Ii i?aaeiaoo “Ineoieiaey”.
Ia oaio “Ineoe/aneea ninoiyiey: o?aaiaeiinoue, o?ono?aoeey,
aa?anneaiinoue”.
Auiieiee nooaeaio a?oiiu 7276
Noiyiia Ae.TH.
Iineaa 1999.
Iaeaaeaiea.
*oi oaeia yiioeee.
O?ono?aoeey
Aa?anneaiinoue
O?aaiaeiinoue
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u.
YIIOeEE.
Yiioeeyie (aooaeoaie, aeooaaiuie aieiaieyie) iacuaatho oaeea ninoiyiey,
eae no?ao, aiaa, oinea, ?aaeinoue, ethaiaue, iaaeaaeaea, a?onoue,
ioa?auaiea, ai?aeinoue e o.i. Ineoieiaey i?aaeiaai a?aiaie ia?a/eneyea
aan/eneaiiia iiiaeanoai iiaeiaiuo ia?aaeeaaiee. Oi iauaa, /oi anoue
iaaeaeo yiioeeyie, /oanoaaie e aea/aieyie, aucuaaao iio?aaiinoue a iauai
a?oiiaii iacaaiee. Aeaeea? (1929) iauaaeeiee /oanoaa e yiioeee iiae
iauei iacaaieai “yooaeoeaiinoue”.
Yiioeee i?iyaeythony a ii?aaeaeaiiuo ineoe/aneeo ia?aaeeaaieyo,
eaaeaeiio ecaanoiuo ii naiaio iiuoo, e a oaeaniuo yaeaieyo. Eae e
iuouoiea, yiioeee eiayo iieiaeeoaeueiue e io?eoeaoaeueiue /oanoaaiiue
oii, naycaiu n /oanoaii oaeiaieuenoaey eee iaoaeiaieuenoaey. *oanoai
oaeiaieuenoaey i?e oneeaiee ia?aoiaeeo a aooaeo ?aaeinoe.
Oaeiaieuenoaea e iaoaeiaieuenoaea i?iyaeythony a ii?aaeaeaiiie ieieea
eeoea e eciaiaieyo ioeuena. I?e yiioeeyo oaeaniua yaeaiey au?aaeaiu
ai?acaei ?aaea. Oae, ?aaeinoue e aanaeuea i?iyaeythony a aeaeaaoaeueiii
aicaoaeaeaiee: niao, a?iieay ?a/ue, iaeeaeaiiay aeanoeeoeyoeey (aeaoe
i?uaatho io ?aaeinoe), iaiea, aeane aeac, ?oiyiaoe ia eeoea (?anoe?aiea
iaeeeo ninoaeia), onei?aiea oinoaaiiuo i?ioeannia, iaieua iuneae,
neeiiiinoue e ino?ioai, /oanoai aiae?inoe. I?e ia/aee, oinea, iaiai?io,
eiaaony ineoiiioi?iay caaea?aeea. Aeaeaeaiey caiaaeeaiiu e neoaeiu,
/aeiaae “iiaeaaeai”. Inaiea au?aaeaao iuoa/ioth neaainoue. Iunee,
iaio?uaii, i?eeiaaiu e iaeiiio. Aeaaeiinoue eiaee, inoioaoeany /a?ou
eeoea, oiaiueoaiea auaeaeaiey nae?aoa aeaeac, ai?ueeee aeon ai ?oo. I?e
neeueiie ia/aee neac iao, ii iie iiaoo iiyaeoueny i?e ineaaeaiee ino?iou
ia?aaeeaaiee.
Ia iniiaaiee oaeaniuo ia?aaeeaaiee Eaio aeaeee yiioeee ia noaie/aneea
(?aaeinoue, aiiaeooaaeaiea, aiaa) – aicaoaeaeathuea, iiauoathuea
iuoa/iue oiion, neeo, e anoaie/aneea (no?ao, oinea, ia/aeue) –
ineaaeythuea.
Aeaeaiea yiioeee ia noaie/aneea e anoaie/aneea eiaao noaiaoe/aneee
oa?aeoa?. Iaeioi?ua aooaeou o?oaeii ioianoe a iaeio eee ae?oaoth
?oa?eeo, e aeaaea iaeei e oio aea aooaeo i?e ?aciie eioaineaiinoe iiaeao
auyaeyoue oi noaie/aneea, oi anoaie/aneea /a?ou. Ii aeeeoaeueiinoe
oa/aiey yiioeee iiaoo auoue e?aoein?a/iuie (aiaa, enioa) e
aeeeoaeueiuie.
Aeeeoaeueiua yiioeee iacuaathony iano?iaieyie. Anoue ethaee, eioi?ua
anaaaea aanaeu, iaoiaeyony a iiauoaiiii iano?iaiee, ae?oaea neeiiiu e
oaiaoaiiiio ninoiyieth, e oinea eee anaaaea ?acae?aaeaiu. Iano?iaiea –
neiaeiue eiiieaen, eioi?ue /anoe/ii naycai n aiaoieie ia?aaeeaaieyie,
/anoe/ii iniiaai ia iauai ?aniieiaeaiee i?aaiecia e ii?aaeaeaiiui
yiioeeiiaeueiui ninoiyieyi, /anoe/ii caaeneo io iuouaiee, enoiaeyueo ec
i?aaiia oaea.
Ineoe/aneay noi?iia yiioeee i?iyaeyaony ia oieueei a ia?aaeeaaiee naiie
yiioeee. Aiaa, ethaiaue e o.ae. ieacuaatho aeeyiea ia eioaeeaeooaeueiua
i?ioeannu: i?aaenoaaeaiey, iunee, iai?aaeaiea aieiaiey, a oae aea ia
aieth, aeaenoaey e iinooiee, ia ana iiaaaeaiea.
I?e ineaaeaiee yiioeeiiaeueiiai iai?yaeaiey, iai?eia? a enoiaeiuo
ninoiyieyo ?aiiaai neaaioiey, iaaethaeathony ineaaeaiea aiee, aiaoey.
Aeeyiea yiioeee ia eioaeeaeo e aieth eieaaeaony a i/aiue oe?ieeo
i?aaeaeao a caaeneiinoe io neeu aeooaaiiai aieiaiey
O?ono?aoeey.
(Io eaoeineiai frustratio- iaiai iaoaea/a). Aeaiiia ninoiyiea aicieeaao
a neooaoeee ?aci/a?iaaiey, iainouanoaeaiey cia/eiie aeey ee/iinoe oeaee,
iio?aaiinoe. I?iyaeyaony a aiaoouai iai?yaeaiee, o?aaiaeiinoe, /oanoaa
aacunoiaeiinoe. ?aaeoeeae ia o?ono?aoeeth iiaeao auoue ooiae a ie? a?ac
e oaioacee, aa?anneaiinoue a iiaaaeaiee e o.i. Ia ?aaeei iaaethaeaaony
inoaoi/iay iaoaa?aiiinoue a naaa, a oae aea oeenaoeey i?eieiaaoeony a
neooaoeee o?ono?aoeee niiniaia aeaenoaey. *anoi o?ono?aoeey auaaao
iaeiei ec enoi/ieeia iaa?icia. Iniaia cia/aiea (i?aaeaea anaai n oi/ee
c?aiey i?eeeaaeiuo caaea/) a nia?aiaiiie ineoieiaee i?iaeaia
“auiineeainoe” (noieeinoe) /aeiaaea a ioiioaiee o?ono?aoeee.
O?ono?aoeey – e?aeiyy iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue, aeieaaea no?aieaiey,
aucuaathuay noieeia io?eoeaoaeueiia yiioeeiiaeueiia ia?aaeeaaiea, iiaeao
noaoue iniiaie o?ono?aoeee, o.a. aeaci?aaiecaoeee niciaiey e
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ia anyeia iaoaeiaeaoai?aiea aeaeaiey, iioeaa, oeaee aucuaaao
o?ono?aoeeth. *aeiaae /anoi eniuouaaao iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue. Iai?eia?,
iiicaeae ia eaeoeeth, ia oniae oo?ii iicaao?aeaoue, iieo/ee auaiai?.
Iaeiaei, yoe neo/ae ia anaaaea aeaci?aaiecotho iaoa niciaiea e
aeayoaeueiinoue. O?ono?aoeey i?iyaeyaony oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea noaiaiue
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe auoa oiai, /oi /aeiaae iiaeao auianoe.
O?ono?aoeey aicieeaao a oneiaeyo io?eoeaoaeueiie nioeeaeueiie ioeaiee e
naiiioeaiee ee/iinoe, eiaaea ieacuaathony cao?iioouie aeoaieea
ee/iinoii-cia/eiua ioiioaiey. A aieueoae ia?a o?ono?aoeee iiaeaa?aeaiu
yiioeeiiaeueiua iaoo?u, ethaee n iiauoaiiie aicaoaeeiinoueth, ia
caeaeaiiua a “aeoaao aeecie”, ieioi iiaeaioiaeaiiua e iaacaiaeai,
o?oaeiinoyi, n iaaeinoaoi/ii ?acaeouie aieaauie /a?oaie oa?aeoa?a. O
ecaaeiaaiiuo aeaoae, iai?eia?, i?e ia?aie/aieyo /anoi i?iyaeyaony
o?ono?aoeey.
A ninoiyiee o?ono?aoeee /aeiaae eniuouaaao iniai neeueiia
ia?aii-ineoe/aneia iio?ynaiea. Iii ?ane?uaaaony eae e?aeiyy aeinaaea,
iceiaeaiiinoue, iiaeaaeaiiinoue, iaia?aie/aiiia naiiae/aaaiea. Oeie/iia
i?iyaeaiea o?ono?aoeee iaaethaeaaony o Eaoa?eiu Eaaiiaiu iinea aeaaee
ioaea (a ?iiaia O.I.Aeinoiaaneiai “I?anooieaiea e iaeacaiea”),
Iniaaiiinoe i?ioaeaiey o?ono?aoeee caaenyo io aiciiaeiie ?ac?yaeee
aicieeoaai iai?yaeaiey. O?ono?aoeey iiaeao ineaaaaaoue, en/acaoue eee
oneeeaaoueny. Anee /?acia?iia iai?yaeaiea ia iiaeao caaa?oeoueny
?ac?yaeeie, oi o?ono?aoeey ianooiaao a ae?oaeo iaaaeaeaaoiuo oneiaeyo.
Oae, ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, aeinaaea, iceiaeaiiinoue iiaoo ?ac?aaeeoueny
ia niaa?oaiii iaaeiiuo ethaeyo, ae?ocueyo, oiaa?euao, /eaiao naiuee.
Aa?anneaiinoue.
Aa?anneaiinoue-yoi i?iyaeaiea aa?annee e iauaeoo eee noauaeoo.
Aa?anney – iioeaaoeeiiiia iiaaaeaiea, aeo, eioi?ue iiaeao /anoi
iaiineoue a?aae iauaeoai aoaee-iaiaaeaiey eee aea oece/aneee oua?a
ae?oaei eiaeeaeaeooiai aucuaathuee o ieo aeai?anneth, ineoiaeeneiioi?o,
ia othoiinoue, iai?yaeaiiinoue, no?ao, aiyciue, ninoiyiea iiaeaaeaiiinoe
aiiiaeueiua ineoiia?aaeeaaiey; iiaeii aeeooa?aioee?iaaoue
Oece/aneay aa?anney (aoaea iaiaaeaiea), eiaaea eniieuecoaony oece/aneay
neea i?ioea ae?oaiai iauaeoa eee noauaeoa.
?a/aaay aa?anney, eiaaea au?aaeathony io?eoeaoaeueiua /oanoaa, yiioeee
/a?ac eiiioieeaoeaioth oi?io (eiioeeeo nni?a e?ee aa?aaeueiay
ia?aiaeea), a oae aea /a?ac i?aaeeeaou – niaea?aeaiea aa?aaeueii –
yiioeaiuo ?aaeoeee (oa?ica eiaaeoeau ino?aeeciu aa?aaeueiay ?oaaiue,
iao, oi?iu i?ieeyouey)
Einaaiiay aa?anney, aeaenoaey eie ia i?yiui iooai eioaioeeiie?iaaiiu ia
ae?oaiai eiaeeaeaeooia (eineioaoeee, ianiaoee, oooee, e?iiey)
I?yiay aa?anney, iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?yii eioaioee?oaony i?ioea eaeiai
eeai eiaeeaeaea eee iauaeoa
Eino?oiaioaeueiay aa?anney, yenieeoee?oaony, eae n?aaenoai – iaoiaeu –
i?eaiu, ni?iaoee?iaaiiua ia aeinoeaeaiee eaeie eeai cia/eiie oeaee,
?acoeueoe?iaaiea eaeie eeai ooeeeoa?iie caaea/e
A?aaeaeaaiay aa?anney, i?iyaeyaony a aeoeeyo oeaeueth eieo yaeyaony
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia i?e/eiaiea a?aaea iauaeoo naiie aa?annee, yneaeaoeee.
Aooiaa?anney – au?aaeaaony a aooiiaaeiaiee, aooioie/oiaeaiee,
naiii?eieaeaiee (naieo aeinoieinoa , ea/anoa ee/iinoe), iiaeao
aeaoa?ieie?iaaoue aeaaea aeoeee naiioaeenoaa, i?e/eiaiee naiiio naaa
oaeaniuo o?aai, iia?aaeaeaiee .
Aa?anneaiua iiaaaeai/aneea aeou yaeythony iaeiie ec iao?eoe ?aaae?iaaiey
ia aeeooa?aioeeaeueiua iaaeaaii?eyoiua, io?eoeaoaeueiua a ineoe/aneii e
oece/aneii ia?aiao?a iioinineooaoeee, aeeciaiiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa
aucuaathuea a ineoeea nioeeieiaeeaeaea aeai?anneth, no?ann, o?ono?aoeee
e ae?. aaa??aoeeiiiua ineoininoiyiey; aa?anneaiua iiaaaeai/aneea aeou
/anoi auaatho iaeiei ec ooieoeeiiaeueiuo niiniaia ?aoaiey i?iaeai
eiieeoee?iaaiiuo n nio?aiaieai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe, /oanoaa nianoaaiiie
oeaiiinoe cia/eiinoe, yoi iaoaieci e ineoieiioiiinoe a ii?aaeaeaiiuo
nioeeineooaoeeyo, eioi?ue oneeeaaao eiio?ieue noauaeoa iaae
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie, ie?oaeathueie aai eiaeeaeaeaie; oaeei ia?acii,
aa?anneaiua aeou aunooiatho a i?eaeaoea
Niiniaa ineoieiae/aneie caueou
Niiniaa oaeiaeaoai?aiey ii?aaeaeaiiie iio?aaiinoe.
Niiniaa naii?aaeecaoeee, naiiooaa?aeaeaaiinoe, naii?aaeecoaiinoe
N?aaenoai aeey aeinoeaeaiey eaeie eeai cia/eiie oeaee
Niiniaa iiiiaathuaai ieacaoue ineoieiae/aneia aicaeaenoaea ia ae?oaiai
eiaeeaeaeooia n oeaeueth iiaeaaeoue aai aieaaua noeioeu,
aeano?oeoe?iaaoue – iaoaaieece?iaaoue i?enouaa ae?oaiio eiaeeaeaeo
onoie/eaua a aai ineoeea iiaaaeai/aneea ?aaeoeee.
A aieueoeinoaa eaai?aoi?iuo enneaaeiaaiee aa?annee o /aeiaaea
eniuooaiiai eciee?iaaee io ?aoeeieaioa. Yoa i?ioeaaeo?a ia iicaieyao
aeaeaoue auaiaeu i iaeaieaa aaaeii oi?ia aa?annee – aa?annee i?e
noieeiiaaiee eeoeii e eeoeo. E?iia oiai, i?e i?eiaiaiee yoie i?ioeaaeo?u
ec aeaeo oioneaaony aeeyiea iiaaaeaiey aea?oau ia aa?anni?a.
Enneaaeiaaiea Ceiaa?aei iieacaei, /oi ia iaai aeeyao aeaaea i?inoia
oece/aneia i?enoonoaea aea?oau. E niaeaeaieth, aei neo ii? eeoue ia
iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee o/eouaatho yoe ?acoeueoaou. A oi?ie?iaaiee
naiieiio?iey iaae aa?anneaiinoueth e naea?aeeaaiee aa?anneaiuo aeoia
aieueooth ?ieue ea?aao ?acaeoea ineoieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia yiiaoee,
eaeaioeoeeaoeee, aeaoeaio?aoeee, eaaeaueo a iniiaa niiniaiinoe noauaeoa
e iiieiaieth ae?oaiai /aeiaaea e niia?aaeeaaiee aio, niinianoaothueo
oi?ie?iaaieth i?aaenoaaeaiey i ae?oaii /aeiaaea eae oieeaeueiie
oeaiiinoe.
Oai?ey aea/aiey (ineoiaiaeeoe/aneee iiaeoiae).
Iniiaiiieiaeieeii yoie oai?ee yaeyaony Ceaioiae O?aeae. Ii n/eoae, /oi
aa?anneaiia iiaaaeaiea ii naiae i?e?iaea einoeieoeaiia e iaecaaaeii.
A /aeiaaea nouanoaoao aeaa iaeaieaa iiuiuo einoeieoa:
naenoaeueiue(eeaeaei) e einoeieo aea/aiey e nia?oe (oaiaoin). Yia?aey
ia?aiai oeia iai?aaeaia ia oi?i/iaiea, nio?aiaiea e aii?iecaaaeaiea
aeecie. Yia?aey aea aoi?iai oeia iai?aaeaia ia ?ac?ooaiea e i?ae?auaiea
aeecie. Ii ooaa?aeaeae, /oi ana /aeiaa/aneia iiaaaeaiea yaeyaony
?acoeueoaoii neiaeiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey yoeo einoeieoia, e iaaeaeo ieie
nouanoaoao iinoiyiiia iai?yaeaiea. Aaeaeo oiai, /oi nouanoaoao ino?ue
eiioeeeo iaaeaeo nio?aiaieai aeecie ( y?inii) e aa ?ac?ooaieai
(oaiaoinii), ae?oaea iaoaieciu (niauaiea) neoaeao oeaee iai?aaeyoue
yia?aeth oaiaoina aiaia, a iai?aaeaiee io “ss”. A anee yia?aey oaiaoina
ia aoaeao ia?auaia aiaia, oi yoi anei?a i?eaaaeao e ?ac?ooaieth naiiai
eiaeeaeaeooia. Oaeei ia?acii, oaiaoin einaaiii niinianoaoao oiio, /oi
aa?anney auaiaeeony ia?oaeo e iai?aaeyaony ia ae?oaeo.
Yoo oai?eth iiaeii ioia?aceoue neaaeothuae noaiie:
?ac?ooaiea
Nio?aiaiea
Oaiaoin———————-( ss
(————————- Y?in
|
Eciaiaiea iai?aaeaiey yia?aee
\/
Aa?anney, iai?aaeaiiay ia
ae?oaeo
Oiaiueoeoue aa?iyoiinoue iiyaeaiey iianiuo aeaenoaee iiaeao aiaoiaa
i?iyaeaiea yiioeee, nii?iaiaeaeathueo aa?anneth.
O?ono?aoeeiiiay oai?ey (aiiainoaoe/aneay iiaeaeue).
Yoa oai?ey, i?aaeeiaeaiiay Ae.Aeieea?aeii, i?ioeainoaaeyaony aeaoi, auoa
iienaiiui. Caeanue aa?anneaiia iiaaaeaiea ?anniao?eaaaony eae
neooaoeaiue, a ia yaiethoeeiiiue i?ioeann. Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey yoie
oai?ee cao/ao oae:
O?ono?aoeey anaaaea i?eaiaeeo e aa?annee a eaeie-eeai oi?ia.
Aa?anney anaaaea yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii o?ono?aoeee.
A ioiioaiee iiaoaeaeaiey e aa?annee ?aoathuaa cia/aiea eiatho o?e
oaeoi?a:
Noaiaiue iaeeaeaaiiai noauaeoii oaeiaeaoai?aiey io aoaeouaai
aeinoeaeaiey oeaee;
Neea i?aiyonoaey ia iooe aeinoeaeaiey oeaee;
Eiee/anoaa iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo o?ono?aoeee.
O.a., /ai a aieueoae noaiaie noauaeo i?aaeaeooaao oaeiaieuenoaea, /ai
neeueiaa i?aiyonoaea e /ai aieueoaa eiee/anoai ?aaeoeee aeiee?oaony, oai
neeueiaa aoaeao oie/ie e aa?aneaiiio iiaaaeaieth. A anee o?ono?aoeee
neaaeotho iaeia ca ae?oaie, oi eo neea iiaeao auoue niaieoiiie e yoi
iiaeao aucaaoue aa?aneaioth ?aaeoeeth aieueoae neeu.
Eiaaea auynieeinue, /oi eiaeeaeaeooiu ia anaaaea ?aaae?otho aa?anneae ia
o?ono?aoeeth, Aeieea?ae e niaaoi?u i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi iiaeiaiia
iiaaaeaiea ia i?iyaeyaony a oio aea iiiaio o?ono?aoeee i?aaeaea anaai
ec-ca oa?icu iaeacaiey. A yoii neo/aa i?ienoiaeeo “niauaiea”, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai aa?anneaiua aeaenoaey iaia?aeythony ia ae?oaiai
/aeiaaea, iaiaaeaiea ia eioi?iai annioeee?oaony n iaeiaiueoei
iaeacaieai.
Oaeei ia?acii, /aeiaae, eioi?iai oaea?aeeaaao io aa?anneaiinoe i?ioea
o?onoaoi?a neeueiue no?ao iaeacaiey, i?eaaaaao e niauaieth naieo
iaeaaeie, iai?aaeyy ia ae?oaea ieoaie – ia oao eeoe, ii ioiioaieth e
eioi?ui o aeaiiiai eiaeeaeaeooia ia aeaenoaoao naea?aeeaathuee
Eaeea aea oaeoi?u ineaaeytho aa?anneaioth iioeaaoeeth? Ioaao ia yoio
aini?in neaaeoao eneaoue a i?ioeanna eaoa?nena, o.a. oaeea aeou
aa?annee, eioi?ua ia i?eiinyo oua?aa, nieaeaatho o?iaaiue iiaoaeaeaiey e
aa?annee.(inei?aeaiea, aa?anneaiua oaioacee, oaea? ii noieo eoeaeii –
aeou aa?annee, eioi?ua nieaeatho o?iaaiue iiaoaeaeaiey e iineaaeothuae
aieaa neeueiie aa?annee).
Oai?ey nioeeaeueiiai iao/aiey Aaeaeo?u.
Aa?anney, i?eia?aoaaiay i?in?aaenoaii: Aeieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia (iai?eia?,
ai?iiiu, ia?aiay nenoaia)
Iao/aiey (iai?eia?, iaiin?aaenoaaiiue iiuo, iaaethaeaiea)
Aa?anney i?iaioee?oaony: Aicaeaenoaeai oaaeiiia (iai?eia?,
aicaoaeaeaiea, aieiaiea)
Iai?eaieaiui ia?auaieai (iai?eia?, iaiaaeee, o?ono?aoeey)
Iiaoaeeoaeueiuie iioeaaie ( iai?eia?, aeaiueae, ainoeuaiea)
Eino?oeoeeyie (iai?eia?, i?eeacu)
Yenoeaio?e/iuie oaaaeaeaieyie (iai?eia?, ia?aiieaeaeueiuie
oaaaeaeaieyie)
Aa?anney ?aaoee?oaony: Aiaoiei iiiu?aieai e iaeacaieai (iai?eia?,
iaoa?eaeueiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, iai?eyoiua iineaaenoaey)
Aeea?iui iiaee?aieaieai (iai?eia?, iaaethaeaiea ca oai, eae iiiua?ytho
eee iaeacuaatho ae?oaeo)
Iaoaieciaie naii?aaoeyoeee (iai?eia?, ai?aeinoue, aeia)
O?aaiaeiinoue.
Yiioeee e /oanoaa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie io?aaeaiea ?aaeueiie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe a oi?ia ia?aaeeaaiee. ?acee/iua oi?iu ia?aaeeaaiey
/oanoa (yiioeee, aooaeou, iano?iaiey, no?annu, no?anoe e ae. ?. )
ia?acotho a niaieoiiinoe yiioeeiiaeueioth noa?o /aeiaaea. Auaeaeytho
oaeea aeaeu /oanoa, eae i?aanoaaiiua, eioaeeaeooaeueiua e ynoaoe/aneea.
Ii eeanneoeeaoeee, i?aaeeiaeaiiie E. Eca?aeii, auaeaeythony yiioeee
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua e i?iecaiaeiua. E ooiaeaiaioaeueiui ioiinyo:
1)eioa?an-aieiaiea,
2)?aaeinoue.
3)oaeeaeaiea.
4)ai?a-no?aaeaiea.
5)aiaa.
6)ioa?auaiea.
7) i?ac?aiea.
8)no?ao.
9)nouae.
10)aeio.
11)Inoaeueiua – i?iecaiaeiua.
Ec niaaeeiaiey ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo yiioeee aicieeaao oaeia eiiieaeniia
yiioeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea, eae o?aaiaeiinoue, eioi?ay iiaeao ni/aoaoue a
naaa e no?ao, e aiaa, e aeio, e eioa?an-aicaoaeaeaiea.
“O?aaiaeiinoue – yoi neeiiiinoue eiaeeaeaea e ia?aaeeaaieth o?aaiae,
oa?aeoa?ecothuayny ieceei ii?iaii aicieeiiaaiey ?aaeoeee o?aaiae: iaeei
ec iniiaiuo ia?aiao?ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?acee/ee”. Ii?aaeaeaiiue
o?iaaiue o?aaiaeiinoe – anoanoaaiiay e iaycaoaeueiay iniaaiiinoue
aeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ee/iinoe. O eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea nouanoaoao naie
iioeiaeueiue eee aeaeaoaeueiue o?iaaiue o?aaiaeiinoe – yoi oae
iacuaaaiay iieaciay o?aaiaeiinoue. Ioeaiea /aeiaaeii naiaai ninoiyiey a
yoii ioiioaiee yaeyaony aeey iaai nouanoaaiiui eiiiiiaioii naiieiio?iey
e naiiainieoaiey. Iaeiaei, iiauoaiiue o?iaaiue o?aaiaeiinoe yaeyaony
noauaeoeaiui i?iyaeaiea iaaeaaiiieo/ey ee/iinoe.
I?iyaeaiey o?aaiaeiinoe a ?acee/iuo neooaoeeyo ia iaeeiaeiau. A iaeieo
neo/ayo ethaee neeiiu aanoe naay o?aaiaeii anaaaea e aacaea, a ae?oaeo
iie iaia?oaeeaatho naith o?aaiaeiinoue eeoue a?aiy io a?aiaie, a
caaeneiinoe io neeaaeuaathueony ianoiyoaeuenoa. Neooaoeaii onoie/eaua
i?iyaeaiey o?aaiaeiinoe i?eiyoi iacuaaoue ee/iinoiuie e naycuaaoue n
iaee/eai o /aeiaaea niioaaonoaothuae ee/iinoiie /a?ou (oae iacuaaaiay
“ee/iinoiay o?aaiaeiinoue”). Yoi onoie/eaay eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay
oa?aeoa?enoeea, io?aaeathuay i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue noauaeoa e o?aaiaa e
i?aaeiieaaathuay iaee/ea o iaai oaiaeaioeee aini?eieiaoue aeinoaoi/ii
oe?ieee “aaa?” neooaoeee eae oa?iaeathuee, ioaa/ay ia eaaeaeoth ec ieo
ii?aaeaeaiiie ?aaeoeeae. Eae i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue, ee/iinoiay
o?aaiaeiinoue aeoeaece?oaony i?e aini?eyoee ii?aaeaeaiiuo noeioeia,
?anoeaieaaaiuo /aeiaaeii eae iianiua, naycaiiua ni niaoeeoe/aneeie
neooaoeeyie oa?icu aai i?anoeaeo, naiiioeaiea, naiioaaaeaieth.
Neooaoeaii eciai/eaua i?iyaeaiey o?aaiaeiinoe eiaiotho neooaoeaiuie, a
iniaaiiinoue ee/iinoe i?iyaeythuae oaeiai ?iaea o?aaiaeiinoue,
iaicia/atho eae “neooaoeeiiiay o?aaiaeiinoue”. Yoi ninoiyiea
oa?aeoa?ecoaony noauaeoeaii ia?aaeeaaaiuie yiioeeyie: iai?yaeaieai,
aaniieienoaii, icaai/aiiinoueth, ia?aiciinoueth. Oaeia ninoiyiea
aicieeaao eae yiioeeiiaeueiay ?aaeoeey ia no?anniaoth neooaoeeth e
iiaeao auoue ?aciui ii eioaineaiinoe e aeeiaie/iui ai a?aiaie.
Ee/iinoe, ioiineiua e eaoaai?ee aunieio?aaiaeiuo, neeiiiu aini?eieiaoue
oa?ico naiae naiiioeaiea e aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe a iaoe?iii aeeaiaciia
neooaoeee e ?aaae?iaaoue aanueia iai?yaeaiii, au?aaeaiiui ninoiyieai
o?aaiaeiinoe.
Iiaaaeaiea iiauoaiii o?aaiaeiuo ethaeae a aeayoaeueiinoe iai?aaeaiiie ia
aeinoeaeaiea oniaoia, eiaao neaaeothuea iniaaiiinoe:
Aunieio?aaiaeiua eiaeeaeaeu yiioeeiiaeueii ino?aa, /ai ieceio?aaiaeiua,
?aaae?otho ia niiauaiey i iaoaea/a.
Aunieio?aaiaeiua ethaee ooaea, /ai ieceio?aaiaeiua, ?aaioatho a
no?anniauo neooaoeeyo eee a oneiaeyo aeaoeoeeoa a?aiaie, ioaaaeaiiiai ia
?aoaiea caaea/e.
Aiyciue iaoaea/e — oa?aeoa?iay /a?oa aunieio?aaiaeiuo ethaeae. Yoa
aiyciue o ieo aeiieie?oao iaae no?aieaieai e aeinoeaeaieth oniaoa.
Iioeaaoeey aeinoeaeaiey oniaoia i?aiaeaaeaao o ieceio?aaiaeiuo ethaeae.
Iau/ii iia ia?aaaoeaaao iianaiea aiciiaeiie iaoaea/e.
Aeey aunieio?aaiaeiuo ethaeae aieueoae noeioee?othuae neeie iaeaaeaao
niiauaiea ia oniaoa, /ai i iaoaea/a.
Ieceio?aaiaeiuo ethaeae aieueoa noeioee?oao niiauaiea i iaoaea/a.
Ee/iinoiay o?aaiaeiinoue i?aae?aniieaaaao eiaeeaeaea e aini?eyoeth e
ioeaiea iiiaeo, iauaeoeaii aaciianiuo neooaoeee eae oaeeo, eioi?ua ianoo
a naaa oa?ico.
Aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea a eiie?aoiie neooaoeee caaeneo ia oieueei io
naiie neooaoeee, io iaee/ey eee ionoonoaey o eiaeeaeaea ee/iinoiie
o?aaiaeiinoe, ii e io neooaoeeiiiie o?aaiaeiinoe, aicieeathuae o
aeaiiiai /aeiaaea a aeaiiie neooaoeee iiae aeeyieai neeaaeuaathueony
ianoiyoaeuenoa.
Aicaeaenoaea neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee, nianoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe, iunee e
/oanoaa /aeiaaea, iniaaiiinoe aai o?aaiaeiinoe eae ee/iinoiie
o?aaiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeytho eiaieoeaioth ioeaieo ei aicieeoae neooaoeee.
Yoa ioeaiea, a naith i/a?aaeue, aucuaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua yiioeee
(aeoeaecaoeey ?aaiou aaoiiiiiie ia?aiie nenoaiu e oneeaiea ninoiyiey
neooaoeeiiiie o?aaiaeiinoe aianoa n iaeeaeaieyie aiciiaeiie iaoaea/e).
Eioi?iaoeey iai anai yoii /a?ac ia?aiua iaoaieciu ia?aoiie nayce
ia?aaeaaony a ei?o aieiaiiai iicaa /aeiaaea, aicaeaenoaoy ia aai iunee,
iio?aaiinoe e /oanoaa.
Oa aea eiaieoeaiay ioeaiea neooaoeee iaeiia?aiaiii e aaoiiaoe/anee
aucuaaao ?aaeoeeth i?aaiecia ia oa?iaeathuea noeioeu, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
iiyaeaieth eiio?ia? e niioaaonoaothueo ioaaoiuo ?aaeoeee, iai?aaeaiiuo
ia iiieaeaiea aicieeoae neooaoeeiiiie o?aaiaeiinoe. Eoia anaai yoiai
iaiin?aaenoaaiii neacuaaaony ia auiieiyaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoa
aeayoaeueiinoue iaoiaeeony a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie caaeneiinoe io ninoiyiey
o?aaiaeiinoe, eioi?ia ia oaeaeinue i?aiaeieaoue n iiiiuueth
i?aaei?eiyouo ioaaoiuo ?aaeoeee e eiio?ia?, a oaeaea aaeaeaaoiie
eiaieoeaiie ioeaiee neooaoeee. Oaeei ia?acii, aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea a
ii?iaeaeathuae o?aaiaeiinoue neooaoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii caaeneo io neeu
neooaoeeiiiie o?aaiaeiinoe, aeaenoaaiiinoe eiio?ia?, i?aaei?eiyouo aeey
aa nieaeaiey, oi/iinoe eiaieoeaiie ioeaiee neooaoeee. Nia?aiaiiua
enneaaeiaaiey o?aaiaeiinoe iai?aaeaiu ia ?acee/aiea neooaoeaiie
o?aaiaeiinoe naycaiiie n eiie?aoiie aiaoiae neooaoeeae, e ee/iinoiie
o?aaiaeiinoueth yaeythuaeny noaaeeueiui naienoaii ee/iinoe, a oaeaea ia
?ac?aaioeo iaoiaeia aiaeeca o?aaiaeiinoe, eae ?acoeueoaoa
acaeiiaeaenoaee ee/iinoe e aa ie?oaeaiey.
Iae?ioeceieiaey o?aaiaeiinoe.
Naie iae?ioeceieiae/aneee aiaeec o?aaiaeiinoe Aaeueai?i iniiauaaao ia
i?aaenoaaeaiee i oii, /oi i?e ii?iaeueiii ooieoeeiie?iaaiee
aioaaiienoe/aneeo y?ai – e o?ioio?iie/aneeo nenoai iaaeaeo ieie
nouanoaoao ?aoeei?ieiia e o?aaiiaaoaiiia acaeiiaeaenoaea, o.a.
ia?anoaiea y?aio?iie/aneie aeoeaiinoe nii?iaiaeaeaaony nieaeaieai
aeoeaiinoe o?ioio?iie/aneie e iaiai?io. O?aaiaeiinoue aea yaeyaony
?acoeueoaoii iaeiia?aiaiiie aunieie aeoeaiinoe y?ai – e o?ioio?iie/aneeo
nenoai, a oaeaea neaaenoaeai ia?ooaiey ?aoeei?ieiinoe iaaeaeo aeaoiy
nenoaiaie. Aeiieie?oao i?e yoii iau/ii y?aioi?iie/aneay nenoaia.
Iaeiia?aiaiiia (eiieo?e?othuaa) ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aeaoo nenoai
i?aaeuyaeyao i?e yoii eiioeeeoiua o?aaiaaiey e i?aaiecio. Aaeueai?i
auaeaeyao ?acee/iua “iaooa?iu o?aaiae”. Ai-ia?auo, yoi aicaoaeeiay
oi?ia, oa?aeoa?ecothuayny aaniieienoaii, aeia?aeoeaiinoueth,
neiiaoe/aneeie ?aaeoeeyie e i?aiaeaaeaieai yaio?iie/aneie nenoaiu.
Aiciiaeii yoi neiae?ii no?aoa-aiaaa. Ai-aoi?uo, oi?iiciay oi?ia,
oa?aeoa?ecothuayny aeiiaeoeaiinoueth, ia?aneiiaoe/aneeie ?aaeoeeyie e
aeiieie?iaaieai o?ioio?iie/aneie nenoaiu. Aiciiaeii yoi neiae?ii
no?aoa-no?aaeaiey.
?yae enneaaeiaaiee ni oeaeie aeeooa?aioeeaeueiuo yiioeee iieacae, /oi
o?aaiaeiinoue iiaeao auoue ?acaeoa ia iaeioi?ia /enei ioiineoaeueii
iacaaeneiuo aooaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia (Izard 1972).
Ia?aia enneaaeiaaiea caeeth/aeinue a oaeoi?iii aiaeec OAeY a ni/aoaiee n
ioieoaie ii?inieea ia o?iaaiue o?aaiaeiinoe (STAI). Ninoaaiay iaoiaeeea
(OAeY+O) auea i?aaenoaaeaia 339 nooaeaioai eieeaaeaea, a eioi?ui aeaia,
auea eino?oeoeey caiieieo oeaeo, aniiieiay neooaoeeth, eiaaea iie
eniuouaaee o?aaiaeiinoue. Oaeoi?iue aiaeec aeaiiuo yoiai enneaaeiaaiey
iieacae, /oi o?aaiaeiinoue eae iia ii?aaeaeyaony STAI , a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe yaeyaony eiiieaenii aooaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia.
Aieueoeinoai ioieoia STAI aioee a oaeoi? no?aoa ni/aoathuee eiiiiiaiou
no?aoa e no?aaeaiee ec OAeY. Oaeei ia?acii oaeoi?iue aiaeec iieacae /oi
oe?iei eniieuecoaiay oeaea o?aaiaeiinoe yaeyaony ia naiii aeaea
iiiaioaeoi?iui eino?oiaioii i?aaenoaaeythuei ioaeaeueiua yiioeee eioi?ua
n i?aaeiieiaeaiea oai?ee aeaeeooa?eioeeaeueiuo yiioeee aoiaeyo a
neiae?ii o?aaiaeiinoe
Aeaiiue ?enoiie ioia?aaeaao i?ioeee n?aaeieo iieacaoaeae ii OAeY aeey
auniei e iecei ano?aaiaeaiiuo eniuooaiuo a ?aaeueiuo e aiia?aaeaaiuo
oneiaeyo aucuaathueo o?aaiaeiinoue.
Eeoa?aoo?a.
Aeethian A. E. Ineoieiaey yiioeeiiaeueiuo yaeaiee. – I. 1976a.
Eaaeoia I.Ae. I ineoe/aneeo ninoiyieyo /aeiaaea. I., 1964.
Neiiiia I.A. Oai?ey io?aaeaiey e ineoiio?eoeaiey yiioeee. I., 2971.
Oeiaa?ia A.E. Yiioeee e /oanoaa eae oi?ia io?aaeaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.
I., 1971.
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