a oii aeaea, a eaeii iii auei nicaeaii ei a ia?eiae n 1900 ii
1938 aa. O?aeaeeci, oaeei ia?acii, aunooiaao a ea/anoaa oai?aoe/aneie
iniiau ineoiaiaeeca eae ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneiai iaoiaea, a oaeaea a
ea/anoaa oai?aoe/aneiai enoi/ieea nia?aiaiiuo ineoiaiaeeoe/aneeo
eiioeaioeee. I?aaenoaaeoaee eeanne/aneiai ineoiaiaeeca e iiiuia
nio?aiytho i?eaa?aeaiiinoue iniiaiui iieiaeaieyi o?aeaeecia, a ioee/ea
io i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaio?aeaeecia, /anoe/ii ioa?ineaoeo, /anoe/ii
ia?ainiuneeaoeo iiiaea ec ieo [1, n. 346].

INEOIAIAEEC — 1) a oceii niunea neiaa — ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneee iaoiae,
?ac?aaioaiiue C. O?aeaeii a eiioea 90-o aa. XIX noieaoey aeey ea/aiey
ineoiiaa?icia. Ineoiaiaeec eae iaoiae oa?aiee ninoieo a auyaeaiee, caoai
aeiaaaeaiee aei niciaiey e ia?aaeeaaiey aanniciaoaeueiuo o?aaie?othueo
eaeae, aia/aoeaiee, ineoe/aneeo eiiieaenia. 2) A oe?ieii niunea neiaa
ineoiaiaeecii iacuaatho ?acee/iua oeieu aeeiaie/aneie ineoioa?aiee.
I?e/ai ?a/ue iiaeao eaeoe ia oieueei i oai?aoe/aneeo ieaooi?iao yoeo
oeie, ii e ia einoeoooeeiiaeece?iaaiiii aeaeaeaiee, eioi?ia
inouanoaeyaony ia eo aaca. Ineoiaiaeec eae aeaeaeaiea aaaeao naia ia/aei
n e?oaeea noi?iiieeia C. O?aeaea, iauaaeeieaoeony aie?oa iaai a 1902 a.
e iniiaaaoeo a 1908 a. Aaineia ineoiaiaeeoe/aneia iauanoai. Nia?aiaiiua
i?aaiieee e iiae?aaeaoaee yoiai aeaeaeaiey ioiinyony e oae iacuaaaiiio
“eeanne/aneiio”, eee “i?oiaeienaeueiiio” ineoiaiaeeco — iaeaieaa
iiiai/eneaiiiio, iiuiiio e aeeyoaeueiiio iai?aaeaieth aai.

A oai?aoe/aneii ieaia eeanne/aneee ineoiaiaeec i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
o?aeaeeci, a iaeioi?uo aii?inao ooi/iaiiue e ?aoi?ie?iaaiiue a 30–50-a
aa. A. O?aeaeii, O. Oa?oiaiiii, Ae. ?aiaii?oii e ae?. Eciaiaiey,
aianaiiua eie, eanaeenue aeaaiui ia?acii ooieoeee “ss”. Eo enneaaeiaaiey
i?eaaee e ?ac?aaioea iiaiai oai?aoe/aneiai aniaeoa, iieo/eaoaai
iaeiaiiaaiea “yai-ineoieiaee”. A ioee/ea io O?aeaea, aeaaiia aieiaiea
oaeaeyaoaai aanniciaoaeueiui iaoaieciai “III”, a nia?aiaiiii
eeanne/aneii ineoiaiaeeca aieueoia cia/aiea i?eaeatho i?aaeniciaoaeueiui
iaoaieciai “ss”, iai?aaeaiiui ia aaeaioaoeeth e nioeeaeueiie n?aaea.
Aanueia i?eia/aoaeueiie yaeyaony oaeaea iiiuoea oi?iaeeciaaiiiai
eceiaeaiey ineoiaiaeeca Ae. ?aiaii?oii, no?aieaoeiny i?e yoii oaeaea
ia?aaanoe iiiyoey ineoiaiaeeca a oa?ieiu iiaaaeaiey, eioi?uie
iieueciaaeanue a 40–50-a aa. aeoyaei?enonee i?eaioe?iaaiiay
yenia?eiaioaeueiay ineoieiaey — iniiaiie niia?iee ineoiaiaeeca. Ae.
?aiaii?o noa?aeny i?eaeeceoue ineoiaiaeec e eaiiiai iao/iinoe, eioi?ua
aeeeoiaaeenue iino-iiceoeaenoneie oeeinioeae iaoee.

Ae?oaea iai?aaeaiey (oeieu) ineoiaiaeeca, cia/eoaeueii iaiaa
einoeoooeeiiaeece?iaaiiua e aeeyoaeueiua, auee iniiaaiu ioaeaeeaoeieny
io O?aeaea o/aieeaie — A. Aaeea?ii, I. ?aieii, a oaeaea E.-A. THiaii,
eioi?ue eeoue ia ei?ioeia a?aiy naeeceeny n iei e n Aaineei iauanoaii.

Aicieeoee a 30–40-a aa. iaio?aeaeeci a iaaeeoeeia e iaoiineoieiaee
oei?aieeny iacia/eoaeueii, iaeiaei ieacae aieueoia aeeyiea aeaaiaea?y
iiioey?iinoe oeeinioneeo e nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneeo ?aaio Y. O?iiia,
oai?aoe/aneiai eeaea?a yoiai iai?aaeaiey [1, n. 252-253].

Eiioeaioeee Ceaioiaea O?aeaea e aai iineaaeiaaoaeae, eanathueany i?iaeai
iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea, eoeueoo?u e ?acaeoey iauanoaa, ioiinyony e oae
iacuaaaiie nioeeiaeieiaee, cayaeaoae i naaa ii/oe iieiui eaii?e?iaaieai
nioeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey iauanoaa.
Eaii?e?oaony, i?aaeaea anaai, ?ieue nioeeaeueiuo naycae e ioiioaiee a
iiaaaeaiee e aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae. Eaaeaeue eiaeeaeae ?anniao?eaaaony
nai ii naaa; aeaeaeouea neeu aai iiaaaeaiey oniao?eaathony a aai
aeieiae/aneeo iio?aaiinoyo e einoeieoao.

Iniaia cia/aiea O?aeae i?eaeaao ineoinaenoaeueiiio ?acaeoeth /aeiaaea,
aeeyieth aai einoeieoeaiie naenoaeueii-aeieiae/aneie yia?aee (eeaeaei)
ia “aeeciue aai /oanoa” [4, n. 102] e iiaaaeaiea. Naenoaeueiia
naiiiiciaiea ?aaaiea icia/aao, ii O?aeaeo, “ia?aue oaa e aai
naiinoiyoaeueiie i?eaioe?iaea a ie?a” [4, n. 167]. A aeaeueiaeoai
iiaaaeaiea ?aaaiea, a caoai thiioe e ac?ineiai /aeiaaea ai iiiaii
ii?aaeaeyaony aai naenoaeueiie yia?aeae. Aieaa oiai, naenoaeueii-
aeieiae/aneay yia?aey iauyaeyaony iniiaie ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneie
eoeueoo?u.

A ?aaioa “O?e i/a?ea ii oai?ee naenoaeueiinoe” O?aeae ieoao, /oi yia?aey
naenoaeueiuo iiaoaeaeaiee, aoaeo/e aeinoaoi/ii neeueiie, iaoiaeeo
“auoiae e i?eiaiaiea a ae?oaeo iaeanoyo”. Iieo/aaony “cia/eoaeueiia
iiauoaiea ineoe/aneie ?aaioiniiniaiinoe” [5, n. 196], /oi ieacuaaao
aeeyiea ia ana aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, ?acaeaaao a ieo oai?/aneea
ia/aea. Yoa eaeay ?acaeaaaony ai iiiaeo ?aaioao O?aeaea.

A aeaeueiaeoai O?aeae ?anoe?ee iaeanoue enneaaeiaaiey ineoiaeieiae/aneeo
einoeieoia. Ia?yaeo n einoeieoaie aeecie e naiinio?aiaiey, iieiauie
einoeieoaie ii auaeaeyao einoeieou ?ac?ooaiey, aa?annee e nia?oe.
Ai?ueaa yoeo einoeieoia i?iyaeyaony, ii O?aeaeo, a iiaaaeaiee /aeiaaea e
aai aeayoaeueiinoe — i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e iieeoe/aneie, oai?/anee
niceaeaoaeueiie e aeano?oeoeaii-?ac?ooeoaeueiie. A eiia/iii n/aoa
ai?ueaa einoeieoia aeecie e nia?oe, Y?ina e Oaiaoina, ii?aaeaeyao, ii
O?aeaeo, oiae ?acaeoey /aeiaaea, iauanoaa e aai eoeueoo?u.

Iiae eoeueoo?ie O?aeae iiieiae niaieoiiinoue nioeeaeueiuo naienoa
ethaeae, eo ciaiey e oiaiey e ?acee/iui aeaeai aeayoaeueiinoe, ii?iu
iiaaaeaiey, niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo oeaiiinoae,
iieeoe/aneeo e ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia e o.ae. Ii aiai?ee i
?ai?anneaiie ooieoeee eoeueoo?u, eioi?ay caeeth/aeanue, ii aai iiaieth,
a oii, /oi nioeeaeueiua ii?iu e oeaiiinoe, ii?aeueiua e iieeoe/aneea
onoaiiaee iiaaaeaiey ethaeae iiaeaaeytho eo anoanoaaiiua einoeieou e
aea/aiey e a yoii niunea eeoatho eo naiaiaeu, aiciiaeiinoe ianeaaeaeaiey
e n/anouey. A naiae ?aaioa “Iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue eoeueoo?ie” O?aeae
i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi “aieueooth aeieth aeiu ca iaoe ian/anouey ianao
oae iacuaaaiay eoeueoo?a” [6, n. 277]. Ii aai iiaieth, ethaee auee au
ai?acaei n/anoeeaaa, anee au ioeacaeenue io nia?aiaiiie eoeueoo?u e
oeeaeeecaoeee [2, n. 353-354].

N aii?inaie aeieiae/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai, nouiinoe e nouanoaiaaiey
oanii naycaia e i?iaeaia aanniciaoaeueiiai e niciaoaeueiiai a
oeeinioneie aio?iiieiaee, io?aaeathuay aaaeioth noi?iio nouanoaiaaiey
/aeiaaea.

Aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy a oeeinioee aeiieie?iaae i?eioeei aio?iiieiae/aneiai
?aoeeiiaeecia, /aeiaae, aai iioeau iiaaaeaiey e naii auoea
?anniao?eaaeenue oieueei eae i?iyaeaiea niciaoaeueiie aeecie. Yoio
acaeyae iaoae naia y?eia aiieiuaiea a ciaiaieoii ea?oaceaineii oacena
“cogito ergo sum” (“iuneth, neaaeiaaoaeueii, nouanoaoth”). *aeiaae a
yoii ieaia aunooiae eae “/aeiaae ?acoiiue”. Ii, ia/eiay n Iiaiai
a?aiaie, a oeeinioneie aio?iiieiaee ana aieueoaa ianoi caieiaao i?iaeaia
aanniciaoaeueiiai. Eaeaieoe, Eaio, Euea?eaai?, Aa?oiai, Oiiaiaaoy?,
Ieoeoa n ?aciuo noi?ii e iiceoeee ia/eiatho aiaeece?iaaoue ?ieue e
cia/aiea ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, ia iniciathueony /aeiaaeii.

Ii ii?aaeaeythuaa aeeyiea ia ?ac?aaioeo yoie i?iaeaiu naeaeae C. O?aeae,
ioe?uaoee oeaeia iai?aaeaiea a oeeinioneie aio?iiieiaee e ooaa?aeeaoee
aanniciaoaeueiia eae aaaeiaeoee oaeoi? /aeiaa/aneiai ecia?aiey e
nouanoaiaaiey. Ii i?aaenoaaee aanniciaoaeueiia eae iiaouanoaaiioth neeo,
eioi?ay i?ioeainoieo niciaieth. Niaeanii aai eiioeaioeee, ineoeea
/aeiaaea ninoieo ec o?ao ieanoia. Naiue ieaeiee e naiue iiuiue neie —
“Iii” (Id) iaoiaeeony ca i?aaeaeaie niciaiey. Ii naiaio iauaio ii
n?aaiei n iiaeaiaeiie /anoueth aenaa?aa. A iai nin?aaeioi/aiu ?acee/iua
aeieiae/aneea aea/aiey e no?anoe, i?aaeaea anaai naenoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a, e auoaniaiiua ec niciaiey eaeae. Caoai neaaeoao n?aaieoaeueii
iaaieueoie neie niciaoaeueiiai — yoi “ss” (Ego) /aeiaaea. Aa?oiee ieano
/aeiaa/aneiai aeooa — “Naa?o-ss” (Super Ego) — yoi eaeaaeu e ii?iu
iauanoaa, noa?a aeieaeainoaiaaiey e ii?aeueiay oeaico?a. Ii O?aeaeo,
ee/iinoue, /aeiaa/aneia “ss” auioaeaeaii iinoiyiii oa?caoueny e
?ac?uaaoueny iaaeaeo Noeeeeie e Oa?aeaeie — iainiciaiiuie inoaeaeaaiuie
“Iii” e i?aanoaaiii-eoeueoo?iie oeaico?ie “Naa?o-ss”. Oaeei ia?acii,
ieacuaaaony, /oi nianoaaiiia “ss” — niciaiea /aeiaaea ia yaeyaony
“oicyeiii a nianoaaiiii aeiia”. Eiaiii noa?a “Iii”, anaoeaei
iiae/eiaiiay i?eioeeio oaeiaieuenoaey e ianeaaeaeaiey, ieacuaaao, ii
O?aeaeo, ?aoathuaa aeeyiea ia iunee, /oanoaa e iinooiee /aeiaaea.
*aeiaae — yoi i?aaeaea anaai nouanoai, oi?aaeyaiia e aeaeaeeiia
naenoaeueiuie ono?aieaieyie e naenoaeueiie yia?aeae (eeaeaei).

Ae?aiaoeci /aeiaa/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey oneeeaaaony o O?aeaea oai, /oi
n?aaee aanniciaoaeueiuo aea/aiee eiaaony e a?iaeaeaiiay neeiiiinoue e
?ac?ooaieth e aa?annee, eioi?ay iaoiaeeo naia i?aaeaeueiia au?aaeaiea a
“einoeieoa nia?oe”, i?ioeainoiyuai “einoeieoo aeecie”. Aioo?aiiee ie?
/aeiaaea ieacaeny, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aua e a?aiie ai?ueau iaaeaeo aeaoiy
yoeie aea/aieyie. A eiioea eiioeia, Y?in e Oaiaoin ?anniao?eaathony ei
eae aeaa iaeaieaa iiaouanoaaiiua neeu, ii?aaeaeythuea iiaaaeaiea
/aeiaaea.

Oaeei ia?acii, o?aeaeianeee /aeiaae ieacaeny nioeaiiui ec oeaeiai ?yaea
i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo aeieiae/aneeie aea/aieyie e niciaoaeueiuie
nioeeaeueiuie ii?iaie, niciaoaeueiui e aanniciaoaeueiui, einoeieoii
aeecie e einoeieoii nia?oe. Ii a eoiaa aeieiae/aneia aanniciaoaeueiia
ia/aei ieacuaaaony o iaai ii?aaeaeythuei. *aeiaae, ii O?aeaeo, — yoi
i?aaeaea anaai y?ioe/aneia nouanoai, oi?aaeyaiia aanniciaoaeueiuie
einoeieoaie [2, n. 532-534].

E??aoeeiiaeenoe/aneea oaiaeaioeee “oeeinioee aeecie” i?iaeieaeaao e
oaeoaeyao ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay oeeinioey. Yiie?e/aneie aacie
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oeeinioee yaeyaony ineoiaiaeec. Ii aiciee a ?aieao
ineoeao?ee eae naiaia?aciue iiaeoiae e ea/aieth iaa?icia iaoiaeii
eaoa?nena eee naiii/euaiey. Iinoaiaiii ec iaaeeoeeineie iaoiaeeee ii
au?in aei o?iaiy oeeinioneiai oa/aiey, no?aiyuaainy iauynieoue
ee/iinoiua, eoeueoo?iua e nioeeaeueiua yaeaiey.

Iniiaiiieiaeiee ineoiaiaeeca aano?eeneee a?a/ — ineoiiaoieia e ineoeao?
Ceaioiae O?aeae (1856–1939). Iniiaiua eaeae ineoiaiaeeca eceiaeaiu a
aai ?aaioao: “Ii oo noi?iio i?eioeeia oaeiaieuenoaey” (1920 a.),
“Ianniaay ineoieiaey e aiaeec /aeiaa/aneiai “ss”” (1921 a.), “”ss” e
“Iii”” (1923 a.) e ae?. Eeanne/aneay ineoieiaey aei O?aeaea eco/aea
yaeaiey niciaiey, eae iie i?iyaeyeenue o caei?iaiai /aeiaaea. O?aeae,
eae ineoiiaoieia, enneaaeoy oa?aeoa? e i?e/eiu iaa?icia, iaoieeioeny ia
oo iaeanoue /aeiaa/aneie ineoeee, eioi?ay ?aiueoa ieeae ia eco/aeanue,
ii eioi?ay eiaea aieueoia cia/aiea aeey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea —
aanniciaoaeueiia.

Ioe?uoea aanniciaoaeueiiai, enneaaeiaaiea aai no?oeoo?u, aeeyiey ia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth e iauanoaaiioth aeeciue auei aeaaiie caneoaie C.
O?aeaea. Aanniciaoaeueiu, ii O?aeaeo, iiiaea iaoe aeaeaiey e
iiaoaeaeaiey. Aeiaieueii /anoi i?i?uaaaony aanniciaoaeueiia ia?oaeo a
aeiiioe/aneeo ninoiyieyo, niiaeaeaieyo, a eaeeo-eeai oaeoao iaoaai
iiaaaeaiey: iaiai?eao, iieneao, iai?aaeeueiuo aeaeaeaieyo e o.ae.
Niaeanii O?aeaeo, ineoeea /aeiaaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie acaeiiaeaenoaea
o?ao o?iaiae: aanniciaoaeueiiai, iiaeniciaoaeueiiai e niciaoaeueiiai.
Aanniciaoaeueiia ii n/eoae oeaio?aeueiui eiiiiiaioii, niioaaonoaothuei
nooe /aeiaa/aneie ineoeee, a niciaoaeueiia — eeoue iniaie eiooeoeeae,
iaaeno?aeaathuaeny iaae aanniciaoaeueiui. Nicaeaiiay O?aeaeii iiaeaeue
ee/iinoe i?aaenoaao eae eiiaeiaoeey o?ao yeaiaioia. “Iii” — aeoaeiiue
neie iiaeniciaoaeueiiai aea/aiey — ineoe/aneay naiinoue, iniiaa
aeayoaeueiinoe eiaeeaeaeia, “ss” — noa?a niciaoaeueiiai, iin?aaeiee
iaaeaeo “Iii” e “aiaoiei ie?ii”, a oii /enea, i?e?iaeiuie e
nioeeaeueiuie einoeoooaie. “Naa?o-ss” (super-ego) — aioo?eee/iinoiay
niaanoue, eioi?ay aicieeaao eae iin?aaeiee iaaeaeo “Iii” e “ss” a neeo
iinoiyiii aicieeathuaai eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo ieie. “Naa?o-ss” yaeyaony eae
au aunoei nouanoaii a /aeiaaea. Yoi aioo?aiia onaiaiiua
eioa?ei?ece?iaaiiua eiaeeaeaeii nioeeaeueii cia/eiua ii?iu e caiiaaaee,
nioeeaeueiua cai?aou aeanoe ?iaeeoaeae e aaoi?eoaoia.

Aeoaeiiue neie /aeiaa/aneie ineoeee, ii iunee O?aeaea, ooieoeeiie?oao ia
iniiaa i?e?iaeiuo einoeieoia, “ia?ae/iuo aea/aiee”, n oeaeueth iieo/aiey
iaeaieueoaai oaeiaieuenoaey. A ea/anoaa iniiau ia?ae/iuo aea/aiee O?aeae
nia/aea ?anniao?eaae /enoi naenoaeueiua aea/aiey. Iicaeiaa ii caiaiyao
eo aieaa iauei iiiyoeai “eeaeaei”, eioi?ia ioaaouaaao oaea anth noa?o
/aeiaa/aneie ethaae, aeeth/ay ?iaeeoaeueneoth ethaiaue, ae?oaeao e
aeaaea ethaiaue e ?iaeeia. A eiia/iii n/aoa ii auaeaeaaao aeiioaco, /oi
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea iaoneiaeaia iaee/eai eae aeieiae/aneeo, oae e
nioeeaeueiuo aea/aiee, aaea aeaaioth ?ieue ea?atho oae iacuaaaiua
“einoeieo aeecie” — y?in e “einoeieo nia?oe” — oaiaoin.

Iineieueeo a oaeiaeaoai?aiee naieo no?anoae eiaeeaeae noaeeeaaaony n
aiaoiae ?aaeueiinoueth, eioi?ay i?ioeainoieo a aeaea “Iii”, a iai
auaeaeyaony “ss”, no?aiyuaany iaocaeaoue aanniciaoaeueiua aea/aiey e
iai?aaeoue eo a ?onei nioeeaeueii iaeia?aiiiai iiaaaeaiey i?e iiiiue
“naa?o-ss”. O?aeae ia aaniethoece?iaae neeo aanniciaoaeueiiai. Ii
n/eoae, /oi /aeiaae iiaeao iaeaaeaoue naieie einoeieoaie e no?anoyie e
niciaoaeueii oi?aaeyoue eie a ?aaeueiie aeecie. Caaea/a ineoiaiaeeca, ii
aai iiaieth, ninoieo a oii, /oiau aanniciaoaeueiue iaoa?eae /aeiaa/aneie
ineoeee ia?aaanoe a iaeanoue niciaiey e iiae/eieoue naiei oeaeyi.

O?aeae n/eoae, /oi ineoiaiaeec iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai e aeey
iauyniaiey e ?aaoee?iaaiey iauanoaaiiuo i?ioeannia. *aeiaae ia
nouanoaoao eciee?iaaiii io ae?oaeo ethaeae, a aai ineoe/aneie aeecie
anaaaea i?enoonoaoao “Ae?oaie”, n eioi?ui ii anooiaao a eiioaeo.
Iaoaieciu ineoe/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie einoaioeeyie a
ee/iinoe iaoiaeyo naie aiaeia a eoeueoo?iuo i?ioeannao iauanoaa. Ethaee,
iiae/a?eeaae ii, iinoiyiii iaoiaeyony a ninoiyiee no?aoa e aaniieienoaa
io aeinoeaeaiee oeeaeeecaoeee, iineieueeo oaeiaua iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu i?ioea /aeiaaea. *oanoai no?aoa e aaniieienoaa oneeeaaaony
io oiai, /oi nioeeaeueiua eino?oiaiou, ?aaoee?othuea ioiioaiea iaaeaeo
ethaeueie a naiuea, iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa, i?ioeainoiyo ei eae
/oaeaeua e iaiiiyoiua neeu. Iaeiaei, i?e iauyniaiee yoeo yaeaiee O?aeae
eiioeaio?e?oao aieiaiea ia ia nioeeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa, a ia
i?e?iaeiie neeiiiinoe /aeiaaea e aa?annee e ?ac?ooaieth. ?acaeoea
eoeueoo?u — yoi au?aaioaiiay /aeiaa/anoaii oi?ia iaocaeaiey
/aeiaa/aneie aa?anneaiinoe e aeano?oeoeaiinoe. Ii a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
eoeueoo?a yoi oaeaaony naeaeaoue, aa?anney auoaniyaony a noa?o
aanniciaoaeueiiai e noaiiaeony aioo?aiiae i?oaeeiie /aeiaa/aneiai
aeaenoaey. I?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo eoeueoo?ie e aioo?aiieie ono?aieaieyie
/aeiaaea aaaeoo e iaa?icai. Iineieueeo eoeueoo?a yaeyaony aeinoiyieai ia
iaeiiai /aeiaaea, a anae iannu ethaeae, oi aicieeaao i?iaeaia
eieeaeoeaiiai iaa?ica. A yoie nayce O?aeae noaaee aii?in i oii, ia
yaeythony ee iiiaea eoeueoo?u, eee aeaaea eoeueoo?iua yiioe
“iaa?ioe/aneeie”, ia noaiiaeony ee ana /aeiaa/anoai iiae aeeyieai
eoeueoo?iuo ono?aieaiee “iaa?ioe/aneei” [3, n. 220-221]?

1.2 O?aeaeiia?eneci

Naiaia?aciia ?acaeoea iieo/eei o/aiea O?aeaea a oaeii iai?aaeaiee
nioeeaeueiie oeeinioee, eae o?aeaei-ia?eneci. Iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
yeeaeoe/aneia, oi anoue eeoaiiia aioo?aiiaai aaeeinoaa, niaaeeiaiea
o/aiee O?aeaea e Ia?ena. Iaeaieaa aeaeiuie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
o?aeaei-ia?enecia yaeythony Aeeueaaeuei ?aeo (1897–1957) e Aa?aa?o
Ia?eoca (1898–1979). Iie ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie o?aeaei-ia?enenoaie
iauyaeytho ai?ueao aanniciaoaeueiuo einoeieoia (e aeecie e nia?oe,
ianeaaeaeaieth e ?ac?ooaieth) iniiaiui oaeoi?ii, ii?aaeaeythuei
iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea, iaaeee/iinoiua ioiioaiey e ?acaeoea iauanoaa.

Iniaoth ?ieue ioaiaeyo iie naenoaeueiui aea/aieyi e iieiaui ioiioaieyi.
Naenoaeueiay yia?aey ?anniao?eaaaony eae aaaeiaeoay aeaeaeouay neea
/aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, enoi/iee oai?/aneiai aaeioiiaaiey,
“yiioeeiiaeueiie oaa?aiiinoe” e “ineoe/aneie onoie/eainoe”. ?acoiaaony,
yoi eiaao ianoi a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea naenoaeueiay yia?aey eiaao
naiaiaeiue auoiae, ia iiaeaaeyaony oaie eee eiuie oneiaeyie, aeaaiui
ia?acii nioeeaeueiuie. Naenoaeueii iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiue eiaeeaeae
“noauaeoeaii anooiaao a aeoaieia i?ioeai?a/ea n iauanoaii”,
io/oaeaeaaony io iaai, “aaa?aaaony a ninoiyiea iaeeii/anoaa e ecieyoeee”
[7, n. 139, 140].

Oaeie iiaeoiae yeeaeoe/anee niaaeeiyaony n ia?enenoneei o/aieai i
nioeeaeueiie i?e?iaea /aeiaaea, ?iee iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e
nioeeaeueiuo einoeoooia a aai ?acaeoee e iiaaaeaiee. ?acaeoea iauanoaa
iauyniyaony, a /anoiinoe, i?ioeannii “i?aa?auaiey yia?aee aea/aiee a
iauanoaaiii iieacioth yia?aeth o?oaea”. Iieeoe/aneea ioiioaiey, ii
iiaieth o?aeaei-ia?enenoia, oaeaea oi?ie?othony iiae aeeyieai
naenoaeueiie yia?aee ethaeae. Ooaa?aeaeaaony, iai?eia?, /oi ainiiaenoai
iaeiiai /aeiaaea iaae ae?oaei, a oii /enea iieeoe/aneia, iaoneiaeaii
neeiiiinoueth ethaeae e iacioecio e naaeecio. Iacioeci i?iyaeyaony “a
aeinoaaeythuai ianeaaeaeaiea iiae/eiaiee ?aciiai ?iaea aaoi?eoaoai”, a
naaeeci — a no?aieaiee i?aa?aoeoue /aeiaaea a “aaniiiiuiue iauaeo
nianoaaiiie aiee, noaoue aai oe?aiii, aai aiaii, ia?auaoueny n iei oae,
eae caaeaai?annoaeeony” [7, n. 143]. Aiai?eony oaeaea i ?aoathuai
aicaeaenoaee naenoaeueiinoe ia ?acaeoea ii?aee e eneonnoaa.

Oeacuaay ia iaeioi?ua iieiaeeoaeueiua naienoaa eoeueoo?u, i?aaeaea anaai
eneonnoaa, o?aeaei-ia?enenou a oi aea a?aiy iiae/a?eeaatho aa
?ai?anneaiia aicaeaenoaea ia aeeciaiiua iio?aaiinoe e aea/aiey ethaeae.
A naiae ?aaioa “Y?in e oeeaeeecaoeey: oeeinioneia enneaaeiaaiea i
O?aeaea” A. Ia?eoca ?acaeaaao eaeae i aeiiaiinoe eoeueoo?u ca no?aaeaiey
ethaeae, iiaeaaeaiea eo no?aieaiee e n/anoueth eae e ianeaaeaeaieth
aeeciueth. Ii enoieeiauaaao enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann eae “iinoiyiii
aiciaiiaeythuothny ai?ueao iaaeaeo ?ai?anneaiie oeeaeeecaoeeae e
no?aieaieai /aeiaaea e ianeaaeaeaieth” [8, n. 78]. A yoii caeeth/aaony
iniiaiay ?ai?anney oeeaeeecaoeee, iai?aaeaiiay ia iiaeaaeaiea ia?ae/iuo
aeieiae/aneeo einoeieoia.

Ia?eoca aiai?eo oaeaea i aeiiieieoaeueiie ?ai?annee ii ioiioaieth e
/aeiaaeo ni noi?iiu nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo e ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo
einoeoooia e o/?aaeaeaiee, cae?aieythueo /aeiaaea “a ea/anoaa
eino?oiaioa io/oaeaeaiiiai o?oaea” [8, n. 79].

A. Ia?eoca, A. ?aeo e ae?oaea o?aeaei-ia?enenou noaayo aii?in i
i?aiaeieaiee io/oaeaeaiey /aeiaaea io iauanoaa, nnueaynue i?e yoii ia
ecaanoiua iieiaeaiey Ia?ena i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?aia?aciaaiey iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee. Iaeiaei iniiao ?aoaiey yoiai aii?ina iie oniao?eaatho
iiyoue-oaee a noa?a naenoaeueiinoe. Oae, Ia?eoca n/eoaao, /oi
i?aiaeieaiea io/oaeaeaiey o?oaea iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi iooai
i?aa?auaiey naenoaeueiie yia?aee a yia?aeth o?oaea eae ea?u oai?/aneeo
nee /aeiaaea. Yoe aea eaeae A. ?aeo ?acaeaaao a naiae eiioeaioeee
“naenoaeueiie yeiiiiee”: “AEeoue naen-yeiiiie/anee — yoi cia/eo
naiaiaeii oaeiaeaoai?youe naie aea/aiey, ecaaaay cai?aoia, nioeeaeueiuo
oaao” [8, n. 120].

A. Ia?eoca auaeaeioe eaeath “o?aoueaai iooe” ?acaeoey iauanoaa
(iaeaieoaeenoe/aneiai e ianioeeaeenoe/aneiai), iiaouaai i?eaanoe e
nicaeaieth “ia?ai?anneaiie oeeaeeecaoeee”, i?e eioi?ie aeayoaeueiinoue e
iiaaaeaiea ethaeae aoaeoo oi?aaeyoueny “aeeciaiiie yia?aeae ethaae”.
Naie iio?aaiinoe e aea/aiey ethaeae, eae aeoaeiiua enoiee eo
nioeeaeueiie aeoeaiinoe, i?aoa?iyo nioeeaeueiua eciaiaiey, noaioo aieaa
aeaai?iaeiuie. A yoii ieaia Ia?eoca aiai?eo i ?aaiethoeee iio?aaiinoae e
aea/aiee, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie iiyaeony iiaay eoeueoo?a, iniiaaiiay
iieiinoueth ia i?eioeeiao aoiaiecia, neoaeauay aeaao e ianeaaeaeaieth
/aeiaaea. Aa ii iacuaaao eiio?eoeueoo?ie, oi anoue ioe?uoi
i?ioeainoiyuae nia?aiaiiie, ii aai iiaieth, aioeaoiaiiie eoeueoo?a e
eneeth/athuae eaeia-eeai i?eniiniaeaiea e iae [2, n. 355-357].

1.3 Iaio?aeaeeci e aai iniiaiua i?aaenoaaeoaee

IAIO?AEAeECI — iai?aaeaiea a ineoieiaee, ineoeao?ee, nioeeieiaee e
oeeinioee, iieo/eaoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?aeiouanoaaiii a NOA. Iniiaiuie
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie iaio?aeaeecia yaeythony A. Naeeeaai, E. Oi?ie e Y.
O?iii. E iaio?aeaeenoai ia?aaeei oaeaea ioiinyo A. Ea?aeeia?a, O.
Aeaenaiaea?a e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeae ineoiaiaeeca. A oi aea
a?aiy anao eo iauaaeeiyao i?eaa?aeaiiinoue ii?aaeaeaiiui eaeayi e
onoaiiaeai o?aeaeecia (i?aaeaea anaai ineoieiaeci a iiaeoiaea e
iauanoaaiiui yaeaieyi), a oaeaea no?aieaiea ia?ainiuneeoue o/aiea
O?aeaea a iai?aaeaiee aai aieueoae nioeeieiaecaoeee.

A yoii ioiioaiee ii/aa aeey iaio?aeaeecia auea iiaeaioiaeaia ia?auie
“?aneieueieeaie” aioo?e ineoiaiaeeca — A. Aaeea?ii, I. ?aieii, A.
?aeoii, E. THiaii. Ana iie, ca eneeth/aieai A. ?aeoa, ioaa?aee
o?aeaeianeee aeieiaeci, naenoaeueiue aeaoa?ieieci e einoeieoeaeci,
i?eaeaaaee iaiueoaa cia/aiea aanniciaoaeueiiio.

Cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea iaio?aeaeecia ieacaee
yoiiineoieiae/aneea ecuneaiey yoiia?aoia ?. Aaiaaeeeo, E. Aethaoa, A.
Iaeeiianeiai, ?. Eeioiia, I. Ieae, Y. Naie?a, E. Oaeeioyea. Oae, A.
Iaeeiianeee i?eoae e auaiaeo i oii, /oi Yaeeiia eiiieaen ioithaeue ia
oieaa?naeai a oii aeaea, eae aai iienae O?aeae, a ?. Aaiaaeeeo e I. Ieae
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee ieanoe/iinoue /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu, n/eoaaoaeny o
O?aeaea iaeciaiiie, e no?iaoth caaeneiinoue iniaaiiinoae ineoeee io
iniaaiiinoae eoeueoo?u. Niaoeeoe/aneea i?eaiu ainieoaiey ii?iaeaeatho o
anao i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeaiiie yoii-eoeueoo?iie iauiinoe oeie/iua /a?ou
oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua A. Ea?aeeia? iacaae “aaciaie ee/iinoueth”.
Eiioeaioeey aaciaie ee/iinoe aeaaaea aiciiaeiinoue ia oieueei ia?aeoe io
eoeueoo?u e eiaeeaeaeo, ii e iicaieyea auaanoe ia?aoth ec iineaaeiaai,
?anniio?aa eoeueoo?o a ea/anoaa i?iaeoeee aiaia aaciaie ee/iinoe.

E. Oi?ie iinea yiea?aoeee a NOA a 1932 a. iaia?oaeeea, /oi iiaeiieaea
iaa?ioe/aneeo eiioeeeoia o iaoeeaioia a Iiaii naaoa nouanoaaiii
ioee/aeanue io oaeiaie o iaoeeaioia a Aa?iaiee e Aano?ee. Iniuneaiea
yoeo oaeoia i?eaaei Oi?ie e ioeaco io o?aeaeenoneie oai?ee einoeieoia e
e i?eciaieth nioeei-eoeueoo?iie iaoneiaeaiiinoe ineoiiaoieiaee. Iiieii
/?acia?iie aeieiae/aneie i?eaioaoeee e /eneo aeoai/aeoeo
iaoiaeieiae/aneeo ioeaie O?aeaea Oi?ie ioianea neeiiiinoue e
aeoaeenoe/aneiio e iaoaieei-yaiethoeeiienoneiio iuoeaieth.

Iaeiaei iaio?aeaeenou inoaeenue i?eaa?aeaiiuie eaeaa aanniciaoaeueiie
yiioeeiiaeueiie iioeaaoeee /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Nio?aiea yae?i
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneiai iaoiaea, iaio?aeaeenou iiaeaa?aatho aai
ia?aeioa?i?aoaoeee n iiceoeee “eoeueoo?iiai” iiaeoiaea. Anyeay
ineoiiaoieiaey ioiineoaeueia e niaoeeoe/ia aeey aeaiiie eoeueoo?u.
Eaaeaeue iaa?ic aucuaaaony aioo?aiieie eiioeeeoaie, a iniiaa eioi?uo
eaaeao naycaiiua n nioeeaeueiui ie?oaeaieai eiaeeaeaea iioeau e
iiaoaeaeaiey, oioy nouanoaoao e iauee ianiaoeeoe/aneee oaeoi?,
nicaeathuee aeey iaai i?aaeiinueeo — yoi aicieeathuaa a aeaonoaa
/oanoai no?aoa, aaniiiiuiinoe ia?aae a?aaeaeaaiui ie?ii, (“aaciaay
o?aaiaeiinoue”), eioi?ia iiaeao auoue niya/aii eee onoaoaeaii
ainieoaieai. A iineaaeiai aa?eaioa o eiaeeaeaea ?acaeaaaony iiiaeanoai
?acee/iuo ?aaeoeee, au?aaeathueo iaa?ioe/aneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue aai
oa?aeoa?a. Iaio?aeaeenou iienaee ianeieueei ?aciiaeaeiinoae
iaa?ioe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a e i?iaiaeece?iaaee aucuaathuea eo eiioeeeou,
oeie/iua aeey ia?aca aeecie ethaeae a OO aaea.

Eaeae O?aeaea iieo/eee oe?ieia ?acaeoea a o?oaeao aai iineaaeiaaoaeae.
Oae, iaeei ec aai aeeaeaeoeo o/aieeia Aeueo?aae Aaeea? (1870–1937)
ia?aian aeoeaio n naenoaeueii-aanniciaoaeueiiai ia aanniciaoaeueiia
no?aieaiea e aeanoe eae iniiaiia iiaoaeaeaiea ethaeae, i?iyaeythuaany a
eo iiaaaeaiee a ?aieao naiuee, iaaeee/iinoiuo ioiioaiee e
acaeiiioiioaiee nioeeaeueiuo a?oii [1, n. 208-209].

A. Aaeea? iiaeaa?a e?eoeea o/aiea O?aeaea, i?aoaaee/eaathuaai
aeieiae/aneoth e y?ioe/aneoth aeaoa?ieiaoeeth /aeiaaea. Ii Aaeea?o
/aeiaae — ia oieueei aeieiae/aneia, ii e nioeeaeueiia nouanoai,
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue eioi?iai naycaia n niciaoaeueiuie eioa?anaie,
iiyoiio “aanniciaoaeueiia ia i?ioeai?a/eo niciaieth” [10, n. 215], eae
yoi eiaao ianoi o O?aeaea. Oaeei ia?acii, Aaeea? a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie
oaea — nioeeieiaece?oao aanniciaoaeueiia e iuoaaony niyoue i?ioeai?a/ea
iaaeaeo aanniciaoaeueiui e niciaieai a ?anniio?aiee /aeiaaea [2, n.
534].

Ae?oaie aai o/aiee e aeeceee niiaeaeaeiee Ea?e Aonoaa THia (1875–1961)
?acaeaae o/aiea i eieeaeoeaiii aanniciaoaeueiii, ii?aaeaeythuai
iiaaaeaiea nioeeaeueiuo a?oii. Yoi o/aiea iniiauaaeinue ia iiiaeo
iieiaeaieyo oai?ee ianniaie ineoieiaee, eceiaeaiiuo, a /anoiinoe, a
?aaioao C. O?aeaea.

I?aaenoaaeoaee ineoieoeueoo?iiai o?aeaeecia Ea?ai Oi?ie (1885–1952),
Y?eo O?iii (1900–1980) e ae?., i?eciaaay ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue
iiaeniciaoaeueiiai, a oii /enea naenoaeueiuo einoeieoia, a iiaaaeaiee
ethaeae, iainiiauaatho ?ieue a yoii nioeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia, a oii /enea
nioeeaeueiuo naycae e ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie, iaoa?eaeueiie e
aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u. Ii eo iiaieth, nioeeieoeueoo?iua oneiaey aeecie
ethaeae a iaiaeie noaiaie iaoneiaeeaatho iioeau e niaea?aeaiea eo
aeayoaeueiinoe e iiaaaeaiey [2, n. 354-355].

Aia?eeaineee iaio?aeaeeno, nioeeaeueiue ineoieia e nioeeieia Y. O?iii
aunooiee i?ioea aeieiaecaoeee e y?ioecaoeee aanniciaoaeueiiai e iiaeaa?a
e?eoeea oai?eth O?aeaea ia aioaaiiecia iaaeaeo nouiinoueth /aeiaaea e
eoeueoo?ie. Ii aianoa n oai ii ioaa?a e nioeeieiaecaoi?neea o?aeoiaee
/aeiaaea. Ii aai nianoaaiiiio i?eciaieth, aai oi/ea c?aiey yaeyaony “ia
aeieiae/aneie, e ia nioeeaeueiie” [11, n. 14]. Iaeiei ec iaeaieaa
aaaeiuo oaeoi?ia ?acaeoey /aeiaaea, ii O?iiio, yaeyaony i?ioeai?a/ea,
auoaeathuaa ec aeaienoaaiiie i?e?iaeu /aeiaaea, eioi?ue yaeyaony
/anoueth i?e?iaeu e iiae/eiai aa caeiiai, ii iaeiia?aiaiii yoi e
noauaeo, iaaeaeaiiue ?acoiii, nouanoai nioeeaeueiia. Yoi i?ioeai?a/ea ii
iacuaaao “yecenoaioeeaeueiie aeeoioiieae”. Iia naycaia n oai, /oi aaeaeo
ionoonoaey neeueiuo einoeieoia, eioi?ua iiiiaatho a aeecie aeeaioiui,
/aeiaae aeieaeai i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue naiei niciaieai.
Ii iieo/aaony oae, /oi ?acoeueoaou i?e yoii ia anaaaea ieacuaathony
i?iaeoeoeaiuie, /oi ii?iaeaeaao o?aaiao e aaniieienoai. Iiyoiio “oeaia,
eioi?oth /aeiaae ieaoeo ca niciaiea”, — yoi iaoaa?aiiinoue aai.

Ioeaieaay ?ieue aanniciaoaeueiiai a eiioeaioeee O?aeaea e aai
iineaaeiaaoaeae, neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi naia iinoaiiaea i?iaeaiu
yaeyaony ianiiiaiiie caneoaie O?aeaea. Iiaeoiae e /aeiaaeo e aai
nouanoaiaaieth /a?ac niioiioaiea aanniciaoaeueiiai e niciaiey aiinee
iiaua iiiaiou a oeeinioneia iiieiaiea yoie i?iaeaiu. Iaeiaei aianoa n
oai o O?aeaea iaaethaeaaony yaiay aaniethoecaoeey ?iee
aanniciaoaeueiiai. Aunooiea i?ioea aaniethoecaoeee ?iee niciaiey a
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, i?aaenoaaeoaee yoiai iai?aaeaiey aiaee a
ae?oaoth e?aeiinoue. Oae, o O?aeaea eaeioynnaioeeae /aeiaaea ieacaeinue
eeaeaei (naenoaeueiay yia?aey).

Ai?i/ai, yaiethoeey iaio?aeaeecia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
i?aaenoaaeoaee ineoiaiaeeca ana aieueoa iooiaeeee io i?oiaeienaeueiie
eiioeaioeee O?aeaea, neeiiyynue a noi?iio ana aieueoaai i?eciaiey ?iee
niciaiey e aeeyiey nioeeaeueiiai oaeoi?a ia ?acaeoea ee/iinoe. Oae, ii
O?iiio, iiaay yiioa, naycaiiay n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee a
oneiaeyo “?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia”, ?iaeaeaao e “/aeiaaea iiaiai oeia”,
eioi?ue ii iienuaaao eae “?uii/iue oa?aeoa?”. “*aeiaae, iaeaaeathuee
?uii/iui oa?aeoa?ii, — ieoao ii, — aini?eieiaao ana eae oiaa?, — ia
oieueei aaue, ii e naio ee/iinoue, aeeth/ay aa oece/aneoth yia?aeth,
iaauee, ciaiey, iiaiey, /oanoaa, aeaaea oeuaee… e aai aeaaiay oeaeue
— a ethaie neooaoeee niaa?oeoue auaiaeioth naeaeeo” [12, n. 27].

Aeueoa?iaoeaie iauanoao “iaeaaeaiey”, ii?iaeaeathuaai “?uii/iiai
/aeiaaea”, aeieaeii auoue, ii O?iiio, iauanoai, a eioi?ii ia ia?aia
ianoi noaaeony auoea naiiai /aeiaaea. Eciaiaiea niiniaa nouanoaiaaiey
/aeiaaea e aai oa?aeoa?a naycuaaaony ei eae ?ac n eciaiaieai naiiai
iauanoaa, a eioi?ii iniiaiui i?eioeeiii nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaaea aoaeao
“auoue”, a ia “eiaoue”.

Oaeei ia?acii, ?ac?aaioea i?iaeaiu aanniciaoaeueiiai aianea nouanoaaiiue
aeeaae a enneaaeiaaiea no?oeoo?u eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai e iauanoaaiiiai
niciaiey, ?aca?aie/ea iaeanoue /aeiaa/aneie ineoeee ia noa?o
niciaoaeueiiai e aanniciaoaeueiiai.

A yoie nayce iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue aieiaiea e ia oaeia iuia oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiiia iiiyoea, eae iaioaeeoao (iaioaeueiinoue) (io eao. mens
— oi, iuoeaiea, aeooaaiue neeaae), iiae eioi?ui iiieiatho aeoaeiiue
o?iaaiue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai e eieeaeoeaiiai niciaiey, aeeth/athuee e
aanniciaoaeueiia. Ii niaea?aeeo a naaa niaieoiiinoue onoaiiaie e
i?aae?aniieiaeaiee eiaeeaeaea eee nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu aeaenoaiaaoue,
iuneeoue e aini?eieiaoue ie? ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii. Anee eiaoue a aeaeo
iaioaeeoao ee/iinoe, oi ii oi?ie?oaony ia iniiaa o?aaeeoeee, eoeueoo?u e
nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu /aeiaaea e, a naith i/a?aaeue, ieacuaaao ia ieo
aeeyiea.

Iaioaeeoao /aeiaaea eiaao naia iniiaaiea a nioeeieoeueoo?iuo o?aaeeoeeyo
e oeaiiinoiuo ia?acoeao enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeiai ia?iaea. Aai oa?aeoa?iay
/a?oa — eia?oiinoue. Ii eciaiyaony ai?acaei iaaeeaiiaa, /ai
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea e yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey eee ainiiaenoaothuea
oi?iu iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey ethaeae. Ii naiie naiae i?e?iaea ii
ieacuaaao oioy e iaeiiniciaaaaiia, ii aeinoaoi/ii neeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea
n?aaieoaeueii auno?ieciaiythuaiony nioeeaeueiiio auoeth, a oii /enea e
ioeoeeaeueiie eaeaieiaee [2, n. 534-536].

Iniiaiiieiaeieee ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie oeeinioee O?aeae e THia noaaeee
ia?aae niaie caaea/o i?iynieoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iinooiee /aeiaaea. Eo
iineaaeiaaoaee iaio?aeaeenou A. Aaeea? (1870–1937), E. Oi?ie
(1885–1952), Y. O?iii (1900–1980) ia iniiaa aaciauo eaeae yoie
oeeinioee no?aieeenue iauynieoue nioeeaeueiia ono?ienoai aeecie ethaeae.
Oae, anee O?aeae a iauyniaiee iioeaia iiaaaeaiey ee/iinoe
nin?aaeioa/eaae naia aieiaiea ia auyaeaiee i?e/eiu aeaenoaey /aeiaaea,
oi A. Aaeea? n/eoae, /oi aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue eiia/ioth oeaeue
aai ono?aieaiee, “aanniciaoaeueiue aeeciaiiue ieai”, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai
ii noa?aaony i?aiaeieaoue iai?yaeaiea aeecie e naith iaoaa?aiiinoue.
Niaeanii o/aiey Aaeea?a, eiaeeaeae ec-ca aeaoaeoia a ?acaeoee naieo
oaeaniuo i?aaiia (ianiaa?oainoaa /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu) eniuouaaao
/oanoai iaiieiioeaiiinoe eee iaeioeaiiinoe. No?aiynue i?aiaeieaoue yoi
/oanoai e naiiooaa?aeeoueny n?aaee ae?oaeo, ii aeooaeece?oao naie
oai?/aneea iioaioeee. Yoo aeooaeecaoeeth Aaeea?, eniieuecoy iiiyoeeiue
aiia?ao ineoiaiaeeca, iacuaaao eiiiainaoeeae eee naa?oeiiiainaoeeae.
Naa?oeiiiainaoeey — yoi iniaay nioeeaeueiay oi?ia ?aaeoeee ia /oanoai
iaiieiioeaiiinoe. Ia aa iniiaa au?anoatho e?oiiua ee/iinoe, “aaeeeea
ethaee”, ioee/athueany eneeth/eoaeueiuie niiniaiinoyie. Oae,
caia/aoaeueiay ea?uea?a Iaiieaiia Aiiaia?oa ia iniiaa yoie oai?ee
iauyniyaony iiiuoeie /aeiaaea ca n/ao naieo oniaoia eiiiaine?iaaoue
oece/aneee iaaeinoaoie — ieceee ?ino [3, n. 223].

1.3.1 Aeueo?aae Aaeea?

AAeEA? Aeueo?aae (1870–1937) — aano?eeneee ineoieia e ineoeao?,
nicaeaoaeue oae iacuaaaiie “eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie ineoieiaee”. Aoaeo/e
a?a/ii-i?aeoeeii, a 1902 a. i?eieioe e e?oaeeo O?aeaea. Iinoaiaiii
au?aaioae nianoaaiioth eiioeaioeeth ineoe/aneie aieacie, a iniiaa
eioi?ie eaaeaea eaeay eiiiainaoeee /oanoaa iaiieiioeaiiinoe. Niaeanii
yoie eiioeaioeee, ineoe/aneay aieaciue anoue ?acoeueoao iainiciaiiiai
no?aieaiey e i?aainoiaenoao, ?acaeeaaaiiai /oanoaii iaiieiioeaiiinoe,
eioi?ia naycaii n eaeie-eeai oaeaniie neaainoueth eee iaaeinoaoeii.

Aaeea? iiaeaa?a e?eoeea o/aiea O?aeaea ca i?aoaaee/aiea ?iee
naenoaeueiinoe e aanniciaoaeueiiai a aeaoa?ieiaoeee iiaaaeaiey ethaeae.
A i?ioeaiaan ii aeoeaioe?iaae ?ieue nioeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia, a /anoiinoe,
iiae/a?eeaay nioeeaeueioth iai?aaeaiiinoue aea/aiee — iniiau
/aeiaa/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Oa?aeoa? /aeiaaea, ii Aaeea?o, au?anoaao ec aai
“aeeciaiiiai noeey”. Iineaaeiee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie neeaaeuaathuothny a
aeaonoaa nenoaio oeaeaiai?aaeaiiuo no?aieaiee, a eioi?uo ?aaeecoaony
iio?aaiinoue a i?aainoiaenoaa, naiiooaa?aeaeaiee e eioi?ua aunooiatho
eiiiainaoeeae /oanoaa iaiieiioeaiiinoe. Iai?eia?, i?ineaaeaiiue
ae?aaiaa?a/aneee i?aoi? Aeaiinoai n aeaonoaa no?aaeae aeaoaeoii ?a/e, a
iiiaea ciaiaieoua iieeiaiaeoeu — ethaee iaaunieiai ?inoa (Iaiieaii,
A.A. Noai?ia).

Eaeae Aaeea?a niinianoaiaaee iiaeeoeeaoeee o?aeaeecia, i?eaaaeoae a
eiia/iii eoiaa e aicieeiiaaieth iaio?aeaeecia. “Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay
ineoieiaey” iieo/eea iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a 20–30-o aa.,
iniaaiii a NOA. A ianniaia, iauaeaiiia niciaiea aioae aaaaeaiiue
Aaeea?ii oa?iei “eiiieaen iaiieiioeaiiinoe” [1, n. 9].

1.3.2 Ea?e Aonoaa THia

THIA Ea?e Aonoaa (1875–1961) — oaaeoea?neee ineoieia, ?iaeiia/aeueiee
aiaeeoe/aneie ineoieiaee. N 1906 a. — o/aiee e aeeaeaeoee ni?aoiee C.
O?aeaea. Iaeiaei, a i?ioeanna i?aeoe/aneie ?aaiou n iaoeeaioaie THia
iinoaiaiii i?eoiaeeo e ?anoiaeaeaieth ai acaeyaeao n o/eoaeai. A 1913 a.
a ioiioaieyo O?aeaea e THiaa ianooiaao e?ecen, ieii/eaoeeny ?ac?uaii. Ii
iunee THiaa, aanniciaoaeueiia aiana ia yaeyaony oaiiui ieaaiii ii?ieia e
ieioneeo aea/aiee, auoaniaiiui ec niciaiey a i?ioeanna enoi?e/aneiai
?acaeoey /aeiaaea; nei?aa, yoi — aianoeeeua oo?a/aiiuo ainiiieiaiee, a
oaeaea aiia?ao eiooeoeaiiai aini?eyoey, cia/eoaeueii i?aainoiaeyuee
aiciiaeiinoe niciaoaeueiiai iuoeaiey. Aanniciaoaeueiia aeaenoaoao
ioithaeue ia ai a?aae /aeiaaeo, a, iaiai?io, auiieiyao caueoioth
ooieoeeth, iaeiia?aiaiii niinianoaoy ia?aoiaeo ee/iinoe ia
ii?aaeaeaiioth nooiaiue ?acaeoey. Oaea a ?aiieo ?aaioao THia auaeaeaaao
iaeio ec naiuo i?eaeiaeueiuo eaeae a nia?aiaiiie ineoieiaee — eaeath
a?oaoeiia eieeaeoeaiiai aanniciaoaeueiiai. Yoi — iaeea ieoe/aneea
ia?acu, yaeythueany iaueie aeey anaai /aeiaa/anoaa e i?aaenoaaeythuea
niaie aaeaeaaoiua au?aaeaiey anaiaueo /aeiaa/aneeo ioaeae, einoeieoia,
no?aieaiee e iioaioeee. Yoe ia?acu aiaa?aiaiiu, aiai?ino?ainoaaiiu e, a
eiia/iii n/aoa, i?aaeoanoaotho /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee; caeanue iiiyoea
a?oaoeia i?eaeeaeaaony e ie?o ieaoiiianeeo eaeae. Aoi?ay aeaaiay oaia
aai enneaaeiaaiee — aeooiaiay aeeciue aa?iiaeneiai /aeiaaea e auyaeaiea
i?e/ei, aeaeoueo ca niaie e??aoeeiiaeueiia naii?ac?ooaiea /aeiaa/aneie
ee/iinoe e iauanoaa. ?aciuoeaiey ia yoo oaio eceiaeaiu aaoi?ii a
ooiaeaiaioaeueiii o?oaea “Ineoieiae/aneea oeiu. Ineoieiaey
eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee”. THia auaeaeyao /aou?a “iiethna” niciaiey:
iuoeaiea, /oanoai, iuouaiea e eiooeoeeth. Oioy iie nouanoaotho a
niciaiee ia?acaeaeueii, eeoue iaeiiio ec ieo i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ii?aaeaeythuay ?ieue a aeecie eiaeeaeaea, e aeiiieiyao aai eeoue iaeei
ec iiethnia ae?oaie ia?u. Iuoeaiea iiaee?aieyaony iuouaieai, /oanoai —
eiooeoeeae. Ii?aaeaeythuay ?ieue ia?aie ia?u oa?aeoa?ia aeey caiaaeiiai
/aeiaaea. I/aaeaeii, /oi /oanoai e eiooeoeey, aoaeo/e
“iacaaeaenoaiaaiiuie”, auoaniythony a iaeanoue aanniciaoaeueiiai e
iiaeaaeythony, /oi /?aaaoi eo iaeiio?iee?oaiie aeoeaecaoeeae e aiacaiiui
i?i?uaii a aeaea aaoiiiiiuo eiiieaenia, no?annia eee i?eiaaeeia
iaea?aeeiinoe. Ia?aoiae aaaeouae ?iee io niciaoaeueiie ia?u “iiethnia” e
aanniciaoaeueiie THia iacuaaao “yiaioeiiae?iieae” (i?ioeaiaaaeiinoueth).
Oa?ieiu “yeno?aaa?oiue” e “eio?iaa?oiue” ioiinyony e aeaoi iaeaieaa
iauei ineoieiae/aneei oeiai ethaeae; ia?auo ioee/aao ioe?uoinoue ii
ioiioaieth e iauaeoo (ie?oaeathuaio ie?o) e aeaaea ai iiiaii
caaeneiinoue io iaai. Aoi?uo oa?aeoa?ecoao eiioeaio?aoeey eioa?ania a
naiii naaa, iacaaeneiinoue io iauaeoa e aioiaiinoue aeaenoaiaaoue,
enoiaey noaoai ec nianoaaiiuo iaia?aiee. Iaeiaei “/enouo” yeno?aaa?oia
eee eio?iaa?oia i?aeoe/anee ia nouanoaoao. Ethaie ec oeiia oaeaea
iiaeaa?aeai yiaioeiiae?iiee, /oi aucuaaao ?acee/iua iaino?aiii-
aieaciaiiua ninoiyiey. Ii iunee THiaa, ecaaaeaoue yoiai aiciiaeii
oieueei iin?aaenoaii “eiaeeaeaeoaoeee” — aeinoeaeaiey iieiie
niaeaniaaiiinoe /aou?ao iiethnia niciaiey iooai iinoeaeaiey nianoaaiiie
ee/iinoe, “naiiiiciaiey”, iaeaaeaiey anai niaeo?ii aa i?aeoe/aneeo
aiciiaeiinoae [1, n. 391-392].

I?iaeaia aanniciaoaeueiiai eioa?aniaaea e oaaeoea?neiai ineoeao?a E.-A.
THiaa. Iaeiaei ii aunooiee i?ioea o?aeoiaee /aeiaaea eae nouanoaa
y?ioe/aneiai e iiiuoaeny aieaa aeoaiei aeeooa?aioee?iaaoue o?aeaeianeia
“Iii”. A /anoiinoe, THia auaeaeee a iai iiieii ee/iinoiiai
aanniciaoaeueiiai, eae io?aaeaiea a ineoeea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iiuoa,
aua e aieaa aeoaieee neie — eieeaeoeaiia aanniciaoaeueiia, eioi?ia
yaeyaony io?aaeaieai iiuoa i?aaeoanoaothueo iieieaiee. Niaea?aeaiea
eieeaeoeaiiai aanniciaoaeueiiai ninoaaeytho, ii THiao, iaua/aeiaa/aneea
ia?aiia?acu — a?oaoeiu (iai?eia?, ia?ac iaoa?e-?iaeeiu, ia?iaeiiai
aa?iy, aiaaou?y e o.ae.). Niaieoiiinoue a?oaoeiia ia?acoao iiuo
i?aaeoanoaothueo iieieaiee, eioi?ue ianeaaeoaony iiauie iieieaieyie.
A?oaoeiu eaaeao a iniiaa ieoia, niiaeaeaiee, neiaieeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
oai?/anoaa [9]. Nouiinoiia yae?i ee/iinoe ninoaaeyao aaeeinoai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai e eieeaeoeaiiai aanniciaoaeueiiai, ii iniiaiia
cia/aiea eiaao ana-oaee iineaaeiaa. *aeiaae, oaeei ia?acii, — yoi
i?aaeaea anaai nouanoai a?oaoeiiia [2, n. 534].

Eaeae ineoiaiaeeca ?acaeaae o/aiee O?aeaea, a aiineaaenoaee iaeei ec aai
e?eoeeia Ea?e Aonoaa THia (1875–1961). Nouanoai ?anoiaeaeaiee THiaa n
O?aeaeii naiaeeeinue e iiieiaieth i?e?iaeu e oi?iai i?iyaeaiey
aanniciaoaeueiiai. THia n/eoae, /oi O?aeae iaii?aaaeaiii naae anth
/aeiaa/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue e aeieiae/anee oianeaaeiaaiiui einoeieoai,
oiaaea eae einoeieou eiatho ia aeieiae/aneoth, a /enoi neiaiee/aneoth
i?e?iaeo. Ii i?aaeiieiaeee, /oi neiaieeea yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth
naiie ineoeee e /oi aanniciaoaeueiia au?aaaouaaao oi?iu eee eaeae,
iinyuea noaiaoe/aneee oa?aeoa? e ninoaaeythuea noaiaoe/aneoth iniiao
anao i?aaenoaaeaiee /aeiaaea. Yoe oi?iu ia eiatho aioo?aiiaai
niaea?aeaiey, a yaeythony, ii iiaieth THiaa, oi?iaeueiuie yeaiaioaie,
niiniaiuie ioi?ieoueny a eiie?aoiia i?aaenoaaeaiea oieueei oiaaea,
eiaaea iie i?iieeatho ia niciaoaeueiue o?iaaiue ineoeee. Yoei
oi?iaeueiui yeaiaioai, iaiouaieaii i?enouei anaio /aeiaa/aneiio ?iaeo,
THia aeaao iacaaiea “a?oaoeiu”. A?oaoeiu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
oi?iaeueiua ia?acoeu iiaaaeaiey eee neiaiee/aneea ia?acu, ia iniiaa
eioi?uo ioi?ieythony eiie?aoiua, iaiieiaiiua niaea?aeaieai, ia?acu,
niioaaonoaothuea a ?aaeueiie aeecie noa?aioeiai niciaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. A?oaoeiu aeaenoaotho a /aeiaaea einoeieoeaii. A
naiae ciaiaieoie ?aaioa “A?oaoei e neiaie” THia neaaeothuei ia?acii
?acuyniyao nooue yoiai iiiyoey: “Iiae a?oaoeiaie y iiieiath eieeaeoeaiua
ii naiae i?e?iaea oi?iu e ia?acoeu, ano?a/athueany i?aeoe/anee ii anae
caiea eae ninoaaiua yeaiaiou ieoia e a oi aea a?aiy yaeythueany
aaoiooiiiuie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie i?iaeoeoaie aanniciaoaeueiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey. A?oaoeie/aneea iioeau aa?oo naia ia/aei io
a?oaoeie/aneeo ia?acia a /aeiaa/aneii oia, eioi?ua ia?aaeathony ia
oieueei iin?aaenoaii o?aaeeoeee e iea?aoeee, ii oaeaea n iiiiuueth
ianeaaenoaaiiinoe. Yoa aeiioaca iaiaoiaeeia, oae eae aeaaea naiua
neiaeiua a?oaoeie/aneea ia?acoeu iiaoo niiioaiii aini?iecaiaeeoueny aac
eaeie-eeai o?aaeeoeee. I?iia?ac eee a?oaoei yaeyaony noi?ioee?iaaiiui
eoiaii ia?iiiiai oaoie/aneiai iiuoa aan/eneaiiiai ?yaea i?aaeeia. Yoi,
oae neacaoue, ineoe/aneee inoaoie aan/eneaiiuo ia?aaeeaaiee iaeiiai e
oiai aea oeia.”

Iiiyoea “a?oaoeiu” THia ?acuyniyao ia iniiaa o/aiey i eieeaeoeaiii
aanniciaoaeueiii. THia i?iaiaeeo /aoeia ?acaeaeaiea iaaeaeo
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui e eieeaeoeaiui aanniciaoaeueiui. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia
aanniciaoaeueiia io?aaeaao ee/iinoiue iiuo iaeiiai /aeiaaea e ninoieo ec
ia?aaeeaaiee, eioi?ua eiaaea-eeai auee niciaoaeueiuie, ii oo?aoeee naie
niciaoaeueiue oa?aeoa? a neeo caaaaiey eee iiaeaaeaiey. Eieeaeoeaiia
aanniciaoaeueiia — yoi iaua/aeiaa/aneee iiuo, oa?aeoa?iue aeey anao ?an
e ia?iaeia. Iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ne?uoua neaaeu iaiyoe /aeiaa/aneiai
i?ioeiai, a oaeaea aei/aeiaa/aneia aeeaioiia ninoiyiea. Iii
caoeene?iaaii a ieoieiaee, ia?iaeiii yiina, ?aeeaeiciuo iai?aaeaieyo e
i?iyaeyaony, oi anoue auoiaeeo ia iiaa?oiinoue o nia?aiaiiuo ethaeae
/a?ac niiaeaeaiey. Iiyoiio aeey THiaa aeaaiui iieacaoaeai aeaenoaey
aanniciaoaeueiiai yaeythony niiaeaeaiey, e aai ineoieiae/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue, a oii /enea e eae a?a/a-ineoiiaa?ieiaa,
eiioeaio?e?iaaeanue ia iniiaa niiaeaeaiee [3, n. 221-222].

1.3.3 Ea?ai Oi?ie

Ia oai?/anoai Ea?ai Oi?ie ieacaea na?ueaciia aeeyiea neooaoeey
nioeeaeueiuo iio?ynaiee, a eioi?ua aioae ie? a ia?eiae aoi?ie ie?iaie
aieiu, naycaiiuo n onoaiiaeaieai oaoenoneiai ainiiaenoaa a Aa?iaiee e
oaoenoneie ieeoiaoeee Aa?iiu. Eae e ae?oaea iineaaeiaaoaee O?aeaea, iia
i?eaeaaaea aaaeiia cia/aiea aanniciaoaeueiui i?ioeannai a ineoe/aneie
aeecie ee/iinoe. Naiaia?acea E. Oi?ie i?iyaeeinue a oii, /oi iniiaiui
iiaoaeeoaeueiui iioeaii iia n/eoaea no?aieaiea e aaciianiinoe, iinoiyiii
?iaeaeathuaany ec ninoiyiey aiycie e no?aoa eiaeeaeaea. *oanoaa o?aaiae
e aaniieienoaa, eioi?ua Oi?ie n/eoaea aaciauie aeey iiaaaeaiey
eiaeeaeaeia, ii aa iiaieth, nii?iaiaeaeatho /aeiaaea ia i?ioyaeaiee anae
aeecie. Iii iiaeao auoue aucaaii iaaeinoaoeii oaaaeaiey, a?aaeaeaaiie
aoiinoa?ie e ianeeuenoaaiiui iiaeaaeaieai aeaeaiee iin?aaenoaii aeanoe
eee aaoi?eoaoa.

A eieaa “Iaoe aioo?aiiea eiioeeeou” (1945) E. Oi?ie oi?ie?oao o?e oeia
iai?aaeaiiinoe iiaaaeaiey ee/iinoe ii ioiioaieth e ie?oaeathuei aa
ethaeyi: 1) e ethaeyi, 2) io ethaeae, 3) i?ioea ethaeae. I?e noieeii
aeiieie?iaaiee a iiaaaeaiee eiaeeaeaea iaeiiai ec yoeo aaeoi?ia
neeaaeuaathony o?e oeia iaa?ioe/aneie ee/iinoe: 1) oneoaeeeaay, euouay
ethaae e iaeia?aiey ethaie oeaiie; 2) iuoathuayny io?aoeoueny io
iauanoaa; 3) aa?anneaiay, aeaaeaeouay i?anoeaea e aeanoe. Iineieueeo ana
yoe oi?iu ?aaeoeee yaeythony iaaaeaeaaoiuie, nicaeaaony ii?i/iue e?oa:
o?aaiaeiinoue ia ono?aiyaony, a ia?anoaao, ii?iaeaeay ana iiaua e iiaua
eiioeeeou [3, n. 223].

1.3.4 Y?eo O?iii

O?III Y?EO (1900-1980) — ineoieia, oeeinio, nioeeieia, iaeei ec
iniiaiiieiaeieeia iaio?aeaeecia. Aianoa n I. Oi?eoaeia?ii, O. Aaei?ii e
A. Ia?eoca noae nicaeaoaeai O?aieoo?oneie oeieu. A naiae ia?aie e?oiiie
?aaioa “Aaanoai io naiaiaeu” (1941) O?iii ?anniio?ae oaiiiai
oioaeeoa?ecia a ?aieao i?iaeaiu naiaiaeu. Ii ?acee/aao “naiaiaeo io”
(iaaaoeaioth) e “naiaiaeo ia” (iiceoeaioth). Ia?aoiie noi?iiie “naiaiaeu
io” yaeyaony iaeeii/anoai e io/oaeaeaiea. Oaeay naiaiaea — a?aiy aeey
/aeiaaea. O?iii iienae o?e oeie/iuo iaa?ioe/aneeo iaoaiecia “aaanoaa”
(ineoieiae/aneie caueou) io iaaaoeaiie naiaiaeu. Yoi aaoi?eoa?iay,
eiioi?ienoneay e aeano?oeoeaiay ?aciiaeaeiinoe iaa?ioe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
Ia?aue au?aaeaaony a iacioenoneie no?anoe e iiae/eiaieth naay ae?oaei
eee a naaeenoe/aneie no?anoe e iiae/eiaieth ae?oaeo naaa. Aoi?ie ninoieo
a ioeaca io naiae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe e no?aieaiee auoue “eae ana”.
O?aoee — a iaoaea?aeeiie oyaa e ianeeeth, aeanoeinoe, ?ac?ooaieth.

Auoiae O?iii aeaeeo a oaeii ?aoi?ie?iaaiee iauanoaa, eioi?ia ioe?uei au
i?inoi? “naiaiaea ia” (“Aeooaaii caei?iaia iauanoai”, 1945; “Eneonnoai
ethaeoue”, 1956). Aeaaiay caaea/a a iino?iaiee aeooaaii caei?iaiai
iauanoaa — yoi ainieoaiea a ethaeyo i?iaeoeoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a.
Iai?iaeoeoeaiinoue — yoi ianiiniaiinoue ethaeoue e ?aaeeciaaoue naay,
eniieueciaaoue naie neeu, ianoi eioi?uo caieiatho iaaycaiiua
aanniciaoaeueiie o?aaiaie oi?iu aeoeaiinoe. O?iii iienuaaao /aou?a
enoi?e/anee aicieeoeo oeia iai?iaeoeoeaiie i?eaioaoeee oa?aeoa?a:
?aoeaioeaiue, yenieoaoaoi?neee, iaeiieoaeueneee e ?uii/iue.
I?iaeoeoeaiinoue — yoi, iai?ioea, niiniaiinoue /aeiaaea ethaeoue,
eniieueciaaoue naie neeu, niiniaiinoue e naii?aaeecaoeee. Iaeaieaa
iiae?iaii iniiaiua i?eioeeiu, ia eioi?uo aeieaeii no?ieoueny aeooaaii
caei?iaia iauanoai, O?iii eceiaeee a eieaa “eiaoue eee auoue?” (1976).
Oai ii i?ecuaaao caiaieoue aeiieie?othuoth iuia a oa?aeoa?a /aeiaaea
onoaiiaeo ia iaeaaeaiea onoaiiaeie ia auoea.

Aaaeiie oaiie oai?/anoaa O?iiia yaeyaony ?aeeaey (“Ineoiaiaeec e
?aeeaey”, 1950). Ii iiieiaao iiae ?aeeaeae ethaoth nenoaio eieeaeoeaiuo
acaeyaeia e aeaenoaee, eioi?ay aeaao eiaeeaeaeo nenoaio i?eaioaoeee e
iauaeo iieeiiaiey. ?aeeaee iiae?acaeaeythony ia aaoi?eoa?iua e
aoiaienoe/aneea. Aaoi?eoa?iay ?aeeaey iniiauaaaony ia i?eciaiee aunoae
neeu, o?aaothuae io /aeiaaea iiae/eiaiey e iieeiiaiey. A ?aeeaee
aoiaienoe/aneie aeaaiui aunooiaao ia aeieo?eia, a ioiioaiea e /aeiaaeo.
Aia caeanue — neiaie nianoaaiiuo nee /aeiaaea [1, n. 346-347].

Y. O?iii iiiuoaeny niaaeeieoue eaeae ineoiaiaeeca, ia?enecia e
yecenoaioeeaeecia. Ii n/eoae, /oi a ee/iinoe iao ie/aai i?e?iaeaeaiiiai.
Ana aa ineoe/aneea i?iyaeaiey — yoi neaaenoaea iia?oaeaiiinoe ee/iinoe
a ?acee/iua nioeeaeueiua n?aaeu. Iaeiaei, a ioee/ea io ia?enecia, O?iii
auaiaeeo oa?aeoa? oi?ie?iaaiey oiai eee eiiai oeia ee/iinoe ia ec
i?yiiai aicaeaenoaey nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu, a ec aeaienoaaiiinoe
/aeiaa/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey: “yecenoaioeeaeueiiai” e “enoi?e/aneiai”. E
yecenoaioeeaeueiie ninoaaeythuae /aeiaa/aneiai auoey ii ioiineo aeaa
oaeoa: 1) /aeiaae, ii aai neiaai, ecia/aeueii iaoiaeeony iaaeaeo
aeeciueth e nia?oueth, “ii a?ioai a yoii ie?a a neo/aeiii ianoa e
a?aiaie” e “auae?aaony ec iaai iiyoue aea neo/aeii”; 2) nouanoaoao
i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo oai, /oi eaaeaeia /aeiaa/aneia nouanoai yaeyaony
iineoaeai anao caeiaeaiiuo a iai iioaioeee, ii ia iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoue eo
a ?acoeueoaoa e?aoeia?aiaiiinoe naiaai nouanoaiaaiey. *aeiaae ia iiaeao
ecaaaeaoue yoeo i?ioeai?a/ee, ii ?aaae?oao ia ieo ?acee/iuie niiniaaie,
niioaaonoaaiii naiaio oa?aeoa?o e eoeueoo?a.

Niaa?oaiii eioth, ii O?iiio, i?e?iaeo eiatho enoi?e/aneea i?ioeai?a/ey.
Iie ia yaeythony iaiaoiaeeiie /anoueth /aeiaa/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey, a
nicaeathony e ?ac?aoathony /aeiaaeii eee a i?ioeanna aai nianoaaiiie
aeecie, eee a iineaaeothuea ia?eiaeu enoi?ee. Ono?aiaiea enoi?e/aneeo
i?ioeai?a/ee O?iii naycuaae n nicaeaieai iiaiai aoiaienoe/aneiai
iauanoaa. A eieaa “?aaiethoeey iaaeaaeaeu” (1968) O?iii eceaaaao naie
i?aaenoaaeaiey i iooyo aoiaiecaoeee nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa. Ii aiceaaaao
aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu ia aaaaeaiea “aoiaienoe/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey”,
“aeoeaecaoeeth eiaeeaeaea iooai caiauaiey iaoiaeia “io/oaeaeaiiie
ath?ie?aoee” iaoiaeaie “aoiaienoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey”, eciaiaiey niiniaa
iio?aaeaiey a iai?aaeaiee oaaee/aiey “aeoeaaoeee” /aeiaaea e ono?aiaiey
aai ianneaiinoe, ?ani?ino?aiaiey iiauo oi?i ineoiaeooiaiie i?eaioaoeee”,
eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue “yeaeaaeaioaie ?aeeaeiciuo nenoai i?ioeiai”.
Iaeiia?aiaiii O?iii auaeaeaaao eaeath nicaeaiey iaaieueoeo iauiinoae, a
eioi?uo ethaee aeieaeiu eiaoue naith nianoaaiioth eoeueoo?o, noeeue
aeecie, iaia?o iiaaaeaiey, iniiaaiioth ia iaueo “ineoiaeooiaiuo
i?eaioaoeeyo”, iaiiieiathueo ?acoeueoaou e neiaieu oea?eiaiie aeecie [3,
n. 224].

2 I?iaeaia naiaiaeu /aeiaaea a ?aaioa O?iiia “Aaanoai io naiaiaeu”

2.1 Aaaaeaiea a i?iaeaiaoeeo ?aaiou

Ia/aeueiie i?iaeaiie, eioi?oth noaaee aaoi? ia?aae iaienaieai eieae,
auei enneaaeiaaiea ineoeee nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea, iaeiaei oaiaeaioeee
iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey oiai a?aiaie auioaeeee aai neiioeao?e?iaaoueny ia
eeth/aaii, ii iiaieth aaoi?a, aeey eoeueoo?iiai e nioeeaeueiiai e?ecena
oao aeiae aniaeoa: ia cia/aiee naiaiaeu aeey nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea [13,
n. 7]. “Iniiaiay eaeay yoie eieae caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi nia?aiaiiue
/aeiaae, inaiaiaeaeaiiue io ieia aeieiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa
<...>, ia i?eia?ae naiaiaeu a niunea ?aaeecaoeee aai ee/iinoe, oi anoue
?aaeecaoeee aai eioaeeaeooaeueiuo, yiioeeiiaeueiuo e /oanoaaiiuo
niiniaiinoae. Naiaiaea i?eianea /aeiaaeo iacaaeneiinoue e
?aoeeiiaeueiinoue aai nouanoaiaaiey, ii a oi aea a?aiy eciee?iaaea aai,
i?iaoaeeea a iai /oanoai aanneeey e o?aaiae. Yoa ecieyoeey iaia?aiineia,
e /aeiaae ieacuaaaony ia?aae auai?ii: eeai ecaaaeoueny io naiaiaeu n
iiiiuueth iiaie caaeneiinoe, iiaiai iiae/eiaiey, eeai aei?anoe aei
iieiie ?aaeecaoeee iiceoeaiie naiaiaeu, iniiaaiiie ia iaiiaoi?eiinoe e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe eaaeaeiai” [13, n. 8].

A i?aaeeneiaee e 25-io ecaeaieth O?iii ni?aoeaaao naay, nio?aieeenue ee
nioeeaeueiua e ineoieiae/aneea oaiaeaioeee, cao?iiooua a aai eieaa 25
eao iacaae e ioaa/aao ooaa?aeeoaeueii, iauyniyy yoi iiyaeaieai iiauo
i?e/ei, aucuaathueo no?ao o /aeiaaea ia?aae naiaiaeie. Yoi ioe?uoea
aoiiiie yia?aee e aiciiaeiinoue aa eniieueciaaiey a aeano?oeoeaiuo
oeaeyo. Yoi eeaa?iaoe/aneay ?aaiethoeey, a oiaea eioi?ie “… iica aai
[/aeiaaea] e ia?aiua ?aaeoeee caiaiytho iaoeiu”. Yoi aac?aaioeoea e
aeaiia?aoe/aneee ac?ua [13, n. 9].

Caaeaaaynue aii?inii i iieaciinoe oai?aoe/aneeo ioe?uoee nioeeaeueiie
ineoieiaee, O?iii i?eciaaony a oii, /oi aeaoue ia iaai iaeiicia/iue e
oaaaeeoaeueiue ioaao neiaeii. Ianneieci aaoi?a a ioiioaiee oai?ee
ineoieiaee aucaai aai oaa?aiiinoueth a aaaeiinoe iniciaiey
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo e nioeeaeueiuo ?aaeee. Ii O?iiio, /aeiaa/aneee iica
aeeaao a aeaaaeoeaoii aaea, na?aeoea aea aieueoeinoaa ethaeae — a
eaiaiiii. Ionthaea iaaeinoaoi/iay c?aeinoue ethaeae auoue iacaaeneiuie,
?acoiiuie e iauaeoeaiuie; ianiiniaiinoue auianoe oi, /oi /aeiaae
i?aaeinoaaeai nianoaaiiui neeai e nai aeieaeai i?eaeaoue niune naiae
aeecie; iiaeaaeaiea e??aoeeiiaeueiuo no?anoae — aea/aiey e ?ac?ooaieth,
iaiaaenoe, caaenoe e ianoe, aianoi yoiai iaaethaeaaony i?aeeiiaiea
ia?aae aeanoueth, aeaiueaaie, noaa?aiiui ainoaea?noaii, iaoeeae;
i?aa?auaiea o/aiee aeooiaiuo aiaeaeae /aeiaa/anoaa a eeoaie noaaa?ee e
eaeieiiieeiinoaa [13, n. 11]. Ii iiaieth aaoi?a, ?acoeueoaoii oaeiai
eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiie eioaeeaeooaeueii-oaoie/aneie
c?aeinoueth e yiioeeiiaeueiie ionoaeinoueth iiaeao auoue
naiioie/oiaeaiea /aeiaa/anoaa, aaeeinoaaiiue aea eeth/ e iaaeiiouaieth
yoiai e?iaony a iiieiaiee oaeoia iaoaai nioeeaeueiiai auoey; a
iniciaiee, iiauoathuaai niiniaiinoue e iauaeoeaiinoe e ?acoiiiio
noaeaeaieth. Ii O?iiio, ?ann/eouaaoue ia i?aiaeieaiea caaeoaeaeaiee
na?aeoea ia i?ioyaeaiee aeecie iaeiiai iieieaiey — iaeuecy; ia oi,
/oiau ia?a?anoe naith aei/aeiaa/aneoth enoi?eth, aeeeaoothny nioie ouny/
eao, /aeiaa/anoai cao?aoeo iaecia?eii aieueoa (/ai a?aiy aeecie iaeiiai
iieieaiey). A aeey yoiai e iaiaoiaeeii ?acaeoea aeeiaie/aneie
nioeeaeueiie ineoieiaee, eioi?ay a ninoiyiee i?ioeaiaeaenoaiaaoue
iianiinoyi, aucaaiiui i?ia?annii oeceee e iaaeeoeeiu.

2.2 Aeaienoaaiiinoue naiaiaeu

A ia?aie aeaaa eieae Y?eo O?iii noaaeo aii?in i oii, yaeyaony ee
naiaiaea ineoieiae/aneie i?iaeaiie. ?anniao?eaay oaoenoneea ?aaeeiu e
ioia/ay oio oaeo, /oi “a Aa?iaiee ieeeeiiu ethaeae ioeacaeenue io naiae
naiaiaeu n oaeei aea iueii, n eaeei ai?ieenue ca iaa”, O?iii aeaeaao
auaiae: “anee ia naiaiaeo iaiaaeatho ai eiy aioeoaoecia, oa?ica ia
noaiiaeony iaiueoa, /ai i?e iaiaaeaiee naiiai oaoecia” [13, n. 15],
iiae?acoiaaay iiae oaoeciii aeeeoaoo?o oeia eoaeueyineie eee aa?iaineie.
E?iia yoiai, aeey ?acoeueoaoeaiie ai?ueau n oaoeciii iaiaoiaeeii
iiieiaoue aai nouiinoue, ai?ueaa aea aac iiieiaiey iaaaeaeaaoia e
aaniieacia. ?acaeaay iuneue, O?iii eiinoaoe?oao oaeo, /oi e iiiaioo
i?eoiaea oaoecia e aeanoe ethaee ia auee e yoiio aioiau — ie
i?aeoe/anee, ie oai?aoe/anee. A /enea oao, eoi “iniaeeeny iio?aaiaeeoue
aeaaiaeooiue iioeieci aeaayoiaaeoeaoiai aaea” [13, n. 17] aaoi? iacuaaao
Ieoeoa, Ia?ena e O?aeaea. Ioaeaaay aeieaeiia O?aeaeo a ieaia eco/aiey
iiaeniciaoaeueiuo i?ioeannia, O?iii e?eoeeoao aai ca caaeaoinoue a
?aieao ei aea iino?iaiiie oai?ee, /oi iaoneiaeei aanieiaeiinoue iiiuoie
i?eeiaeaiey o?aeaeianeiai ineoiaiaeeca e ?aoaieth nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai.
E ae?oaei caaeoaeaeaieyi O?aeaea O?iii ioiineo aioenioeeaeueiinoue
/aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu, noaoe/iia ioiioaiea /aeiaaea e iauanoao,
i?iaaaeaiea oaniuo ia?aeeaeae iaaeaeo iieai /aeiaa/aneeo acaeiiioiioaiee
e ?uieii [13, n. 19-20].

Oai ia iaiaa, O?iii caeeaaeuaaao a iniiao naiaai aiaeeca
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua ioe?uoey O?aeaea — ?ieue iiaeniciaoaeueiuo nee a
/aeiaa/aneii oa?aeoa?a e caaeneiinoue yoeo nee io aiaoieo aicaeaenoaee,
iiae/a?eeaay, /oi aai aiaeec, e?iia oiai, iniiaai ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee i
iaee/ee iniaie nayce eiaeeaeaea n aiaoiei ie?ii e aeeiaie/iinoe nayce
iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e iauanoaii.

Aeaeaa O?iii aaiaeeo iiiyoea aaeaioaoeee. Noaoe/aneay aaeaioaoeey anoue
iiyaeaiea iiauo i?eau/ae, oa?aeoa? aea /aeiaaea inoaaony i?e yoii
iaeciaiiui. Aeeiaie/aneoth aaeaioaoeeth O?iii iauyniyao ia i?eia?a
?aaaiea, iiae/eiythuaainy no?iaiio iooeo. Iiaeaaeaiiay a?aaeaeaaiinoue,
eioi?ay iiaeao ?acaeoueny ii ioiioaieth e iooeo, noaiiaeony
aeeiaie/aneei oaeoi?ii oa?aeoa?a. Iia iiaeao oneeeoue no?ao ?aaaiea
ia?aae iooeii e i?eaanoe oai naiui e aua aieueoaio iiae/eiaieth; iiaeao
aucaaoue aani?aaeiaoiue aoio i?ioea aeecie aiiaua. Aeaeaa O?iii
ii?aaeaeyao iaa?ic eae i?eia? aeeiaie/aneie aaeaioaoeee e oaeei
oneiaeyi, eioi?ua yaeythony aeey eiaeeaeaea e??aoeeiiaeueiuie. Iaeiaei
ia?aoiia, aiiaua aiai?y, iaaa?ii: “… nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneea
yaeaiey, i?iyaeythueany o oeaeuo iauanoaaiiuo a?oii e niiinoaaeiua n
iaa?ioe/aneeie, iai?eia? iaee/ea y?ei au?aaeaiiuo ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo eee
naaeenoneeo eiioeuenia, eeethno?e?otho aeeiaie/aneoth aaeaioaoeeth e
nioeeaeueiui oneiaeyi, e??aoeeiiaeueiui e a?aaeiui aeey ac?ineuo
ethaeae. Ii/aio oaeea yaeaiey iaeuecy n/eoaoue iaa?ioe/aneeie, iu
ianoaeei iicaeiaa” [13, n. 23].

Aeaeaa O?iii noaaeo aii?in i oii, /oi canoaaeyao ethaeae
i?eniinaaeeaaoueny ii/oe e ethaui oneiaeyi aeecie e i a?aieoeao yoie
i?eniiniaeyaiinoe. Ioaa/ay ia iaai, ii auaeaeyao i?eia?aoaiiua
iio?aaiinoe (ecia/aeueii ia i?enouea /aeiaaeo) e iio?aaiinoe
oeceieiae/aneea (iaoneiaeaiiua /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeie). Aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae /aeiaae aeieaeai o?oaeeoueny, oneiaey aea
aai ?aaiou ii?aaeaeythony oai iauanoaii, a eioi?ii ii ?iaeeeny. Iaa
oaeoi?a — iio?aaiinoue aeeoue e nioeeaeueiay nenoaia — ia iiaoo auoue
eciaiaiu ioaeaeueiui eiaeeaeaeii e eiaiii iie ii?aaeaeytho ?acaeoea oao
aai /a?o, eioi?ua eiatho aieueooth ieanoe/iinoue [13, n. 25]. E?iia
oeceieiae/aneeo iio?aaiinoae nouanoaoao iio?aaiinoue nayce n
ie?oaeathuei ie?ii, ia naycaiiay n oece/aneei eiioaeoii,
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiea eioi?ie (ii?aeueiay ecieyoeey) i?eaiaeeo e
aicieeiiaaieth ineoe/aneeo ?anno?ienoa.

Ii O?iiio, nouanoaoao aua iaeia i?e/eia, iaoneiaeeaathuay
iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e iauanoao: noauaeoeaiia naiiiiciaiea
[13, n. 27]. Niiniaiinoue iuneeoue iicaieyao /aeiaaeo iniciaoue naay eae
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia nouanoai; niciaaay naith ioaeaeueiinoue,
iaecaaaeiinoue aieaciae e noa?inoe, /aeiaae ia iiaeao ia /oanoaiaaoue
naith iacia/eoaeueiinoue a n?aaiaiee n ie?oaeathuei ie?ii. Anee /aeiaae
ia eiaao aiciiaeiinoe ioianoe naay e eaeie-eeai nenoaia, eioi?ay au
iai?aaeyea aai aeeciue e i?eaeaaaea ae niune, aai ia?aiieiytho niiiaiey,
eioi?ua a eoiaa ia?aeecotho aai niiniaiinoe aeaenoaiaaoue, oi anoue
aeeoue. Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey nioeeaeueiie ineoieiaee O?iiia caeeth/athony
a oii, /oi a) /aeiaae anoue i?iaeoeo enoi?e/aneie yaiethoeee a neioaca n
a?iaeaeaiiuie caeiiaie, ii ia oi eee ae?oaia a ioaeaeueiinoe; a) o
/aeiaaea nouanoaotho oeceieiae/aneea iio?aaiinoe e aio naienoaaiii
ecaaaaoue ii?aeueiiai iaeeii/anoaa; a) a i?ioeanna aeeiaie/aneie
aaeaioaoeee o eiaeeaeaea ?acaeaaaony ?yae noeioeia, iioeae?othueo aai
/oanoaa e aeaenoaey; a) no?aieaiea e oaeiaeaoai?aieth yoeo iiauo
iio?aaiinoae noaiiaeony neeie, aicaeaenoaothuae ia i?ioeann
iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey [13, n. 28].

Aeaaiay eaeay eieae, ii O?iiio, eioi?oth ii caeeaaeuaaao a iniiao naiaai
enneaaeiaaiey, caeeth/aaony a neaaeothuai: “*aeiaae ia?a?anoaao naia
ia?aiia/aeueiia aaeeinoai n i?e?iaeie e n inoaeueiuie ethaeueie, /aeiaae
noaiiaeony “eiaeeaeaeii” — e /ai aeaeueoa caoiaeeo yoio i?ioeann, oai
eaoaai?e/iaa aeueoa?iaoeaa, anoathuay ia?aae /aeiaaeii. Ii aeieaeai
noiaoue ainniaaeeieoueny n ie?ii a niiioaiiinoe ethaae e oai?/aneiai
o?oaea eee iaeoe naaa eaeoth-oi iii?o n iiiiuueth oaeeo naycae n yoei
ie?ii, eioi?ua oie/oiaeatho aai i?e?iaeo e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue” [13, n.
29].

2.3 Ineoieiaeci i?iaeaiu naiaiaeu

Ai aoi?ie aeaaa O?iii ianoaeaeaao eiioeaioeeth, iaiaoiaeeioth aeey
aiaeeca aii?ina i oii, /oi anoue naiaiaea aeey nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea.
Yoie eiioeaioeeae yaeyaony ooaa?aeaeaiea i oii, /oi naiaiaea ii?aaeaeyao
/aeiaa/aneia nouanoaiaaiea eae oaeiaia, i?e/ai iiiyoea naiaiaeu
i?ia?anne?oao aianoa ni noaiaiueth iniciaiey /aeiaaeii naay naiiai eae
iacaaeneiiai e ioaeaeueiiai nouanoaa. Naycue, nouanoaothuoth iaaeaeo
eiaeeaeaeii e aiaoiei ie?ii, nouanoaothuoth aei oiai iiiaioa, eae
i?ioeann eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee i?eaiaeeo e iieiiio iainiaeaieth
eiaeeaeaea, O?iii iacuaaao “ia?ae/iuie ocaie”, i?ioeaiiinoaaeyy eo oai
iiaui naycyi, eioi?ua iiyaeythony iinea inaiaiaeaeaiey io ia?ae/iuo oc.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ii i?eaiaeeo ?aaaiea, naycaiiiai n iaoa?ueth ia?aua
aiaeu aeecie, naycue ia?aiauoiiai /aeiaaea n ieaiaiai e n?aaeiaaaeiaiai
— n oea?eiaueth e nineiaeai, e eioi?iio oio i?eiaaeeaaeeo [13, n. 31].

Inaiaiaeaeaieth io ia?ae/iuo naycae niioonoaoao i?ioeann iniciaiey
?aaaieii naiae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe e aicieeiiaaiea ?yaea o?ono?aoeee,
aua aieueoa onei?ythuee ia?aoiae. Aeey eeethno?aoeee yoiai yooaeoa O?iii
i?eaiaeeo io?uaie ec ?iiaia “Neeueiue aaoa? ia ssiaeea” ?. Ouethca.
Iiieii caiaiu iaeieo naycae ae?oaeie, ii iiaieth O?iiia, o ?aaaiea ii
ia?a ?inoa ?acaeaaaony no?aieaiea e naiaiaea e iacaaeneiinoe. Aeey
auyniaiey oa?aeoa?a yoiai no?aieaiey aaoi? ?anniao?eaaao aeaa aniaeoa
i?ioeanna ?anoouae eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee: ?acaeoea e eioaa?aoeey
oece/aneie, yiioeeiiaeueiie e eioaeeaeooaeueiie noa? — ?acaeoea
ee/iinoe, iaoneiaeaiiia a iniiaiii nioeeaeueiuie oneiaeyie. Aoi?ie
aniaeo — ?anoouaa iaeeii/anoai, niioonoaothuaa inaiaiaeaeaieth io
ia?ae/iuo oc, iaania/eaaaoeo ?aiaa ooiaeaiaioaeueiia aaeeinoai n
ie?oaeathuei ie?ii e iuouaiea iieiie aaciianiinoe. Aicieeathuaa
no?aieaiea iiai?ioue /oanoai iaeeii/anoaa i?eaiaeeo a ii?ia e
ia?aciaaieth iiauo naycae, ioee/iuo io ia?ae/iuo: niiioaiiuo naycae n
ethaeueie e i?e?iaeie [13, n. 32]. Iaeiaei nouanoaoao iianiia
ioeeiiaiea, caeeth/athuaany a oii, /oi eiaeeaeae, aeoeaii ia aeaeay
no?ieoue iiaua nayce, no?aieony aa?iooueny e i?aaeiei, a iineieueeo yoi
oece/anee iaaiciiaeii, iiaeiaiia iiae/eiaiea i?eaiaeeo e ?acaeoeth o
?aaaiea a?aaeaeaaiinoe e iyoaaeiinoe, iai?aaeaiiuo i?ioea ethaeae, io
eioi?uo ii i?iaeieaeaao caaenaoue.

?ac?ua iaaeaeo i?ioeannii eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee, eioi?ue i?ienoiaeeo
aaoiiaoe/anee e i?ioeannii ?acaeoey ee/iinoe, eioi?ue naea?aeeaaaony
?yaeii ineoinioeeaeueiuo i?e/ei, i?eaiaeeo, ii O?iiio, e neeueiiio
/oanoao ecieyoeee, eioi?ia caioneaao a ?aaioo ineoe/aneea iaoaieciu,
iacaaiiua aaoi?ii iaoaieciaie aaanoaa. Aeaeaa, niiinoaaeyy noaiaiue
?acaeoey einoeieoia o aeeaioiuo e o /aeiaaea, O?iii i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo
i oii, /oi /aeiaa/aneia nouanoaiaaiea e naiaiaea ia?acaeaeeiu n naiiai
ia/aea [13, n. 37], iiieiay iiae naiaiaeie iaaaoeaioth naiaiaeo io
einoeieoeaiie i?aaeii?aaeaeaiiinoe aeaenoaee. Ii O?iiio, eiaiii
aeieiae/aneia ianiaa?oainoai /aeiaaea i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth
oeeaeeecaoeee. Naycue iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e naiaiaeie oi?ioi io?aaeaia a
aeaeaeneii ieoa ia ecaiaiee ec ?ay. Ia?ooaiea onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea
yaeyaony, ii nooe, aeoii naiaiaeu — ia?aui /aeiaa/aneei aeoii aiiaua.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeo naiaiaeu (iaiiae/eiaiey) i?yii naycuaaaony n ia/aeii
/aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey. I?ioeann ?acaeoey naiaiaeu iineo, ii O?iiio,
aeeaeaeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?: n iaeiie noi?iiu — yoi ?acaeoea /aeiaaea, n
ae?oaie — oneeaiea ecieyoeee, i?eaiaeyuaa e ?inoo /oanoaa aanneeey.

2.4 Naiaiaea a yiioo ?aoi?iaoeee

Enneaaeiaaiea ?iee naiaiaeu a nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa O?iii ia/eiaao n
aiaeeca ianoaiiaee, nouanoaiaaaoae a Aa?iia a n?aaeiea aaea e ia/aea
Iiaiai a?aiaie. Ia?aiaiu a yeiiiieea oiaaea ieacaee neeueiia aeeyiea ia
ineoeeo ethaeae. A yoio aea ia?eiae aicieeaao e iiaay eiioeaioeey
naiaiaeu, au?aaeaiiay a ?aeeaeiciuo aeieo?eiao oiai a?aiaie.

N?aaeiaaaeiaia iauanoai oa?aeoa?eciaaeinue ionoonoaeai ee/iie naiaiaeu.
Ia?aiauaiea ec iaeiiai nioeeaeueiiai eeanna a ae?oaie auei iaaiciiaeiui,
/anoi ieacuaaeinue iaaiciiaeiui ia?aiauaiea aaia?aoe/aneia. Ee/iay,
yeiiiie/aneay e iauanoaaiiay aeeciue ?aaeaiaioe?iaaeanue no?iaei naiaeii
i?aaee. Iaeiaei aeaaiaea?y yoiio /aeiaae aue ne?aieai ni aiieia
ii?aaeaeaiiie nioeeaeueiie ?ieueth (e?anoueyiei, ?aianeaiiee e o.ae.);
yoi ia aue eiaeeaeae, caieiathueeny oai eee eiui aeaeii ii naiaio
auai?o. Ai?i/ai, ianiio?y ia ionoonoaea eiaeeaeaeoaeecia a nia?aiaiiii
niunea, eiie?aoiue eiaeeaeaeoaeeci a ?aaeueiie aeecie eiae ianno
i?iyaeaiee. N?aaeiaaaeiaia iauanoai aea, aeaaay /aeiaaeo iuouaiea
oaa?aiiinoe, aea?aeaei aai a oeaieeo ieiaao — /aeiaae aeaeae naay
neaicue i?ecio iauanoaaiiie ?iee e i?aaenoaaeoaee ?aciuo nioeeaeueiuo
neiaa ia eiaee ioiioaiee.

?acoeueoaoii i?ia?anne?othuaai ?ac?ooaiey n?aaeiaaaeiaie nioeeaeueiie
no?oeoo?u, a i?ioeanna eioi?iai aiciee neeueiue aeaiaaeiue eeann, auei
aicieeiiaaiea eiaeeaeaea a nia?aiaiiii niunea yoiai neiaa. I?inoie aea
ia?iae, eioi?iio ia aeinoaeinue ie aiaaonoaa, ie aeanoe, aeaaea iioa?ye
i?e yoii oaa?aiiinoue naiaai i?aaeiaai iieiaeaiey. Iaeiaei iiaue eeann
oiaea iiian iioa?e, iioa?ya aueoth oaa?aiiinoue. AEaaeaea aiaaonoaa e
aeanoe i?eaaea e oiio, /oi /a?ac eciaiaiea ioiioaiey eiaeeaeaea e
nianoaaiiie ee/iinoe ii i?aa?aoeeny a iauaeo nianoaaiiuo iaieioeyoeee, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai aicieeea o?aaiaa [13, n. 50]. Ii O?iiio, eaeae
Aic?iaeaeaiey ieacaee cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea
aa?iiaeneie iunee, ii iniiaiua ei?ie nia?aiaiiiai eaieoaeecia, aai
yeiiiie/aneie no?oeoo?u e aeooa iaoiaeyony a yeiiiie/aneie e
iauanoaaiiie neooaoeee Oeaio?aeueiie e Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu e a au?inoeo ec
iaa aeieo?eiao Ethoa?a e Eaeueaeia [13, n. 51]. Iniiaiia ?acee/ea yoeo
aeaoo eoeueoo? caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eoeueoo?a Aic?iaeaeaiey
oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue iaee/eai iaaieueoie a?oiiu aiaaouo eiaeeaeaeia,
oi?aaeyaoeo iauanoaii auniei?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia; eoeueoo?a ?aoi?iaoeee
auea ?aeeaeae e?anoueyinoaa e iecoeo neiaa iauanoaa.

I/aiue aaaeiui ioieoii aeey iiieiaiey iieiaeaiey eiaeeaeaea a
nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa yaeythony yoe/aneea acaeyaeu ia yeiiiie/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue. Aeey iauyniaiey yoiai ioiioaiey O?iii i?eaiaeeo aeaa
i?aaeiinueee: “Yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu aoi?inoaiaiiu e aeieaeiu auoue
iiae/eiaiu iiaeeeiiiio aeaeo /aeiaa/aneie aeecie — nianaieth aeooe;
yeiiiie/aneia iiaaaeaiea yaeyaony iaeiie ec noi?ii ee/iiai iiaaaeaiey
aiiaua, oae /oi ia iaai — eae e ia ae?oaea noi?iiu iiaaaeaiey —
?ani?ino?aiythony o?aaiaaiey ii?aee” [14, n.28]. Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea
eaieoaeecia nii?iaiaeaeaeinue na?ueaciuie eciaiaieyie a ineoieiae/aneie
aoiinoa?a. A?aiy e o?oae i?eia?aee aieueooth oeaiiinoue, ioiioaiea e
?aaioa noaei iaiiiai aiea o?aaiaaoaeueiui, anao ioaaoeei no?aieaiea e
aiaaonoao. N i?eoiaeii eaieoaeecia n?aaeiaaaeiaay nioeeaeueiay nenoaia
auea ?ac?ooaia, a aianoa n iae auea ?ac?ooaia e oa noaaeeueiinoue e
ioiineoaeueiay aaciianiinoue, eioi?ua iia aeaaaea eiaeeaeaeo. “Eiaeeaeae
noae iaeeiieei; ana oaia?ue caaenaei ia io aa?aioee aai nioeeaeueiiai
noaoona, a io aai nianoaaiiuo oneeee” [13, n. 59].

Oaeei ia?acii, aeaaiaea?y aeeyieth nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ia?aiai,
i?iecioaaeoeo a XV–XVI aaeao, eiaeeaeae 1) inaiaiaeaeaaony io
yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo ia?aie/aiee; 2) i?eia?aoaao iiceoeaioth
naiaiaeo, ii i?e yoii inaiaiaeaeaaony io naycae, aeaaaaoeo aio /oanoai
oaa?aiiinoe.

A yiioo ?aoi?iaoeee aicieeatho ethoa?ainoai e eaeueaeieci eae ?aeeaee
iecoeo neiaa, au?aceaoea iiaua /oanoaa, ii?iaeaeaiiua eciaiaieyie
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu e i?aaeeiaeeaoea iooe iiaeaaeaiey iaoaa?aiiinoe.
O?iii iiaeaa?aaao yoe aeieo?eiu ineoieiae/aneiio aiaeeco n oeaeueth
iieacaoue noauaeoeaiua iioeau, eioi?ua i?eaiaeyo /aeiaaea e iieneo
ioaaoia ia iniciaiiua i?iaeaiu [13, n. 63]. A ineoiaiaeeca aeieo?ei
O?iii /aoei auaeaeyao aeaa i?iaeaiu: eco/aiea oa?aeoa?a eiaeeaeaea,
nicaeaaoaai o/aiea, n oeaeueth ii?aaeaeaiey /a?o oa?aeoa?a, iiaoaeeaoeo
ethaeae ia ?aaioo e eco/aiea ineoieiae/aneeo iioeaia, i?enoueo
nioeeaeueiie a?oiia, e eioi?ie yoi o/aiea ia?auaii. O?iiiianeee aiaeec
eaeae i?aneaaeoao oeaeueth ii?aaeaeaiea aana eaeie-eeai eaeae a
eaeaieiae/aneie nenoaia a oeaeii e ioaao ia aii?in i oii, eiaao ee ianoi
auoue ?aoeeiiaeecaoeey, ioee/athuayny io iiaeeeiiiai niaea?aeaiey iunee
[13, n. 65]. Aeaeaa O?iii ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi ioiioaiea Ethoa?a e aiao
anoue ioiioaiea iiae/eiaiey, iniiaaiiia ia iuouaiee aanneeey — auaiae,
naeaeaiiue aaoi?ii ia iniiaaiee aiaeeca ineoieiae/aneiai niunea aai
eiioeaioeee.

Ia i?ioyaeaiee aeieaiai ia?eiaea, i?aaeoanoaiaaaoaai ?aoi?iaoeee,
eaoiee/aneia aiaineiaea i?eaea?aeeaaeinue i?eioeeiia naiaiaeu aiee
/aeiaaea a no?aieaiee e aeia?o. Aeaiiay oaiaeaioeey iaoea io?aaeaiea a
o?oaeao Aaaonoeia, Oiiu Aeaeineiai, Neiooa, Ieeaia, Aeey. Ana iie oae
eee eia/a iiae/a?eeaaee cia/aiea aiee e nianoaaiiuo caneoa /aeiaaea aeey
aai nianaiey. ?ani?ino?aieaoayny i?aeoeea iieoiee eiaeoeueaaioeee
aucaaea, eae e o?oaeu oiiiyioouo oeeinioia, y?inoiua iaiaaeee Ethoa?a,
oaieiaey eioi?iai, ii nooe, au?aaeaea /oanoaa n?aaeiaai eeanna, eioi?ue
aue ioaa/ai /oanoaii aaniiiiuiinoe e ie/oiaeiinoe, iuouae oa?ico ni
noi?iiu ?anoouaai eaieoaeecia [13, n. 70]. Ethoa?aineia o/aiea, ii
iiaieth O?iiia, eiaei aeaa aniaeoa: n iaeiie noi?iiu, iii aeaei /aeiaaeo
iacaaeneiinoue a aii?inao ?aeeaee, n ae?oaie — iii i?eianei eiaeeaeaeo
ecieyoeeth e aanneeea. Iniiaiiieaaathuay eiioeaioeey anaai iuoeaiey
Ethoa?a, ii O?iiio, — iieiay ianiiniaiinoue /aeiaaea ii nianoaaiiie
aiea aua?aoue aeia?i. A 1518 aiaeo Ethoa? iaeiiaoe iaoiaeeo ioaao,
eioi?ue anaeyao a iaai oaa?aiiinoue: /aeiaae iiaeao nianoenue, eeoue
eniuoaa ia?aaeeaaiea aa?u, nianoaaiiuie aeia?iaeaoaeyie nianoenue
iaaiciiaeii. O?iii n/eoaao yoio ia?aoiae i?e/eiii iaoneiaeaiiui, oae eae
e??aoeeiiaeueiua niiiaiey Ethoa?a, auoaeathuea ec aai ecieyoeee e
aaniiiiuiinoe, iiaoo auoue ono?aiaiu e??aoeeiiaeueiuie aea ioaaoaie
iooai eo iiaeaaeaiey i?e iiiiue iaeioi?ie oi?ioeu [13, n. 73]. Oaeei
ia?acii, ethoa?ianeia no?aieaiea e oaa?aiiinoe nooue ia /oi eiia, eae
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iiaeaaeoue niiiaiey.

?acaeaay yoo iuneue, O?iii aiai?eo, /oi niiiaiea anoue enoiaeiay oi/ea
nia?aiaiiie oeeinioee. Ii anee ?aoeeiiaeueiua niiiaiey ?ac?aoathony
?aoeeiiaeueiuie ioaaoaie, e??aoeeiiaeueiua niiiaiey iiaoo en/aciooue
eeoue i?e ia?aoiaea io iaaaoeaiie naiaiaeu e naiaiaea iiceoeaiie [13, n.
74]. Ethoa? aea, inaiaiaeaeay ethaeae io aeanoe oea?eae, iiae/eiee eo
aeanoe aua aieaa neeueiie: aeanoe aiaa, o?aaothuaai iieiiai iiae/eiaiey
/aeiaaea e oie/oiaeaiey aai ee/iinoe eae aeaaiiai oneiaey nianaiey. Aai
aa?a caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oi ethaiaue aeaaony oeaiie ioeaca io
nianoaaiiie aiee, a yoi, eae ioia/aao O?iii, eiaao iiiai iauaai n
i?eioeeiii iieiiai iiae/eiaiey eiaeeaeaea ainoaea?noao eee aiaeaeth [13,
n. 76].

Oaieiaey Eaeueaeia a oeaeii aiaeiae/ia oaieiaee Ethoa?a, aai o/aiea
oaeaea iniiaaii ia aanneeee /aeiaaea; aeaaiay eiioeaioeey aai iuoeaiey
— naiioie/oiaeaiea e ?ac?ooaiea /aeiaa/aneie ai?aeuie. Iaeiaei eiaaony
aeaa ?anoiaeaeaiey. Ia?aia — o/aiea Eaeueaeia i i?aaeii?aaeaeaiee:
nianaiea eee inoaeaeaiea ia caaeneo io ia?aca aeecie, ii i?aae?aoaii
aiaii aua aei iiyaeaiey /aeiaaea ia naao. Aoi?ia — aaaeiinoue
ii?aeueiuo oneeee e aeia?iaeaoaeueiie aeecie. Eai, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi
ieeaeeie oneeeyie noaeueao ia eciaieoue, nai oaeo i?eeiaeaiey oneeee
yaeyaony ciaeii i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e nianaiiui. Ia?aay aeieo?eia,
aeaienoaaiiay ii naiae iaoo?a — oneeeaathuay niiiaiey n iaeiie noi?iiu
(i?aaeia/a?oaiiia i?ieeyoea) e oniieaeaathuay n ae?oaie (oaa?aiiinoue a
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e eca?aiiui) aeaaaea Eaeueaeio e aai iineaaeiaaoaeyi
iaiieieaaeioth oaa?aiiinoue, iineieueeo iie iaeaaeaee oaaaeaeaiiinoueth,
iniiaaiiie ia iaoaiecia naiioie/oiaeaiey, aiaeiae/iiio ethoa?ianeiio.
Iaeiaei iineieueeo niiiaiea ana aea inoaaony (a neeo e??aoeeiiaeueiinoe
ioaaoa), iaiaoiaeeii aai iinoiyiiia iiaeaaeaiea; ii O?iiio, yoi
inouanoaeyaony “oaiaoe/iie aa?ie a oi, /oi ?aeeaeiciay iaueia, e eioi?ie
i?eiaaeeaaeeo /aeiaae, eae ?ac e yaeyaony eca?aiiie aiaii /anoueth
/aeiaa/anoaa ” [13, n. 82]. Aoi?ay aeieo?eia a ii?aaeaeaiiii niunea
i?ioeai?a/eo ia?aie: “ca/ai noa?aoueny, anee ana oaea eoae
i?aaeii?aaeaeaii?” Iaeiaei ineoieiae/aneee aiaeec O?iiia iieacuaaao, /oi
en/acathua iaeia /enei ethaeae niiniaiu ?aaeiaaoueny aeecie a oneiaeyo
iiaeiaiie iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe. I?aaeiacia/aiea aoi?ie aeieo?eiu, ii
O?iiio, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi aeey i?aiaeieaiey /oanoaa niiiaiey e
aanneeey iaiaoiaeeii /oi-ieaoaeue aeaeaoue, “?acaeoue eeoi?aaei/ioth
aeayoaeueiinoue” [13, n. 84]. Iaeiaei e yoe auioaeaeaiiua oneeey ia
yaeythony ?aoeeiiaeueiuie, o.e. aeayoaeueiinoue a yoii neo/aa
inouanoaeyaony ia aeey aeinoeaeaiey ?acoeueoaoa, a aeey auyniaiey
aoaeouaai.

Ae?oaea /a?ou oa?aeoa?a i?aaenoaaeoaey n?aaeiaai eeanna oiai a?aiaie —
a?aaeaeaaiinoue e caaenoeeainoue. Aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiia ?acaeoea yoeo /a?o
iaoneiaeaii na?ueaciui iiaeaaeaieai yiioeee e /oanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae
/aeiaaea. Oneeaieth a?aaeaeaaiinoe niinianoaiaaea ?ineioue, a eioi?ie
eoiaeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee oea?eiaiie aa?oooee e eaieoaeenou. Iaeiaei a
ioee/ea io iecoaai eeanna, ioe?uoia i?iyaeaiea a?aaeaeaaiinoe
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie n?aaeiaai eeanna auei iaaiciiaeii: iie naie, ii
aieueoae /anoe, no?aieeenue i?aoniaoue a iauai ?acaeoee. Iiaeaaeaiiay
oaeei ia?acii a?aaeaeaaiinoue ?ac?anoaeanue e caoaaouaaea ethaeae
oeaeeeii, ii?aaeaeyy ioiioaiea e ie?oaeathuei e e naaa [13, n. 87].
Ethoa? e Eaeueaei ieacaeenue oaie, eoi yoo ne?uooth a?aaeaeaaiinoue
aiieioee a ioiioaiee e aiao. Eaeueaeiianeee ia?ac aiaa-aeaniioa,
eioi?iio ioaeia aaca?aie/iay aeanoue iaae ethaeueie, anoue ia /oi eiia,
eae i?iaeoeey nianoaaiiie caaenoeeainoe e a?aaeaeaaiinoe n?aaeiaai
eeanna. A?aaeaeaaiinoue e caaenoeeainoue iiaoo i?iyaeyoueny e ii
ioiioaiee e ethaeyi, i?eia? oiio — ?aaeei i?aaeaiey, onoaiiaeaiiue
Eaeueaeiii a AEaiaaa: i?iieeiooue aeooii ?aaeeinoiie a?aaeaeaaiinoe
eaaeaeiai e eaaeaeiio, ii iano?aeaae i?ioea ae?oaeaethaey e
eiino?aioeai, ia aeanoieinoue a ioiioaiee aaaeiyeia e nicaeaaae iauoth
aoiinoa?o iiaeic?eoaeueiinoe [14, n. 190]. O?aoee e iineaaeiee aa?eaio
auoiaea ne?uoie a?aaeaeaaiinoe — iai?aaeaiea aa ia naay a oi?ia
naiioie/eaeaiey e naiiio?eoeathuae “niaanoe”, ia?aoiay noi?iia eioi?uo
— iaiaaenoue e i?ac?aiea [13, n. 90].

Eoae, aneaaenoaea e?ooaiey n?aaeiaaaeiaie oaiaeaeueiie nenoaiu eiaeeaeae
noae naiaiaeai. Iaeiaei iiieii naiaiaeu aeaenoaee eiaeeaeae eeoeeny
/oanoaa oaa?aiiinoe. Iaeaieaa iiceoeaiia aeeyiea iiaay naiaiaea ieacaea
ia aunoee eeann. O iecoaai eeanna iiene iiaie naiaiaeu aucaae aeaeaiea
iieii/eoue n ?anoouei oaiaoaieai, oae eae oa?youe auei oaea ia/aai. Ia
n?aaeiee eeann iiaay naiaiaea iiaeaenoaiaaea iaaaoeaii. Eeoue iiaua
?aeeaeiciua o/aiey oeacaee eiaeeaeaeo iooue e i?aiaeieaieth o?aaiae.
Iaeiaei enoeaeaiea ieacaeinue a?aiaiiui e oieueei onoaoaeei aieaciue —
e??aoeeiiaeueiinoue o/aiee ia iicaieeea iieiinoueth niyoue niiiaiey e
o?aaiae, aianoi yoiai iiaeaaea eo, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai aicieeea ne?uoay
a?aaeaeaaiinoue, auieanioaoayny aiineaaenoaee ia ie?oaeathueo e ia
naiiai eiaeeaeaea.

Auaiae, eioi?ue aeaeaao O?iii ii o?aoueae aeaaa, caeeth/aaony a
neaaeothuai. Nioeeaeueiue i?ioeann, ii?aaeaeythuee ia?ac aeecie
(ioiioaiea e ethaeyi e e o?oaeo), oi?ie?oao oa?aeoa? eiaeeaeaea,
eioi?ue, a naith i/a?aaeue, aeeyao ia i?ioeann iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey;
aicieeay e ?acaeaaynue eae ?aaeoeey ia oa?ico ni noi?iiu iiauo
yeiiiie/aneeo nee, iiaue oa?aeoa? nai noaiiaeony i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie
neeie, niinianoaothuae ?acaeoeth iiaiai yeiiiie/aneiai no?iy [13, n.
93].

2.5 Nia?aiaiiua aniaeou naiaiaeu

O nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa, ii iiaieth O?iiia, neiaeeeny acaeyae ia
i?iaeaio naiaiaeu, caeeth/athueeny a oii, /oi caueoa caaiaaaiiie
naiaiaeu io nee, eioi?ua ia iaa iieooathony — aaeeinoaaiiay
iaiaoiaeeiay aauue [13, n. 96]; a oi a?aiy eae iaiaoiaeeii aeiaeaaoueny
naiaiaeu, iicaieythuae ?aaeeciaaoue ee/iinoue, iiaa?eoue a naay e a
aeeciue aiiaua. Eaieoaeeci ia oieueei inaiaiaeee /aeiaaea io
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oc, ii e aian aieueoie aeeaae a ?acaeoea iiceoeaiie
naiaiaeu; n ae?oaie noi?iiu, eaieoaeeci naeaeae /aeiaaea aua aieaa
iaeeiieei, eciee?iaaiiui, iiaeaa?aeaiiui /oanoao ie/oiaeiinoe e
aanneeey. O/aiey ?aoi?iaoeee i?aaeii?aaeaeeee i?ioeann oie/oiaeaiey
naycae iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie eiaeeaeaeaie /a?ac i?eioeei /anoiie
eieoeeaoeau: a eaoieeoeecia ioiioaiea e aiao iniiaaii ia
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e oea?eae, i?ioanoaionoai inoaaeei eiaeeaeaea iaeei ia
iaeei n aiaii, aa?a Ethoa?a iineea noauaeoeaiue oa?aeoa?, Eaeueaei aea
i?iiaaaiaee?iaae oaaaeaeaiiinoue a nianaiee, iineaooth noieue aea
noauaeoeaiue oa?aeoa?. “Eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneia ioiioaiea e aiao auei
ineoieiae/aneie iiaeaioiaeie e eiaeeaeaeoaeecio /aeiaaea a ie?iie
aeecie” [13, n. 98].

Aianoa n naiiooaa?aeaeaieai eiaeeaeaea eaieoaeeci i?eian n niaie
naiiio?eoeaiea e aneaoeci: oeaeueth aeecie noaea yeiiiie/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue, oeiainiaue oniao e iaoa?eaeueiay auaiaea. I?eioeei
?aaiou ?aaee iaeiieaiey eaieoaea iauaeoeaii nua?ae aieueooth
iieiaeeoaeueioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee /aeiaa/anoaa — eiaiii ?ino
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee iicaieyao i?aaenoaaeoue oaeia aoaeouaa, ieoao
O?iii, a eioi?ii i?ae?aoeony ai?ueaa ca oaeiaeaoai?aiea naiuo ianouiuo
iaoa?eaeueiuo ioaeae, — ii noauaeoeaii ii canoaaee /aeiaaea ?aaioaoue
ia /oaeea oeaee e oneeee a iai /oanoai ee/iie ie/oiaeiinoe e aanneeey.

Iuoeaiea Ethoa?a e Eaeueaeia iniiaaii ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee, /oi yaieci e
ethaiaue e naaa — iiiyoey eaeaioe/iua e eneeth/atho ethaiaue e
ae?oaiio. Iaeiaei, ii O?iiio, caeanue aeiioneaaony ioeaea. “Ethaiaue ia
nicaeaaony eaeei-oi niaoeeoe/aneei iauaeoii, a yaeyaony iinoiyiii
i?enoonoaothuei oaeoi?ii aioo?e naiie ee/iinoe, eioi?ue eeoue
“i?eaiaeeony a aeaenoaea” ii?aaeaeaiiui iauaeoii. Eae iaiaaenoue — yoi
no?anoiia aeaeaiea oie/oiaeeoue, oae e ethaiaue — no?anoiia
ooaa?aeaeaiea “iauaeoa”; yoi ia aooaeo, a aioo?aiiaa ?iaenoai e aeoeaiia
no?aieaiea e n/anoueth, ?acaeoeth e naiaiaea iauaeoa ethaae” [13, n.
102-103]. Yaieci, ii O?iiio, — ia ethaiaue e naaa, a
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue: aeae aeaaeiinoe. Ethaee oaeiai oeia ia a ainoi?aa
io naieo naay, a aeoaeia aeooe iie naay iaiaaeaeyo.

Ainiiaenoai ?uiea ai anao iauanoaaiiuo e ee/iinoiuo ioiioaieyo i?eaaei e
oiio, /oi ana iie i?iieeioou aac?acee/eai. Ee/iinoe noaiiayony iauaeoaie
iaieioeyoeee, eino?oiaioaie. Oaeei aea noaei e ioiioaiea e o?oaeo:
i?iecaiaeeoaeue ia caeioa?aniaai a naiae i?iaeoeoeee, ii i?iecaiaeeo oi,
/oi iaania/eaaao iaeneiaeueioth i?eaueue io aeiaeaiiiai eaieoaea.
Iaeiaei iaeaieaa neeueii yooaeo “iauaeoecaoeee” i?iyaeeny a ioiioaiee
eiaeeaeaea e naiiio naaa: ee/iinoue noaea oiaa?ii, eioi?ue i?iaeaaony e
iieoiaaony ii caeiiai ?uiea. ?uiie ?aoaao, neieueei a aeaiiue iiiaio
noiyo oa eee eiua ea/anoaa, e anee /aeiaae ia eiaao ea/anoa,
iieuecothueony ni?inii, oi ii ie/aai ia noieo, eae e oiaa?, ia
iieuecothueeny ni?inii. Oaeei ia?acii, oaa?aiiinoue a naaa i?aa?auaaony
a io?aaeaiea oiai, /oi aeoiaao i aeaiiii eiaeeaeaea ?uiie. Ni?in anoue
— eiaeeaeae n/eoaao naay “eai-oi”, ni?ina iao — e ii a nianoaaiiuo
aeacao ieeoi. Ec /enea ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia, ia eioi?ua iie?aeinue “y”,
O?iii iacuaaao i?anoeae e aeanoue, a oae aeey oiai, o eiai ia auei ie
oiai, ie ae?oaiai, enoi/ieeii ee/iiai i?anoeaea noaiiaeeanue naiuey.

“Iniciaoue /oanoai nianoaaiiiai aanneeey neiaeii, iiyoiio /aeiaae i?y/ao
aai iiae ?ooeiie naieo iianaaeiaaiuo aeae. Ii iaeeii/anoai, no?ao e
iioa?yiiinoue inoathony. Oa?iaoue eo aa/ii iaaiciiaeii, iiyoiio anee
ethaee ia a ninoiyiee ia?aeoe io naiaiaeu iaaaoeaiie e naiaiaea
iiceoeaiie, iie noa?athony ecaaaeoueny io iaa aiiaua. Aeaaiua iooe, ii
eioi?ui i?ienoiaeeo aaanoai io naiaiaeu, — yoi iiae/eiaiea aiaeaeth,
eae a oaoenoneeo no?aiao, e auioaeaeaiiay eiioi?iecaoeey,
i?aiaeaaeathuay a iaoae aeaiie?aoee” [13, n. 118].

2.6 Iaoaieciu aaanoaa io naiaiaeu

O?iiiianeee ineoiaiaeec iniiaai ia iaaethaeaiee eiaeeaeaeia e
iineaaeothuai ia?aiina iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia ia nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu.
Aieaa oiai, aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeiui yaeyaony eco/aiea yaeaiee,
iaaethaeaaiuo o iaa?ioeeia, oae eae, ii O?iiio, yoe yaeaiey ia
ioee/athony a i?eioeeia io yaeaiee, iaaethaeaaiuo o ii?iaeueiuo ethaeae,
oieueei i?ioaeatho iie aieaa ino?i. Ii?iaeueiue /aeiaae o O?iiia —
/aeiaae, niiniaiue ea?aoue nioeeaeueioth ?ieue, ioaaaeaiioth aio a
iauanoaa e niiniaiue i?eieiaoue o/anoea a aini?iecaiaenoaa iauanoaa, oi
anoue niiniaiue nicaeaoue naiueth. A eeanne/aneie aea ineoieiaee
ii?iaeueiui n/eoaaony /aeiaae, oi?ioi i?eniiniaeaiiue e aeecie a
iauanoaa. Ii iineieueeo oi?ioay i?eniiniaeaiiinoue aeinoeaaaony
ca/anooth iooai ioeaca io nianoaaiiie ee/iinoe, e, iaiai?io, aaconiaoiua
iiiuoee nianoe eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue i?eaiaeyo, eae i?aaeei, e iiyaeaieth
iaa?ioe/aneeo neiioiiia, iieo/aaony, /oi /aeiaae, ii?iaeueiue a niunea
i?eniiniaeaiiinoe, /anoi iaiaa caei?ia a niunea /aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoae.
Iauanoai ia iiaeao auoue iaa?ioe/aneei a niunea iaauiieiaiey
eiaeeaeaeaie naieo nioeeaeueiuo ooieoeee, iii au iii?inoo ia niiaei
nouanoaiaaoue, ae?oaia aeaei — iaa?ioe/iinoue iauanoaa n oi/ee c?aiey
/aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoae. Ineoieiae/aneea iaoaieciu, ?anniao?eaaaiua
O?iiiii, anoue iaoaieciu aaanoaa io naiaiaeu, aicieeathuea ec
iaoaa?aiiinoe eciee?iaaiiiai eiaeeaeaea. Oaeay neooaoeey neeaaeuaaaony,
eae i?aaeei, a iauanoaao, iaaeaaii?eyoiuo aeey /aeiaa/aneiai n/anouey e
naii?aaeecaoeee [13, n. 121-122].

I?e ia?ooaiee naycae, iaania/eaathueo oaa?aiiinoue, o eiaeeaeaea eiaaony
aeaa iooe. Ia?aue — niiioaiii naycaoue naay n ie?oaeathuei ie?ii /a?ac
ethaiaue e o?oae, /a?ac i?iyaeaiea anao naieo niiniaiinoae, ia?aoay
oaeei ia?acii aaeeinoai n ethaeueie, ie?ii e naiei niaie, ia
ioeacuaaynue io iacaaeneiinoe naiaai “y” — a oa?ieiao O?iiia yoi iooue,
aaaeouee e iiceoeaiie naiaiaea. Aoi?ie — ioeac io naiaiaeu a iiiuoea
i?aiaeieaiey aicieeoaai iaeeii/anoaa. Yoio iooue, iooue e iaaaoeaiie
naiaiaea, ia a neeao iaania/eoue eiaeeaeaeo aueia aaeeiaiea e
niieienoaea, oae eae ioaeaeaiiinoue io i?ioeiai iaecaaaeia; iooue yoi
naycai n ioeacii io naiae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe, ii niya/aao o?aaiao e
aeaeaao aeeciue oa?ieiie, ii i?iaeaiu ia ?aoaao. I?e eca?aiee
iineaaeiaai iooe aeeciue i?aa?auaaony a aaoiiaoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue,
ia eiathuoth oeaee e ianiiniaioth aeaoue ?acoeueoao [13, n. 123-124].

Iaeei ec iaoaieciia aaanoaa io naiaiaeu — ioeac io naiae ee/iinoe e
naycue aa n eaeie-eeai aiaoiae neeie aeey iieo/aiey neeu, ia aeinoathuae
eiaeeaeaeo. Yoe iaoaieciu au?aaeathony a iacioenoneeo e naaeenoneeo
oaiaeaioeeyo, eioi?ua eiatho ianoi auoue eae o iaa?ioeeia, oae e o
ii?iaeueiuo ethaeae, ii au?aaeaiu a ?aciie noaiaie. Iaeaieaa /anoia
i?iyaeaiea iacioenoneeo oaiaeaioeee — /oanoaa nianoaaiiie
iaiieiioeaiiinoe, aaniiiiuiinoe. O yoeo ethaeae eiaaony aeaeeiia
no?aieaiea ecaaaeoueny io yoeo /oanoa, ii iainiciaaaaiay naycue n
aeaeaieai iiae/eieoueny o ieo i/aiue neeueia. Iie iinoiyiii i?iyaeytho
caaeneiinoue io aiaoieo nee, no?aieaiea iiae/eieoueny. AEeciue eie
aini?eieiaaony eae ia?iiiay iaoi?aaeyaiay iaoeia, n eioi?ie iie ia a
neeao niaeaaeaoue. A aieaa oyaeaeuo neo/ayo iaaethaeaaony oaea/aiea
naiie?eoeeie, naiienoycaiea (oece/aneia eee ii?aeueiia), aeaeaiea
aieaoue e ae?oaia no?aieaiea iaianoe naaa a?aae. Ano?a/athony e
eciu?aiiua oi?iu iacioecia, eiaaea eaeia-eeai no?aieaiea ona?aeii
ianee?oaony eiaeeaeaeii eee, iai?eia?, ii?aaaeuaaaony aai aaniethoiie
iaecaaaeiinoueth a aeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao [13, n. 125-126].

A oa?aeoa?ao iiaeiaiiai oeia iiaoo iaaethaeaoueny e naaeenoneea
oaiaeaioeee. Oneiaii eo iiaeii iiaeaeeoue ia o?e oeia: 1) no?aieaiea e
iieo/aieth aeanoe iaae ethaeueie, 2) no?aieaiea e iiaeiuaieth
iaoa?eaeueiuo e ii?aeueiuo aiaaonoa ethaeae, 3) no?aieaiea i?e/eiyoue
ae?oaei no?aaeaiey. Naaeenoneea oaiaeaioeee, anoanoaaiii,
?aoeeiiaeece?othony aua aieueoa, eai iie oaea ia noieue aaciaeaeiu, eae
iacioeci. Naaeenou iaeaaeatho noieue aea neeueiie i?eaycaiiinoueth e
naiei aea?oaai, eae e iacioenou e naiei ?aaeueiui eee ae?ooaeueiui
io/aieeai. Eiaiii a yoii, ii O?iiio, caeeth/aaony ia?aaeien
aeieaia?aiaiiiai nouanoaiaaiey a?aeia, aaea ioae any/anee oieaeaao
aeaio. Naaeiiacioenoneea nithcu (i?e/ai ia oieueei a?a/iua) noieue aea
e?aiee, neieue nithcu ethaeae ii?iaeueiuo a niunea ionoonoaey o ieo
iiaeiaiuo iaeeiiiinoae [13, n. 126].

Iaaethaeaiey ca iacioenoaie iiiiaee O?iiio onoaiiaeoue, /oi ana iie
ia?aiieiaiu no?aoii iaeeii/anoaa; no?ao yoio iiaeao auoue iainiciaiiui
eee caianee?iaaiiui, ii ii anoue, e iaoneiaeai ii iaaaoeaiie naiaiaeie.
Iacioeci aea anoue iaeei ec iooae ecaaaeoueny io yoiai no?aoa ca n/ao
niyoey n naay a?aiaie naiaiaeu, ae?oaeie neiaaie — ioeaca io
nianoaaiiie ee/iinoe. A ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo ?aaeecaoeey iacioenoneeo
ono?aieaiee i?eiineo iaeaa/aiea (a ea/anoaa i?eia?a O?iii i?eaiaeeo
iiae/eiaiea aiaeaeth a oaoenoneii ?aaeeia, eiaaea eiaeeaeae ia?aoaao
iaeioi?oth oaa?aiiinoue ca n/ao aaeeiaiey ni iiiaeie ieeeeiiaie naaa
iiaeiaiuo). Ii iiaeiaiia ?aoaiea ecaaaeyao eeoue io iniciaiiiai
no?aaeaiey, ne?uoay aea iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue inoaaony. Ia yoii e
ae?oaeo oa?aeoa?iuo i?eia?ao O?iii iieacuaaao e??aoeeiiaeueiinoue
iaa?ioe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?acoeueoao eioi?ie ia niioaaonoaoao
iioeae?iaea: eiaeeaeae ia a neeao aua?aoue aa?iia ?aoaiea, iineieueeo
euao iaei?inoaeoee auoiae ec neooaoeee, aeathuee iaeaa/aiea eae iiaeii
auno?aa e oeaiie eae iiaeii iaiueoeo cao?ao [13, n. 132-134].

Iacioenoneea ocu yaeythony aoi?e/iuie ocaie — “nianaoaeueiui e?oaii”
aeey ee/iinoae, iiaeaaeaiiuo /oanoaaie o?aaiae, niiiaiey, aanneeey; a
ioee/ea io ia?ae/iuo oc, nouanoaothueo aei caaa?oaiey i?ioeanna
eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee. Iiiuoee iieo/eoue naiaiaeo ec aoi?e/iuo naycae
ia?a/aiu ia i?iaae, oae eae eiaeeaeae a i?eioeeia ia iiaeao neeoueny n
oie neeie, e eioi?ie ii “i?eeei”. *oi eanaaony naaeecia, oi iaeii ec aai
i?iyaeaiee — aeaaeaea aeanoe — ei?aieony a ineoieiae/aneie neaainoe, a
ianiiniaiinoe ee/iinoe aunoiyoue a iaeeii/eo [13, 135-140].
I?aaeiieaaay, /oi naaeiiacioenoneea /a?ou au?aaeaiu a ?aciie noaiaie a
eaaeaeii /aeiaaea, O?iii iieacuaaao, /oi naaeiiacioenoneee oa?aeoa? nai
ii naaa — aua ia naeaeaoaeuenoai iaii?iaeueiinoe. Eiaeeeaoi?ii iaee/ey
eee ionoonoaey iaa?ioe/iinoe yaeyaony nioeeaeueiia iieiaeaiea /aeiaaea,
caaea/e, eioi?ua ii auiieiyao a iauanoaa e oaaeiiu /oanoaa e iiaaaeaiey,
?ani?ino?aiaiiua a eoeueoo?a, a eioi?ie oio i?iaeeaaao [13, n. 141].
Eiaiii naaeiiacioenoneee oa?aeoa? oeie/ai aeey iecia n?aaeiaai eeanna a
Aa?iaiee, aaea eaeaieiaey iaoeecia iaoea ioeeee.

Aiai?y ia aaoi?eoa?iii oa?aeoa?a (neiai “aaoi?eoa?iue” O?iii oiio?aaeyao
aianoi “naaeiiacioenoneee” aeaau ono?aieoue aeaiyeia oieeiaaiea), O?iii
ioia/aao, /oi iaeaieaa niaoeeoe/aneie aai /a?oie yaeyaony ioiioaiea e
aeanoe e neea. Aeey aaoi?eoa?iiai oa?aeoa?a ethaee aeaeyony ia neeueiuo
e aanneeueiuo. Neea i?eaeaeaao e aucuaaao aioiaiinoue iiae/eieoueny,
aanneeuea aucuaaao y?inoue e aeaeaiea oieceoue, ?anoiioaoue /aeiaaea.
Ae?oaay oa?aeoa?iay iniaaiiinoue — oaiaeaioeey nii?ioeaeyoueny aeanoe,
aeaaea anee aeanoue aeia?iaeaeaoaeueia e ia?ai?anneaia ii naiae iaoo?a.
Aaoi?eoa?iue oa?aeoa? ethaeo oneiaey, ia?aie/eaathuea naiaiaeo /aeiaaea,
ii n oaeiaieuenoaeai iiae/eiyaony noaeueaa. Iauay /a?oa anaai
aaoi?eoa?iiai iuoeaiey caeeth/aaony a oaaaeaeaiee, /oi aeeciue
ii?aaeaeyaony neeaie, eaaeaueie aia /aeiaaea, ca i?aaeaeaie aai
eioa?ania e aeaeaiee. Aeoeaiinoue ethaeae n aaoi?eoa?iui oa?aeoa?ii
iniiaaia ia aeoaieii /oanoaa aanneeey, eioi?ia iie iuoathony
i?aiaeieaoue. Aaoi?eoa?iay oeeinioey yaeyaony ieaeeenoe/aneie e
?aeyoeaenoneie, a iae ionoonoaoao iiiyoea ?aaainoaa [13, n. 142-148].

Iniaia aieiaiea O?iii oaeaeyao iienaieth oaeie oi?iu caaeneiinoe, eiaaea
any aeeciue /aeiaaea naycuaaaony n eaeie-eeai aiaoiae neeie, eioi?ay
iaaeaaeii caueoeo aai io anao iaianoae — “aieoaaiui iiiiuieeii”. O?aeae
enoieeiauaae yaeaiea iiaeeciaiiie caaeneiinoe io aiaoiaai iauaeoa eae
i?iaeieaeaiea ?aiieo naycae n ?iaeeoaeyie ia anth aeeciue. Yoio oaiiiai
i?iecaae ia iaai ianoieueei aieueoia aia/aoeaiea, /oi a yaeeiiaii
eiiieaena O?aeae ?acaeyaeae iniiao anao iaa?icia e n/eoae oniaoiia
i?aiaeieaiea yoiai eiiieaena aeaaiui caeiaii ii?iaeueiiai ?acaeoey.
Iaeiaei, ii iiaieth O?iiia, o?aeaeianeia oieeiaaiea oaiiiaia auei
iaaa?iui: ie naenoaeueiua aea/aiey, ie auoaeathuea ec ieo eiioeeeou ia
yaeythony iniiaie oeenaoeee aeaoae ii ioiioaieth e ?iaeeoaeyi:
iio?aaiinoue naycaoue naay n eaeei-oi neiaieii aaoi?eoaoa aucuaaaony ia
i?iaeieaeaieai ia?aiia/aeueiiai naenoaeueiiai aea/aiey e ?iaeeoaeyi, a
iiaeaaeaieai yeniaineaiinoe e niiioaiiinoe ?aaaiea e auoaeathuei
ionthaea aaniieienoaii.

Iaaethaeaiey O?iiia iieacaee, /oi nouiinoue ethaiai iaa?ica, ?aaii eae e
ii?iaeueiiai ?acaeoey, ninoaaeyao ai?ueaa ca naiaiaeo e iacaaeneiinoue.
Iiiaea “ii?iaeueiua” ethaee i?eiany a aea?oao ee/iinoue, noaee oi?ioi
i?eniiniaeaiiuie e iioiio n/eoathony ii?iaeueiuie. Iaa?ioeee aea, ii
nooe aeaea, i?iaeieaeatho nii?ioeaeyoueny iieiiio iiae/eiaieth e
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?eia? ia?ac?aoaiiiai eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo aioo?aiiae
caaeneiinoueth e no?aieaieai e naiaiaea [13, n. 150-153].

Ae?oaie iaoaieci aaanoaa, ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoue, eiaao oa aea ei?ie, /oi e
naaeiiacioeci, ii i?eioeeieaeueii ioee/aaony oai, /oi oeaeueth aa
yaeyaony oie/oiaeaiea iauaeoa: io /oanoaa nianoaaiiiai aanneeey iiaeii n
eaaeinoueth ecaaaeoueny, ?ac?ooea aanue ie? aie?oa, a oi, /oi i?e yoii
eiaeeaeae ieaaeaony a iieiii iaeeii/anoaa, ieneieueei ia i?ioeai?a/eo
aai oeaeyi — yoi eaeaaeueiia iaeeii/anoai, eiaaea oa?ica ?ac?ooaiey
ionoonoaoao aiana. ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoue auaaao aeaoo aeaeia: ?aaeoeaiay —
a ioaao ia aa?anneth ecaia, /oi anoanoaaiii, e aeoeaiay, iinoiyiii
aeeaouay a eiaeeaeaea e oieueei aeaeouay iiaiaea aeey naiaai i?iyaeaiey.
Anee ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoue ia eiaao iiae niaie i?e/ei, /aeiaae n/eoaaony
ineoe/anee iacaei?iaui, iaeiaei, eae e a neo/aa n naaeiiacioeciii,
?ac?ooeoaeueiinoue /anoi ?aoeeiiaeece?oaony. A neo/aa, anee ia oaeaaony
iaeoe iauaeo ?aaeecaoeee ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo oaiaeaioeee eiaeeaeaea, iie
iiaoo auoue iai?aaeaiu ia iaai naiiai e i?eaanoe e iiiuoea naiioaeenoaa.
Enoi/ieeii yoeo iaaaoeaiuo oaiaeaioeee oaeaea iiaoo auoue o?aaiaa e
neiaaiiinoue. Eciee?iaaiiue eiaeeaeae ia?aie/ai a naii?aaeecaoeee, aio
ia oaaoaao aioo?aiiae oaa?aiiinoe — iaiaoiaeeiiai oneiaey
naii?aaeecaoeee. I?iaeaia acaeiinayce neiaaiiinoe e ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoe
?anniao?eaaeanue O?aeaeii — a naieo iicaeieo ?aaioao ii noaaeo einoeieo
?ac?ooeoaeueiinoe ia iaeio nooiaiue n einoeieoii aeecie e aeaeaao
i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, /oi einoeieo nia?oe, iiaeieoaiiue naenoaeueiie
yia?aeae, iiaeao auoue iai?aaeai eae ia ae?oaeo iauaeoia, oae e ia
naiiai noauaeoa. E caeanue O?iii auneacuaaao ianiaeanea ni acaeyaeaie
O?aeaea: “aeieiae/aneia enoieeiaaiea ia iiaeao oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii
iauynieoue oio oaeo, /oi o?iaaiue ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoe a aunoae noaiaie
?acee/ai o ?aciuo eiaeeaeaeia e ?aciuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii.” I?e/ai a
i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoue ?acee/iuo
eiaeeaeaeia eiaao i/aiue iioiaeee o?iaaiue — oaeo, yaii iieacaiiue
O?iiiii ia i?eia?a nioeeaeueiuo a?oii Aa?iaiee. A “Aaanoaa io naiaiaeu”
O?iii ia aeaao aiaeeca i?e/ei ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoe, ii aai iiaieth,
i?iaeaia yoa e?aeia neiaeia, ii oeacuaaao eeoue iooe iienea. O?iii
n/eoaao, /oi o?iaaiue ?ac?ooeoaeueiinoe a eiaeeaeaea i?iii?oeeiiaeai
noaiaie, aei eioi?ie ia?aie/aia aai yeniaineaiinoue — iauoth
neiaaiiinoue, i?aiyonoaothuoth naii?aaeecaoeee e i?iyaeaieth anao
aiciiaeiinoae. I?e iiaeaaeaiee no?aieaiey eiaeeaeaea e aeecie aai
yia?aey o?ainoi?ie?oaony a ?ac?ooeoaeueioth. “?ac?ooeoaeueiinoue — yoi
?acoeueoao iai?iaeeoie aeecie.” [13, n. 153-158].

Ae?oaea iaoaieciu aaanoaa, ii O?iiio, ninoiyo a iieiii io?aoaiee io ie?a
eee “ineoieiae/aneii naiiaicaaee/aiee” aei oaeie noaiaie, /oi ie?
noaiiaeony iae ii n?aaiaieth n /aeiaaeii, iaeiaei iie ia i?aaenoaaeytho
eioa?ana a niunea iauanoaaiiie cia/eiinoe. Aua iaeei aaaeiue a
nioeeaeueiii ieaia iaoaieci caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eiaeeaeae
iieiinoueth onaaeaaao oei ee/iinoe, i?aaeeaaaaiue aio iauanoaii e
ia?anoaao auoue naiei niaie. Niinia yoio oa?aeoa?ai aeey ii?iaeueiuo
ethaeae a iauai?eiyoii niunea yoiai neiaa, iaeiaei a yoii neo/aa
aicieeaao i?ioeai?a/ea n i?aaenoaaeaieyie i iaoae eoeueoo?a, iaeii ec
eioi?uo caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi aieueoeinoai /eaiia iauanoaa — ee/iinoe
naiaiaeiua e iacaaeneiua. Aeaeaa O?iii noaaeo ?yae aii?inia, ia eioi?ua
iaiaoiaeeii ioaaoeoue /oiau iauynieoue i?e?iaeo “y” e ineoe/aneie
naiiauoiinoe e eo ioiioaiea e naiaiaea. Iaeei ec ieo eanaaony niunea
auneacuaaiee oeia “y aeoiath”. I?iaeaia, eioi?oth noaaeo O?iii, ia
ia?aue acaeyae aano?aeia e caeeth/aaony a i?iaa?ea oaeoa, /oi iuneue
aeaenoaeoaeueii i?eiaaeeaaeeo aiai?yuaio. Iaeiaei ia i?eia?a
aeiiioe/aneiai yenia?eiaioa O?iii iieacuaaao aiciiaeiinoue oiai, /oi ii
e?aeiae ia?a o?e ineoe/aneeo aeoa — aieaaie eiioeuen (“y oi/o”), iuneue
e /oanoai iiaoo ia i?eiaaeeaaeaoue noauaeoo. A ineoieiaee ecaanoii
yaeaiea inaaaeiiuoeaiey, eiaaea ethaee (eae i?aaeei, eiathuea
iio?aaiinoue eiaoue nianoaaiiia iiaiea) ia aii?in ec eaeie-eeai noa?u,
aaea eo ciaiey e iiuo ia?aie/aiu, ioaa/atho ni ciaieai aeaea; i?e/ai
aeaeatho yoi ia aeey nicaeaiey yooaeoa, aieaa oiai, iie ene?aiia aa?yo,
/oi yoi iiaiea i?eiaaeeaaeeo ei, oioy ia naiii aeaea yoi ia oae.
Inaaaeiiuoeaiea iiaeao auoue aiieia eiae/iui e ?aoeeiiaeueiui, eae e
?aoeeiiaeecaoeee, eiathuea oeaeueth iauynieoue aeaenoaey e /oanoaa,
iaeiaei oaeoe/anee ethaay ?aoeeiiaeecaoeey inaaaeiiuoeaiey
e??aoeeiiaeueia, oae eae ia yaeyaony iiaeeeiiui iioeaii aeaenoaey, a
eeoue auaeaao naay ca oaeiaie [13, n. 158-165].

Oi aea naiia eanaaony /oanoa e aeaeaiee. Ethaee ianoieueei i?eaueatho
iineoue iiaaaeai/aneea ianee, /oi ii i?ioanoaee a?aiaie naie ia/eiatho
aa?eoue a oi, /oi ei iaaycuaaaony — iauanoaii, ii aeieao neoaeau, ii
iieeoe/aneei niia?aaeaieyi e ae?oaei iioeaai. O?iii iieacuaaao yoi ia
i?eia?a nooaeaioa-iaaeeea, /aeiaaea, niae?athuaainy aeaieoueny e
“aanaeiai” ainiiaeeia. Onoaiiaeoue inaaaeioa?aeoa? eo /oanoa O?iiio
iiiia aiaeec niiaeaeaiee [13, n. 165-172]. Caiauaiea enoeiiie ee/iinoe
inaaaeiee/iinoueth noaayo eiaeeaeaea a iaonoie/eaia iieiaeaiea, eeoay
aai oaa?aiiinoe a naaa /a?ac iioa?th naiaai “y”.

2.7 Ineoieiaey iaoeecia

A iao/ii-iiioey?iie eeoa?aoo?a eiaaony aeaa oi/ee c?aiey ia iaoeeci: 1)
oaoeci — noaoai yeiiiieei-iieeoe/aneia niauoea, ia eiathuaa ieeaeie
nayce n ineoieiaeae e 2) oaoeci — /enoi ineoieiae/aneay i?iaeaia.
Niaeanii ia?aie oi/ea c?aiey, oaoeci — caoaao aeanoe iieeoe/aneie
ia?oeae, niaeanii aoi?ie — Aeoea? — iaiueye, a aai iineaaeiaaoaee —
ineoe/anee iao?aaiiaaoaiiua ethaee. Ii iiaieth O?iiia, i?aaeeueiay
ioeaiea oaoecia anoue neioac yoeo iiey?iuo oi/ae c?aiey. Ii oeio
?aaeoeee ia oaoeci aicieeei aeaa a?oiiu ethaeae: iaeie i?eiyee aai aac
iniaiai nii?ioeaeaiey, oioy e aac ainoi?aa io eaeaieiaee iaoeecia
(?aai/ee eeann), ae?oaea auee oaiaoe/anee i?aaeaiiu iniiaaoaeyi iiaie
eaeaieiaee (iecu n?aaeiaai eeanna) [13, n. 175-176]. Iinea i?eoiaea
Aeoea?a e aeanoe eiyeueiinoue aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey iaoeenoneiio
i?aaeoaeuenoao auea aua e oneeaia oai, /oi iiiiceoeey ia?oee iaoeenoia
iinea ?inionea ae?oaeo ia?oee noaea ?aaiicia/ia iiiiceoeee Aa?iaiee. A
oneiaeyo auai?a iaaeaeo iaeeii/anoaii e /oanoaii aaeeinoaa n Aa?iaieae
aieueoeinoai aua?aei iineaaeiaa, oioy iiiaei i?eioeeiu iaoeecia auee
/oaeaeu. Ioaao ia aii?in i oii, ii/aio iaoeenoneay eaeaieiaey ieacaeanue
i?eaeaeaoaeueia aeey iecia n?aaeiaai eeanna, neaaeoao eneaoue a
nioeeaeueiii oa?aeoa?a yoie a?oiiu ianaeaiey. Aeey i?aaenoaaeoaeae yoie
a?oiiu ia i?ioyaeaiee aeieaiai a?aiaie auee oa?aeoa?iu oaeea /a?ou, eae
ethaiaue e neeueiiio e iaiaaenoue e neaaiio, ia?aie/aiiinoue,
a?aaeaeaaiinoue, neoiinoue e aneaoeci. Iie ioee/aeenue ocinoueth
acaeyaeia, iiaeic?eoaeueiinoueth e iaiaaenoueth e iaciaeiiui, a ciaeiiua
ethaee aucuaaee o ieo caaenoeeaia ethaiiuonoai, i?e/ai caaenoue
?aoeeiiaeece?iaaeanue eae i?ac?eoaeueiia iaaiaeiaaiea; eo aeeciue auea
iniiaaia ia neoaeinoe. N?aaeiee eeann /oanoaiaae oaa?aiiinoue, iie?aynue
ia aaoi?eoaou iiia?oee, ?aeeaee e o?aaeeoeeiiiie ii?aee. Aeai?anney
iineaaiaiiuo eao oaea?eea ii n?aaeiaio eeanno iaeaieaa neeueii; iethn e
yoiio — ii?aaeaiea a aieia e iaaeaiea iiia?oee. Iinea aieiu eciaieeny
nioeeaeueiue noaoon n?aaeiaai eeanna, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai iie “eeoeeenue
?aaeinoe niio?aoue naa?oo aiec” ia ?aai/eo. A aeiaa?oaiea ei anaio
na?ueacii iino?aaeae aaoi?eoao naiuee: ii?aeue n?aaeiaai eeanna
ioaa?aaeanue iieiaeaaeueth [13, n. 177-181].

Aeoea? aue oeie/iui i?aaenoaaeoaeai iecia n?aaeiaai eeanna, a oi a?aiy
ii aue ieeai e ia eiae ieeaeeo ia?niaeoea ia aoaeouaa. Ii nai ieoao ia
yoii a “Iaei eaiio”. Ii /oanoai o?aaiae e aanneeey n?aaeiaai eeanna auei
ia aaeeinoaaiiui ineoieiae/aneei enoi/ieeii iaoeecia. E?anoueyia auee
iaaeiaieueiu naieie e?aaeeoi?aie, ?aai/ea — iinoiyiiuie ionooieaieyie,
ia/aaoeieny a 1918 a. e naieie ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie, iieiinoueth oo?aoeaoeie
no?aoaae/aneoth eieoeeaoeao. Oneiaey yoe, ieoao O?iii, ia auee i?e/eiie
iaoeecia, ii eiaiii iie noi?ie?iaaee oo /aeiaa/aneoth iniiao, aac
eioi?ie iaoeeci ia niia au ?acaeoueny. Aeoea? ieacaeny yooaeoeaiui
i?oaeeai, iioiio /oi a iai ni/aoaeenue /a?ou aiciouaiiiai ao?aeoa, n
eioi?ui iecu n?aaeiaai eeanna iiaee ioiaeaeanoaeoue naay yiioeeiiaeueii
e nioeeaeueii iaeeo/oei ia?acii e ?aiaaaoa, aioiaiai neoaeeoue eioa?anai
iaiaoeeeo i?iiuoeaiieeia. Aai aunooieaiey ia/aeenue n iaauaiee
oie/oiaeeoue oieaa?naeueiua iaaaceiu, iieiaeeoue eiiaoe aeanoe
oeiainiaiai eaieoaea e o.ae. Eae ecaanoii, iaauaiey yoe ia auee
auiieiaiu, /oi ai?i/ai, cia/aiey iniaiai ia eiaao. Ii O?iiio, iaoeeci
ieeiaaea ia eiae ie iieeoe/aneeo, ie yeiiiie/aneeo i?eioeeiia;
aaeeinoaaiiue i?eioeei iaoeecia — aai ?aaeeeaeueiue iiii?ooieci.
“Nouanoaaiii auei oi, /oi nioie ouny/ iaeeeo ao?aeoa, eioi?ua i?e
ii?iaeueiii oiaea niauoee eiaee i/aiue iaei oainia ?acaiaaoaoue eee
aeiaeoueny aeanoe, a ea/anoaa /eaiia iaoeenoneie ath?ie?aoee iieo/eee
aieueoie eiiioue aiaaonoaa e i?anoeaea, iineieueeo canoaaeee aunoea
eeannu ?acaeaeeoue n ieie yoio “ie?ia”” [13, n. 185-186]. Aaoiaeia?aoey
Aeoea?a i?ae?anii ?ane?uaaao aai aaoi?eoa?iue oa?aeoa? — oa?aeoa?,
eioi?ue, eae auei oeacaii, oa?aeoa?ecoaony iaee/eai naaeenoneeo e
iacioenoneeo no?aieaiee. A “Iaei eaiio” Aeoea? iiiaie?aoii
aeaiiino?e?oao naaeenoneia no?aieaiea e aeanoe. Ii i?yii aiai?eo, /oi
oeaeue aai e aai ia?oee — ainiiaenoai iaae ie?ii. Naith aeaaeaeo aeanoe
ii ?aoeeiiaeece?oao oai, /oi ainiiaenoai iaae ae?oaeie ia?iaeaie yeiau
i?aneaaeoao eo nianoaaiiua eioa?anu; /oi no?aieaiea e aeanoe ei?aieony a
aa/iuo caeiiao i?e?iaeu, a ii eeoue neaaeoao ei; /oi aai no?aieaiea e
ainiiaenoao — eeoue caueoa io no?aieaiey ae?oaeo e ainiiaenoao iaae iei
e iaae iaiaoeeei ia?iaeii. Ethaiaue e neeueiui e iaiaaenoue e neaaui
i?iyaeyaony a aai iaiaaeeao ia eiaeeeneeo ?aaiethoeeiia?ia e oeaeii
?yaea iieeoe/aneeo aeoia. Iacioenoneay noi?iia aeoea?ianeie eaeaieiaee
caeeth/aeanue a “i?iiuaaiee iicaia” iann: oai aiooaeinue, /oi eiaeeaeae
— ie/oi, /oi ii aeieaeai ?anoai?eoueny a aunoae neea. Naiiio?a/aiea
aea/ao ca niaie, niaeanii Aeoea?o, “ioeac io anyeiai i?aaa ia ee/iia
iiaiea, ee/iua eioa?anu, ee/iia n/anouea” [13, n. 196]. “A ia?iaeiii
ainoaea?noaa”, ieoao Aeoea? [15, n. 610], “ia?iaeiia ie?iaicc?aiea
aeieaeii a eiia/iii eoiaa i?eaanoe e oie aeaai?iaeiie aa?a, eiaaea
ethaee aoaeoo aeaeaoue naith caaea/o ia a oeo/oaiee ii?iaeu niaae,
eioaaeae e eioae, a a aicauoaiee naiiai /aeiaa/anoaa; y?o, eiaaea iaeei
aoaeao niciaoaeueii e iie/aeeai io?aeaoueny, a ae?oaie — ?aaeinoii
ioaeaaaoue e aea?oaiaaoue” — oeeoe?oaony ii [13, n. 196]. O?iii
iiaeia/aao, /oi ?ieue aoi?ie /anoe ethaeae, “?aaeinoii ioaeaaaoue e
aea?oaiaaoue”, cao/eo eae-oi i/aiue iioiaea ia ?ieue ia?auo e
auneacuaaao iuneue, /oi Aeoea? niae?aeny n?aaieoue iannu n i?aaeoaeai,
eioi?ue aeieaeai i?aaeoue, ii ?aoee niya/eoue oii e iaoae ae?oaea neiaa.
Iacioenoneea iaeeiiiinoe iaia?oaeeaathony e o naiiai Aeoea?a: aunoea
neeu, eioi?ui ii iieeiiyaony, — yoi Aia, Noaeueaa, Iaiaoiaeeiinoue,
Enoi?ey e I?e?iaea. Ii nouanoao, yoi neiaie iiaeaaeythuae neeu.

Oaeei ia?acii, a ienaieyo Aeoea?a i?ineaaeeaathony aeaa oaiaeaioeee:
aeaaeaea aeanoe iaae ethaeueie e iio?aaiinoue a iiae/eiaiee
iiaeaaeythuae aiaoiae neea. Yoa eaeaieiaey au?inea ec aai ee/iinoe —
/oanoai iaiieiioeaiiinoe, iaiaaenoue e aeecie, aneaoeci e caaenoue e
oai, eoi aeeaao ii?iaeueiie aeeciueth, auee ii/aie aai
naaeenonei-iacioenoneeo no?aieaiee. A caeeth/aiea O?iii noaaeo aii?inu i
oii, ia oaeiaeaoai?yao ee iaoeeci i?e aeaiiuo ineoieiae/aneeo oneiaeyo
yiioeeiiaeueiua iio?aaiinoe ianaeaiey e ia yaeyaony ee yoa
ineoieiae/aneay ooieoeey oaeoi?ii, oe?aieythuei aai onoie/eainoue. Ioaao
ia iniiaa neacaiiiai aaoi?ii iiaeao auoue oieueei io?eoeaoaeueiui.
I?ioeann ia?ano?ieee iauanoaa eaeao 400 eao, e /aeiaa/aneay
eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey — ?ac?ua ia?ae/iuo oc — iaia?aoeia. Iiiaea ia
auaea?aeeaatho iiaie iaaaoeaiie naiaiaeu e ecaaaatho aa, iaoiaey iiaoth
caaeneiinoue-caiaieoaeue ia?ae/iuo oc, ieaoeoue ca eioi?oth i?eoiaeeony
ioeacii io oeaeinoiinoe naiaai “y”. E ia niio?y ia iieioth oaa?aiiinoue
eiaeeaeaea a naiai aeia?iaieueiii iiae/eiaiee, iaaeaeo iei e
aaoi?eoaoaie inoaaony iai?aiaeieeiue ?ac?ua, eaea/auee aai aeeciue [13,
n. 200]. Ii iiaieth O?iiia, iaaeaeo aaoi?eoa?iie eaeaieiaeae e ooieoeeae
iaa?ioe/aneeo neiioiiia anoue oaniay naycue. I?e/eiie iiyaeaiey
neiioiiia yaeythony iaauiineiua ineoieiae/aneea oneiaey, neiioiiu
i?aaeeaaatho ?aoaiey, aeaeathuea aeeciue oa?ieiie; ?aoaiey, aaaeouaai e
n/anoueth e ?acaeoeth ee/iinoe iie ia aeatho, oae eae ia ono?aiytho
aucaaaoeo eo oneiaee. Oae aea e aaoi?eoa?iua nenoaiu ia iiaoo
eeeaeaee?iaaoue ie iniiaiua oneiaey, ii?iaeaeathuea no?aieaiea e
naiaiaea, ie no?aieaiea e naiaiaea, auoaeathuaa ec yoeo oneiaee.

2.8 Naiaiaea a oneiaeyo aeaiie?aoee

Iineaaeiyy aeaaa eieae iinayuaia aiaeeco naiaiaeu eiaeeaeaea a
aeaiie?aoe/aneii iauanoaa. N/eoaaony, /oi ionoonoaea aiaoiae aeanoe
i?eaaei e ?acaeoeth eiaeeaeaeoaeecia. Aeaeaa O?iii aeaeaao o?acaia
caia/aiea i oii, /oi “i?aai au?aaeaoue naie iunee eiaao niune oieueei a
oii neo/aa, anee iu niiniaiu eiaoue nianoaaiiua iunee” [13, n. 201].
Naiaiaea io aiaoiae aeanoe noaiiaeony aeinoiyieai oieueei a oii neo/aa,
eiaaea aioo?aiiea ineoieiae/aneea oneiaey iicaieytho ooaa?aeeoue naith
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue. Aeey ioaaoa ia aii?in i oii, ianeieueei aeecei
iauanoai iiaeioei e yoie /a?oa, iaiaoiaeeii iniciaoue, a eaeie noaiaie
eoeueoo?a ieoaao oaiaeaioeeth e eiioi?iecio. Iiaeaaeaiea niiioaiiuo
/oanoa ia/eiaaony a ?aiiai aic?anoa. I?ienoiaeeo yoi a i?ioeanna
ainieoaiey, iniiaiay caaea/a eioi?iai — eeeaeaee?iaaoue
aioaaiienoe/aneoth ?aaeoeeth aeaoae a ?acoeueoaoa eiioeeeoia n
ie?oaeathuei ie?ii, ia?aie/eaathueo eo yeniaineaiinoue, iineieueeo ei —
neaaie noi?iia — i?eoiaeeony iiei?youeny. Iaoiaeu ainieoaiey iiaoo
auoue ?acee/iuie: io oa?ic aei iiaeeoia, /oi niouaao aeaoae e canoaaeyao
ioeacaoueny io a?aaeaeaaiinoe. I?e yoii nia/aea ?aaaiie ioeacuaaaony io
au?aaeaiey naieo /oanoa, a a eiioea eiioeia — e io naieo /oanoa. Iiieii
yoiai ii o/eony iiaeaaeyoue iniciaiea a?aaeaeaaiinoe eee iaene?aiiinoe
ae?oaeo ethaeae. E?iia yoiai, ?aaaiea o/ao i?iyaeyoue /oanoaa, eioi?ua
ia i?eiaaeeaaeao aio: ethaeoue ethaeae, auoue iae?eoe/ii ae?oaeaethaiui,
oeuaaoueny e o.ae. Oi, /oi oniaaatho “cai?ia?aiie?iaaoue” ?iaeeoaee a
aeaoneii aic?anoa, aeiaa?oaao nioeeaeueiue i?ioeann. *oi naiia no?aoiia,
a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa /aeiaae ia?anoaao iniciaaaoue, /oi iiaeiaiia
iieaciia ae?oaeaethaea — anaai eeoue aeano, aianoa n yoei, ii iiaieth
O?iiia, i?ienoiaeeo iioa?y niiniaiinoe ioee/aoue inaaaei/oanoai io
niiioaiiiai ae?oaeaethaey.

Ia oieueei a?aaeaeaaiinoue iiaeaa?aaaony iiaeaaeaieth, e ia oieueei
ae?oaeaethaea oaeaaaony auioaeaeaiiie iiaeaeaeeie. Iiaeaaeyaony oe?ieee
niaeo? niiioaiiuo yiioeee. Eaeaae iaoaai a?aiaie — aeeoue e iuneeoue
aac yiioeee; yiioeeiiaeueiinoue noaea neiaieii iao?aaiiaaoaiiinoe eee
aeooaaiiai iacaei?iauey. Iniaia aieiaiea O?iii oaeaeyao /oanoao
o?aaaaeee. Iniciaiea o?aae/aneeo noi?ii aeecie yaeyaony iaeiei ec
iniiaiuo naienoa /aeiaaea. A ?aciuo aa?io/aieyo e eoeueoo?ao nia?oe
i?eaeaaaeinue ?acee/iia cia/aiea. A iaoae yiioa nia?oue io?eoeaaony,
aianoi oiai, /oiau i?aa?aoeoue iniciaiea nia?oe a noeioe aeecie. A
?acoeueoaoa iniciaiea nia?oe iiaeaaeyaony, e a ian aeeaao no?ao nia?oe,
eioi?ue yaeyaony iaeiie ec i?e/ei aaaeiinoe ia?aaeeaaiee e iauyniyao, ii
iiaieth O?iiia, “iaaa?iyoiua noiiu, eioi?ua ethaee ieaoyo ca naie
iioi?iiu” [13, n. 205]. Iaiaeiicia/ioth ?ieue, ii iiaieth O?iiia, ea?aao
a iiaeaaeaiee yiioeee nia?aiaiiay ineoeao?ey. N iaeiie noi?iiu, O?aeae
oeacae iooue i?iieeiiaaiey a iioaaiiua oaieee niciaiey, n ae?oaie
noi?iiu, noa?aieyie ineoeao?ia e ineoiaiaeeoeeia nicaeai ia?ac
“ii?iaeueiiai” /aeiaaea. *a?ou oa?aeoa?a e oeiu ee/iinoae, ia
iiaeoiaeyuea iiae yoio noaiaea?o, iaicia/athony eae eioaioeeueiua eee
iaa?ioe/aneea. Ii O?iiio, aeeyiea oaeie e?eoeee iaiiiai iianiaa, oae eae
enoiaeeo iia ia io eiie?aoiiai /aeiaaea eee aeieo?eiu, a io iaoee, n
eioi?ie ai?ioueny iaaiciiaeii.

Oaeiio aea eneaaeaieth iiaeaa?aaaony e iuoeaiea. N ia?auo oaaia iao/aiey
o /aeiaaea ioaeaatho aeaeaiea naiinoiyoaeueii aeoiaoue, ii eee a neeo
oiai, /oi aeaeaiey ?aaaiea ia i?eieiathony ana?ueac, eee a neeo ieioiai
iano?iaiey, iiiaea aii?inu iaoiaeyony noi?iiie. Aeaeaa, a oeiea e
eieeaaeaea, iiaeaaeaiea naiinoiyoaeueiiai iuoeaiey aua aieueoa
?anoe?yaony: o/aieeia iaycuaatho caiiieiaoue /anoi nioie ieeae ia
naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie oaeoia, aianoi oiai, /oiau o/eoue aeoiaoue.
Ae?oaie niinia iiaeaaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueiiai iuoeaiey —
ioiineoaeueiinoue anyeie enoeiu. Ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi enoeia — aauue
noauaeoeaiay, /oi iao/iia iuoeaiea aeieaeii auoue ioaeaeaii io
noauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia, /oi aai caaea/a caeeth/aaony a enneaaeiaaiee ie?a
aac i?eno?anoey e caeioa?aniaaiiinoe. Yoio ?aeyoeaeci, ecaanoiue oaeaea
eae iiceoeaeci e yiie?eci, i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iuoeaiea oa?yao
iniiaiie noeioe — caeioa?aniaaiiinoue iuneeoaey; o/aiue i?aa?auaaony a
iaoeio ?aaeno?aoeee oaeoia. Enoeia — neeueiia i?oaeea, ii ioaeia iia ia
oieueei aeey oiai, /oiau i?eaioe?iaaoueny ai aiaoiai ie?a, aai
nianoaaiiay neea a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaeneo io oiai, ianeieueei ii
ciaao enoeio i naiii naaa. “”Iiciae naiiai naay””, — ieoao O?iii,
“anoue iaeia ec aeaaiuo caiiaaaeae neeu e n/anouey /aeiaaea” [13, n.
208]. A aeiaaaeaiea e yoei oaeoi?ai nouanoaoao ianna ae?oaeo,
niaeaenoaothueo oie/oiaeaieth inoaoeia niiniaiinoe e naiinoiyoaeueiiio
iuoeaieth. *anoi ineoieiae/aneea, yeiiiie/aneea, iieeoe/aneea e
ii?aeueiua i?iaeaiu caooiaieaathony ianoieueei, /oi o aieueoeinoaa
ethaeae nicaeaaony eiaeiia aia/aoeaiea, /oi ?acia?aoueny a ieo iiaeao
oieueei niaoeeaeeno. ?acoeueoao yoiai aeeyiey — aeaiyeee: eee iieiue
neaioeoeeci a ioiioaiee anaai, /oi ieoaony e aiai?eony, eee aaniethoiia
aeiaa?ea anaio, /oi i?aiiaeiineony n aeinoaoi/iui aieiiaii. Aua iaeiei
oaeoi?ii yaeyaony ?ac?ooaiea oeaeinoiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i ie?a. A?aae
?acii?iaeiuo iiainoae, ia?ooeaathueeny ia ian, ia?aiaoaiiue e oiio aea n
?aeeaiie i?eaiaeeo, ii iiaieth O?iiia, e iioa?a nayce n oneuoaiiui, iii
eae au ia?anoaao ian eanaoueny; niciaiea ia?anoaao ?aaae?iaaoue ia
i?ienoiaeyuaa a ie?a.

Oi aea naiia eanaaony e aeaeaiee. Eacaeinue au, iaaeinoaoea a aeaeaieyo
o nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea iao, e iauanoai ia?aie/eaaao eeoue oa, eioi?ua
i?eaiaeyo e yaiiio i?e/eiaieth a?aaea ae?oaei ethaeyi. Iaeiaei iiiaea
ethaee ?aii eee iicaeii caaeathony aii?inii, ii/aio iie no?aiyony
aeinoe/ue oao eee eiuo oeaeae. Anee oaeie aii?in iiyaeyaony, oi ii
ioaaao, oae eae cao?aaeaaao iniiao aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea — ciaiea
oiai, /oi ii oi/ao. Iioiio ethaee no?aiyony iinei?aa caauoue yoio aii?in
e i?iaeieaeeoue iiaiith ca oeaeyie, eioi?ua iie n/eoatho naieie [13, n.
210]. Nia?aiaiiue /aeiaae aeeaao a ninoiyiee eeethcee, aoaeoi ii ciaao,
/aai oi/ao. Ia naiii aeaea ii oi/ao oiai, /oi aeieaeai oioaoue a
niioaaonoaee n iauai?eiyoui oaaeiiii. Ciaoue naie iiaeeeiiua aeaeaiey,
ieoao O?iii, ai?acaei o?oaeiaa, /ai eaaeaony; yoi iaeia ec o?oaeiaeoeo
i?iaeai /aeiaa/aneiai auoey. Ii?aaeaeeoue, ianeieueei iaoe aeaeaiey ia
yaeythony iaoeie nianoaaiiuie, i/aiue neiaeii; i?e/ai neiaeiinoue yoa
oanii naycaia n i?iaeaiie aeanoe e naiaiaeu. A oiaea iiaie enoi?ee
aeanoue oea?eae niaieeanue aeanoueth ainoaea?noaa, aeanoue ainoaea?noaa
niaieeanue aeanoueth niaanoe, aeanoue niaanoe naaiaeiy auoaniaia
aiiieiiie aeanoueth cae?aaiai niunea e iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey. Iu
i?aa?aoeeenue a ?iaioia, ieoao O?iii, ii aeeaai iiae aeeyieai eeethcee,
/oi iu — naiinoiyoaeueiua eiaeeaeaeu. Yoa eeethcey iiiiaaao nio?aieoue
iainiciaiiinoue iaoaa?aiiinoe, ii ia aieaa oiai [13, n. 211].

Iioa?y nianoaaiiie nouiinoe i?aa?auaao eiioi?iecaoeeth a eiia?aoea:
/aeiaae iiaeao auoue oaa?ai a naaa, oieueei anee aeeaao a niioaaonoaee n
iaeeaeaieyie ae?oaeo, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa eiaaony ?ene iioa?youe
ineoe/aneia caei?iauea. I?eniinaaeeaaynue e iauanoaaiiiio oaaeiio,
iiaeii aeooeoue niiiaiey ii iiaiaeo nianoaaiiie nouiinoe e i?eia?anoe
oaa?aiiinoue, ii oeaia auniea: ioeac io naiae niiioaiiinoe,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe e naiaiaeu. Inoaaony yiioeeiiaeueii ia?oaue
aeieiae/aneee ?iaio.

Oae /oi aea icia/aao naiaiaea aeey nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea? *aeiaae noae
naiaiaeai io aiaoieo naycae. Ii iia au aeaenoaiaaoue ii naiae aiea, anee
au ciae, /aai ii ia naiii aeaea oi/ao. Aianoi yoiai ii i?eniinaaeeaaaony
e aiiieiiie aeanoe e onaaeaaao “y”, ieneieueei ia io?aaeathuaa aai
nianoaaiioth nouiinoue. Aii?aee aeaeeiiio aeaaiiieo/eth, nia?aiaiiue
/aeiaae iiaeaaeai aeoaieei /oanoaii aanneeey e ianneaii ano?a/aao
iaaeaeaathueany eaoano?iou.

Aiciiaeii ee ninoiyiea iiceoeaiie naiaiaeu, a eioi?ii eiaeeaeae
nouanoaoao eae iacaaeneiay ee/iinoue, ii ia eciee?iaaiiay, a
niaaeeiaiiay n ie?ii, ae?oaeie ethaeueie e i?e?iaeie? I?eia?aoaiea oaeie
naiaiaeu aiciiaeii, ii O?iiio, /a?ac ?aaeecaoeeth naiae ee/iinoe. N
oi/ee c?aiey eaeaaeenoia, ee/iinoue iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaaia oieueei
oneeeyie eioaeeaeoa, eiaaea ?acoi iiaeaaeyao e iiaeaao /aeiaa/aneoth
iaoo?o. Iaeiaei i?e yoii ?acoi noaiiaeony ocieeii, e iaa noi?iiu (?acoi
e /oanoaa) eaea/ao ae?oa ae?oaa. O?iii iieaaaao, /oi naii?aaeecaoeey
aeinoeaaaony iooai aeoeaiiai i?iyaeaiey anao yiioeeiiaeueiuo
aiciiaeiinoae. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, iiceoeaiay naiaiaea caeeth/aaony a
niiioaiiie aeoeaiinoe anae oeaeinoiie ee/iinoe /aeiaaea. I?iaeaia
niiioaiiinoe — o?oaeiaeoay i?iaeaia ineoieiaee, ii O?iii aeaao
neaaeothuaa ii?aaeaeaiea. Niiioaiiay aeoeaiinoue — yoi ia auioaeaeaiiay
aeoeaiinoue, iaaycaiiay eiaeeaeaeo aai ecieyoeeae e aanneeeai; yoi ia
aeoeaiinoue ?iaioa, iaoneiaeaiiay iae?eoe/aneei aini?eyoeai oaaeiiia,
aiooaaiuo ecaia. Niiioaiiay aeoeaiinoue — yoi naiaiaeiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ee/iinoe. I?aaeiinueeie niiioaiiinoe yaeyaony
eeeaeaeaoeey ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo ?acoiii e iaoo?ie. Ii iiaieth O?iiia,
i?eia?ii niiioaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeythony ooaeiaeieee (a oe?ieii
niunea) e aeaoe.

Nae?ao oiai, /oi i?iaeaio naiaiaeu ?aoaao niiioaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue,
e?iaony, ii iiaieth O?iiia, a ethaae e o?oaea. A ethaae, eioi?ay
yaeyaony aeia?iaieueiui nithcii ia iniiaa nio?aiaiey nianoaaiiie
ee/iinoe. Ae?oaay ninoaaiay /anoue niiioaiiinoe, o?oae, aeieaeai auoue
oai?/aneei, a ia auioaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth n oeaeueth ecaaaeaiey
io iaeeii/anoaa. Iniiaiia i?ioeai?a/ea, i?enouaa naiaiaea, — ?iaeaeaiea
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe e aieue iaeeii/anoaa — ?ac?aoaaony niiioaiiinoueth
anae aeecie /aeiaaea. I?e anyeie niiioaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eiaeeaeae
neeaaaony n ie?ii, ii aai ee/iinoue i?e yoii noaiiaeony neeueiaa,
iineieueeo iia aeayoaeueia. Iaeaaeaiea oeaiiinoyie neeu ia aeaao.
Oieueei ea/anoaa, eioi?ua auoaeatho ec niiioaiiie aeoeaiinoe, i?eaeatho
ee/iinoe neeo e oai naiui oi?ie?otho iniiao aa iieiioeaiiinoe.
Ianiiniaiinoue aea aeaenoaiaaoue niiioaiii, au?aaeaoue iiaeeeiiua iunee
e /oanoaa e auoaeathuay ec yoiai iaiaoiaeeiinoue aunooiaoue iiae ianeie
inaaaeiee/iinoe yaeythony, ii O?iiio, enoi/ieeii /oanoaa neaainoe e
iaiieiioeaiiinoe. Ec yoiai neaaeoao, /oi aaaeia eiaiii aeayoaeueiinoue
naia ii naaa, a ia aa ?acoeueoao; a iauanoaa aea iauai?eiyoie yaeyaony
i?ioeaiiieiaeiay oi/ea c?aiey. Anee /aeiaae ieacuaaaony niiniaai aeeoue
ia aaoiiaoe/anee, a niiioaiii, oi aai niiiaiey en/acatho. *aeiaae
iniciaao naay eae oai?/aneoth ee/iinoue e iiieiaao, /oi o aeecie anoue
eeoue iaeei niune — naia aeeciue [13, n. 219]. Neeaoenue n ie?ii a aeoa
niiioaiiie ?aaeecaoeee naiae aeecie, eiaeeaeae ia?aoaao oaa?aiiinoue;
oaa?aiiinoue, ioee/ioth io oie, eioi?ay auea oa?aeoa?ia aeey
aeieiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ninoiyiey: iiaay oaa?aiiinoue ia iniiaaia ia
caueoa eiaeeaeaea aunoae neeie, iia ia eaii?e?oao o?aae/aneoth noi?iio
aeecie. Iiaay oaa?aiiinoue aeeiaie/ia; iia iniiaaia ia niiioaiiie
aeoeaiinoe naiiai /aeiaaea. Yoi oaa?aiiinoue, eioi?oth iiaeao aeaoue
oieueei naiaiaea, e iia ia ioaeaeaaony a eeethceyo, iineieueeo ono?aieea
oneiaey, aucaaaoea iio?aaiinoue a yoeo eeethceyo.

Iiceoeaiay naiaiaea eae ?aaeecaoeey ee/iinoe iiae?acoiaaaao
aaciaiai?i/iia i?eciaiea oieeaeueiinoe eiaeeaeaea. I?aaie/iia ?acaeoea
eiaeeaeaea aiciiaeii oieueei i?e oneiaee iaeaunoaai oaaaeaiey e
iniaaiiinoyi ee/iinoe — eae /oaeie, oae e nianoaaiiie. Iiceoeaiay
naiaiaea oaeaea iinooee?oao, /oi /aeiaae yaeyaony oeaio?ii e oeaeueth
naiae aeecie; /oi ?acaeoea aai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe, ?acaeoea ee/iinoe —
yoi aunoay oeaeue, eioi?ay ia iiaeao auoue iiae/eiaia ae?oaei, yeiau
aieaa aeinoieiui oeaeyi [13, n. 220]. Eiaaea O?iii aiai?eo, /oi /aeiaae
ia aeieaeai auoue iiae/eiai /aio-oi aunoaio, ii ia oiaeyao cia/aiey
eaeaaeia, a, iaiai?io, ooaa?aeaeaao aai. ?ani?ino?aiaiiia iiiyoea
eaeaaea eae oeaee, aeinoeaeaiea eioi?ie ia i?eiineo auaiaeu, yaeyaony
ineoieiae/aneie e iioiio ?aeyoeaenoneie eiioeaioeeae: a yoii niunea
oaoeno e ai?aoe ca naiaiaeo — iaeii e oi aea. Ii O?iiio, nouanoaotho
iiaeeeiiua eaeaaeu, eioi?ua au?aaeatho no?aieaiea e aua ia
aeinoeaiooiio, ii iaiaoiaeeiiio aeey ?acaeoey e n/anouey eiaeeaeaea.

Aeey iiieiaiey oiai, /oi iiiaeanoai ethaeae iineaaeiaaei oaoenoneei
eaeaaeai, iai?aaeaiiui i?ioea aeecie, iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue ?yae
aii?inia. Ai-ia?auo, yaeaiea iacioecia aeieacuaaao, /oi no?aaeaiea eee
iiae/eiaiea iiaeao i?eaeaeaoue ethaeae [13, n. 222]. Aiaeec iacioenoneeo
yaeaiee iieacuaaao, /oi ianeaaeaeaiea iiaeao auoue neaaenoaeai
iaoieiae/aneiai eca?auaiey, eiei yaeyaony oyaa e oiio, /oi a?aaeeo
aeecie.

Eoae, iiaeeeiiue eaeaae ii O?iiio anoue oeaeue, aeinoeaeaiea eioi?ie
niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth, naiaiaea e n/anoueth ee/iinoe. E??aoeeiiaeueiua
oeaee, aeinoeaeaiea eioi?uo a?aaeii aeey aeecie, yaeythony eiaeiuie
eaeaaeaie. Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi iiaeeeiiue eaeaae — io/aoeeaia
au?aaeaiea iaeaieaa iieiiai ooaa?aeaeaiey ee/iinoe. Ethaie “eaeaae”,
i?ioeai?a/auee yoiio, ieacuaaaony oeaeueth iaoieiae/aneiai no?aieaiey.

Ai-aoi?uo, iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue aii?in i naiiiiaea?oaiaaiee.
Naiiiiaea?oaiaaiea, ii iiaieth O?iiia, iiaeao auoue ?aciui. Iaeii aeaei
— eiaaea a ?acoeueoaoa eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo iio?aaiinoyie oece/aneiai “y”
e no?aieaieyie ineoe/aneiai “y” naiiiiaea?oaiaaiea yaeyaony
aaeeinoaaiiui auoiaeii, iaania/eaathuei naiiooaa?aeaeaiea aeooiaiie
nouiinoe. Ae?oaia aeaei — eiaaea naiiiiaea?oaiaaiea aicaiaeeony a ?aia
oeaee nouanoaiaaiey. Yoi naiia ianoiyuaa eca?auaiea iiaeeeiiiai
naiiiiaea?oaiaaiey, eioi?ia i?aaeiieaaaao iai?aeeiiiia no?aieaiea e
aeooiaiie oeaeinoiinoe. Iiaeao aicieeiooue e aii?in i oii, ia i?eaaaeao
ee naiaiaea eiaeeaeaeia e iai?eciaiea eie ieeaeie aeanoe e iiaaeueiie
aia?oee? Ioaao ia yoio aii?in caaeneo io oiai, niia eiaeeaeae
?aaeeciaaoue naith nouiinoue, ia?aoy oaeei ia?acii iiceoeaioth naiaiaeo,
eee aea iioiioe a io/eia aanneeey e niiiaiee [13, n. 224].

Iniiaiay iuneue eieae O?iiia caeeth/aaony a aeaienoaaiiinoe naiaiaeu
aeey nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea: ii inaiaiaeeeny io i?aaeiae aeanoe e
i?aa?aoeeny a “eiaeeaeaea”, ii a oi aea a?aiy noae eciee?iaai e
aanneeai, noae i?oaeeai aiaoieo oeaeae. Oaeia ninoiyiea iiae?uaaao
/aeiaa/aneoth ee/iinoue. Iiceoeaiay aea naiaiaea icia/aao iieioth
?aaeecaoeeth niiniaiinoae eiaeeaeaea, aeaao aiciiaeiinoue aeeoue aeoeaii
e niiioaiii. Naiaiaea aeinoeaea e?eoe/aneie oi/ee, a eioi?ie iia iiaeao
i?aa?aoeoueny a naith i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue. Aoaeouaa aeaiie?aoee caaeneo
io ?aaeecaoeee eiaeeaeaeoaeecia. Naiaiaea iiaeao iiaaaeeoue oieueei a
oii neo/aa, anee aeaiie?aoey ?aciaueaony a iauanoai, a eioi?ii
eiaeeaeae, aai ?acaeoea e n/anouea noaioo oeaeueth e niuneii. I?iaeaia,
n eioi?ie iauanoai noieeioeinue naaiaeiy — oaeay i?aaiecaoeey
nioeeaeueiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo nee, /oiau /aeiaae noae eo oicyeiii. Iooue
?aoaiey, ii iiaieth O?iiia, caeeth/aaony a nio?aiaiee aeinoeaeaiee
nia?aiaiiie aeaiie?aoee e aa i?ia?anna a iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey naiaiaeu,
eieoeeaoeau e niiioaiiinoe eiaeeaeaea; i?e/ai ia oieueei a ee/iuo
oeaeyo, ii i?aaeaea anaai a aai o?oaea. Iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeey yoiai
yaeyaony iauanoai n ieaiiaie yeiiiieeie, eioi?ay iicaieeea au
iauaaeeiyoue e eiioeaio?e?iaaoue oneeey anaai iauanoaa. Iauanoai
aeieaeii iaeaaeaoue nioeeaeueiuie i?ioeannaie oae aea, eae iii iaeaaeaei
i?e?iaeiuie i?ioeannaie. Aeaaiia oneiaea aeey yoiai — oie/oiaeaiea
oaeiie aeanoe iaaieueoie eo/ee aeaeueoeia, oicyeie/athueo a yeiiiieea,
ia ioaa/ay ie ca /oi. Aaaeii nicaeaoue ?aoeeiiaeueioth yeiiiie/aneoth
nenoaio, eioi?ay neoaeeea au eioa?anai ia?iaea. Aaaeii, /oiau eiaeeaeaeo
auea i?aaeinoaaeaia aiciiaeiinoue iiaeeeiiie aeoeaiinoe i?e auiieiaiee
naiae ?aaiou [13, n. 225-226].

Ia aii?in i oii, niinianoaoao ee iaeay yeiiiie/aneay eee iieeoe/aneay
nenoaia aeaeo naiaiaeu, iaeuecy ioaaoeoue n oi/ee c?aiey iaeiie eeoue
iieeoeee eee yeiiiieee. Aaeeinoaaiiue e?eoa?ee ?aaeecaoeee naiaiaeu —
aeoeaiia o/anoea eiaeeaeaea a ii?aaeaeaiee naiae nianoaaiiie noaeueau e
aeecie iauanoaa ia oieueei aeoii aieiniaaiey, ii anae iianaaeiaaiie
?aaioie, ioiioaieyie n ae?oaeie ethaeueie. A yoii e caeeth/aaony, ii
iiaieth O?iiia, ooiaeaiaioaeueiia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo aeaiie?aoeae e
oaoeciii. Aeaiie?aoey — nenoaia, nicaeathuay yeiiiie/aneea,
iieeoe/aneea e eoeueoo?iua oneiaey aeey iieiiai ?acaeoey eiaeeaeaea.
Oaoeci — nenoaia, canoaaeythuay eiaeeaeaea iiae/eieoueny aiaoiei oeaeyi
e ineaaeythuay ?acaeoea aai iiaeeeiiie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe [13, n. 228].

Aeaaiay i?iaeaia ia iooe iino?iaiey iiaeeeiiie aeaiie?aoee caeeth/aaony,
ii O?iiio, a o?oaeiinoe niaiauaiey ieaiiaie yeiiiieee n aeoeaiui
nio?oaeie/anoaii eaaeaeiai eiaeeaeaea. Ieaiiaay yeiiiieea iiae?acoiaaaao
oeaio?aeecaoeeth e nicaeaiea ath?ie?aoe/aneiai aiia?aoa, niiniaiiai
oi?aaeyoue yoie iaoeiie. Aeey iaania/aiey aea aeoeaiiai o/anoey eaaeaeie
“eeaoi/ee” a iauai aeaea, iaiaoiaeeia aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey.

“Oieueei eiaaea /aeiaae iaeaaeaao iauanoaii e iiae/eieo yeiiiie/aneoth
iaoeio oeaeyi /aeiaa/aneiai n/anouey, oieueei eiaaea ii aoaeao aeoeaii
o/anoaiaaoue a nioeeaeueiii i?ioeanna, oieueei oiaaea ii niiaeao
i?aiaeieaoue i?e/eiu naiaai iuiaoiaai io/ayiey: iaeeii/anoai e /oanoai
aanneeey. Naaiaeiy /aeiaae no?aaeaao ia oieueei io aaaeiinoe, neieueei
io oiai, /oi i?aa?aoeeny a aeioee aeaaioneie iaoeiu, a ?iaioa, io oiai,
/oi aeeciue aai eeoeeanue niunea. Iiaaaea iaae aaoi?eoa?iuie nenoaiaie
anao aeaeia noaiao aiciiaeia eeoue a oii neo/aa, anee aeaiie?aoey aoaeao
ia ionooiaoue, a ianooiaoue, inouanoaeyy oa oeaee, e eioi?ui no?aieeenue
ai?oeu ca naiaiaeo a oa/aiea iineaaeieo noieaoee. Aeaiie?aoey iiaaaeeo
neeu ieaeeecia eeoue a oii neo/aa, anee niiaeao aaeioiooue a ethaeae
naioth neeueioth aa?o, ia eioi?oth niiniaai /aeiaae, — aa?o a aeeciue,
i?aaaeo e naiaiaeo — a naiaiaeo aeoeaiie e niiioaiiie ?aaeecaoeee
/aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe.” Aio ia oaeie iioeienoe/anee-iio/eoaeueiie iioa
caeai/eaaao naie o?oae “Aaanoai io naiaiaeu” iaiaoeei-aia?eeaineee
oeeinio, ineoieia e nioeeieia Y?eo O?iii.

2.9 Oai?aoe/aneea iniiau ineoiaiaeeca O?iiia

Ioaeaeueioth aeaao O?iii iinayuaao iienaieth oai?aoe/aneeo iniia, ia
eioi?uo iino?iai aai aiaeec. Iaeii ec aaciauo iiiyoee, eniieuecoaiuo
O?iiiii — nioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? — anoue niaieoiiinoue /a?o oa?aeoa?a,
iauay aeey aieueoeinoaa /eaiia a?oiiu e aicieeoay a ?acoeueoaoa iaueo
aeey ieo ia?aaeeaaiee e iauaai ia?aca aeecie [13, n. 230]. Iiiyoea
nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a yaeyaony eeth/aaui aeey iiieiaiey iauanoaaiiuo
i?ioeannia, oae eae ii ii?aaeaeyao iunee, /oanoaa e aeaenoaey
eiaeeaeaea. Iniai aaaeai oio oaeo, /oi eaeae eiatho yiioeeiiaeueioth
no?oeoo?o: ?aciua iauanoaa e eoeueoo?u eiatho ?aciua oa?aeoa?u, ia
iniiaa eioi?iai ?acaeaathony ?acee/iua eaeae (iaoeeci, i?ioanoaionoai,
eaeueaeieci e ae?.). A oneiaeyo, eiaaea eaeay ioaa/aao niaoeeoe/aneei
iio?aaiinoyi ethaeae aeaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, iia iiaeao noaoue
iiaouanoaaiiie neeie [13, n. 233] — O?iii aeieacuaaao yoio oaeo ia
i?eia?a Aa?iaiee: i?iaae oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo eaeae nioeeaeecia e
eiiioiecia iiae iaoeneii iaoeecia, i?iecioaaeoee ii i?e/eia iaaioiaiinoe
?aai/eo e ionoaeaaieth naieo eaeae, i?e/eia eioi?ie — aaoi?eoa?iue
oa?aeoa? iaiaoeeeo ?aai/eo. A neeo aeoaiei neaeyuaai a ieo ii/oaiey e
aeanoe iie ia aeaeaee ia naiii aeaea eiaoue ee/ioth iacaaeneiinoue.

Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii no?oeoo?a ee/iinoe ii?aaeaeyao aeaenoaey /aeiaaea.
O?iii ioia/aao caneoao O?aeaea a ioe?uoee yoiai oaeoa, ii ia i?eciaao
aai oai?aoe/aneia iainiiaaiea. “*oi aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea
ii?aaeaeyaony aeiieiaioiuie oaiaeaioeeyie no?oeoo?u ee/iinoe — yoi
niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii o iaa?ioeeia”, — ieoao O?iii. “Eiaaea /aeiaae
eniuouaaao iio?aaiinoue n/eoaoue ieia aeiiia eee eaiie ia iinoiaie,
iao?oaeii iiiyoue, /oi a iniiaa yoie iio?aaiinoe eaaeao eaeea-oi
i?eioaeeoaeueiua aioo?aiiea aea/aiey” [13, n. 234]. A ea/anoaa
eiio?aeiaiaea O?iii iainiiauaaao iaoneiaeaiiinoue ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
iiaaaeaiey no?oeoo?ie ee/iinoe eiaeeaeaea ia i?eia?a iaoieiae/aneie oyae
e iinoiyiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aucaaiiie iaeeii/anoaii e o?aaiaie.

O?iii auaeaeyao aeaa ooieoeee nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a: a ioiioaiee
eiaeeaeaea e a ioiioaiee iauanoaa. Aeey eiaeeaeaea ooieoeey
nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau “iai?aaeyoue aai
aeaenoaey a niioaaonoaee n aai i?aeoe/aneeie ioaeaeaie e aeaaaoue aio
ineoieiae/aneia oaeiaeaoai?aiea io aai aeayoaeueiinoe” [13, n. 235].
Ooieoeey nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a a ioiioaiee iauanoaa ninoieo a oii,
/oi, “i?eniinaaeeaaynue e nioeeaeueiui oneiaeyi, /aeiaae ?acaeaaao a
naaa oa /a?ou oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua iiaoaeaeatho aai aeaenoaiaaoue eiaiii
oae, eae aio i?eoiaeeony aeaenoaiaaoue” [13, n. 235]. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e
oiio, /oi niaanoue (aeiea) iaania/eaatho oaeia yooaeoeaiia
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea /aeiaaea n oeaeueth auiieiaiey caaea/ iauanoaa,
eioi?iai aiaoiyy aeanoue aeiaeoueny ia niiaeao. Oaeei ia?acii,
ineoieiae/aneea neeu “oeaiaioe?otho” nioeeaeueioth no?oeoo?o. Iaeiaei a
neeo yaiethoeee nioeeaeueiie e yeiiiie/aneie no?oeoo? ?ac?ua iaaeaeo
nioeeaeueiui oa?aeoa?ii e yeiiiie/aneeie eee nioeeaeueiuie ?aaeeyie ?aii
eee iicaeii noaiiaeony ianoieueei aieueoei, /oi ineoieiae/aneea neeu
noaiiayony “aeeiaieoii”.

I/aiue aaaeia, ii iiaieth O?iiia, ?ieue ainieoaiey a oi?ie?iaaiee
nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. Oeaeue ainieoaiey — noi?ie?iaaoue oa?aeoa?
iiae?inoea oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ii aue i?eaeeaeai e nioeeaeueiiio
oa?aeoa?o iauanoaa, a eioi?ii oiio i?aaenoieo aeeoue. O?iii oeacuaaao ia
iaei??aeoiinoue ?ani?ino?aiaiiie a n?aaea ineoieiaia oi/ee c?aiey, nooue
eioi?ie a oii, /oi iaoiaeeea ainieoaiey yaeyaony i?e/eiie ?acaeoey
ii?aaeaeaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi naia nenoaia
ainieoaiey ii?aaeaeyaony ooieoeeae iiaeaioiaee eiaeeaeaea e anooieaieth
a iauanoai [13, n. 237]. Naiuey, ii O?iiio, yaeyaony ineoieiae/aneei
aaaioii iauanoaa, oae eae ?iaeeoaee ia?aaeatho ?aaaieo “aeoo” iauanoaa,
aai ineoieiae/aneoth aoiinoa?o.

O?iii aiai?eo i nouanoaiaaiee o /aeiaaea ineoieiae/aneeo naienoa,
eioi?ua, ii aai iiaieth, ioaeaeathony a oaeiaeaoai?aiee, a a i?ioeaiii
neo/aa aicieeatho iaaaoeaiua ?aaeoeee. Aeaaiia ec ieo — oaiaeaioeey e
?acaeoeth niiniaiinoae. Aa iiaeaaeaiea i?eaiaeeo e aicieeiiaaieth
?ac?ooeoaeueiuo no?aieaiee. N yoie oaiaeaioeeae oanii naycaii no?aieaiea
e naiaiaea, oae eae naiaiaea — iaiouaieaiia oneiaea ethaiai ?inoa.
Ae?oaeie oaeeie naienoaaie yaeythony no?aieaiey e ni?aaaaeeeainoe e
i?aaaea. Nouanoaiaaiea yoeo naienoa iiaeao auoue iieacaii, ii O?iiio,
iooai aiaeeca enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa: ai ana a?aiaia ni?aaaaeeeainoue e
i?aaaea auee i?oaeeai neaauo; e?iia oiai, eaaeaeue /aeiaae i?ioiaeeo
/a?ac yoi a aeaonoaa [13, n. 239].

Ioaeaeueii O?iii oeacuaaao ia aeaa aeaaiuo ?acee/ey iaaeaeo oi/eie
c?aiey O?aeaea e aai ineoieiae/aneei iiaeoiaeii. Ia?aia caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oi /aeiaa/aneay i?e?iaea iaoneiaeaia, ii O?iiio, aeaaiui ia?acii
enoi?e/anee, a ia noaoai aeieiae/anee. Aoi?ia ?acee/ea ninoieo a oii,
/oi /aeiaae yaeyaony ia naiiaeinoaoi/iui cae?uoui nouanoaii, iaaeaeaiiui
i?e?iaeie aeieiae/anee iaoneiaeaiiuie no?aieaieyie, i?e/ai ?acaeoea
ee/iinoe yaeyaony ?aaeoeeae ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eee o?ono?aoeeth yoeo
no?aieaiee, a nouanoaii nioeeaeueiui ecia/aeueii, eioi?iio i?enoue oaeea
iniiaiua ineoieiae/aneea yaeaiey, eae ethaiaue, iaiaaenoue, iaaeiinoue,
neiaeic — ioiioaiea eiaeeaeaea e ae?oaei ethaeyi [13, n. 240-241].

Nouanoaoao oaeaea ?acee/ea iaaeaeo iiaeoiaeaie O?aeaea e O?iiia a
aii?inao oai?ee ee/iinoe. O?aeae e aai iineaaeiaaoaee (Ya?yoyi, Aeaeiin
e ae?.) iieaaaee, /oi oeenaoeey ia i?aaaieoaeueiii o?iaia (?io e
aiaeueiia ioaa?noea) aaaeao e noaeeiaoeeyi e eiiieaenai ?aaeoeee.
Iai?eia?, aeaeaiea eiieoue aeaiueae iaoneiaeaii iiaeniciaoaeueiie
noaeeiaoeeae caaea?aeaiey nooea. Eee aea iaeeaeaiea aeaa io ae?oaeo,
aucaaiiia noaeeiaoeeae aeaeaiey anoue a aeaeaiea iieo/aoue iiiiuue,
ciaiey e o.ae. Ii iiaieth O?iiia, ioeaea O?aeaea caeeth/aaony a iaaa?iii
oieeiaaiee i?e/eiiiai ioiioaiey iaaeaeo y?iaaiiuie ciiaie e /a?oaie
ee/iinoe. Ii O?iiio, ianneaiia aeaeaiea iieo/aoue /oi-oi ecaia
?acaeaaaony eae ?aaeoeey ia iiuo iauaiey n ethaeueie: anee i?e yoii
iuouaiea nianoaaiiie neeu iiaeaaeyaony no?aoii, anee eieoeeaoeaa e
oaa?aiiinoue a naaa ia?aeecothony, anee iiaeaaeyaony ?acaeaoayny
a?aaeaeaaiinoue e i?e yoii ?iaeeoaee i?aaeeaaatho ethaiaue a iaiai ia
iiae/eiaiea, yia?aey ?aaaiea iai?aaeyaony ia aiaoiea enoi/ieee, io
eioi?uo iaeeaeaaony eniieiaiea aeaeaiee. Anee o eiaeeaeaea i?e yoii e
aicieeatho niiaeaeaiey, a eioi?uo iie aeaeyo, /oi eo ei?iyo, oi yoi
iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi ?io aieaa, /ai ae?oaea i?aaiu, iiaeoiaeeo aeey
au?aaeaiey ?aoeaioeaiie onoaiiaee; i?aeueiua iuouaiey yaeythony ia
i?e/eiie, a au?aaeaieai onoaiiaee ia ycuea oaea [13, n. 241-242]. Oi aea
naiia aa?ii e aeey “aiaeueiie” ee/iinoe. Ii O?iiio, aaaeiinoue
“i?aeueiuo” eee “aiaeueiuo” iuouaiee ninoieo ia a naycaiiii n ieie
ianeaaeaeaiee eee noaeeiaoeeae yoiai ianeaaeaeaiey, a a oii, /oi iie
au?aaeatho noiyuaa ca ieie niaoeeoe/aneia ioiioaiea e ie?o.

*aoaa?oia aaaeiia ?acee/ea naycaii n oai, /oi ana “eaeaaeueiua” iioeau
/aeiaaea iauyniythony O?aeaeii eae ii?iaeaeaiea /aai-oi “ieciaiiiai”.
Oaeea eaeaaeu, eae enoeia, ni?aaaaeeeainoue eee naiaiaea iiaoo auoue
iiaeeeiiuie no?aieaieyie; eaeaaeu yoe ia iaoaoece/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, iie
ei?aiyony a oneiaeyo /aeiaa/aneie aeecie. Ethaie aiaeec, ia o/eouaathuee
yoe no?aieaiey a ea/anoaa aeeiaie/aneeo oaeoi?ia, ioeai/ai.

Iyoia e iineaaeiaa ?acee/ea eanaaony aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ineoieiae/aneeo
yaeaiee ieuaou e eciaeeey. I?eieoeaiue o?iaaiue /aeiaa/aneiai auoey —
o?iaaiue ieuaou. Anoue eiia?aoeaiua iio?aaiinoe, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeii
oaeiaeaoai?eoue i?aaeaea anaai. Oieueei iinea eo oaeiaeaoai?aiey iiaoo
?acaeaaoueny yaeaiey eciaeeey — naiaiaeiua, niiioaiiua aeaenoaey.
Ineoieiaey O?aeaea — ineoieiaey ieuaou. Ianeaaeaeaiea a aai nenoaia —
oaeiaeaoai?aiea, aicieeathuaa i?e niyoee aieaciaiiiai iai?yaeaiey;
yaeaiey eciaeeey (ethaiaue, iaaeiinoue) ia ea?atho ieeaeie ?iee.
Ai?i/ai, O?aeae ia?aie/aiii iiieiae aeaaea oeaio?aeueiia yaeaiea a aai
nenoaia — naen. Naen, ii O?aeaeo, anoue yeaiaio oeceieiae/aneie
iio?aaiinoe, a naenoaeueiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea — niyoea iai?yaeaiey. A aai
ineoieiaee, ieoao O?iii, ia iaoeinue ianoa naenoaeueiiio aea/aieth eae
yaeaieth eciaeeey e naenoaeueiiio ianeaaeaeaieth eae iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
?aaeinoe, nouiinoue eioi?ie ia naiaeeony e iaaaoeaiiio niyoeth
iai?yaeaiey [13, n. 244].

Ia?aae iienaieai naiaai iiaeoiaea O?iii oaeaeyao aieiaiea ae?oaei
iniiaiui iai?aaeaieyi.

1) “Ineoieiae/aneee” iiaeoiae, oa?aeoa?iue aeey O?aeaea, iauyniyao
eoeueoo?iua yaeaiey ineoieiae/aneeie oaeoi?aie, i?ienoaeathueie ec
einoeieoeaiuo iiaoaeaeaiee, ia eioi?ua iauanoai aeeyao iooai
iiaeaaeaiey. Oae, iai?eia?, eaieoaeeci iauyniyaony o?aeaeenoaie eae
aiaeueiue y?ioeci, a ?acaeoea ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa — ?acoeueoao
aiaeaaeaioiinoe ii ioiioaieth e ia?aco iooea.

2) “Yeiiiie/aneee” iiaeoiae, iniiaaiiue ia eneaaeaiiii iiieiaiee
enoi?ee, ?ac?aaioaiiui Ia?enii. I?e/eiie eoeueoo?iuo yaeaiee
iauyaeythony noauaeoeaiua yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu.

3) “Eaeaaeenoe/aneee” iiaeoiae, i?aaenoaaeaiiue a ?aaioa Iaena Aaaa?a
“I?ioanoaioneay yoeea e aeoo eaieoaeecia”. Iiaue oei yeiiiie/aneiai
iiaaaeaiey e iiaue aeoo eoeueoo?u iauyniythony iiyaeaieai iiauo
?aeeaeiciuo eaeae [13, n. 245].

Iiaeoiae Y?eoa O?iiia iniiauaaaony ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee i oii, /oi
eoeueoo?a ei?aieony a nioeeaeueiii oa?aeoa?a. Nai ii oi?ie?oaony ia?acii
aeecie iauanoaa, ii aai aeiieiaioiua /a?ou noaiiayony niceaeaoaeueiuie
neeaie, oi?ie?othueie nioeeaeueiue i?ioeann. ?anniao?eaay n yoie oi/ee
c?aiey i?iaeaio aeooa i?ioanoaionoaa e eaieoaeecia, O?iii iieacae, /oi
“iaaeaiea n?aaeiaaaeiaiai iauanoaa oa?iaeaei n?aaeiaio eeanno; /oi yoa
oa?ica aucaaea /oanoai ecieyoeee, aanneeey e niiiaiey; /oi yoa
ineoieiae/aneay ia?aiaia iaoneiaeea i?eoyaaoaeueiinoue aeieo?ei Ethoa?a
e Eaeueaeia; /oi yoe aeieo?eiu oneeeee e cae?aieee eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a
ee/iinoe e /oi ?acaeaoeany iiaua /a?ou ee/iinoe noaee yooaeoeaiuie
neeaie ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia, eioi?ue a naith i/a?aaeue aiciee a
?acoeueoaoa yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo ia?aiai” [13, n. 246].

*oi eanaaony iaoeecia, O?iii aiai?eo ia oneeaiee naaeenoneeo e
iacioenoneeo /a?o oa?aeoa?a o iecia n?aaeiaai eeanna a ioaao ia
yeiiiie/aneea ia?aiaiu. “Iaoeenoneay eaeaieiaey aua aieaa oneeeea eo, a
caoai yoe iiaua /a?ou oa?aeoa?a noaee yooaeoeaiuie neeaie, ?aaioathueie
ia yeniaineth aa?iaineiai eiia?eaeecia. A iaieo neo/ayo iu aeaeei, /oi,
eiaaea ii?aaeaeaiiiio eeanno oa?iaeaao iianiinoue iiauo yeiiiie/aneeo
oaiaeaioeee, yoio eeann ?aaae?oao ia oa?ico ineoieiae/anee e
eaeaieiae/anee; i?e/ai ineoieiae/aneea eciaiaiey, aucaaiiua oaeie
?aaeoeeae, niinianoaotho ?acaeoeth ana oao aea yeiiiie/aneeo oaiaeaioeee
aii?aee yeiiiie/aneei eioa?anai aeaiiiai eeanna” [13, n. 246]

Iaoaieci aeaenoaey yeiiiie/aneeo, ineoieiae/aneeo e eaeaieiae/aneeo
oaeoi?ia, ii iiaieth O?iiia, neaaeothuee: aiaoiyy ianoaiiaea aaaeao e
eciaiaieth naiiai /aeiaaea, a ineoieiae/aneea oaeoi?u, a naith
i/a?aaeue, niinianoaotho aeaeueiaeoaio ?acaeoeth yeiiiie/aneiai e
nioeeaeueiiai i?ioeanna. “Caeanue aeaenoaotho yeiiiie/aneea neeu, ii eo
ioaeii ?anniao?eaaoue ia eae ineoieiae/aneea iioeaaoeee, a eae
iauaeoeaiua oneiaey; aeaenoaotho e ineoieiae/aneea neeu, ii iaiaoiaeeii
iiiieoue, /oi naie iie enoi?e/anee iaoneiaeaiu; aeaenoaotho e eaeae, ii
eo iniiaie yaeyaony any ineoieiae/aneay no?oeoo?a /eaiia ii?aaeaeaiiie
nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu. Ianiio?y ia acaeiicaaeneiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo,
ineoieiae/aneeo e eaeaieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia, eaaeaeue ec ieo iaeaaeaao e
iaeioi?ie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth. Iniaaiii yoi eanaaony yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey, eioi?ia i?ienoiaeeo ii nianoaaiiui caeiiai, aoaeo/e
iaoneiaeaii oaeeie iauaeoeaiuie oaeoi?aie, eae i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu,
oaoieea, aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea e o.ae. *oi eanaaony ineoieiae/aneeo
nee, iu iieacaee, /oi yoi aa?ii e aeey ieo: iie ii?aaeaeythony aiaoieie
oneiaeyie aeecie, ii eiatho e naith nianoaaiioth aeeiaieeo, oi anoue iie
yaeythony i?iyaeaieai /aeiaa/aneeo iio?aaiinoae, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue
eae-oi aeaeieciaiaiu, ii oie/oiaeaiu auoue ia iiaoo. A noa?a eaeaieiaee
iu iaia?oaeeaaai oaeoth aea aaoiiiieth, eioi?ay naycaia n caeiiaie
eiaeee e n o?aaeeoeeae iao/iiai iiciaiey, neiaeeaoaeny a oiaea enoi?ee”
[13, n. 247].

Iniiaiie i?eioeei naiaai iiaeoiaea O?iii iauyniyao, iieuecoynue iiiyoeai
nioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. “Nioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? — yoi ?acoeueoao
aeeiaie/aneie aaeaioaoeee /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu e iauanoaaiiiio no?ith.
Eciaiaiey nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee i?eaiaeyo e eciaiaieth nioeeaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a, oi anoue e iiyaeaieth iiauo iio?aaiinoae e o?aaia. Yoe iiaua
iio?aaiinoe ii?iaeaeatho iiaua eaeae, a oi aea a?aiy iiaeaioaaeeaay
ethaeae e eo aini?eyoeth. Iiaua eaeae, a naith i/a?aaeue, oe?aieytho e
oneeeaatho iiaue nioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? e iai?aaeytho /aeiaa/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue a iiaia ?onei.

Eiuie neiaaie, nioeeaeueiua oneiaey aeeytho ia eaeaieiae/aneea yaeaiey
/a?ac nioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa?, ii yoio oa?aeoa? ia yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii
ianneaiiai i?eniiniaeaiey e nioeeaeueiui oneiaeyi; nioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa?
— yoi ?acoeueoao aeeiaie/aneie aaeaioaoeee ia iniiaa iaiouaieaiuo
naienoa /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu, caeiaeaiiuo aeieiae/anee eeai aicieeoeo a
oiaea enoi?ee” [13, n. 247].

Oeeoe?oaiay eeoa?aoo?a

1. E?aoeee oeeinioneee neiaa?ue. Iiae ?aae. aeieoi?a oeeinioneeo iaoe
Aeaenaaaa A.I. — I.: “I?iniaeo”, 1998. — 400 n.

2. Oeeinioey: O/aaiee aeey aocia /iiae ?aae. i?io. A.I. Eaa?eiaiei,
i?io. A.I. ?aoieeiaa. — I.: Eoeueoo?a e nii?o, THIEOE, 1998. — 584 n.

3. ?aaeoaei A.A. Oeeinioey: eo?n eaeoeee. — 2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e
aeiiiei. — I.: Oeaio?, 1998. — 272 n.

4. O?aeae C. Ineoieiaey aanniciaoaeueiiai. — I.: I?inaauaiea, 1989.

5. O?aeae C. O?e i/a?ea ii oai?ee naenoaeueiinoe.

6. O?aeae C. Eca?aiiia. O. 1. 1969.

7. A?aoi E.-O. E?eoeea o?aeaei-ia?enecia: Ia?. n iai. — I.: I?ia?ann,
1982.

8. Eaeueia? I.N., Oa?ania E.A. O?aeaei-ia?eneci i /aeiaaea. — I.:
Iuneue, 1989.

9. THia E.-A. Ia a?oaoeiao eieeaeoeaiiai aanniciaoaeueiiai //Aii?inu
oeeinioee. 1988, ? 1.

10. Adler A. Superiority and social interest. N.Y., 1979.

11. Fromm E. The sane society. L., 1963.

12. O?iii Y. Aaeieueo Aeoea?: eeeie/aneee neo/ae iae?ioeeee. — I.:
Aunoay oeiea, 1992.

13. O?iii Y. Aaanoai io naiaiaeu: Ia? n aiae. /Iau. ?aae. e iineane.
I.N. Ao?aae/a. — I.: I?ia?ann, 1989. — 272 n.

14. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, Harcourt, Brace & Co.,
New York, 1926.

15. Adolph Hitler, Mein Kampf, Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1940.

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