?inneeneee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Aoiaieoa?iue Oieaa?neoao
Einoeooo Ineoieiaee
ei.E.N.Auaioneiai
Eaoaae?a iauae, aic?anoiie
e aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie ineoieiaee
?AOA?AO
ii eo?no Enoi?ey Ineoieiaee
“I?oiaeienaeueiinoue oai?ee C.O?aeaea”
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue: Ia?oeaieianeay O.Ae.
Nooaeaio: O?aiaie N.N.
Eo?n 2 a?oiia 961-2
Iineaa 1998
Ineoiaiaeec.
Aac i?aoaaee/aiey iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aano?eeneee ineoieia e ineoeao?
Ceaioiae O?aeae (1856-1939) yaeyaony iaeiei ec oao o/aiuo, eoi ai iiiaii
iiaeeye ia ana aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea nia?aiaiiie ineoieiaee.
Ie iaeii ineoieiae/aneia iai?aaeaiea ia i?eia?aei noieue oe?ieoth
ecaanoiinoue ca i?aaeaeaie yoie iaoee, eae o?aeaeeci. Yoi iauyniyaony
aeeyieai aai eaeae ia eneonnoai, eeoa?aoo?o, iaaeeoeeio, aio?iiieiaeth e
ae?oaea io?anee iaoee, naycaiiua n /aeiaaeii.
C.O?aeae iacaae naia o/aiea ineoiaiaeecii — ii eiaie iaoiaea,
?ac?aaioaiiiai ei aeey aeeaaiinoeee e ea/aiey iaa?icia.
Aia?aua O?aeae caaiai?ee i ineoiaiaeeca a 1896 aiaeo, a /a?ac aiae ii
ia/ae i?iaiaeeoue nenoaiaoe/aneea naiiiaaethaeaiey, eioi?ua oeene?iaae a
aeiaaieeao aei eiioea aeecie. A 1900 aiaeo iiyaeeanue aai eieaa
”Oieeiaaiea niiaeaeaiee”, a eioi?ie ii aia?aua iioaeeeiaae aaaeiaeoea
iieiaeaiey naiae eiioeaioeee, aeiiieiaiiua a neaaeothuae eieaa
“Ineoiiaoieiaey iauaeaiiie aeecie”. Iinoaiaiii aai eaeae i?eia?aoaee
i?eciaiea. A 1910 aiaeo aai i?eaeaoatho /eoaoue eaeoeee a Aia?eea, aaea
aai oai?ey i?eia?aoaao iniaoth iiioey?iinoue. Aai ?aaiou ia?aaiaeyony ia
iiiaea ycuee. Aie?oa O?aeaea iinoaiaiii neeaaeuaaaony e?oaeie
ii/eoaoaeae e iineaaeiaaoaeae. Iinea i?aaiecaoeee ineoiaiaeeoe/aneiai
iauanoaa a Aaia aai oeeeaeu ioe?uaathony ai anai ie?a,
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneia aeaeaeaiea oe?eony. A oi aea a?aiy O?aeae noaiiaeony
ana aieaa aeiaiaoe/iui a naieo acaeyaeao, ia oa?ieo ie iaeaeoeo
ioeeiiaiee io naiae eiioeaioeee, i?anaeay ana iiiuoee naiinoiyoaeueiie
?ac?aaioee e aiaeeca iaeioi?uo iieiaeaiee ineoioa?aiee eee no?oeoo?u
ee/iinoe, i?aaei?eieiaaiua aai o/aieeaie. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e ?ac?uao n
O?aeaeii naiuo oaeaioeeauo aai iineaaeiaaoaeae.
I oii, /oi iuneueth O?aeaea i?aaeea iauay eiaeea i?aia?aciaaiey
iao/iiai ciaiey i ineoeea, aiai?eo niiinoaaeaiea iooe, neaaeoy eioi?iio
ii i?eoae e eiioeaioeee aanniciaoaeueiie ineoeee, n iooyie oai?/anoaa
ae?oaeo iaoo?aeenoia. Ioaa?aay aeueoa?iaoeao — eeai oeceieiaey, eeai
ineoieiaey niciaiey, iie ioe?uaaee iniaua ineoiaeaoa?ieiaiou, ia
eaeaioe/iua ie iae?iaeaoa?ieiaioai, ie eeoaiiui ?aaeueiiai i?e/eiiiai
cia/aiey oaiiiaiai niciaiey, iiiyoiai eae caieiooia aanoaeaniia “iiea”
noauaeoa. A yoii iauai i?ia?anna iao/iiai iiciaiey ineoeee aaaeiay ?ieue
ia?yaeo n Aaeueiaieueoeai, Aea?aeiii, Na/aiiaui i?eiaaeeaaeeo O?aeaeo.
Ai aaaaeaiee a iao/iue iai?io ?acee/iuo aeiioac, iiaeaeae e iiiyoee,
ioaaouaathueo ia?iiioth iaecaaaeaiioth iaeanoue iainiciaaaaiie
ineoe/aneie aeecie, e ninoieo caneoaa O?aeaea. A naieo enneaaeiaaieyo
O?aeae ?ac?aaioae ?yae iiiyoee, caia/aoeaaoeo ?aaeueiia naiaia?acea
ineoeee e iioiio i?i/ii aioaaeoeo a a?naiae nia?aiaiiiai iao/iiai ciaiey
i iae. E iei ioiinyony, a /anoiinoe, iiiyoey i caueoiuo iaoaieciao,
o?ono?aoeee, eaeaioeoeeaoeee, auoaniaiee, oeenaoeee, ?aa?annee,
naiaiaeiuo annioeeaoeeyo, neea ss e ae?.
O?aeae aaeuaeioe ia ia?aue ieai aeeciaiiua aii?inu, eioi?ua ieeiaaea ia
ia?anoaaaee aieiiaaoue ethaeae, — i neiaeiinoe aioo?aiiaai ie?a
/aeiaaea, ia eniuouaaaiuo ei aeooaaiuo eiioeeeoao, i iineaaenoaeyo
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiuo aea/aiee, i i?ioeai?a/eyo iaaeaeo “aeaeaaiui” e
“aeieaeiui”. AEeciaiiinoue e i?aeoe/aneay aaaeiinoue yoeo aii?inia
auaiaeii eiio?anoe?iaaee n aano?aeoiinoueth e nooinoueth aeaaeaie/aneie,
“oieaa?neoaoneie” ineoieiaee. Yoi e iaoneiaeei oio ia?iiiue ?aciiain,
eioi?ue iieo/eei o/aiea O?aeaea eae a naiie ineoieiaee, oae e aeaeaei ca
aa i?aaeaeaie.
Aianoa n oai ia eioa?i?aoaoeeth auaeaeioouo ei i?iaeai, iiaeaeae e
iiiyoee iaecaeaaeeioth ia/aoue iaeiaeeea nioeeaeueii-eaeaieiae/aneay
aoiinoa?a, a eioi?ie ii oai?ee.
Acaeyaeu O?aeaea iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e iaeaoe: iaoiae ea/aiey
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo ineoe/aneeo caaieaaaiee, oai?ey ee/iinoe e oai?ey
iauanoaa. I?e yoii noa?aeiai anae nenoaiu yaeythony aai acaeyaeu ia
?acaeoea e no?oeoo?o ee/iinoe. O?aeae auaeaeye ianeieueei caueoiuo
iaoaieciia , aeaaiuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony auoaniaiea, ?aa?anney,
?aoeeiiaeecaoeey, i?iaeoeey e noaeeiaoeey. Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiui yaeyaony
iaoaieci, eioi?ue O?aeae iacaae noaeeiaoeeae. Ii iiiiaaao iai?aaeoue
yia?aeth, naycaiioth n naenoaeueiuie eee aa?anneaiuie no?aieaieyie, a
ae?oaia ?onei, ?aaeeciaaoue aa, a /anoiinoe, a ooaeiaeanoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A i?eioeeia O?aeae e n/eoae eoeueoo?o i?iaeoeoii
noaeeiaoeee e n yoie oi/ee c?aiey ?anniao?eaae i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa,
iao/iua ioe?uoey. Iaeaieaa oniaoiui yoio iooue yaeyaony iioiio, /oi ia
iai i?ienoiaeeo iieiay ?aaeecaoeey iaeiieaiiie yia?aee, eaoa?nen, eee
i/euaiea, /aeiaaea.
Eeaeaeiciay yia?aey, eioi?ay naycaia n einoeieoii aeecie, yaeyaony
oaeaea iniiaie ?acaeoey ee/iinoe, oa?aeoa?a. O?aee aiai?ee i oii, /oi a
i?ioeanna aeecie /aeiaae i?ioiaeeo ianeieueei yoaiia, ioee/athueony
ae?oa io e?oaa niiniaii oeenaoeee eeaeaei, niiniaii oaeiaeaoai?aiey
einoeieoa aeecie. I?e yoii aaaeii, eaeei eiaiii niiniaii i?ienoiaeeo
oeenaoeey e ioaeaeaaony ee i?e yoii /aeiaae a iinoi?iiieo iauaeoao.
Enoiaey ec yoiai O?aeae auaeaeye o?e aieueoeo yoaia.
Eeaeaeicioth yia?aeth O?aeae n/eoae iniiaie ?acaeoey ia oieueei
eiaeeaeaea, ii e /aeiaa/neiai iauanoaa. Ii ienae, /oi aiaeaeue ieaiaie
yaeyaony naiaai ?iaea iooeii ?iaea, e eioi?iio ioae/eiu eniuouaatho
Yaeeiia eiiieaen, no?aiynue caiyoue aai ianoi. Iaeiaei n oaeenoaii
aiaeaey a ieaiy i?eoiaeyo a?aaeaea, e?iaue e iaaeaeioniaeoea, e oaeie
iaaaoeaiue iiuo i?eaiaeeo e nicaeaieth ia?auo caeiiia, oatho, eioi?ua
ia/eiatho ?aaoee?iaaoue nioeeaeueiia iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea. Iicaeiaa
iineaaeiaaoaee O?aeaea nicaeaee nenoaio yoiiineoieiae/aneeo eiioeaioeee,
eioi?ay iauyniyea iniaaiiinoe ineoeee ?acee/iuo ia?iaeia niiniaaie
i?ienoiaeaeaiey iniiaiuo yoaiia a ?acaeoee eeaeaei.
Aaaeiaeoaa ianoi aoai?ee O?aeaea caieiae aai iaooiae — ineoiaiaeec,
aeey iauyniaiey ?aaiou eioi?iai e auee nianoaaiii nicaeaiu inoaeueiua
/anoe aai oai?ee. A naiae ineoioa?aiee O?aeae enoiaeee ec oiai, /oi a?a/
caieiaao a aeacao iaoeeaioa ianoi ?iaeeoaey, aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea
eioi?iai iaoeeaio i?eciaao aaconeiaii. I?e yoii onoaiaaeeaaaony eaiae,
ii eioi?iio i?ienoiaeeo aani?aiyonoaaiiue iaiai yia?aeae iaaeaeo
oa?aiaaoii e iaoeeaioii, oi anoue iiyaeyaony o?ainoa?. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio
oa?aiaao ia oieueei i?iieeaao a aanniciaoaeueiia naiaai iaoeeaioa, ii e
aiooaao aio ii?aaeaeaiiua iieiaeaiey, i?aaeaea anaai naia iiieiaiea,
naie aiaeec i?e/ei aai iaa?ioe/aneiai ninoiyiey. Yoio aiaeec i?ienoiaeeo
ia iniiaa neiaiee/aneie eioa?i?aoaoeee annioeeaoeee, niia e ioeaie
iaoeeaioa, oi anoue neaaeia aai auoaniaiiiai aea/aiey. A?a/ ia i?inoi
aeaeeony n iaoeeaioii naieie iaaethaeaieyie, ii e aiooaao aio naia
oieeiaaiea, eioi?ia iaoeeaio iae?eoe/ii iiieiaao. Yoi aiooaiea, ii
iiaieth O?aeaea, e iaania/eaaao eaoa?nen: i?eieiay iiceoeeth a?a/a,
iaoeeaio eaeau iniciaao naia aanniciaoaeueiia e inaiaiaeaeaany io iaai.
Iineieueeo iniiaa oaeiai aucaei?iaeaiey naycaia n aiooaieai, yoa oa?aiey
auea iacaaia aee?aeoeaiie — a ioee/ea io oie, eioi?ay iniiaaia ia
?aaiii?aaiuo ioiioaieyo iaoeeaioa e a?a/a.
Oioy ia ana aniaeou oai?ee O?aeaea iieo/eee iao/iia i?eciaiea, a iiiaea
aai iieiaeaiey ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue eaaeoony i?eiaaeeaaeaueie nei?aa
enoi?ee, /ai nia?aiaiiie ineoieiae/aneie iaoea, iaaiciiaeii ia
i?eciaoue, /oi aai eaeae ieacaee iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea
ie?iaie eoeueoo?u — ia oieueei ineoieiaee, ii e eneonnoaa, iaaeeoeeiu,
nioeeieiaee. O?aeae ioe?ue oeaeue ie?, eioi?ue eaaeeo ca i?aaeaeaie
iaoaai niciaiey, e a yoii aai ia?iiiay caneoaa ia?aae /aeiaa/anoaii.
Ie iaeii oa/aiea a enoi?ee ineoieiaee ia aucuaaei oaeeo
acaeiieneeth/athueo noaeaeaiee e ioeaiie, eae o?aeaeeci. Eaeae
ineoiaiaeeca, ii naeaeaoaeuenoao iiiaeo ienaoaeae, ianoieueei i?iieeee a
“e?iaue” caiaaeiie eoeueoo?u, /oi iiiaei aa i?aaenoaaeoaeyi cia/eoaeueii
eaa/a iuneeoue eie, /ai eaii?e?iaaoue eo. Aianoa n oai ai iiiaeo no?aiao
ineoiaiaeec iiaeaa?aaaony ?aceie e?eoeea.
Ianiio?y ia nouanoaaiioth iiaea?iecaoeeth iiiaeo iieiaeaiee O?aeaea aai
iineaaeiaaoaeyie iniiaiua iiaeoiaeu e ineoe/aneiio ?acaeoeth,
caeiaeaiiua a aai oai?ee, inoaeenue iaeciaiiuie. E iei ioiinyony
i?aaeaea anaai neaaeothuea iieiaeaiey:
1) iiieaiea ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey eae iioeaaoeeiiiiai, ee/iinoiiai;
2) i?aaenoaaeaiea i ?acaeoee eae aaeaioaoeee e n?aaea; oioy N?aaea e ia
yaeyaony anaaaea e iieienoueth a?aaeaeaaiie, iaeiaei iia anaaaea
i?ioeainoieo eiie?aoiiio eiaeeaeaeo;
3) i?aaenoaaeaiea i aeaeaeoueo neeao ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey eae
a?aaeaeaiiuo e aanniciaoaeueiuo;
4) eaeay i oii, /oi iniiaiua iaoaieciu ?acaeoey, oaeaea a?iaeaeaiiua,
caeeaaeuaatho iniiau ee/iinoe e aa iioeaia oaea a ?aiiai aeaonoaa e
nouanoaaiiii eciaiaiey yoa no?oeoo?a a aeaeueiaeoai ia i?aoa?iaaaao.
I i?e/eiao ia?aaeienaeueiie “aeecianiiniaiinoe” ineoiaiaeeca
Eaeea ianoiyoaeuenoaa i?eaeaee ineoiaiaeeco iainii?eioth
nii?ioeaeyaiinoue, oioy ie iaeii, iiaeaeoe, iai?aaeaiea ineoieiae/aneie
iunee ia iiaeaa?aaeinue oaeie ?aceie e ieeiaaea ia i?ae?auaaoaeny
e?eoeea, eae ni noi?iiu oao, eoi eaeae yoiai iai?aaeaiey a oie eee eiie
noaiaie i?eciaaae, oae e oai aieaa ni noi?iiu oao, eoi yoe eaeae
ioaa?aae. Iano?ioa iiaiee, eioi?ay iiiuia iaaethaeaony a aai ?aieao,
aeaeaao iaeaaeei ioaao aeaaea ia oaeie, eacaeinue au, i?inoie aii?in:
yaeyaony ee ineoiaiaeec, ianiio?y ia ana ia?aiaoee e ia?aaeienu aai
enoi?ee, aieaa eee iaiaa aaeeiie oai?aoe/aneie eiino?oeoeeae eee aea,
?anniao?eaay aai naaiaeiy, iu ieacuaaainy nei?aa eeoue ia?aae
iiaa?oiinoii iauaaeeiaiiui eiiaeiia?aoii oa/aiee, eeoaiiui
niaoeeoe/aneiai aeey iaai eiioeaiooaeueiiai yae?a?
Ioaao ia yoio aii?in oai aieaa cao?oaeieoaeai, /oi, n iaeiie noi?iiu,
oai?aoe/aneea iiceoeee, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecotho ?acee/iua iai?aaeaiey
nia?aiaiiiai ineoiaiaeeca, ieeiaaea ia auee ?aiaa oae o?oaeii
niaianoeiuie, a n ae?oaie — oi, /oi, ianiio?y ia yoo naith aioo?aithth
?acii?iaeiinoue e aeaaea ?anuaieaiiinoue, ineoiaiaeec i?iaeieaeaao
inoaaaoueny a ?aieao caiaaeiie eoeueoo?u oa/aieai ea/anoaaiii iniaui,
i?ioeainoiyuei aieueoeinoao ae?oaeo iai?aaeaiee, eioi?ua a oie eee eiie
noaiaie neiaieece?otho eee au?aaeatho yoo eoeueoo?o.
Naaiaeiy iiaeiioaa?aiii neacaoue, /oi, caaiaaaa n aiyie ii?aaeaeaiiia
ianoi a caiaaeiie eoeueoo?a eae oa/aiea, eiaaoaa aia/aea
ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneoth, a caoai oaeaea oeeinioneoth e nioeeieiae/aneoth
i?eaioaoeeth, ineoiaiaeec noae iinoaiaiii iaoaeeeaaeny a aic?anoathueo
ianooaaao ia aeiaieueii ?aceia nii?ioeaeaiea aai aeaeueiaeoae yeniainee.
I?e anae “iiaeiinoe” iaeioi?uo aai iiiyoee e i?ecuaia, eo iiioey?iinoe
ia no?aieoeao iaacuneioaeueiie ianniaie ia/aoe, ii inoaaony oai ia iaiaa
a oneiaeyo nia?aiaiiie eoeueoo?u Caiaaea nei?aa eciee?iaaiiie noa?ie
iunee. Iiaeeeiiiai iieiaeioai?aiey eaeayie ineoiaiaeeca eiioeaiooaeueiuo
iai?aaeaiee, i?iieeiiaaiey yoeo eaeae a eiua oeeinioneea eee
ineoieiae/aneea oa/aiey ia i?iecioei. E oai aieaa, eiia/ii, ia
i?eoiaeeony aiai?eoue i eaeeii au oi ieauei aeeyiee eaeae ineoiaiaeeca
ia ?aaiou niaaoneeo enneaaeiaaoaeae.
Oaeia iieiaeaiea aauae ia iiaeao ia caino?eoue anoanoaaiii aicieeathuee
aii?in: /ai aea iaoneiaeeaaaony yoa ia?aaeienaeueiay aeecianiiniaiinoue
nenoaiu, eioi?ay naia ii naaa, oi anoue i?e ?ao?iniaeoeaiii acaeyaeu ia
aa nianoaaiiua aioo?aiiea i?ioeai?a/ey, ia?eniauaaony eae e?aeia
iaonoie/eaay? *oi iicaieyao yoie nenoaia nio?aiyoue ii?aaeaeaiioth
noaiaiue enoi?e/anee au?aaeaiiie noaaeeueiinoe i?e ioithaeue ia
ni/oanoaaiiii i?eiyoee aa ie?ii ae?oaeo eaeae, i?e yaiii iaee/ee a iae
neeueiuo e?eoe/aneeo oaiaeaioeee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ia?ainiuneaiea aa
iniiaiuo enoiaeiuo iieiaeaiee?
Ioaa/aao, neaaeoao i?aaeaea anaai iiae/a?eiooue, /oi naiaia?acea
noaeueau ineoiaiaeeca iauyniyaony naiaia?aceai niaeo?a eaeae, eioi?ua ii
iuoaaony ooaa?aeeoue. Nouanoaiaaieai a yoii niaeo?a eae aaaeiuo eaeae,
eiathueo na?ueaciia cia/aiea aeey aeaeeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey iaoeo ciaiee,
oae e eaeae iaeie e aeaaea iaaaoeaiie iao/iie oeaiinoe, eaeae-yoaia?ia,
i eioi?uo ia?anoatho e aeoiaoue i/aiue nei?i iinea oiai, eae iie
noi?ioee?iaaiu. Anee iineaaeiea i?eaeatho enoi?ee ineoiaiaeeca iaeee
aeeiaie/iie iicaeee, iaonoaiiie niaiu i?ia?aii e aeaei?aoeee, oi ia?aua
aunooiatho eae iniiaa iainii?eiie nii?ioeaeyaiinoe, eioi?oth yoi oa/aiea
ieacuaaei ia i?ioyaeaiee aeanyoeeaoee naiui ?aciiia?aciui iiiuoeai aai
e?eoeee.
Eaeiau aea yoe “noaaeeece?othuea” ineoiaiaeec eaeae? Ioaao o?aaoao
aeoaieiai aiaeeca, iioiio /oi iie iaeaaei aini?eieiaaiu: niaeanea n ieie
aiciiaeii eeoue i?e ieaca io o?aeoiaie, oaea aeaaii noaaoeo
o?aaeeoeeiiuie, oi anoue i?e oneiaee iiaiai acaeeyaea ia oeaeue ?yae
ineoieiae/aneeo e eeeie/aneeo i?iaeai.
Ii/oe oaea aaeiaay enoi?ey ineoiaiaeeca oaaaeeoaeueii aiai?eo a iieueco
oiai, /oi, neieue au y?ei ie i?iyaeyeanue eciai/eainoue iai?aaeaiee
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie iunee, ana yoe iai?aaeaiey, ia/eiay io nicaeaiiuo
ia?auie “ionooiieeaie” A.Aaeea?ii e E.THiaii e eii/ay iaeaieaa
ecaanoiuie nia?aiaiiuie oai?aoeeaie ineoiaiaeeca Aeae.Eeaeiii e
AE.Eaeaiii, iniiauaathony oae eee eia/a ia iaeiie e oie aea iauae aeey
ieo eaeaa nouanoaiaaiey aanniciaoaeueiiai, iiieiaaiiai eae eaoaai?ey
i?eioeeieaeueii ineoieiae/aneay.
Anee ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi iainiciaaaaiay ineoe/aneay aeayoaueiinoue
iaia?oaeeaaaony a oii eee eiii aeaea a no?oeoo?a ethaie oi?iu
/aeiaa/aneiai ?aaae?iaaiey, a no?oeoo?a ethaiai iiaaaeai/aneiai
oaiiiaia, oi noaiiaeony i/aaeeiie iaaiciiaeiinoue iiiyoue a ioaea/aiee
io yoie eaeae ie iaeii, ii nouanoao, ec i?iyaeaiee oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie
aeoeaiinoe /aeiaea.
Eiaiii yoa iii?a ia eaoaai?eth aanniciaoaeueiiai, eioi?ay iauaaeeiyao
naiua ?acee/iua iai?aaeaiey ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie iunee, iicaieeea
ineoiaiaeeco ooeaeaoue eae niaoeeoe/aneiio eiioeaiooaeueiiio oa/aieth ia
i?ioyaeaiee ii/oe oaea oeaeiai aaea.
Aeaeeia?aoey.
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