A ie?a cea, aeoiinoae, iaoaa?aiiinoe e
niiiaiee, iacuaaaiuo nouanoaiaaieai,
anoue iaeia aauue, aeey iaa aua noieo aeeoue e
eioi?ay, ianiiiaiii, neeueia eae nia?oue:
yoi ethaiaue.
A. Naieaae/
Ethaiaue yaeyaony iaeiie ec /aeiaa/aneeo yiioeee, iao/iiio eco/aieth
eioi?ie auei iinayuaii iiiaeanoai o?oaeia: ia/eiay io Noaiaeaey e aai
e?enoaeeecaoeee ethaae (ia aiai?y oaea i aieueoii eiee/anoaa aieaa
?aiieo oeeinioneeo o?oaeia) e caeai/eaay nia?aiaiiuie eco/aiueyie
ai?iiiaeueiuo ninoaaeythueo ia?aaeeaaiey ethaae. A naiae ?aaioa y oioae
au inoaiiaeoueny ia iaeioi?uo aniaeoao ethaae eae yiioeee: aa ianoa a
no?oeoo?a yiioeeiiaeueiie aeecie /aeiaaea; aa ii?aaeaeaieyo e oeiao a
?aciuo ineoieiae/aneeo iai?aaeaieyo; i?e/eiao aa ?acaeoey o /aeiaaea e
?yaea ae?oaeo.
Aeey ia/aea iaiaoiaeeii ei?ioei ?anniio?aoue iaeioi?ua oai?ee yiioeee e
caoai ii?aaeaeeoue eaeia ianoi caieiaao ethaiaue a ieo.
Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea yiioeee
A eaaeaeie ineoieiae/aneie oeiea yiioeee ii ?aciiio.
Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneay eiioeaioeey aooaeoa e iioeaaoeee. A naieo o?oaeao
O?aeae i?aaeeiaeee niinia aiaeeca iaoaieciia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ee/iinoe,
auaeaeea i?e yoii eiioeaioeeth aooaeoa. A aa iniiaa eaaeeo oai?ey
einoeieoeaiuo aea/aiee, eioi?ui naienoaaiiu: aaconeiaiinoue,
oeeeee/iinoue, ecae?aoaeueiinoue e caiaiyaiinoue. Nai aea aooaeo
ii?aaeaeyaony a ?aiieo ?aaioao O?aeaea eae aaeeinoaaiiay
iiaoaeeoaeueiay neea ineoe/aneie aeecie, a a aieaa iicaeieo o?oaeao
aooaeoai aeaaony aeaoeieoeey eio?aineoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia, iiaoaeaeathueo
oaioacee e aeaeaiey eiaeeaeaea. A ineoiaiaeeoe/aneii iiaeoiaea
auaeaeytho 3 aniaeoa aooaeoa: yia?aaoe/aneee, i?ioeann ?ac?yaeee e
aini?eyoea ieii/aoaeueiie ?ac?yaeee. Ec aieaa iicaeieo iai?aaeaiee
enneaaeiaaiey yiioeee iiaeii auaeaeeoue ?aaiou Y. O?iiia, a /anoiinoe
aai ?aaioo «Eneonnoai ethaae», iaeioi?ua eiiiiiaiou eioi?ie y ?anniio?th
ieaea.
Eiaieoeaiua oai?ee. E iei ioiinyo oai?ee naiiniciaiey (oai?ee «ss»), a
eioi?uo i?e/eiie yiioeee yaeythony eiaieoeaiua i?ioeannu. Oeaio?aeueiui
iiiyoeai yoeo oai?ee yaeyaony ss-eiioeaioeey (oeaeinoiue,
eioaa?e?iaaiiue oaiiiai, aicieeathuee i?e neiaeaiee aini?eyoey e
iiciaiey eiaeeaeaeii naiiai naay). *ai aieueoa aini?eyoea/iiciaiea
/aeiaaeii naay, /ai aieueoa iie naycaiiu n yae?ii aai ee/iinoe, oai
aieueoa iie aeeth/atho a naay /oanoaa e yiioeee. Ae?oaie a?oiiie
eiaieoeaiuo oai?ee yaeyaony ?anniio?aiea yiioeee eae ooieoeee
(?aaeoeee), iaoneiaeaiiuo eiaieoeaiuie i?ioeannaie. Oae A?iieueae,
n/eoaao, /oi yiioeey aicieeaao a ?acoeueoaoa aeeyiey ii?aaeaeaiiie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe niauoee, eioi?ua iienuaathony a oa?ieiao aini?eyoey
(eae yeaiaioa?iia iiieiaiea) e ioeaiie (iaiiaaiiue eiooeoeaiue aeo).
Ae?oaea i?aaenoaaeoaee eiaieoeaiiai iiaeoiaea (Oaooa? e ae?.)
i?aaeiieiaeeee, /oi yiioeee aicieeatho ia iniiaa oeceieiae/aneiai
aicaoaeaeaiey e eiaieoeaiie ioeaiee neooaoeee, noaaoae i?e/eiie yoiai
aicaoaeaeaiey.
Yiioeee eae ?acoeueoao aeieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iaeioi?ua
enneaaeiaaoaee ?anniao?eaatho yiioeee eae n?aaenoai aaeaioaoeee,
ea?aaoaa aaaeioth ?ieue a auaeeaaiee ia anao yaiethoeeiiiuo o?iaiyo. Oae
Ieo/ee, ii?aaeaeyao yiioeee eae oaeaniua ?aaeoeee, naycaiiua n
ii?aaeaeaiiui aaeaioeaiui aeieiae/aneei i?ioeannii. Ii aea i?aaeeiaeee
?anniao?eaaoue ee/iinoiua /a?ou eae eiiaeiaoeeth ianeieueeeo ia?ae/iuo
yiioeee. Iai?eia? ethaiaue ii?aaeaeyaony eae ?aaeinoue + i?eiyoea.
Oai?ey aeeooa?aioeeaeueiuo yiioeee, iauaeoii eco/aiey eioi?ie, yaeyaony
ioaeaeueiua yiioeee, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo ?anniao?eaaaony ioaeaeueii, eae
naiinoiyoaeueiue ia?aaeeaaoaeueii-iioeaaoeeiiiue i?ioeann, aeeythuee ia
iiciaaaoaeueioth e iiaaaeai/aneoth noa?o /aeiaaea. Iniiaie yoie oai?ee
yaeythony neaaeothuea iieiaeaiey: a) 10 ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo yiioeee
(no?ao, niouaiea, ia/aeue, ?aaeinoue e ae?.) ia?acotho iniiaioth
iioeaaoeeiiioth nenoaio aeecie /aeiaaea; a) yoe ooiaeaiaioaeueiua
yiioeee ia?aaeeaathony e aeeytho ii-?aciiio ia iiciaiea e iiaaaeaiea
/aeiaaea; a) yiioeeiiaeueiua i?ioeannu acaeiiaeaenoaotho n ae?aeaaie,
aiiainoaoe/aneeie, ia?oeaioeaiuie, eiaieoeaiuie e iioi?iuie i?ioeannaie
e aeeytho ia ieo. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi yoi aeeyiea aeaoonoi?iiia.
Aeoeaaoi?aie yiioeee caeanue aeaeyony ia 3 a?oiiu: iae?iiiua e
ia?aiai-iuoa/iua; aooaeoi?iua e eiaieoeaiua. Caeanue aea aaiaeeoueny
iiiyoea aaciaay yiioeey, ii?aaeaeyaiay eae eiathuay io/aoeeaua ia?aiua
noano?aou; iia i?iyaeyao naay n iiiiuueth ieieee e aea/ao ca niaie
io/aoeeaia ia?aaeeaaiea, iniciaaaaiia /aeiaaeii; iia ieacuaaao
i?aaiecothuaa e iioeae?othuaa aeeyiea ia /aeiaaea. Yoei e?eoa?eyi
ioaa/atho yiioeee eioa?ana, ?aaeinoe, oaeeaeaiey e ae?. Eiioeiooi
yiioeeiiaeueiie noa?u /aeiaaea caeanue auaeyaeeo neaaeothuei ia?acii: a)
?aoeaenu (aaoiiaoece?iaaiiay ?aaeoeey ia noeioe, inouanoaeythuayny aac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie eiaieoeaiie ioeaiee noeioea e ia i?aaeiieaaathuay
niciaoaeueiiai auai?a iiaeaee iiaaaeaiey) – a) einoeieou – a) ae?aeau
eee survival needs (oeceieiae/aneea iio?aaiinoe, yaeythueany iniiaie
aeey aeeaioiie aeecie) – a) yiioeee. Ii?aaeaeyy yiioeee eae oi, /oi
ia?aaeeaaaony eae /oanoai, /oi iioeae?oao, i?aaiecoao e iai?aaeyao
aini?eyoea, iuoeaiey e aeaenoaey, iu iiaeai neacaoue, /oi iie aoiaeyo
i?aeoe/anee ai ana noa?u aeecie /aeiaaea, ieacuaay oi eee eiia aeeyiea
ia ieo.
Aeayoaeueiinoiue iiaeoiae. Niaeanii aio e yiioeeiiaeueiui i?ioeannai
ioiineony aieueoie eeann i?ioeannia aioo?aiiae ?aaoeyoeee
aeayoaeueiinoe, auiieiythueo yoo ooieoeeth, «io?aaeay oio niune, eioi?ue
eiatho iauaeou e neooaoeee, aicaeaenoaothuea ia noauaeoa, eo cia/aiey
aeey inouanoaeaiey aai aeecie» (A.I. Eaiioueaa). E?iia yoiai, yiioeee
yaeythony iaeiie ec oi?i nouanoaiaaiey e ee/iinoiiai niunea, eiaaea
naycue iaaeaeo niauoeyie e iioeaaie, a oaeaea eo ee/iinoiue niune
i?iyaeyaony aicieeathueie yiioeeiiaeueiuie ia?aaeeaaieyie. Caeanue
i?iaiaeeony oa?ieiieiae/aneia ?acee/ea, ioiinyueany e yiioeeiiaeueiui
yaeaieyi: iii (oeaeinoiia yaeaiea) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaeeinoai aeaoo
iiiaioia: io?aaeaaiiai niaea?aeaiey e aai yiioeeiiaeueiiai ia?aaeeaaiey.
Yiioeeiiaeueiua yaeaiey ?aniaaeathony ia aeaa a?oiiu: a) ia?aaeeaaiey,
eioi?ua «ie?aoeaatho» naie i?aaeiaou e i?aa?auatho eo a iioeau e a)
yaeaiey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna aeayoaeueiinoe e au?aaeathuea
ii?aaeaeaiiia ioiioaiea noauaeoa e ?acee/iui oneiaeyi, neooaoeeyi e o.i.
?yae ae?oaeo eiioeaioeee e eo iieiaeaiey aoaeoo ?anniio?aiu ieaea.
Iaeioi?ua ii?aaeaeaiey ethaae
Niaeanii oai?ee aeeooa?aioeeaeueiuo yiioeee ethaiaue nouanoaaiii
ioee/aaony io oaeeo aaciauo yiioeee eae ia/aeue, ?aaeinoue, aiaa eee
no?ao. Aaciauie iie yaeythony io/anoe iioiio, /oi iie eiatho nianoaaiiua
niiniau au?aaeaiey, i?enouea ei niiniau ia?aaeeaaiey e nianoaaiiua
eiie?aoiua iaooa?iu aeoeaiinoe ia?aiie nenoaiu. Oioy ethaiaue oaeaea
yaeyaony aaciaui /oanoaii, oa?aeoa?enoeee yoie iniiau ii ioiioaieth e
ethaae i?eieiatho eiia, aieaa eiiieaeniia cao/aiea. Ethaiaue, io/anoe,
iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae nieaa yiioeeiiaeueiiai, iioeaaoeeiiiiai e
eiaieoeaiiai eiiiiiaioiia. Eca?ae, i?iaiaey iaci? iaeioi?o ec yoeo
eiiiiiaioia ieoao, /oi yoa «/anoue» ninoieo ia oieueei ec iiceoeaiuo
yiioeee eae eioa?an-aicaoaeaeaiea e oaeiaieuenoeaea- ?aaeinoue, ii e ec
?yaea iaaaoeaiuo – ia/aeue, ceinoue, aiaa e ae?. Ii oaeaea aeiiieiyao
ia?a/eneaiioth auoa eeanneoeeaoeeth ethaae oaeei oeiaie eae ethaiaue eae
ia?aaeeaaiea e ethaiaue eae ioiioaiea.
Iiieiaiea i?e/eiu aicieeiiaaiey yiioeee iiaeao iiaeeyoue ia i?ioaeaiea
yiioeeiiaeueiiai i?ioeanna e oiaaea i?aaeiaoii ia?aaeeaaiey noaiiaeoueny
yoa i?e/eia. A o/aiee Nieiicu, yoi ia?aeeth/aiea io?aceeinue a oii, /oi
oaeie aooaeo eae ethaiaue, neoaeauee iniiaie aeey aicieeiiaaiey ae?oaeo
aooaeoia, ii?aaeaeyaony eae oaeiaieuenoaea, eioi?ia nii?iaiaeaeaaony
ciaieai aiaoiae i?e/eiu. Aiaeec i?ioeanan ?acaeoey yoeo aooaeoia, o.a.
ia?aoiae ia?aaeeaaiey n iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo ia iiin?aaeiaaiiua i?e/eiu
oaeiaieuenoaey, iiaeii iaeoe a ?aaioao THia. Ii /aoei ?acee/aao iauaeo e
i?e/eio ethaae-iaiaaenoe. I?e/eiiua nayce, iienuaaaiua a o/aieyo Nieiicu
e THia iiaeii ecia?aceoue neaaeothuei ia?acii: 1) i?aaeiao ethaae – 2)
i?aaeiao oaeiaieuenoaey – 3) oaeiaieuenoaea – 4) ethaiaue. Oaeei
ia?acii, ethaiaue /anoi yaeyaony eeoue ia?aui ?acoeueoaoii ?acaeoey
yiioeeiiaeueiiai i?ioeanna, a yaeyaony iniiaie aeey aicieeiiaaiey
ae?oaeo /oanoa. Eiaaea i?aaeiao e i?e/eia ethaae niaiaaeatho, oi yoi
yaeyaony iniiaie aeey ?acaeoey yoiai /oanoaa e ca?iaeaeaiey acaeiiiai.
Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea yoiai yiioeeiiaeueiiai i?ioeanna ii?aaeaeyaony
iiciaieai ?yaea ianoiyoaeuenoa: aiciiaeiinoue ?acaeoey; iaia?aiiinoueth
e i?eciaieai ii?aaaeaiiinoe yoeo aeaenoaee;
Y. O?iii iiieiaao ethaiaue eae «ioaao ia i?iaeaio /aeiaa/aneiai
nouanoaiaaiey». *aeiaae, iniciaaay naith ioaeaeaiiinoue io i?e?iaeu,
iniciaaay naith aeeciue, i?ioeia, iiieiaao e?aoeinoue naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey. O.a. oi, /oi ia ii naiae aiea ii ?iaeaeai e ia ii naiae
oi?ao e o.i. *aeiaae «noae au aacoiiui», anee au ia niia inaiaiaeeoueny
ec yoie oth?ueiu, iieeioa aa, iauaaeeieaoenue a oie eee eiie oi?ia n
ethaeueie e ie?oaeathuei ie?ii. Niinia i?aiaeieaiey yoiai, ii O?iiio, e
anoue ethaiaue. Ethaiaue, ieoao ii, yoi «aeoeaiay caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a
aeecie e ?acaeoee oiai, /oi iu ethaei». Aaaeiui aniaeoii yaeyaony oi,
/oi ia niio?y ia oi, /oi O?iii e i?aaeeaaaao oeiieiaeth aeaeia ethaae,
ii ieoao, /oi ethaiaue anoue iai?aaeaiiinoue ia ana, a ia ia /oi-oi
iaeii. I?e yoii a aeaenoaaiiue oa?aeoa? ethaae (a ioee/ee io
neiaeioe/aneiai, iniiaaiiiai ia oii eee eiii eniieueciaaiee ae?oaiai
/aeiaaea) ii aeeth/aao oaeea iaiouaieaiua yeaiaiou eae aeaaaiea
(ioaea/o), caaioo, ioaaonoaaiiinoue, oaaaeaiea e ciaiea.
Y. Aa?i ii?aaeaeyao ethaiaue eae – «iaeaieaa iieiia e iaeaieaa
aeaai?iaeiia ec anao ioiioaiee e aeeth/aao a naay naiia eo/oaa ec anao
inoaeueiuo ioiioaiee: oaaaeaiea, ainoeuaiea, no?anoiinoue, ae?oaeao e
eioeiiinoue». A oa?ieiao o?aicaeoiiai aiaeeca, yoi aiciiaeii eeoue
oiaaea eiaaea ?iaeeoaeue oa?yao naith ci?einoue e ianoi?iaeaiiinoue, a
Ac?ineue naith i?aaeoniio?eoaeueiinoue. Ethaiaue caeanue yoi ioiioaiea
?aaaiie-?aaaiie.
Enoiee ethaae
Iniiaiiieaaathuei oaeoi?ii a yaiethoeeiiiii ?acaeoee ethaae, yaeyaony
iieiaia ?aciiiaeaiea, i?e eioi?ii naiaoe e naiea aiinyo a i?ioeann
nioai?aiey iiaiai nouanoaa ?aaiia eiee/anoai aaiia, /oi iaania/eaaao
aaiaoe/aneoth eciai/eainoue e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, yaeyaony n?aaenoaii
iaiaoiaeeiui aeey auaeeaaiey a?oiiu.
Ae?oaie aeieiae/aneee oaiiiai, nua?aaoee iniaoth ?ieue a yaiethoeee
yiioeee – ?iaenoaaiiue ioai?. Aai ii?aaeaeytho eae i?ioeann,
iaania/eaathuee ia?aaea/o ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eciaeia eiaeeaeaea /a?ac aai
aaiu e aaiu aai ?iaenoaaiieeia. I?e yoii, ?aoathuaa aeey yaiethoeee
cia/aiea ea?atho /a?ou, i?aaenoaaeythuea iniaoth oeaiiinoue aeey
ioaeaeueiiai eiaeeaeaea. Oae nouanoaotho ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa
i oii, /oi ?iaenoaaiiue ioai? ieacae aeeyiea ia aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea
aeueo?oenoe/aneiai iiaaaeaiey o /aeiaaea, aaaeiui eiiiiiaioii eioi?iai
yaeyaony niiniaiinoue e yiiaoee. A naith i/a?aaeue neaaeoao iiiieoue e i
oii, /oi nouanoaaiiie /anoueth yiiaoee yaeyaony yiioeeiiaeueiia
ia?aaeeaaiea, eioi?ia aoiaeeo a ia?aaeeaaiea ethaae.
Iniaaiiinoueth ?acaeoey /aeiaaea a iioiaaiaca yaeyaony aieueoie ia?eiae
caaeneiinoe io ?iaeeoaeae (iniaaiii iaoa?e), io eioi?ie o?aaoaony iiaea
e caaioa ia iiai?iaeaeaiiii. Caueoa e ei?ieaiea ieaaeaioea –
naeaeaoaeuenoai ethaae.
Iineaaeiae aeiaaiaoe/aneie i?e/eiie ethaae o /aeiaaea noaee inaaeeue
ia?ac aeecie e ioioa. Ia ca?a /aeiaa/anoaa ioioa auea neiaeiie e
?eneiaaiiie ?aaioie: iia o?aaiaaea auaea?aeee e ianoie/eainoe, ioae/eiu
auee auioaeaeaiu neeoaoueny ii ianeieueei aeiae aaeaee io aeiia,
i?aaeaea /ai aa?iooueny «aeiiie» e aeaiueiai e aeaoyi ni naaaeae
aeiau/ae. O/eouaay, /oi yoi auea e oece/anee oyaeaeay ?aaioa, iie
aica?auaeenue aeiiie ia oieueei ia?aiaiaiiua aeiau/ae, ii e ecio?aiiua
iiaiiae e o.i. I?e/eiie, canoaaeyaoae eo ioi?aaeyoueny a aeieaee iooue
aeiiie, auea i?eaycaiiinoue e eo aeaiueiai e aeaoyi.
Eeanneoeeaoeey oeiia ethaae
Nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai eeanneoeeaoeee ethaae. Inoaiiaeiny ei?ioei ia
iaeioi?uo ec ieo.
A ?aiea oai?ee aeeooa?aioeeaeueiuo yiioeee auaeaeytho neaaeothuea oeiu
ethaae:
Iaoa?eineay. Aa iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony aa aeeciaiiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue
aeey ?aaaiea.
Auaeaeytho neaaeothuea yeaiaiou iaoa?eineie ethaae:
oaeaniue eiioaeo. Nouanoaoao ?yae yenia?eiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee
yoiai yeaiaioa: ia/eiay io noaaoeo eeanne/aneei yenia?eiaioia Oa?eio n
iiai?iaeaeaiiuie iaacueyiaie, eioi?ui i?aaeuyaeyeenue ?acee/iua iaiaeaiu
iaoa?e e caeai/eaay iaaethaeaieyie Howard A. Moss i iieiauo ?acee/eyo a
iaoa?eineii aieiaiee. Moss auee aua?aiu 30 iiai?iaeaeaiiuo ia?aaioeaa,
eioi?ua iaaethaeaeenue a oa/aiee 3 ianyoeaa. ?acoeueoaou iieacaee, /oi
iaoa?e a oa/aiea ia?aiai ianyoea aeecie aeaoae, ia?auatho aieueoaa
eiee/anoai naiaai aieiaiey iaeue/eeai:
Iaoa?eineia iiaaaeaiea 3 iaaeaee aeecie 3 ianyoea
aeecie
iaeue/eee aeaai/ee iaeue/eee aeaai/ee
Iauaa eie-ai aea?aeaiee ia ?oea (oholds) 131.3 105.5 86.9 73.4
Iaoa?eineee eiioaeo (holds and attends) 171.1 134.5 158.5 133.8
Ea/aiea 35.1 20.7 20.0 23.9
Eie-ai aieiaiey (acaeyaeia) ia?auaiiiai ia ?aa-ea 182.8 148.1 179.5
161.9
?acaiai?u n ?aa-eii 104.1 82.2 117.5 116.1
Iiaaaeaiea ?aaaiea iaeue/eee aeaai/ee iaeue/eee aeaai/ee
Iea/ue 43.6 30.2 28.5 16.9
?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue (iea/ue e aicaoaeaeaiea) 78.7 56.8 67.3 42.9
Aiae?noaaiea (ianneaiia) 190 138.6 257.8 241.1
Eae aeaeii ec i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa ?acoeueoaoia iaaethaeaiey iaoa?e n
ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia?eiaea iaaethaeaaony nieaeaiea iaoa?eineiai aieiaiey e
iaeue/eeai, ii n?aaiaieth n oaaee/aieai e aeaai/eai. Aaoi?aie
enneaaeiaaiey i?eaiaeyony aeaa oai?ee, iauyniythuea yoio oaeo. Ia?aay
oai?ey iauyniyao yoi oai, /oi aeaai/ee aeoeaiaa ioeeeeaeenue ia
iaoa?eineia iiaaaeaiea. Oio oaeo, /oi iaoa?e a ia/aea aeecie eo aei/a?ae
oaeaeyee ei iaiueoa aieiaiey (ii caoai aeaiiua o?aaieaathony), iauyniyao
eo/ooth iao/aaiinoue aeaai/ae nioeeaeueiui ?aaeoeeyi (responses). Aoi?ia
iauyniaiea – aucuaaao oi?iu ?acee/iiai iiaee?aieaiey i?e eioi?uo iaoue,
i?eaea?aeeaaynue ii?aaeaeaiiuo eoeueoo?iuo iaeeaeaiee, eieoeee?oao
iaooa?i, noeioee?othuee iaeue/eea auoue aieaa aa?anneaiui, ianoie/eaui e
ooaea ?aaae?othuei ia nioeeaeecaoeeth.
i?eaycaiiinoue eee i?i/iay yiioeeiiaeueiay naycue ?aaaiea e iaoa?e. A
aiaeeca ?aaio ii yoie oaia Ae. Aioeae auaeae iauoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo
iaoa?einei-aeaoneie i?eaycaiiinoe: onoie/eainoue-iaonoie/eainoue.
Iaaethaeay ca ?aaeoeeyie ?aaaiea a ?acee/iuo neooaoeeyo, naycaiiuo n
ooiaeii e iiyaeaieai iaoa?e a iaciaeiiie ianoaiiaea, iiaeii auaeaeeoue
ianeieueei oeiia i?eaycaiiinoe: ecaaaaoaeueiay, aiaeaaeaioiay e
onoie/eaay. Ia oa?aeoa? yoeo i?eaycaiiinoe a iniiaiii aeeytho ?acee/iua
i?iaeaiu, aicieeathuea a naiuea: iai?yaeaiiinoue a ioiioaieyo, ?acaiae,
iioa?y ?aaiou e o.i. ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiee ae?oaeo aaoi?ia (Matas,
Arend, Sroufe, 1978) iieacaee, /oi aeaoe n onoie/eaui oeiii
i?eaycaiiinoe, iau/ii, eo/oa e oniaoiaa aaeaioe?othony e oneiaeyi naaeia
e ae?. aeioeieueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
yiioeeiiaeueiay aeinooiiinoue iaoa?e, iiae eioi?ie iiae?acoiaaatho ia
oieueei oece/aneia i?enoonoaea iaoa?e, ii e aa aioiaiinoue ioaeaoue
naith ethaiaue ?aaaieo.
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue iaoa?e e iio?aaiinoyi ?aaaiea e aioiaiinoue eo
oaeiaeaoai?eoue.
Nouanoaoao ?yae niaoeeoe/iuo yiioeee, ia?aaeeaaaiuo i?e iaoa?eineie
ethaae. E iei ioiinyo: a) /oanoaaiiue eee oece/aneee aniaeo eee o.i.
oeceieiae/aneee ae?aea (aucaaiiue /anoe/ii ai?iiiaeueiuie eciaiaieyie,
i?ienoiaeyueo a i?aaiecia iaoa?e); a) yiioeee ?aaeinoe (nioeeaeueiie ii
naiae i?e?iaea o.e. aucuaaaony oaeoii i?e/anoiinoe e aeecie, ?acaeoeth
?aaaiea); a)yiioeee eioa?ana.
Neaeeiaiaay ethaiaue. Yoi aeae oiaea yaeyaony iniaui oaiiiaiii. Noa?oee
neaeeia noaiiaeoueny ia?aui ia?oia?ii ?aaaiea a ea?a; ii aea, eae
i?aaeei, caaioeoueny aianoa n ?iaeeoaeyi i ieaaeoai, iaania/eaay aio
nioeeaeueioth iiaeaea?aeeo. Caeanue neaaeoao oiiiyiooue oaiiiai aeaoneie
?aaiinoe, eiaaea ?iaeaeaiea ieaaeoaai a?aoa eee nano?u noaiiaeoueny
eniuoaieai aeey ?aaaiea, ethaae e caaiou, oaeaeyaoaainy aio ?aiaa.
?iiaioe/aneay ethaiaue. Caeanue neaaeoao ?acee/aoue ethaiaiua
ia?aaeeaaiey e ethaiaiua ioiioaiey. Ia?aua anaaaea nii?yaeaiu n
yiioeeyie ?aaeinoe e eioa?ana, a aoi?ua iiaoo aeeth/aoue a naay aanue
niaeo? yiioeee.
Iioiaeay eeanneoeeaoeey nouanoaoao e o Y. O?iiia. Ii auaeaeyao:
A?aoneoth ethaiaue, eioi?ay yaeyaony iaeaieaa ooiaeaiaioaeueiui aeae,
ninoaaeythuei iniiao anao ae?oaeo oeiia ethaae. Iia iniiauaaaony ia
/oanoaa, /oi ana iu – iaeii, a nouanoaothuea ?acee/ey ia a n/ao.
Iaoa?eineoth ethaiaue. Yoi aaconeiaiia ooaa?aeaeaiea aeecie ?aaaiea e
aai iio?aaiinoae. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue a?aoneie e y?ioe/aneie ethaae,
yaeythueany ethaiaue iaaeaeo ?aaiuie, naycue iaoa?e e ?aaaiea anoue, ii
naiae nooe, ia?aaainoai. Ec-ca naiaai aeueo?oenoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a iia
n/eoaaony aunoei aeaeii ethaae.
Y?ioe/aneoth ethaiaue. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue auoaia?a/eneaiiui,
no?aieoueny e iieiiio neeyieth n aeeceei /aeiaaeii e a iae oaeaea anoue
i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoue.
Ethaiaue e naaa, eioi?oth neaaeoao ioee/aoue io yaiecia, iineieueeo
yaieno ia ethaeo naay, a iaiaaeaeeo. *?acia?ii caaioynue oieueei i naay,
yaieno, a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, aeaeaao aaconiaoiua iiiuoee
eiiiaine?iaaoue naie iaoniao a aeaea caaiou i ae?oaeo.
Ethaiaue e aiao.
?. Noa?iaa?a a naiae eiioeaioeee ?anniao?eaaao o?e aaciauo eiiiiiaioa
ethaae (no?anoue, eioeiiinoue e i?aaeaiiinoue), ia iniiaaiee eioi?uo
ii?aaeaeythony aiciiaeiua eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua noeee ethaiaiuo ioiioaiee:
ethaiaue-no?anoue, ethaiaue-ae?oaeaa e ethaiaue-iaycaoaeuenoaa. I?e yoii
eaeaaeueiie n/eoaaony niaa?oaiiay ethaiaue – ni/aoaiea anao o?ao
eiiiiiaioia.
C. ?oaei auaeaeee neaaeothuea oaeoi?u, yaeythueany iniiaie aeey
eeanneoeeaoeee oeiia ethaae: i?eaycaiiinoue, caaioa e eioeiiinoue.
Oaeei ia?acii, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi i?iaeaiaoeea ethaae aeaaii eco/aaony
eae a ineoieiaee aiiaua, oae e a ineoieiaee yiioeee a /anoiinoe, ia
nouanoaoao /aoeie ea?oeiu yoiai yiioeeiiaeueiiai ia?aaeeaaiey.
Auaeaeaiiua auoa e?eoa?ee e iiiyoey nei?aa iienuaatho ioaeaeueiua
noi?iiu e i?iyaeaiey ethaae eae yiioeee ,/oi iiaeao auoue naycaii, ia
iie acaeyae, n ooiaeaiaioaeueiinoueth e cia/eiinoueth yoie oaiu.
Eniieueciaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a:
1. A.E. Aeethian «Ineoieiaey yiioeeiiaeueiuo yaeaiee», I., 1976
Y. Aa?i «Naen a /aeiaa/aneie ethaae», I., 1998
Howard A. Moss «Sex, Age and State as Determinants of Mother-Infants
Interactions»,
ec Merrill-Palmer Quarterly ‘1967, vol. 13.
Ae. Iaea?n «Nioeeaeueiay ineoieiaey», N-Ia., 1999
Y. O?iii «Eneonnoai ethaae», Oa?ueeia, 1990
E. Eca?ae «Ineoieiaey yiioeee», N-Ia, 1999
E. Oiee, A. Eeiaenae «Oai?ee ee/iinoe», I., 1999
«Ineoieiaey yiioeee. Oaenou», I., 1984
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