31
31
Ieienoa?noai iauaai e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey ?innee
Oieueyooeineee oeeeae
Naia?neiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaaeaaiae/aneiai oieaa?neoaoa
Eaoaae?a ineoieiaee
EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA
ii aeenoeeieeia : “Ineoieiaey ”
ia oaio : “E?ecen aoi?iai ?iaeaeaiey”
Eniieieoaeue : nooaeaioea
a?oiiu A-303
Ai?iaeeia I.A.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue :
noa?oee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue
Aaoa?iaa O.I.
Oieueyooe 1999 NIAeA?AEAIEA
AAAAeAIEA ………………………………………………………………………………………..3
AEAAA 1 Oai?aoe/aneee aniaeo i?iaeaiu iiae?inoeiaiai
aic?anoa…………………………..6
1.1 Iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano eae enoi?e/aneia yaeaiea…………………………………6
1.2 ?acaeoea oai?ee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa : aeiioacu, iiaiey,
ioe?uoey………..8
1.3 Oa?aeoa?enoeea iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa: ineoioeceieiae/aneee,
ee/iinoiue, eioaeeaeooaeueiue aniaeou…………………………………………………………15
AEAAA 2 I?iaeaiu iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa a i?aeoeea nia?aiaiiie oeieu
…………….23
2.1 Iaoiaeeea i?iaaaeaiey enneaaeiaaiee………………………………………………23
2.2 Aiaeec ?acoeueoaoia iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou……………………….25
CAEETH*AIEA …………………………………………………………………………………..29
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U………………………………………………………………………..30
I?EEIAEAIEss
AAAAeAIEA
Noa?a ineoieiaee i/aiue iaoe?ia e eioa?ania; e ii nae aeaiue a iae
niaea?aeeony iiiaeanoai aua ia ?ac?aoaiiuo aii?inia, caaaaei/iuo
oaiiiaiia, iaiauynieiuo yaeaiee. Ii/aio aea ian i?eaeaeea eiaiii
i?iaeaia iiae?inoeiaiai e?ecena?
Oianoiui, ia iao acaeyae, aoaeao i?eaanoe caeanue neiaa A.A. Ainna?o :
” … ia /aeiaaea a iauanoaa ia?auatho neeoeii iaei aieiaiey. Ia iaai yoi
IAEIA AIEIAIEA ia?auatho neeoeii IICAeII. Eiaaea oaea iicaeii. Eiaaea ii
oaea /aeiaae. Eee ia nianai /aeiaae. Eee ia/aeiaae… Eiaaea ii aioia,
aac ian- ieii/aoaeueii i?iecioae eee ia i?iecioae. E iu eae aoaeoi ia
i?e/ai… ” [1,3] . E iniaaiii – aeeciaiii iaiaoiaeeii yoi aieiaiea
iiae?inoeo, oae eae ii naiue ioaa?aeaiiue e naiue iaeeiieee. A neeo
naiaai aic?anoa ii oaea ia iiaeao aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny naiaeiie e
oeieueiie aeeciueth, au?anoay ec eo i?aaenoaaeaiee e ii?i, a iiae/an e
anooiay n ieie a eiioeeeo – iiae?inoea iaoaea?aeeii aea/ao e naaa
ac?ineia iauanoai ni naieie caeiiaie, ni naiae, niaa?oaiii eiie, /ai
aeaoneay no?oeoo?ie. E aio i/aiue o?oaeii: aio iaaei i?eniiniaeoueny e
iiaui oneiaeyi, i?eiyoue naay e aeiaeoueny, /oiau ae?oaea i?eiyee e
ioeaieee- eae ac?ineiai, eae ee/iinoue. E iooiai, eae naaiaeiyoiea
iiae?inoee ?aoao naie i?iaeaiu, eaeea auaa?oo aeey naay oeaiiinoe,
caaeneo iaoa aeeaeaeoaa aoaeouaa, iaoa caao?aoiaa iauanoai. E iaaei au
na?ueacii caaeoiaoueny iaae yoie i?iaeaiie. Ii aei iiae?inoeia ee
ac?ineui, eiaaea aaoaiiue ?eoi aeecie e ai?ueaa ca nouanoaiaaiea ia
inoaaeytho a?aiaie iiaeoiaoue aeaaea i naaa.
A ?acoeueoaou yoie “aiiee ia auaeeaaiea “ oaea aeaaii aeatho i naaa
ciaoue: ?acaoe i?anooiiinoe, aacoaea?aeiue ?ino ia?eiiaiee,
iianaaeiaaiay aanniuneaiiay aeanoieinoue- aio aeaeaei ia iieiue
ia?a/aiue ioee/eoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae iaoaai a?aiaie. Ii naiia no?aoiia
– yoi oi, /oi a eaaeaeii o?aoueai neo/aa aeaaiuie o/anoieeaie niauoee
noaiiayony 13-18 eaoiea.” Ia?anoathuay aieia i?anooiiinoe n?aaee
iiae?inoeia, i?e/ai a ianeeuenoaaiiuo oi?iao, – oaeo oaea ioeoeeaeueiie
noaoenoeee… Eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho e?eieiieiae, iuiaoiea i?anooieaiey
ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo ana /aua i?eia?aoatho oa?aeoa? caa?eiie aeanoieinoe e
eciu?aiiiai aeoieaiey iaae aea?oaie…” [4,4] Aea, iiiaea yoiio
oaeanathony e i?eciatho iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey ia?, ii eaeeo? Eiienney
ii aeaeai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, eieiiey aeey iaeue/eeia, eieiiey aeey
aeaai/ae… – ana yoi ia?ooeaaaony ia aieiao thiiai i?anooiieea. Eiia/ii,
aeiiaiua aeieaeiu iieo/eo ii caneoaai, eiia/ii ioaeii iaaciianeoue
iauanoai io e?eieiaea- ii aaaeue ana yoi oieueei iineaaenoaey, oieueei
“aa?oeia aenaa?aa”! E iiea enoiee i?iaeaiu ia iieo/ao aeieaeiiai
aieiaiey, ia aoaeoo ?ane?uou, ana inoaiaony ii i?aaeiaio. Oae, ii
niiauaieyi aacaou “Ieiuaaeue naiaiaeu” : “ … a ieioaoai aiaeo (1998)
iiae?inoeiaay i?anooiiinoue au?inea ia 22 % ”. [7,1]
Ia iao acaeyae, aeaaii ianoaei a?aiy caaeaoue naaa aii?in: eoi aea
au?inoee eo oaeeie – iai?eeaaiiuie, iuaoeieaoeieny,
iceiaeaiiuie? Aeaaii i?eoea ii?a acyoue ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
nianoaaiiia oai?/anoai. Aaaeue neieueei nae/an aie?oa aeanoieinoe – ia
ye?aiao oaeaaeci?ia, ia oeeoea, aeaaea a naiuea. Neieueei
iani?aaaaeeeainoe, oieaeaiey, ?aaiiaeooey… E a /ooeie, ?aieiie aeooa
ac?ineathuaai /aeiaaea ana yoi iieo/aao iniaaiii auno?ue e ai?y/ee
ioeeee. Aanneaaeii ia i?ioiaeeo ieeaeia cei. E eaaeaeay aeaoneay iaeaea
– oio ino?ue ineieie, eioi?ue aoaeao oea?aiaoue na?aeoea anth aeeciue.
Ia iao acaeyae, oaeea /a?ou oa?aeoa?a, eae iiaeic?eoaeueiinoue,
iieoaeueiinoue, aieaciaiiia naiiethaea, aeoieeainoue, aacaeaeinoiinoue
aeoaiei iinayiu a aeooao ia ca?a aeecie- ?aaii eae e niaanoeeainoue,
uaae?inoue, ene?aiiinoue, ia?aaiiaeooea e e?anioa e e /oaeie aiee.
E aua iaeei eiaeeeaoi? ?aniaaea iauanoaa, aua iaeia, eiiaaea iineaaeiyy
iiiuoea thiiai /aeiaaea aeinoo/aoueny aei ac?ineuo – yoi noeoeeae,
eioi?ue n eaaeaeui aiaeii ana iieiaeaao e ?anoao. A oaeii aieueoii
ai?iaea, eae Iineaa, aaeaaiaeii io 1.5 aei 2 oun. ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo
iuoathony iieii/eo naiioaeenoaii. E, neaaeoao, ia eiiaoe, ni?ineoue naay
iiiyoii ee, iiae eaeei aeanoieei i?annii aeeaao iiae?inoee, anee a?oaia
neiai o/eoaey, i/a?aaeiie neaiaeae, ono?iaiiue iaoa?ueth, ethaiaiay eee
oeieueiay iaoaea/a, iiaeaiaeeo e iineaaeiae /a?oa, ca eioi?ie ia?uaaaony
aaeaa ia/aaoayny aeeciue. Anee iiiyoii aua ia iicaeii eciaieony e
eciaieoue nouanoaothuaa ninoiyiea aeaiiie i?iaeaiu.
Oeaeue enneaaeiaaiey : enneaaeiaaoue iniaaiiinoe iiae?inoeiaiai
aic?anoa, iieacaoue neiaeiue e i?ioeai?a/eaue oa?aeoa? aeaiiiai
ia?eiaea, aai ?aoathuaa aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea ee/iinoe.
Caaea/e enneaaeiaaiey:
– i?ineaaeeoue ?acaeoea oai?aoe/aneeo acaeyaeia ia i?iaeaiu
iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa
– ?anniio?aoue aeaaiua iniaaiiinoe yoiai ia?eiaea
– i?iaanoe aieaoe?iaaiea a?oiiu iiae?inoeia ia i?aaeiao eo ioiioaiey e
naaa, e ae?oaei, e aeecie
– naeaeaoue niioaaonoaothuea auaiaeu, iiaeaiaeyuea eoia enneaaeiaaiey.
Iauaeo enneaaeiaaiey: oaeea ineoieiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee,
eae ioiioaiea iiae?inoeia e naaa, e aoaeouaio, eo acaeiiioiioaiey ni
ac?ineuie e naa?noieeaie, oeaiiinoe iiae?inoeia.
I?aaeiao enneaaeiaaiey (aeiioaca): acaeiicaaeneiinoue iaaeaeo
ioiioaieai iiae?inoea e naaa, e aoaeouaio e eo ioiioaieyie ni ac?ineuie
e naa?noieeaie.
Auai?ea eniuooaiuo: o/aueany 12-14 eao (7-8 eeannu) .
Iaoiae enneaaeiaaiey: aiiieiiia aieaoe?iaaiea.
AEAAA 1. Oai?aoe/aneee aniaeo i?iaeaiu iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa.
1.1 Iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano eae enoi?e/aneia yaeaiea.
“ Ii/aio iia oae ieioi? Ii/aio iia ana a?aiy ia aacao? ss onoae. ss ia
oi/o aeeoue! Iia eaaeaony, y iinoaiaiii ioie?ath. ss caia/ath, /oi oaea
i/aiue aeaaii y ia niayeny ii- ianoiyuaio eaaei e a?iiei. ss, eiia/ii,
niathnue. I?e/ai, niathnue /anoi. Ii yoio niao ooaea neac. ss nai naaa
eaaeonue eaeei-oi iaeaiueeei, ieaea e ooaea anao. Oioy yoi ia oae: y
aeiaieueii ?ineue, 1.75 i. ss ia ciath, a /ai i?e/eia e eae ecaaaeony io
yoiai. Ii y oi/o niiaa iao/eoueny niayoueny. Eae y oi/o ianeaaeaeaoueny
aeeciueth, niaie naiei! Eae y oi/o oiaeeoue, ?ani?aaea iea/e,
i?eneooeaaoueny, i?eithoeaaoueny e ie?oaeathuaio ie?o, iuouaoue naia
nianoaaiiia oaei! Ia oi/o y oiaeeoue niaaaiiui iiae oyaeanoueth yoie
aaeeeie a?onoe. ss aei oiai eciioaeny, /oi oaea ia iaoiaeo iieiy. ss
aithnue ethaeae. Iie ana oioyo iaiy iaeaeaoue. Oieueei e aeaeoo neo/ay,
/oiau oieceoue, caaeaoue, eee oueiiooue. ss ciath yoi. ss eo aithnue!
Iao, y eo i?inoi iaiaaeaeo! Naiei/e! Ana naiei/e! ss ia oi/o ieeaeiai
aeaeaoue. Ia oi/o. Eae au iia oioaeinue oia?aoue. Ii nai y ia iiao. ss
ciath, y nai – aeo?ae, e?eoei. ss nai – naiei/ue. O iaiy ie/aai ia
iieo/aaony, y ie/aai ia oiath. Ca /oi aea iaiy ethaeoue? Ii/aio y eae
aoaeoi nouaeonue ethaeae, /oanoaoth naay iaeiaei? Oaeia /oanoai, /oi y
eaaeaeiio caaeieaeae ii 100 ?oaeae. Yoi iie ai anai aeiiaaou. E y oiaea!
ss ai anai aeiiaao. Naaiaeiy iaiuethnue. Iao, oiaaea iia i?eaeaony
ieoue eaaeaeue aeaiue… ss ethaua aeaiueae ioaeai, /oiau ecaaaeoueny io
naiiai naay, oaeiai i?a/iiai, aac?aaeinoiiai… ” [11,4]
Ociaaoa? – Yoi aiein ioooaea, ec ie?a iiae?inoeia, aiein iaueiiaaiiiai
ia?iy, /oi aeeaao a ninaaeiae eaa?oe?a, ano?a/aaony a aaie a o?ainii?oa,
ae?oaeeo n aaoei nuiii, a iiaeao auoue, yoi aeaaea aao nui. Yoi ienueii
ioe?iaaiey, aeiaieueii oeie/iay ii niaea?aeaieth aeey aeaiiiai aic?anoa,
a neieueei oaeeo eniiaaaeae, e?eeia aeooe inoathony aioo?e:
iaauneacaiiua, iiaeaaeaiiua, e iooiai aua aieaa aieaciaiiua e ino?ua.
Oae /oi aea ana oaee oaeia iiae?inoeiaue e?ecen e eaeie ia naiii aeaea
– iiae?inoie?
Ianooieaiea io?i/anoaa ia c?y n?aaieaatho ni aoi?ui ?iaeaeaieai
?aaaiea. ?iaeaeaiea- yoi ia oieueei iiyaeaiea /aai-oi iiaiai, ii e
?ac?ua noa?uo naycae. Iiai?iaeaeaiiue ieaaeaiaoe oece/anee ioaeaeyaony
io iaoa?e. Iiai?iaeaeaiiue iiae?inoie ioaeaeyaony io ?iaeeoaeae
ineoieiae/anee.
Ac?ua aoi?iai ?iaeaeaiey i?iecioae, e ia?aae iaie – aaeaa ?aciaiyaoee
aoi?ie aeanyoie iiae?inoie, noaiiayueeny ana iaiaa iioiaeee ia i?aaeiaai
?aaaiea. Ii iaiyaony iinoiyiii – e aioo?aiia, e aiaoia, e
ineoieiae/anee, e oeceieiae/anee. Ii iaia?oaeeaaao a naaa iiaoth
aiaoiinoue, iiaua iuouaiey, iiaua iio?aaiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe. Iuoiui
oeaaoii ?anoeaaoaao oae iacuaaaiue iiae?inoeiaue yaioeaio?eci. ?aaaiie
eae au i?eeiaai e naaa e ioeaieaaao i?ienoiaeyuaa eneeth/eoaeueii. Ii
caiyo oieueei niaie, ana aai iunee e /oanoaa aa?oyony aie?oa aai “ss”,
aio eaaeaony, /oi ie?oaeathuea oaeaea iinoiyiii ia?auatho aci?u ia iaai,
ioeaieaay, n?aaieaay – e iaaa?iyea aeaeay oieceoue e iinoaaeoue ia
ianoi. Aai yaioeaio?e/aneia naiiniciaiea ii?iaeaeaao iniaia iiaaaeaiea
iiae?inoea- naa?o /oanoaeoaeueiia, ianaea?aeaiiia, aieinoaaiiia,
iaeae/eaia. Ca naie i?aaa iiae?inoie ai?aony ii/oe /oi yeno?aienoneeie
niiniaaie. E niaeaeaieth ac?ineua aeaeyo a iniiaiii oieueei aiaoiea
i?iyaeaiey oaeiai iainiaeaiey. Iie ieioi i?aaenoaaeytho naaa, /ai aeeaao
e eae ?aaae?oao ia i?ienoiaeyuaa thiue /aeiaae, ia neieueei iiauoaaony
aai /oanoaeoaeueiinoue ethaui, eanathuainy aai auneacuaaieyi, iiaieyi,
eioiiaoeeyi. Niiaee au oaeaeaoue yoi- oaeanioeenue au, a eaeea aacaeiu
no?aoa e o?aaiae iia?oaeaaony, eae ii oa?aoaaony ec e?aeiinoe a
e?aeiinoue, ae?aiaoece?oy naie iuouaiey, iianaiey e iaoaea/e. Aeaaea
yoiai aeinoaoi/ii, /oiau i?eciaoue iaee/ea iiae?inoeiaiai e?ecena, eae
ioaeaeueiiai ?aaeueii nouanoaothuaai yaeaiey aic?anoiie ineoieiaee, a
iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa- eae niaa?oaiii iniaiai ia?eiaea n oa?aeoa?iuie
ioee/eoaeueiuie iniaaiiinoyie, i?ioeaiiinoaaeythuea aai eae ac?ineinoe,
oae e aeaonoai.
Ii yoe auaiaeu eanathony nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa ?acaeouo no?ai. A oaeii
neo/aa aicieeaao aii?in: Anaaaea ee e aacaea ?anniao?eaaaiia
ineoieiae/aneia yaeaiea eiaei ianoi?
Aei 17 aaea iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano ia auaeaeyeny a aeeciaiiii oeeeea
/aeiaaea a iniaue ia?eiae. Yoai aeaonoaa caeai/eaaeny aianoa n iieiaui
nic?aaaieai, iinea eioi?iai aieueoeinoai iieiaeuo ethaeae n?aco anooiaee
ai ac?ineue ie?. Aneaaenoaea aenaea?aoeee iieiaia nic?aaaiea i?ienoiaeeo
a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ianeieueeeie aiaeaie ?aiueoa, /ai a i?ioeii, a oi
a?aiy eae ineoieiae/aneia e nioeeaeueiia ac?ineaiea ion?i/eeinue,
oaaee/ea i?iiaaeooi/iue ia?eiae iaaeaeo aeaonoaii e ac?ineinoueth.
Aeoaieea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey, naycaiiua n
?acaeoeai eaieoaeenoe/aneie oi?iaoeeae, iaeiei ec iineaaenoaee eiaee
eciaiaiey a ia?eiaeao iioiaeiaca. Caieiathueeny i?iaeaiaie aeaonoaa
o?aioeocneee enoi?ee eoeueoo?u I. A?uea n/eoaao, /oi ia yoi eciaiaiea
iiaeeyee neaaeothuea nioeeaeueiua yaeaiey: nicaeaiea ianniauo oeie,
?ino /enea n?aaeieo e aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, e iaycaoaeueiay
aieineay iaycaiiinoue. Oaeei ia?acii, auaeaeaiea iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa
eae i?iiaaeooi/iiai ia?eiaea aeecie /aeiaaea io iieiaiai nic?aaaiey aei
oie ii?u, eioi?ay nioeeaeueii oa?aeoa?ecoaony eae ac?ineinoue – i?iaeoeo
iiaiai a?aiaie. Naaiaeiy a ineoieiaee nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai oai?ee
iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa, ii eaeie au ie auea ii?aaeaeaiea yoiai ia?eiaea
?acaeoey, ieeoi a iaoa a?aiy ia niiiaaaaony a aai ?aaeueiinoe, oioy o?e
noieaoey iacaae ii aaeaa au?eniauaaeny.
Ianiiiaiii, /oi a caaeneiinoe io eeanniaie, iaoeeiiaeueiie, a?aiaiiie
e ae?oaeo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoae iiae?inoea, iaaeaeo ieie auaeaeythony
ii?aaeaeaiiua ?acee/ey. Ii nouanoaotho e iauea /a?ou. E i?aaeaea anaai,
nae/an iaiaoiaeeii iiiyoue, eaeiau ineoieiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee,
ioee/athuea aeaiiue ia?eiae io ae?oaeo ia?eiaeia aeecie, e a eaeie ia?a
ii iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo oneiaee ainieoaiey. Eiuie
neiaaie, iaiaoiaeeia oai?ey iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea ?acaeoey /aeiaaea. E
a i?ioeanna aa iino?iaiey, eioi?ue aeeeeny ia iaeei aeanyoie eao, aa
iiiieiyee ana iiaua ioe?uoey e aeiioacu, iia noaiiaeeanue i?aaeiaoii
enneaaeiaaiee e nii?ia oeaeiai ?yaea ineoieiaia e ae?oaeo o/aiuo.
1.2 ?acaeoea oai?ee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa: aeiioacu, iiaiey,
ioe?uoey.
Ia?aue, eoi ia?aoee aieiaiea ia iiaia nioeeaeueiia yaeaiea –
iiae?inoeiaue ia?eiae ?acaeoey, aue ss.A. Eiiaineee. Enoiaey ec i?e?iaeu
/aeiaaea ii aeaeeo aeeciue iiae?anoathuaai iieieaiey ia /aou?a
aic?anoiuo ia?eiaea ii oanoue eao eaaeaeue. A?aieoeu io?i/anoaa ii
ii?aaeaeyao a 6–12 eao. A iniiao yoiai aeaeaiey ii eeaaeao aic?anoiua
iniaaiiinoe; io?i/anoai, a /anoiinoe, oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?acaeoeai iaiyoe e
aiia?aaeaiey n eo eniieieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie- ycueii e ?oeie. Oaeei
ia?acii, oioy caeanue aua ia i?eoiaeeony aiai?eoue i na?ueaciii
enneaaeiaaiee i?iaeaiu, ii iai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue oio oaeo, /oi
Eiiaineee aia?aua auaeaeee io?i/anoai eae iniaue ia?eiae aeaonoaa (oioy
e aeeaaeuaae a yoi ianeieueei eiia iiieiaiea).
Neaaeothuee, eoi ia?aoee aieiaiea ia iiae?inoeiaue ia?eiae ?acaeoey,
aue AE.AE. ?onni. A naiai, auoaaeoai a 1762 aiaeo ?iiaia “Yieeue” ii
ioiaoee oi ineoieiae/aneia cia/aiea, eioi?ia yoio ia?eiae eiaao a
aeecie /aeiaaea. ?onni, ioa?aeoa?eciaaa iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano eae
“aoi?ia ?iaeaeaiea”, eiaaea /aeiaae “?iaeaeaaony a aeeciue” nai,
iiae/a?eioe aaaeiaeooth, ia iao acaeyae, iniaaiiinoue aeaiiiai ia?eiaea
– ?ino naiiniciaiey. Ii nianoaaiii iao/ioth ?ac?aaioeo eaeae ?onni
iieo/eee ooiaeaiaioaeueiue aeaoooiiiue ?aaioa N. Oieea “Ac?ineaiea :
aai ineoieiaey, a oaeaea naycue n oeceieiaeae, aio?iiieiaeae,
nioeeieiaeae, naenii, i?anooiiinoueth, ?aeeaeae e ia?aciaaieai”,
auoaaeoae a 1904 aiaeo. Oieea ni?aaaaeeeai iacuaatho “iooeii “
ineoieiaeae ia?aoiaeiiai aic?anoa, oae eae ii ia oieueei i?aaeeiaeee
eiioeaioeeth, iauyniythuoth aeaiiia yaeaiea, ii e ia aeieai ii?aaeaeee
e?oa oao i?iaeai, eioi?ia o?aaeeoeeiiii noaee naycuaaoue n iiae?inoeiaui
ia?eiaeii. A aeooa oeeinioee iaiaoeeiai ?iiaioecia niaea?aeaiea
iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea iaicia/aaony Oieeii eae e?ecenii niciaiey (
ia?eiae “Ao?e e iaoenea”), i?aiaeieaa eioi?ue /aeiaae i?eia?aoaao “
/oanoai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe”. Ii aiieiaee n iiaeaeueth aeiaeiica Y.
Aaeeaey Oiee no?ieo naith iiaeaeue nioeeiaeiica, a eioi?ie
iiae?inoeiaay noaaeey o?aeooaony eae niioaaonoaothuay yiioe ?iiaioecia a
enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa, oi anoue i?iiaaeooi/iie iaaeaeo aeaoneei e
ac?ineui ninoiyieai. Caneoaa aea Oieea, ia iao acaeyae, a oii, /oi ii
aaae ai-ia?auo i?aaenoaaeaiea i i?iiaaeooi/iinoe, ia?aoiaeiinoe
aeaiiiai yoaia ?acaeoey; ai-aoi?uo, iiiyoey e?ecena – iaeaieaa
cia/eoaeueiia aai aeinoeaeaiea.
Oai?aoe/aneea iiaeaee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa i?aaenoaaeaiu ai anao
aaaeoueo iai?aaeaieyo caiaaeiie ineoieiaee. E oioy oai?ee C. O?aeaea e
A. O?aeae ( ineoiaiaeec), E. Eaaeia ( aaooaeueoineoieiaey) e ?.
Aaiaaeeeo ( aeoaaei?eci) neeueii ?aciyony iaaeaeo niaie, ii eo
iauaaeeiyao oi, /oi ana yoe oai?ee enoiaeyo eo iauae iiaeaee
iioiaaiaoe/aneiai ?acaeoey – yaiethoeeiiiiai.
Aiaeec i?e/ei niaiu nioeeiaaiaoe/aneie iiaeaee ?acaeoey ia
yaiethoeeiiioth iieacuaaao, /oi aeey yoiai eiaeenue i?aaeiinueee,
neiaeeaoeany aioo?e naiie ineoieiaee. E i?aaeaea anaai, yoi ?aaiou
aia?eeaineeo eoeueoo?aio?iiieiaia oeieu Aian. Yoe enneaaeiaaiey eco/aee
ineoe/aneia ?acaeoea ?aaaiea a oneiaeyo i?eieoeaiuo eoeueoo? e
n?aaieaaee yoe oneiaey n aia?eeaineeie. ?. Aaiaaeeeo eco/aea
iiae?inoeia eiaeaeneeo ieaiai Eaiaaeu e Iiaie Aaeiae, a aa eieeaaa I.
Ieae aaea enneaaeiaaiey iiae?inoia ia ino?iaa Naiia. Nia?aiiua aeaiiua
iicaieeee ineoieiaai iicaeiaa naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi i iiae?inoeiaii
ia?eiaea eae i?iiaaeooi/iii iaaeaeo iieiaui nic?aaaieai e ia/aeii
ac?ineie aeeciueth eiaao niune aiai?eoue oieueei a ioiioaiee
i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai. Ieeaeiai e?ecena ?acaeoey o i?eieoeaiuo
eoeueoo? aio?iiieiae ia iaia?oaeeee, a iaoee e iienaee i?ioeaiiieiaeiia
– aa?iiie/iia, aaneiioeeeoiia i?ioaeaiea iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea. Ieae e
aa eieeaae onoaiiaeee, /oi iiae?inoeiaue ia?eiae iiaeao eiaoue ?acioth
aeeeoaeueiinoue, a a iaeioi?uo ieaiaiao ii ia?aie/eaaaony ianeieueeeie
ianyoeaie.
Aio?iiieia Aaiaaeeeo, n?aaieaay ainieoaiea aeaoae a ?aciuo iauanoaao,
i?eoea e auaiaeo, /oi ai iiiaeo eoeueoo?ao iao iiae/a?eeaaiey eiio?anoa
iaaeaeo ac?ineui e ?aaaieii, eioi?ue nouanoaoao a aia?eeaineie nenoaia
ainieoaiey. A yoeo eoeueoo?ao aeaoe n iaeiai aic?anoa aeeth/aiu a o?oae
ac?ineuo, eiatho iaycaiiinoe, ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue. N aic?anoii oi e
ae?oaia oaaee/eaaaony, ii iinoaiaiii. A ioiioaieyo ac?ineiai e ?aaaiea
nouanoaoao acaeiinaycue. Iiaaaeaiea ia iiey?ecoaony: iaeii aeey
?aaaiea, ae?oaia aeey ac?ineiai. Yoi iicaieyao ?aaaieo n aeaonoaa
i?eia?aoaoue oiaiea e i?aaenoaaeaiey, eioi?ua aoaeoo aio iaiaoiaeeiu a
aoaeouai. A oaeeo oneiaeyo ia?aoiae io aeaonoaa e ac?ineinoe i?ioaeaao
ieaaii, ?aaaiie iinoaiaiii o/eony niiniaai ac?ineiai iiaaaeaiey e
ieacuaaaony iiaeaioiaeaiiui e auiieiaieth o?aaiaaiee noaoonia ac?ineiai.
Eia/a i?ioaeaao ia?aoiae io aeaonoaa e ac?ineinoe a oneiaeyo, eiaaea
aaaeiua o?aaiaaiey e aeaoyi e ac?ineui ia niaiaaeatho, yaeythony
i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie (eae , iai?eia?, a iauanoaao a n aunieei i?iiuoeaiiui
?acaeoeai). A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai neeaaeuaaaony iaaeaaiiieo/iay
neooaoeey: a aeaonoaa ?aaaiie onaaeaaao oi, /oi aio ia i?eaiaeeony eae
ac?ineiio, e ia o/eony iaiaoiaeeiiio aeey aoaeouaai.
Iiyoiio, ii ieacuaaaony ia iiaeaioiaeaiiui e iaio i?e
aeinoeaeaiee “oi?iaeueiie” c?aeinoe. A yoeo oneiaeyo aicieeatho ?aciua
neiaeiinoe a ?acaeoee e ainieoaiee iiae?inoea. Oaeei ia?acii, iu iiaeai
naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi i?aaenoaaeaiea i e?ecena eae i yaeaiee
iaoneiaeaiiii aeieiae/anee e aaiaoe/anee caaeaiiie i?ia?aiiie ?acaeoee,
oaeou ia iiaeoaa?aeaeaee.
Ii yaiethoeeiiiay iiaeaeue ?acaeoey niaieea nioeeiaaiaoe/aneoth ia
noieueei iiae iaii?ii aeiauouo eoeueoo?aioi?iiieaaaie oaeoia, neieueei a
nayce n ae?oaeie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie. N?aaee ieo ianiiiaiiia cia/aiea
eiaei oi, /oi yoa iiaeaeue caiyei ainiiaenoaothuaa iieiaeaiea a naiie
aeieiaee. Eiaiii caeanue, a aaeeinoaaiiii ioieoa noiaeyony
niaea?aeaoaeueii ?acee/iua caiaaeiua oai?ee iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea: a
iiieiaiee i?ioeanna ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey eae i?eniiniaeoaeueiiai ii
nouanoao, iineieueeo yaiethoeeiiiie iiaeaeueth iaaycuaaeinue
?anniio?aiea ?acaeoey eae iaoneiaeaiiiai iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
i?eniiniaeaiey i?aaiecia e n?aaea(e iauanoao). Iaeiaei, oaeoi?u
“nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu ” aeoaaei?eci, aaooaeueoineoieaee, ineoiaiaeec e
ae?oaea caiaaeiua oai?ee o?aeootho ia iaeeiaeiai.
Oae, ?. Aaiaaeeeo – iineaaeiaaoaeue aeoaiae?enoneie i?eaioaoeee –
ainieoaiea a nouiinoe naiaeeo e au?aaioea oneiaiiai ?aoeaena, a
nioeeaeueiua e eoeueoo?iua oaeoi?u – e iniaiai ?iaea noeioeai. Caneoaa
aea aa iu aeaeei a oii, /oi ai-ia?auo, auea iinoaaeaia i?iaeaia
caaeneiinoe eiie?aoiuo oi?i ?acaeoey io iniaaiiinoae oaoiieiaee iao/aiey
e ainieoaiey ; a ai-aoi?uo, auea auaeaeiooa aeiioaca, niaeanii eioi?ie
i?e/eia iiae?inoeiaiai e?ecena caeeth/aaony a ?acee/ee ii?i iiaaaeaiey
aeey ac?ineuo e aeaoae.
Eiia niaea?aeaiea a iiiyoea “oaeoi?ia n?aaeu” aeeaaeuaae E.Eaaei
“aaooaeueoineoieiaee”, o?aeoiaaaoee oaiiiaiu iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa
niioaaonoaaiii naiae oai?ee iiey. Ii ia?aoee aieiaiea ia naienoaaiiue
yoiio ia?eiaeo “eiaieoeaiue aeenaaeain”- iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue n?aaenoa
i?eaioe?iaaiey a ie?a a ia?eiae ia?aoiaea io aeaonaa e noaoono
ac?ineiai. Iiae?inoie, ii Eaaeio – ia?aeiaeueiay ee/iinoue (oaea ia
?aaaiie., ii aua ia ac?ineue), i?ioeann aai ac?ineaiey oa?aeoa?ecoaony
ionoonoaeai yniinoe, ?anoe?aieai aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa
(aaia?aoe/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ) , o?ainoi?iaoeeae aeeciaiiiai
i?ino?ainoaa ai a?aiaiiii ecia?aiee ( eciaiaiey ianooaaa e iiyaeaiey
ieaie?iaaiey ). Ii oai?ey Eaaeia naiaeeo ineoe/aneia ?acaeoea e
oneiaeiaieth no?oeoo?u iiey; i?iaeaia aicieeiiaaiey iiaiai ?acaeoey ia
iao acaeyae niaa?oaiii ia ?aoaaony.
Iniaia ianoi a eco/aiee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa caieiaao oai?ey Y.
Oi?aiaa?a, n/eoaaoaai, /oi aioo?aiiee ie? eiaeeaeaeooia i?eioeeieaeueii
ia naiaeei e eaeei-oi ie auei i?e?iaeiui eee nioeeaeueiui
aeaoa?ieiaioai. Iiae?inoeiaay oaca, ia?aie/eaaaiay ei 14-17 aiaeaie
oa?aeoa?ecoaony e?ecenii naycaiiui ni no?aieaieai e inaiaiaeaeaieth io
aeaoneie caaeneiinoueth. A ea/anoaa aeaaiuo iiaiia?aciaaiee aeaiiiai
aic?anoa aunooiatho ioe?uoea “ss” , aicieeiiaaiea ?aoeaenee, iniciaiey
naiae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe. Ii, iieiaeea ia/aei nenoaiaoe/aneiio
eco/aieth i?ioeanna naiiniciaiey e oeaiiinoiuo i?eaioaoeee, Oi?aiaa? ii
iaoaio iiaieth yaii iaaeiioeaiee aaaeouoth ?ieue a yoii i?ioeanna
i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oai?aoe/aneea iieiaeaiey Oi?aiaa?a auee eiie?aoece?iaaiu O. Atheea?. Ii
aa iiaieth iiae?inoeiaue yoai – yoi iaaaoeaiay oaca thiioaneiai
ia?eiaea, oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou eioi?iai : o?aaiaeiinoue,
?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, aa?anneaiinoue, aanoeaeueiue aoio, no?aieaiea e
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe, iaiiaee?aieyaiie niioaaonoaothueie oece/aneeie e
ineoe/aneei aiciiaeiinoyie. Iaeiaei, iu n/eoaai, /oi Atheea? ii?aaeaeyea
iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano neeoeii iaeiinoi?iiia.
Ineoiaiaeeoe/aneie o?aaeeoeee oaeoi?u nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu naiaeyony e
aioo?aiianaiaeiui ioiioaieyi. Yoi iai?aaeaiea, o enoieia eioi?iai
noiye C. O?aeae, iauyaeyao yia?aeth eeaeaei, naenoaeueioth ia?aiiniiao
anao iio?aaiinoae, aeaeaaoaeai e i?e/eiie anao eciaiaiee,
nii?iaiaeaeathueo ?acaeoea. Eciaiaiea naenoaeueiinoe a iiae?inoeiaue
ia?eiae ineoiaiaeeoeee naycuaatho i?aaeaea anaai n eciaiaieai iauaeoa :
io /eaiia naiuee- e ianaiaeiui ioiioaieyi. Aeaaiia oiouaiea
eeanne/aneiai ineoiaiaeeca ia iao acaeyae, yoi oi, /oi ii naycuaaao
iiae?inoeiaue e?ecen eneeth/eoaeueii n oaeoii iieiaiai nic?aaaiey, oioy
oaea iaaethaeaieyie eoeueoo?iaio?iiieiaia auei aeieacaii ionoonoaea
iaeiicia/iie nayce iaaeaeo yoeie yaeaieyie.
A oeaeii yaiethoeeiiiay iiaeaeue, eniieuecoaiay aeey iauyniaiey
?acaeoey anaie ia?a/eneaiiuie iai?aaeaieyie, iaoneiaeea oio aeoaeeci
aeieiae/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai, eioi?ue ia aeieaea aiaeu noae
i?aoeiiaaiey aeey anae caiaaeiie aic?anoiie ineoieiaee. Yaiethoeeiiiay
eiioeaioeey iienuaaea nioeeaeueiua iiiaiou eae oneiaey n?aaeu. Ii n?aaea
aeeth/aao e aeieiae/aneea oneiaey, oaeaea aeeythuea ia oiae ?acaeoey.
Ionthaea nae?aiaioaeueiue aii?in: a /oi aeeyao aieueoa – e
iineaaeothuea iiiuoee oai?ee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa ecaaaeoueny io
aeoaeecia.
Iaeii ec oaeeo iiiuoie i?aaei?eiye A.N. Naeeeaai i?eienae aeaeaeouea
ia/aea ia aeieiae/aneei iio?aaiinoyi, a nioeeaeueiui. Ainiieueciaaaoenue
oieueei /oi aicieeoae oai?eae iaaeee/iinoiuo ioiioaiee Naeeeaai no?ieo
naith oai?eth aic?anoiiai ?acaeoey ii aiaeiaee n o?aeaeenoneie, ii
enoi/ieeii ?acaeoey o iaai aunooiatho ia?ae/iay iio?aaiinoue a
iaaeee/iinoiuo ioiioaieyo. ?acaeoea naiaeeony e i?ioeanno anoanoaaiiiai
?acaa?ouaaiey aeaiiie iio?aaiinoe, e niaiie oanoe aic?anoiuo noaaeee
iauyniyaony niiioaiiui auc?aaaieai iiauo oeiia iio?aaiinoae a iauaiee; a
iiae?inoeiaii ia?eiaea – aaoa?ioeee/aneay noaaeey – iio?aaiinoue
eioeiiiai iauaiey n eeoeii i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai iiea ( ia iieiaia
aea/aiea). Oaeei ia?acii, iai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aeaaiaea?y oai?ee
Naeeaaaia ineoieiaey iiae?inoea iaiaaoeeanue oaeie aaaeiie i?iaeaiie eae
aaiacen iauaiey.
Eioaeeaeooaeueiue aniaeo ?acaeoey iiae?inoea noae i?aaeiaoii
enneaaeiaaiey AE.E. Ieaaea e aai iineaaeiaaoaeae, eioi?ua auaeaeytho
caeanue nic?aaaiea niiniaiinoe e oi?iaeueiui iia?aoeeyi aac iii?u ia
eiie?aoiua naienoaa iauaeoia, ?acaeoea aeiioaoeei-aeaaeoeoeaiie oi?iie
noaeaeaiey, i?iyaeythuaeny a neeiiiinoe iiae?inoeia e oai?aoece?iaaieth
e oae aeaeaa.
?acaeaay eaeae Ieaaea E. Eieaa?a niaianoee i?eioeeiu aic?anoiie e
nioeeaeueiie ineoieiaee. Aai i?aaeaea anaai eioa?anoao aaiacen
ii?aeueiiai niciaiey, eioi?ia i?aaenoaao ia eae i?inoia onaiaiea aiaoieo
i?aaee iiaaaeaiey, a eae i?ioeann i?aia?aciaaiey e aioo?aiiae
i?aaiecaoeee oao ii?i e i?aaee, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeythony iauanoaii. A
?acoeueoaoa “ii?aeueiiai ?acaeoey ” neeaaeuaathony aioo?aiiea ii?aeueiu
noaiaea?ou.
Eoae, ?anniio?aiiua oai?ee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa, oneiaii
iaicia/aaiua eae oai?ee ia?aiai e?oaa, ii?aaeaeeee nenoaio iiiyoee, a
eioi?uo iiaoo auoue iienai yoio ia?eiae iioiaeiaca e niaoeeoeeo i?iaeai.
Iaeiaei a aeaeueiaeoai iio?aaiaaeinue niaianoeoue ana ?acii?iaeiua
niaea?aeaoaeueiua i?aaenoaaeaiey ,eioi?ua au?aaioaee oai?ee ia?aiai
e?oaa. Aeey eo iauaaeeiaiey iaiaoiaeeii auei iaeoe i?eioeei, aeaaiaea?y
eioi?iio iicae/iay ea?oeia iiae?inoeiaiai e?ecena i?eia?aea au
oeaeinoiinoue.
Iiieii oai?aoe/aneeo caaea/ anoaaoeo ia?aae ineoieiaee iiae?inoeiaiai
aic?anoa ia iiaii yoaia aa ?acaeoey a 30-40 aiaeu iaoaai noieaoey
aeooaeece?iaaeenue caaea/e eco/aiey iiae?inoea yiie?e/aneei iooai
(iaaethaeaiea, yenia?eiaio).
A 50-uo aiaeao A. Aacaee i?aaei?eiye iiiuoeo oii?yaei/eoue iaeiieaiiue
yiie?e/aneee iaoa?eae a naiae iia?aoeeiiiaeueiie eiioeaioeee ?acaeoey,
eioi?ue iieacaoaeai ?acaeoey neoaeeei “noaiaiue ac?ineinoe ”. N
iiiiuueth eciaiaiey “noaiaie ac?ineinoe” ii iuoaeny i?aiaeieaoue
aeoaeeci i?aaiecia e n?aaeu, ianeaaenoaaiiinoe e iiuoa, no?oeoo?u e
ooieoeee, aeooe e oaea. Enneaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeeeenue a iniiaaiiii a 1950
aiaeo Aacaeeii Einoeoooa aeaoneiai ?acaeoey, iaeiaei eo oai?aoe/aneay
aaca ieacaeanue yaii ia aeinoaoi/iie, e iu ia aoaeai caeanue
inoaiaaeeaaoueny.
Yeeaoe/aneia iauaaeeiaiea ?aciuo aniaeoia ?acaeoey iineoaeeei aacie e
aeey ?ac?aaioee iiiyoey “caaea/e ?acaeoey ”, eioi?ua oe?iei
eniieuecothony nia?aiaiiuie caiaaeiuie ineoieiaaie. Iaeaieaa /aoei yoe
caaea/e noi?ioee?iaae ?. Oaaeao?no: 1) aeinoeaeaiea c?aeuo ioiioaiee n
eeoeaie i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai iiea 2) aeinoeaeaiea nioeeaeueii i?eaieeiie
ac?ineie naenoaeueiie ?iee 3) i?eniiniaeaiea e eciaiaieyi naiaai
oece/aneiai ninoiyiey, i?eyoea e yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea naiaai oaea
4) aeinoeaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie iacaaeneiinoe 5) auai? i?ioannee e
iiaeaioiaea e i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe 6) iiaeaioiaea e a?aeo e
naiaeiie aeecie 7) ?acaeoea eioaeeaeooaeueiuo niiniaiinoae e
eaeaieiae/aneeo eiioeaioia, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey eiiiaoaioiiai o/anoey
nioeeaeueiie aeecie 8) aeinoeaeaiey nioeeaeueii ioaaonoaaiiiai
iiaaaeaiey 9) au?aaioea eiiieaena oeaiiinoae, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?uie
noieony iiaaaeaiea.
I?eia?ii oai?ee iino?iaiiie ia yoii iiiyoee iiaeao neoaeeoue oai?ey
E.Aecaiaa?aa, eioi?ue inouanoaeyaony iiiuoea i?ineaaeeoue
ooieoeeiiaeueiua nayce iaaeaeo noaaeeyie eiaeeaeaeaeueiiai ?acaeoey.
Aecaiaa?a n/eoaao, /oi iioeiaeueiia ?acaeoea a iiae?inoeiaii ia?eiaea
caaeneo io oniaoiiai ?ac?aoaiey caaea/ ?acaeoey a ieaaeai/anoaa e
aeaonoaa. Ii iauyniyao iiae?inoeiaue e?ecen oai, /oi a ei?ioeee ia?eiae
a?aiaie i?ienoiaeeo neeoeii iiiai aeoaieeo eciaiaiee. Aaeaioaoeey e yoei
eciaiaieyi e ninoaaeyao caaea/e ?acaeoey iiae?inoea. Iu iaoiaeei yoi
aeiaieueii eioa?aniui iaaethaeaieai. Iieacaoaeueii, /oi a oai?ee
Aecaiaa?aa eae e a oai?eyo ia?aiai e?oaa ?aaeecoaony nia?aiaiiua
acaeyaeu aeieiaee, ia yoio ?ac – eiioeaioeey i oeaeinoiie yeieiae/aneie
nenoaia, aioo?e eioi?ie ooieoeeiie?oao iiioeyoeey i?aaieciia.
Y?eenii enoiaey ec caaea/ ?acaeoey auaeaeyao a aeecie /aeiaaea ainaiue
noaaeee, iiae/a?eeaay, /oi eaaeaeay noaaeey naycaia ni anaie
inoaeueiuie. Iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano i?eoiaeeony ia iyooth noaaeeth
aeeciaiiiai oeeeea, caaea/ae eioi?iai yaeythony aeinoeaeaiey ee/iinoiiai
naiiii?aaeaeaiey. Ii ec aai oai?ee auiaaeaao oi aaaeiaeoaa caaii,
eioi?ia a ioa/anoaaiiie ineoieiaee aneaae ca E.N. Auaiaeneei
iaicia/aaony eae “nioeeaeueiay neooaoeey ?acaeoey”. Ia iao acaeyae,
naycue a nenoaia “ac?ineue – ?aaaiie ” eiaao eiie?aoiue enoi?e/aneee
oa?aeoa? e caaeneo io nenoaiu oeaiiinoae, i?eiyouo a oie eee eiie
nioeeaeueiie iauiinoe.
A ?yaea yiia?e/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee 60-80 aiaeia naeaeaiu iiiuoee
ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano eae ioiineoaeueiia
aeaaiiieo/iue, eae ia?eiae “aace?eceniiai ?acaeoe y ” (O. Yeeei e O.
Oenoee, Y. Aeioai e Aeae. Aaeaenii, Ae. e Aeae. Iooa?ia e ?yae ae?oaeo
). A oeaeii a nia?aiaiiuo oai?eyo iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa a ioee/ee io
oai?ee ia?aiai e?oaa aic?anoiua e?ecenu ?anniao?eaathony eae ii?iaeueiia
yaeaiea, a ionoonoaea oaeiauo – i?eciae iaaeaaiiieo/iiai ?acaeoey.
I?e aiaeeca eiaeea ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey, nayce yoiai ?acaeoey n
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie ioa/anoaaiiua ineoieiae enoiaeyo ec oiai, /oi
iaiin?aaenoaaiii oneiaey aeecie ia ii?aaeaeytho ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey,
iineieueeo iii caaeneo io oeia acaeiiioiioaiee ?aaaiea n aai
ie?oaeaieai. Niaoeeoe/iua aeey aic?anoiiai yoaia ioiioaiey aioo?aiieo
i?ioeannia e aiaoieo aai oneiaee ii?aaeaeyao ea/anoaaiii iiaua
ineoe/aneea ia?aciaaiey. Eiaiii yoi ni/aoaiey ninoaaeytho nioeeaeueioth
neooaoeeth ?acaeoey.
A enneaaeiaaieyo ioa/anoaaiiuo ineoieiaia auee auyaeaiu oa eiie?aoiua
nioeeaeueiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i?aaeaea anaai eciaiaiey ianoa ?aaaiea a
iauanoaa, niaia aai iiceoeee, eioi?ua eae aiai?eo A.I. Eaiioueaa,
oa?aeoa?ecotho iiae?inoeiaue ia?eiae ?acaeoey. Iienee ioaaoa ia aii?inu:
eiaaea iiae?inoie noauaeoeaii anooiaao a iiaia ioiioaiea n ie?ii
ac?ineuo, ia/eiaao e?eoe/anee aini?eieiaoue eo nenoaio oeaiiinoae? *oi
oi?ie?oao oaeia ineoieiae/aneia iiaiia?aciaaiea yoiai aic?anoa, eae
naiiniciaiea? – ii?iaeeee ?acee/iua oai?aoe/aneea eiioeaioeee
iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea ?acaeoey. Aeaaiie oeaeueth yoeo enneaaeiaaiee
yaeyaony ?ac?aaioea nenoaiu acaeyaeia, iicaieythueo nicaeaoue
oeaeinoioth ea?oeio eeth/aauo aniaeoia ?acaeoey iiae?inoeia.
Iiae?inoeiaue aic?ano iaiaoiaeeii ?anniao?eaaoue ia eae ioaeaeueii
acyoue yoai, a a aeeiaieea ?acaeoey, iineieueeo aac ciaiey
caeiiiia?iinoae ?acaeoey ?aaaiea a iioiaaiaca, i?ioeai?a/ee,
ninoaaeythueo neeo yoiai ?acaeoey, iaaiciiaeii auyaeoue ineoe/aneea
iniaaiiinoe iiae?inoea. A iniiaa oaeiai enneaaeiaaiey eaaeeo
aeayoaeueiinoiue iiaeoiae, ?anniao?eaathuee ?acaeoea ee/iinoe, eae
i?ioeann aeaeaeouae neeie eioi?iai yaeyaony, ai-ia?auo, ?ac?aoaiea
aioo?aiieo i?ioeai?a/ee, ai-aoi?uo, niaia oeiia aeayoaeueiinoe,
iaoneiaeeaathuaa ia?ano?ieeo neiaeeaoeony iio?aaiinoae e ca?iaeaeaiey
iiauo. A i?ioeanna eco/aiey ioa/anoaaiiua ineoieiae (E.N. Auaiaeneee,
A.I. Eaiioueaa, A.A. Aiaiueaa, Ae.A. Yeueeiiei e ae?. ) auynieee, /oi
aaaeouee aeey iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa aeayoaeueiinoueth yaeyaony
onaiaiea ii?i acaeiiioiioaiee, eioi?ua iieo/aao iaeaieaa iieiia
au?aaeaiea a iauanoaaiii iieaciie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oaeei ia?acii, eco/aiea iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea – i/aiue neiaeiue,
aeieaee e iiiaiieaiiaue i?ioeann, eioi?ue ia caaa?oai e ii nae aeaiue.
Aei neo ii? iao iaeiicia/iiai iiieiaiey anao aai iniaaiiinoae, ia
i?ae?auathony nii?u iaaeaeo ineoieiaaie. Ii ianiio?y ia yoi iu iiaeai
auaeaeeoue iniiaiua iiiaiou, ii?aaeaeythuea iiae?inoeiaue ia?eiae
?acaeoey, ioiaoeoue aai aeaaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee.
1.3 Oa?aeoa?enoeea iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa: ineoioeceieiae/aneea,
ee/iinoiua, eioaeeaeooaeueiue aniaeou .
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaaony ianeieueei ii?aaeaeaiee ?oaaaeae
iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea. Iai?eia?, A. A?eii ia?aie/eaaao aai aic?anoii
12-15 eao o aeaai/ae e 13-16 eao o iaeue/eeia, a ii Aeae. Ae??aio yoio
ia?eiae ioaaouaaao 12-17 eao. A eeanneoeeaoeee Ae.A. A?aieee aeaiiue
aic?ano ia?aie/eaaaony 11-15 aiaeaie. Ii iai i?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi
iaeaieaa aaeaeaaoiie i/a?/aiu a?aieoeu iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa a
ia?eiaeecaoeee, i?aaeeiaeaiiie Ae.A. Yeueeiieiui, aaea aeoeaio aeaeaaony
ia ia oece/aneii ?acaeoee i?aaiecia ( ioaa?oaoiue ia?eiae ), a ia
iiyaeaiee ineoieiae/aneeo iiaiia?aciaaiee, iaoneiaeeaaaiuo niaiie e
?acaeoeai aaaeoueo oeiia aeayoaeueiinoe. A aeaiiie ia?eiaeecaoeee
a?aieoeu iiae?inoie/anoaa onoaiaaeeaathony iaaeaeo 10-11 e 15-16
aiaeaie.
Niaoeeoe/aneay iniaaiiinoue iiae?inoie/anoaa ninoieo a oii, /oi n
iaeiie noi?iiu, ii o?iaith oa?aeoa?a ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey yoi oeie/iay
yiioa aeaonoaa, n ae?oaie – ia?aae iaie ?anoouee /aeiaae, a oneiaeiaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe eioi?iai /aoei iaia/aaony iai?aaeaiiinoue ia iiaue
oa?aeoa? iauanoaaiiuo iaaethaeaiee. Ii ?aaeueii anooiaao a iiaua oi?iu
acaeiinaycae, iauaiey, iuoaaony iniciaoue eo oa?aeoa?, naiiii?aaeaeeony.
Aaaeiaeoee oaeo oece/aneiai ?acaeoey a iiae?inoeiaui aic?anoa – iieiaia
nic?aaaiea, ia/aea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iieiauo aeaeac. E oioy iii ia
yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii ineoieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae aeaiiiai
aic?anoa, ieacuaay eeoue iiin?aaeiaaiiia aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea ee/iinoe
/a?ac ioiioaiey ?aaaiea e ie?oaeathuaio ie?o, ii oai ia iaiaa iu ia
iiaeai io?eoeaoue /oi iii aiineo iiiai iiaiai a aeecie iiae?inoea.
Iieiaia nic?aaaiea caaeneo io yiaeie?eiiuo eciaiaiee a i?aaiecia.
Iniaaiii aaaeioth ?ieue a yoii i?ioeanna ea?atho aeiioec e ueoiaeaeiay
aeaeaca, eioi?ua ia/eiatho auaeaeyoue ai?iiiu, noeioee?othuea ?aaioo
aieueoeinoaa ae?oaeo yiaeie?eiiuo aeaeac. Aeoeaecaoeey e neiaeiia
acaeiiaeaenoaea ai?iiiia ?inoa e iieiauo ai?iiiia aucuaatho eioaineaiia
oece/aneia e oeceieiae/aneia ?acaeoea. Oaaee/eaathony ?ino e aan
?aaaiea, i?e/ai o iaeue/eeia a n?aaeiai iee “nea/ea ?inoa” i?eoiaeeony
ia 13 eao, a caeai/eaaaony iinea 1 5 eao, eiiaaea i?iaeieaeaynue aei 17
eao . O aeaai/ae “nea/ie ?in oa” iau/ii ia/eiaaony e eii/aaony ia aeaa
aiaea ?aiueoa. Iiieii iieiauo ?acee/ee caeanue aaeeee e ?acee/ey
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua: o iaeieo aeaoae auno?ue ?ino ia/eiaaony oiaaea,
eiaaea o ae?oaeo ii oaee caeai/eaaaony.
Eciaiaiea ?inoa e aana nii?iaiaeaeaaony eciaiaieai i?iii?oeee oae.
Nia/aea aei “ac?ineuo” ?acia?ia aei?anoatho aieiaa, eenoe ?oe e nooiie,
caoai eiia/iinoe- oaeeeiythony ?oee e iiae- e a iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue –
ooeiaeua. Eioaineaiue ?ino neaeaoa, aeinoeaathuee 4-7 ni. a aiae
iia?aaeaao ?acaeoea ioneoeaoo?u. Ana yoi i?eaiaeeo e iaeioi?ie
iai?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoe oaea, iiae?inoeiaie oaeiaaoinoe. Aeaoe /anoi
iuouatho naay a yoi a?aiy iaoeethaeeie, iaeiaeeie.
Iiyaeythony aoi?e/iua iieiaua i?eciaee- aiaoiea i?eciaee iieiaiai
nic?aaaiey – e oiaea a ?aciia a?aiy o ?aciuo aeaoae. O iaeue/eeia
iaiyaony aiein, i?e/ai o iaeioi?uo ?acei nieaeaaony oaia? aieina,
a?aiaia n?uaathuaainy ia aunieeo iioao, /oi iiaeao ia?aaeeaaoueny
aeiaieueii aieaciaiii. O ae?oaeo aiein iaiyaony iaaeeaiii, e yoe
iinoaiaiiua naeaeae eie ii/oe ia iuouathony.
A nayce n auno?ui ?acaeoeai aicieeatho o?oaeiinoe ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
na?aeoea, eaaeeo, e?iainiaaaeaiee aieiaiiai iicaa. Iiyoiio aeey
iiae?inoeia oa?aeoa?iu ia?aiaaeu ninoaeenoiai e iuoa/iiai oiiona. A
oaeea ia?aiaaeu aucuaatho auno?oth niaio oece/aneiai ninoiyiey e ,
niioaaonoaaiii, iano?iaieth. Aiiaua, a iiae?inoeiaii aic?anoa
yiioeeiiaeueiue oii noaiiaeony ia?iaiui, ianoaaeeueiui.
E yoiio neaaeoao aeiaaaeoue, /oi ?aaaiie auioaeaeai iinoiyiii
i?eniinaaeeaaoueny e oece/aneei e oeceieiae/aneei eciaiaieyi,
i?ienoiaeyuei a aai i?aaiecia, ia?aaeeaaoue naio “ai?iiiaeueioth ao?th”.
Yiioeeiiaeueioth ianoaaeeueiinoue oneeeaaao naenoaeueiua aicaoaeaeaiey,
nii?iaiaeaeathuea i?ioeann naenoaeueiiai nic?aaaiey. Aieueoeinoai
iaeue/eeia ana a aieueoa ia?a iniciatho enoiee yoiai aicaoaeaeaiey. O
aeaai/ae aieueoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?acee/ee: /anoue ec ieo eniuouaatho
oaeea aea neeueiua naenoaeueiua aicaoaeaeaiey, ii aieueoeinoai – aieaa
iaii?aaeaeaiiua, naycaiiua n oaeiaeaoai?aieai ae?oaeo iio?aaiinoae ( a
i?eaycaiiinoe, ethaae, iiaeaea?aeee, naiioaaaeaiey ).
Ii iiaieth caiaaeiuo ineoieiaia, iiae?inoee aua aenaenoaeueiu. Oai ia
iaiaa, a yoio ia?eiae iieiaay eaeaioeoeeaoeey aeinoeaaao iiaiai, aieaa
aunieiai o?iaiy. Io/aoeeai i?iyaeyaony i?eaioaoeey ia ia?acoeu
ioaeanoaaiiinoe e aeainoaaiiinoe iiaaaeaiee e i?iyaeaiee ee/iinoiuo
naienoa. Ii ?aaaiie iiaeao ni/aoaoue a naaa eae e o?aaeeoeeiiiua
aeaineea oae e o?aaeeoeeiiii ioaeneea ea/anoaa.
Aeaaiaea?y ao?iiio ?inoo e ia?ano?ieee i?aaiecia a iiae?inoeiaii
aic?anoa ?acei iiauoaaony eioa?an e naiae aiaoiinoe. Oi?ie?oaony iiaue
ia?ac oece/aneiai “ss”. Ec-ca aai aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiie cia/eiinoe ?aaaieii
ino?i ia?aaeeaathony ana ecuyiu aiaoiinoe, aeaenoaeoaeueiua e iieiua.
Iai?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoue /anoae oaea, iaeiaeinoue aeaeaeaiee,
iai?aaeeueiinoe /a?o eeoea, eiaea, oa?ythuay aeaoneoth /enoioo, eceeoiee
aan eee ooaeiaa- ana ?anno?aeaaao, a eiiaaea i?eaiaeeo e /oanoao
iaiieiioeaiiinoe, caieiooinoe, aeaaea iaa?ico.
Ecaanoiu neo/ae ia?aiie aii?aenee : aeaai/ee, no?aiynue noaoue
ecyuiuie, eae oioiiiaeaeue, niaethaeatho no?iaoth aeeaoo, a caoai nianai
ioeacuaathony io ieue e aeiaiaeyo naay aei iieiiai oece/aneiai
enoiuaiey. Iiae?inoeia, no?aaeathueo oaeei naiaia?aciui caaieaaaieai
i?eioaeeoaeueii ei?iyo e ea/ao a aieueieoea.
Oyaeaeua yiioeeiiaeueiua ?aaeoeee ia naith aiaoiinoue o iiae?inoeia
niya/athony i?e oaieuo, aeiaa?eoaeueiuo ioiioaieyo n aeeceeie ac?ineuie
e oaeoe/iinoe. E, iaiai?io, aanoaeoiia caia/aiea, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaa
ooaeoaa iianaiea, ie?ee eee e?iiey, io?uaathuea ?aaaiea io ca?eaea,
onoaoaeytho ianneieci e aeiiieieoaeueii iaa?ioece?otho.
Ia ia?ac oece/aneiai “ss” e naiiniciaiey a oeaeii ieacuaaao aeeyiea
oaii iiaeiaiai nic?aaaiey. Aeaoe n iicaeiei nic?aaaieai ieacuaathony
iaeiaiaa auaiaeiui iieiaeaieai; aenaea?aoeey nicaeaao aieaa
aeaaii?eyoiua aiciiaeiinoe ee/iinoiiai ?acaeoey.
Iinea ioiineoaeueii niieieiiai ieaaeoaai oeieueiiai aic?anoa
iiae?inoeiaue eaaeaony ao?iui e neiaeiui. ?acaeoea ia yoii yoaia
aeaenoaeoaeueii eaeao auno?uie oaiiaie, iniaaiii iiiai eciaiaiee
iaaethaeaaony a ieaia oi?ie?iaaiey ee/iinoe. E, iiaeaeoe, aeaaiay
iniaaiiinoue iiae?inoea – ee/iinoiay ianoaaeeueiinoue. I?ioeaiiieiaeiua
/a?ou, no?aieaiea, oaiaeaioeee, ninouanoaotho e ai?thony ae?oa n
ae?oaii, ii?aaeaeyy i?ioeai?a/eainoue oa?aeoa?a e iiaaaeaiey
ac?ineathuaai ?aaaiea. Aiia O?aeae oae iienaea yoo iiae?inoeiaoth
iniaaiiinoue :”… iiae?inoee eneeth/eoaeueii yaienoe/iu, n/eoatho naay
oeaio?ii Anaeaiiie e aaeeinoaaiiui i?aaeiaoii, aeinoieiui eioa?anii, e a
oiaea a?aiy, ie a iaeei ec iineaaeothueo ia?eiaeia naiae aeecie iie ia
niiniaiu ia oaeoth i?aaeaiiinoue e naiiiiaea?oaiaaiea. Iie anooiatho a
no?anoiua ethaiaiua ioiioaiey – eeoue aeey oiai, /oiau iai?aaoue eo
oaeaea aiacaiii, eae e ia/aee. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iie n yiooceaciii
aeeth/athony a aeeciue niiauanoaa, a n ae?oaie- iie ioaa/aiu no?anoueth
e iaeeii/anoao. Iie eieaaethony iaaeaeo neaiui iiae/eiaieai eca?aiiiio
eie eeaea?o e aucuaathuei aoioii i?ioea ethaie e any/aneie aeanoe. Iie
yaienoe/iu e iaoa?eaeenoe/iu e a oiaea a?aiy i?aeniieiaiu aicauoaiiiai
eaeaaeecia. Iie aneaoe/iu, ii aiacaiii iia?oaeathony a ?aniouaiiinoue
naiiai i?eieoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a. Eiiaaea eo iiaaaeaiea ii ioiioaieth e
ae?oaei ethaeyi a?oai e aanoea?aiiiii, oioy, naie iie iaeiiaa?ii ?aieiu.
Eo iano?iaiea eieaaeaony iaaeaeo neythuei iioeieciii e naiui i?a/iui
ianneieciii. Eiiaaea iie o?oaeyony n iaennyeathuei yiooceaciii, a
eiiaaea, iaaeeeoaeueiu e aiaoe/iu”. [5,144].
N?aaee iiiaeo ee/iinoiuo iniaaiiinoae, i?enoue iiae?inoeo, iniai
auaeaeei oi?ie?othueany o iaai /oanoaa ac?ineinoe, “ss-eiioeaioeeth”.
Eiaaea aiai?yo, /oi ?aaaiie ac?ineaao, eiatho aaeaeo noaiiaeaiea aai
aioiaiinoe e aeecie a iauanoaa ac?ineuo ethaeae, i?e/ai – eae
?aaiii?aaiiai o/anoieea yoie aeecie. Eiia/ii, iiae?inoeo aua aeaeaei aei
enoeiie ac?ineinoe- e oece/anee, e ineoieiae/anee, e nioeeaeueii. Ii
iauaeoeaii ia iiaeao aeeth/eony ai ac?ineoth aeeciue, ii no?aieony e iae
e i?aoaiaeoao ia ?aaiua ni ac?ineuie i?aaaie. Iiaay iiceoeey i?iyaeyaony
a ?aciuo noa?ao, /aua anaai – ai aiaoiai iaeeea, a iaia?ao. Ioiaoei, /oi
aiaoiee aeae iiae?inoea /anoi noaiiaeony enoi/ieeii iinoiyiiuo
iaaei?acoiaiee e aeaaea eiioeeeoia a naiuea. ?iaeeoaeae ia ono?aeaatho
ie iieiaeaaeiua iiaea, ie oeaiu ia aaue , oae ioaeiua eo ?aaaieo. A
iiae?inoie, n/eoay naay oieeaeueiie ee/iinoueth, a oi aea a?aiy
no?aieony aiaoia ie/ai ia ioee/aony io naa?noieeia. Ii iiaeao
ia?aaeeaaoue ionoonoaea eo?oee – oaeie aea eae o anao a aai eiiiaiee ,
– eae o?aaaaeeth. AEaeaiea neeoueny n a?oiiie, ie /ai ia auaeaeyony,
aeaeaiea ioaa/athuaa iio?aaiinoe a aaciianiinoe, ineoieiae
?anniao?eaatho eae iaoaieci ineoieiae/aneie caueou e iacuaatho
nioeeaeueiie ieiee?eae.
Oioy i?aoaicee ia ac?ineinoue auaatho iaeaiuie, eiiaaea o?iaeeeauie, a
ia?acoeu aeey iiae?aaeaiey – ia eo/oeie, a i?eioeeia, ?aaaieo iieacii
i?ieoe /a?ac oaeoth oeieo iiauo ioiioaiee, iao/eony a?aoue ia naay
?aciiia?aciua ?iee. Ii eeoue iaaieueoay /anoue iiae?inoeia aeinoeaatho
aunieiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey ii?aeueiiai ?acaeoey, iaiiiaea niiniaiu
i?eiyoue ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaaiiieo/ea ae?oaeo. Aieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiie a iaoa a?aiy yaeyaony nioeeaeueiay eioaioeeueiinoue.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n aiaoieie, iauaeoeaiuie i?iyaeaieyie ac?ineinoe
aicieeatho e /oanoai ac?ineinoe – ioiioaiea iiae?inoea e naaa, eae
ac?ineiio, i?aaenoaaeaiea, iuouaiee naay a eaeie-oi ia?a ac?ineui
/aeiaaeii. Yoa noauaeoeaiay noi?iia ac?ineinoe n/eoaaony oeaio?aeueiui
iiaiia?aciaaieai ieaaeoaai iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa. *oanoai ac?ineinoe –
iniaay oi?ia naiiniciaiey; iii ia aeanoei naycaii n i?ioeannii iieiaiai
nic?aaaiey. Eae i?iyaeyaony /oanoai ac?ineinoe iiae?inoea? I?aaeaea
anaai ii i?aoaiaeoao ?aaiii?aaea a ioiioaieyo ni ac?ineuie e eaeao ia
eiioeeeou, ionoaeaay naith iiceoeeth. *oanoai ac?ineinoe i?iyaeyaony e a
no?aieaiee e naiinoiyoaeueiinoe, aeaeaiea ia?aaeeoue eaeea-oi noi?iiu
naiae aeecie io aiaoaoaeuenoaa ?iaeeoaeae. E?iia oiai i?iyaeythony
nianoaaiiua aeonu, acaeyaeu, ioeaiee ,nianoaaiiay eeiey iiaaaeaiey.
Iiae?inoie n aea?ii ionoaeaaao eo, aeaaea ia niio?y ia iaiaeia?aiea
ie?oaeathueo. Iineieueeo a iiae?inoeiaii aic?anoa ana ia noaaeeueii,
acaeyaeu iiaoo eciaieony /a?ac ia?o iaaeaeae, ii caueuaoue
i?ioeaiiieiaeioth oi/eo c?aiey ?aaaiie aoaeao noieue aea
yiioeeiiaeueiui. *oanoai ac?ineinoe naycaii n yoe/aneeie ii?iaie
iiaaaeaiey, eioi?ua onaaeaathony aeaoueie a yoi a?aiy. Iiyaeyaony
ii?aeueiue “eiaeaen”, i?aaeienuaathuee iiae?inoeai /aoeee noeeue
iiaaaeaiey a ae?oaeaneeo ioiioaieyo ni naa?noieeaie.
Ia?yaeo n /oanoaii ac?ineinoe Ae.A. Yeueeiieiui ?anniao?eaaaony
iiae?inoeiaay oaiaeaioeey e ac?ineinoe- no?aieaiea auoue, eacaoueny e
n/eoaoueny ac?ineui.
*oanoai ac?ineinoe noaiiaeony oeaio?aeueiui iiaiia?aciaaieai ieaaeoaai
iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa, a e eiioeo ia?eiaea, i?eia?ii a 15 eao, ?aaaiie
aeaeaao aua iaeei oaa a naiai ee/iinoiii ?acaeoee. Iinea iieneia naay ,
ee/iinoiua ianoaaeeueiinoe o iaai oi?ie?oaony “ss- eiioeaioeey”- nenoaia
aioo?aiia niaeaniaaiiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee i naaa, ia?acia “ss”.
I?eia?ii a 11-12 eao aicieeaao eioa?an e naiaio aioo?aiiaio ie?o, a
caoai i?ienoiaeeo iinoaiaiiia oneiaeiaiea e oaeoaeaiea naiiiiciaiey.
Iiae?inoie ioe?uaaao aeey naay naie aioo?aiiee ie?. Neiaeiua
ia?aaeeaaiey, naycaiiua n iiauie ioiioaieyie, naie ee/iinoiua /a?ou,
iinooiee aiaeece?othony ei i?eno?anoii. Iiae?inoie oi/ao iiiyoue, eaeia
ii anoue ia naiii aeaea, e i?aaenoaaeyao naaa eaeei au ii oioae auoue.
Iiciaoue naay aio iiiiaatho ae?ocuey, a eioi?uo ii niio?eony eae a
ca?eaei, a iieneao noiaenoaa e io/anoe aeeceea ac?ineua. Iiae?inoeiaay
?aoeaeney, iio?aaiinoue ?acia?aoueny a naaa naiii ii?iaeaeatho e
eniiaaaeaeueiinoue a iauaiee n ?iaanieeii, e aeiaaieee, eioi?ua
ia/eiatho aanoe eiaiii a yoio ia?eiae, noeoe e oaioacee.
Ia?acu “ss”, eioi?ua nicaeaao a naiai niciaiee iiae?inoie, ?aciiia?aciu-
iie io?aaeatho ana aiaaonoai aai aeecie. Oece/aneay “ss”, oi anoue
i?aaenoaaeaiey i nianoaaiiie aiaoiae i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe, i?aaenoaaeaiey
i naiai oia, niiniaiinoyo a ?aciuo iaeanoyo, i neea oa?aeoa?a,
iaueoaeueiinoe, aeia?ioa e ae?oaeo ea/anoaao, niaaeeiyynue, ia?acotho
aieueoie ieano “ss-eiioeaioeee”- oae iacuaaaiia ?aaeueiia “ss”.
Iiciaiea naay, naieo ?acee/iuo ea/anoa i?eaiaeeo e oi?ie?iaaieth
eiaieoeaiiai (iiciaaaoaeueiiai) eiiiiiaioa “ss-eiioeaioeee”. N iei
naycaiu aua aeaa – ioeaii/iue e iiaaaeai/aneee. Aeey ?aaaiea aaaeii ia
oieueei ciaoue, eaeie ii anoue ia naiii aeaea, ii e ia neieueei cia/eiu
aai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe. Ioeaiea naieo ea/anoa caaeneo io
nenoaiu oeaiiinoae, neiaeeaoaeny, aeaaiui ia?acii, aeaaiaea?y aeeyieth
naiuee e naa?noieeia.
Iiae?inoie – aua ia oeaeueiay, c?aeay ee/iinoue. Ioaeaeueiua aai /a?ou
iau/ii aeenniie?otho, ni/aoaiea ?aciuo ia?acia “ss” iaaa?iiie/iu.
Eiaaea aea ia?ac “ss” aeinoaoi/ii noaaeeece?iaaeny, a ioeaiea cia/eiiai
/aeiaaea eee iinooiie naiiai ?aaaiea aio i?ioeai?a/eo, /anoi
aeeth/athony iaoaieciu ineoieiae/aneie caueou. Aeiionoei, iaeue/ee ,
n/eoathuee naay niaeui , no?onee. ?anniaeaniaaiea aai i?aaenoaaeaiee i
naaa e ?aaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey iiaeao aucaaoue oaeea aieaciaiiua
ia?aaeeaaiey, /oi ecaaaeyynue io ieo, ii ia/eiaao oaaaeaeaoue anao, e
i?aaeaea anaai naay, /oi yoio iinooiie aue ?acoiiui, aai o?aaiaaee
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, e iinooieoue eia/a auei au aeoii ( iaoaieci
?aoeeiiaeecaoeee); eee i?eciaao, /oi ii no?onee, ii aaaeue e ana aai
i?eyoaee – o?onu, eaaeaeue iinooiee oae aea ia aai ianoa ( iaoaieci
i?iaeoeee) e o.ae.
Iiieii ?aaeueiiai “ss” , “ss-eiioeaioeey” aeeth/aao a naay
“ss-eaeaaeueiia”. I?e aunieii o?iaia i?eoycaiey e iaaeinoaoi/iii
iniciaiee naieo aiciiaeiinoae eaeaaeueiia “ss” iiaeao neeoeii neeueii
ioee/aony io ?aaeueiiai. Oiaaea ia?aaeeaaaiue iiae?inoeii ?ac?ua iaaeaeo
eaeaaeueiui ia?acii e aeaenoaeoaeueiui naiei iieiaeaieai i?eaiaeeo e
iaoaa?aiiinoe a naaa, /oi aiaoia iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a iaeae/eainoe,
oi?yinoaa, aa?anneaiinoe. Eiaaea eaeaaeueiue ia?ac i?aaenoaaeyaony
aeinoeaeeiui, ii iiaoaeaeaao e naiiainieoaieth. Iii noaiiaeony
aiciiaeiui a yoio ia?eiae, aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi o iiae?inoeia
?acaeaaaony naii?aaoeyoeey. ?acoiaaony, aeaeaei ia ana iie niiniaiu
i?iyaeoue ianoie/eainoue, neeo aiee e oa?iaiey, /oiau iaaeeaiii
i?iaeaeaaoueny e nicaeaiiiio eie naieie eaeaaeo. E?iia oiai, o iiiaeo
nio?aiyaony aeaoneay iaaeaaeaea ia /oaei. Aianoi oiai, /oiau
aeaenoaiaaoue, iiae?inoee iia?oaeathony a ie? oaioacee.
A eiioea iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa , ia a?aieoea n ?aiiae thiinoueth,
i?aaenoaaeaiey i naaa iau/ii noaaeeece?othony e ia?acotho oeaeinoioth
nenoaio- “ss-eiioeaioeeth”, /oi yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei yoaiii a ?acaeoee
naiiniciaiey.
Iiae?inoie iaeaaeaao neeueiuie, eiiaaea aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiuie
iio?aaiinoyie a naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e iauaiee ni naa?noieeaie.
Iiae?inoeiaay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue au?aaeaaony, a iniiaiii, a no?aieaiee
e yiaineiaoeee io ac?ineuo, inaiaiaeaeaiea io eo iiaee, eiio?iey e a
?aciiia?aciuo oaea/aieyo – iao/aaiuo caiyoeyo. Yoe iio?aaiinoe oae y?ei
i?iyaeythony a iiaaaeaiee, /oi aiai?yo i ”iiae?inoeiauo ?aaeoeeyo ”.
Oaea/aiey – neeueiua, /anoi niaiythuea ae?oa ae?oaa, eiiaaea “caiieiua”
– oa?aeoa?iu aeey iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa. N/eoaaony, /oi iiae?inoeiaue
aic?ano aac oaea/aiee iiaeiaai aeaonoao aac ea?. ?aaaiie nai auae?aao
naaa caiyoey ii aeooa, oai naiui oaeiaeaoai?yy e iio?aaiinoue a
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e iiciaaaoaeueioth iio?aaiinoue, e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea.
A iiae?inoeiaii aic?anoa ia oieueei ao?ii oaeaeathony ?aciiia?aciuie
aeaeaie, ii e noieue aea yiioeeiiaeueii iauathony ni naa?noieeaie.
Iauaiea i?iiecuaaao anth aeeciue iiae?inoeia, iaeeaaeuaay ioia/aoie e ia
o/aiea e ia iao/aaiua caiyoey, e ia ioiioaiey n ?iaeeoaeyie. Aaaeouae
aeayoaeueiinoueth a yoio ia?eiae noaiiaeony eioeiii-ee/iinoiia iauaiea.
Iaeaieaa niaea?aeaoaeueiia e aeoaieia iauaiea aiciiaeii i?e ae?oaeaneeo
ioiioaieyo. Aeeceee ae?oa aeey iiae?inoea, iau/ii aai ?iaaniee – yoi
naiaia?aciue ineoioa?aiaao, oiathuee auneooaoue e iini/oanoaiaaoue,
iiieiathuee e i?eieiathuee aai ia?aaeeaaiey e onoaiiaee, iiiiaathuee
i?aiaeieaoue iaoaa?aiiinoue a naieo neeao, iiaa?eoue a naay.
A ae?oaeaneeo ioiioaieyo iiae?inoee e?aeia ecae?aoaeueiu. Ii eo e?oa
iauaiey ia ia?aie/eaaaony aeeceeie ae?ocueyie, iai?ioea, ii noaiiaeony
ai?acaei oe?a, /ai a i?aaeuaeoueo aic?anoao. O aeaoae a yoi a?aiy
iiyaeyaony iiiai ciaeiiuo e, /oi aua aieaa aaaeii , ia?acoaony
iaoi?iaeueiua a?oiiu eee eiiiaiee. Iiae?inoeia iiaeao iauaaeeiyoue a
a?oiio ia oieueei acaeiiay neiiaoey, ii e iauea eioa?anu, caiyoey,
niiniau ?acaea/aiee, ianoi i?iaaaeaiey naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie. Oi, /oi
iieo/atho io a?oiiu iiae?inoie e /oi ii ae iiaeao aeaoue caaeneo io
o?iaiy ?acaeoey a?oiiu, a eioi?oth ii aoiaeeo: /ai auoa o?iaaiue aa
nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey, oai aeaaioai?iaa yoi io?aaeaaony ia ?acaeoee
ee/iinoe iiae?inoea.
A yoio aic?anoiie ia?eiae aeaoae oae oyiao ae?oa e ae?oao, eo iauaiea
ianoieueei eioaineaii, /oi aiai?yo i oeie/ii iiae?inoeiaie “?aaeoeee
a?oiie?iaaiey”. Ii iniaaiii aaaeii aeey iiae?inoea eiaoue ?aoa?aioioth
a?oiio, oeaiiinoe eioi?ie ii i?eieiaao, ia /uee ii?iu iiaaaeaiey e
ioeaiee i i i?eaioe?oaony. Iaeiaei, ia?aaeei iiae?inoie /oanoaoao naay
iaeeiieei ?yaeii ni naa?noieeaie a ooiiie eiiiaiee. E?iia oiai, ia anao
iiae?inoeia i?eieiatho a a?oiio, /anoue ec ieo ieacuaaaony eciee?iaaiiie
– eeai iaoaa?aiiua a naaa, caieiooua aeaoe, eeai eceeoia aa?anneaiua e
caiin/eaua.
Aua iaeia cia/eiay noa?a ioiioaiey iiae?inoeia – ioiioaiey ni ac?ineuie,
i?aaeaea anaai, n ?iaeeoaeyie. Aeeyiea ?iaeeoaeae oaea ia?aie/aii – ei
ia ioaaouaathony ana noa?u aeecie ?aaaiea, eae yoi auei a ieaaeoai
oeieueiii aic?anoa, ii aai cia/aiea o?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue. Iiaiea
naa?noieeia iau/ii iaeaieaa aaaeii a aii?inao ae?oaeaneeo ioiioaiee n
iaeue/eeaie e aeaai/eaie, a aii?inao, naycaiiuo n ?acaea/aieai,
iieiaeaaeiie iiaeie e oiio iiaeiaiia. Ii oeaiiinoiua i?eaioaoeee
iiae?inoea, iiieiaiea ei nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai, i?aanoaaiiua ioeaiee
niauoee e iinooieia, caaeneo, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, io iiceoeee
?iaeeoaeae.
A oiaea a?aiy aeey iiae?inoeia oa?aeoa?ii no?aieaiea e yiaineiaoeee io
aeeceeo ac?ineuo. Ioaeaeaynue a ?iaeeoaeae, a eo ethaae e caaioa, a eo
iiaiee, iie eniuouaatho neeueiia aeaeaiea auoue naiinoiyoaeueiui,
?aaiuie n ieie a i?aaao. Oi, eae neiaeaony ioiioaiey a yoio o?oaeiue
aeey iaaeo noi?ii ia?eiae, caaeneo, aeaaiui ia?acii, i noeey ainieoaiey,
neiaeeaoaainy a naiuea, e aiciiaeiinoae ?iaeeoaeae ia?ano?ieony-
i?eiyoue /oanoai ac?ineinoe naiaai ?aaaiea.
Iniiaiua neiaeiinoe a iauaiee, eiioeeeou aicieeatho ec-ca
?iaeeoaeueneiai eiio?iey ca iiaaaeaieai, o/aaie iiae?inoea, aai auai?ii
ae?ocae e o.ae. Eiio?ieue iiaeao auoue i?eioeeieaeueii ?acee/iui.
Iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiue noeeue naiaeiiai ainieoaiey- aeaiie?aoe/iue,
eiaaea ?iaeeoaee ia ouaieytho i?aaa ?aaaiea, ii iaeiia?aiaiii o?aaotho
auiieiaiey iaycaiiinoae; eiio?ieue iniiaai ia oaieuo /oanoaao e ?acoiiie
caaioa. Aeia?iiaea, eae e anaaeicaieaiiinoue, ?aaiiaeooea eee aeeeoao-
ana yoi i?aiyonoaoao oniaoiiio ?acaeoeth ee/iinoe iiae?inoea.
Eiioeeeou aicieeatho i?e ioiioaiee ?iaeeoaeae e iiae?inoeo eae e
iaeaiueeiio ?aaaieo e i?e iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe o?aaiaaiee, eiaaea io
iaai iaeeaeaaony, oi aeaoneia iineooaiea, oi ac?ineay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue.
E, iaeiiaoe, eioaeeaeooaeueiay noa?a a iiae?inoeiaii aic?anoa
oa?aeoa?ecoaony aeaeueiaeoei ?acaeoeai oai?aoe/aneiai ?aoeaeneaiiai
iuoeaiey. I?eia?aoaiiua a ieaaeoai oeieueiii aic?anoa iia?aoeee
noaiiayony oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneeie. Iiae?inoie, aano?aae?oynue io
eiie?aoiiai iaaeyaeiiai iaoa?eaea, ?annoaeaeaao a /enoi neiaaniii ieaia.
Ia iniiaa iaueo iinueie ii no?ieo aeiioacu e i?iaa?yao eo, oi anoue
?annoaeaeaao aeiioaoeei-aeaaeoeoeaii.
Iiae?inoee a yoio ia?eiae ia/eiatho ?annoaeaeaoue ia eaeaaeao , i
aoaeouai, i?eia?aoatho iiaue, aieaa aeoaieee e iaiauaiiue acaeyae ia
ie?. Noaiiaeaiea iniia ie?iaicc?aiey, ia/eiathuaany a yoio ia?eiae,
oanii nayciu n eioaeeaeooaeueiui ?acaeoeai.
Iiae?inoie i?eia?aoaao ac?ineoth eiaeeo iuoeaiey. A yoi aea a?aiy
i?ienoiaeeo aeaeueiaeoay eioaeeaeooaeecaoeey oaeeo ineoe/aneeo ooieoeee,
eae aini?eyoea e iaiyoue. Naycaii n iauei eioaeeaeooaeueiui ?acaeoeai e
?acaeoea aiiia?aaeaiey.
Iu aeinoaoi/ii iiaeiaii ?anniio?aee iniiaiua ineoieiae/aneea
oa?aeoa?enoeee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa, i?eciaiiua a nia?aiaiiie oai?ee
ioa/anoaaiiie ineoieiaee. Iaeiaei iai i?aaenoaaeyaony oeaeaniia?aciui
iuneue i?iaanoe oae aea e naiinoiyoaeueiia iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiia
enneaaeiaaiea a?oiiu iiae?inoeia, /oiau i?iaa?eoue aeiioaco i iaee/ee
acaeiinaycae iaaeaeo ioiioaieai iiae?inoeia e naaa, e aoaeouaio n iaeiie
noi?iiu, e eo ioiioaieyie ni ac?ineuie e naa?noieeaie n ae?oaie. E?iia
oiai, a aeaiiii enneaaeiaaiee iu ii?aaeaeei oa /a?ou oa?aeoa?a e aeaeu
aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho aeey iiae?inoeia iaeaieueooth
oeaiiinoue.
AEAAA 2. I?iaeaia iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa a i?aeoeea nia?aiaiiie oeieu.
2.1 Iaoiaeeea i?iaaaeaiey iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou.
A iaoae i?aeoe/aneie ?aaioa iu ainiieuecoainy eiinoaoe?othuei
yenia?eiaioii – oi anoue oaeei, eioi?ue iai?aaeai ia auyaeaiea e
iauaeoeaioth oeenaoeeth onoie/eauo naycae ?aciiia?aciuo ineoieiae/aneeo
ia?aiao?ia, ia aiiny eaeeo-eeai eciaiaiee eee i?aia?aciaaiee a iauaeo
enneaaeiaaiey. Iiaeaee eiinoaoe?othuaai yenia?eiaioa ?aciiia?aciu. Iu
i?eiaiei iiaeaeue, eioi?ay i?aaeiieaaaao eco/aiea ?aaoey?iie acaeiiie
ni/aoaaiinoe ca?aiaa ii?aaeaeaiiiai nienea ineoieiae/aneeo ia?aiao?ia.
Iaoiae enneaaeiaaiey – aiiieiiia aieaoe?iaaiea: o/aueiny i?aaeeaaaaony
ioaaoeoue ia ?yae aii?inia, oeacaa oieueei naie aic?ano e iie. Aieaoa
ninoaaeaia ec i?yiuo aii?inia, ia eioi?ua o?aaothony naiinoiyoaeueiua
ioaaou eniuooaiuo e aii?inia naeaeoeaiiai oeia, aaea ii?aoeaaaiiio ia
eaaeaeue aii?in i?aaeeaaaaony ia auai? ianeieueei ioaaoia. I?aeiouanoai
eniieuecoaiiai iaoiaea ninoieo, ai-ia?auo, a aieueoae ioe?iaaiiinoe
o/aueony, aaeaeo aiiieiiinoe ioaaoia; ai-aoi?uo, aieaoe?iaaiea iooai
?acaea/e o/aueiny eenoeia n ca?aiaa caaioiaeaiiuie aii?inaie, iicaieyao
nia?aoue eioi?iaoeeth ca iaaieueoie io?acie a?aiaie e, a-o?aoueeo,
i?aeoe/anee eneeth/aiu iaene?aiiinoue e iiaeaii ioaaoia, oae eae aeaiiue
iaoiae ii aiciiaeiinoe i?aiyonoaoao ethaui aicaeaenoaeyi ia o/aueony ni
noi?iiu (eaaeaeue ?aaioaao iie/a, oieueei ni naiei ii?iniui eenoeii).
Ianoi i?iaaaeaiey enneaaeiaaiey – n?aaeiyy oeiea ? 20 Oeaio?aeueiiai
?aeii a. Oieueyooe.
Auai?ea eniuooaiuo- o/aueany 12-14 eao (7-8 eeannu) a eiee/anoaa 48
/aeiaae.
Iauaeo enneaaeiaaiey: oaeea ineoieiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee, eae
ioiioaiea iiae?inoeia e naaa, e aoaeouaio, eo acaeiiioiioaiey ni
ac?ineuie e naa?noieeaie, oeaiiinoe iiae?inoeia.
I?aaeiao enneaaeiaaiey (aeiioaca): acaeiicaaeneiinoue iaaeaeo
ioiioaieai iiae?inoea e naaa, e aoaeouaio e eo ioiioaieyie ni ac?ineuie
e naa?noieeaie; /a?ou oa?aeoa?a e aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe iaeaieaa oeaiiua
aeey iiae?inoeia.
Eae oaea oeacuaaeinue a oai?aoe/aneii ?acaeaea, iauaiea yaeyaony aeey
iiae?inoeia aaaeouae aeayoaeueiinoueth. Eaeei ia?acii neeaaeuaathony
ioiioaiey iiae?inoea n ?iaeeoaeyie, n ae?ocueyie, n ae?oaeie ac?ineuie e
aeaoueie, aeoaiei ei ia?aaeeaathony, aiaeece?othony, ioeaieaathony. Yoi
aeeyao ia aai yiioeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea, i?eiyoea- iai?eiyoea naay.
Ioiioaiea iiae?inoea e naaa i/aiue ianoaaeeueii: iii iinoiyiii iaiyaony
a caaeneiinoe io aai oniaoia e iaoaea/, aeinoeaioouo oeaeae e
ii?aaeaiee, io iiaiey ie?oaeathueo. A anee iieiioeaiiia, i?iaeoeoeaiia
iauaiea n ie?oaeathueie iinoiyiii ia neeaaeuaathony, ocu n ?iaeiuie ia
i?i/iua, oi iiaiea iie?inoea i naaa neeueii no?aaeaao, ia?a?anoaao a
iaoaa?aiiinoue a naieo neeao, noieeoth iai?eyciue e naaa, iaaa?ea a
caao?aoiee aeaiue. A nith i/a?aaeue iu iiaeai iaaethaeaoue e ia?aoiia
aicaeaenoaea : oae, oaa?aiiue a naaa iiae?inoie aieaa naiaiaeii e
iai?eioaeaeaiii no?ieo naie ioiioaiey n ae?oaeie ethaeueie , ia aieony
?ane?uoueny a iauaiee e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aieaa aeaaiiieo/ai a yoie
noa?a.
E?iia anaai neacaiiiai, eioa?an aeey ian i?aaenoaaeyao oaeaea e oi,
eaeea /a?ou oa?aeoa?a iiae?inoee auaeaeytho eae iaeaieaa oeaiiua aeey
ieo, eaeea aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaenoaaeytho aeey ieo iaeaieueooth
aaaeiinoue.
N oeaeueth i?iaa?ee yoeo iieiaeaiee ia i?aeoeea iu e i?iaiaeei
enneaaeiaaiey a?oiiu iiae?inoeia iaoiaeii aiiieiiiai aieaoe?iaaiey.
O/aueiny auee ?icaeaiu eenoee n iaienaiiuie ca?aiaa aii?inaie. Ei
i?aaeeaaaeinue caiieieo aieaoo, oeacaa naie iie e aic?ano. Aieaoa
aeeth/aea neaaeothuea aii?inu.
1. Eaeea o oaay ioiioaiey n ?iaeeoaeyie?
2. Eaeea o oaay ioiioaiey ni naa?noieeaie?
3. Eae ou a oeaeii ioiineoueny e naaa?
– iieiaeeoaeueii
– io?eoeaoaeueii
– eae-oi aua
4. *oi ou aeaeaoue io aoaeouaai?
– ia /oi-oi iaaeaaoueny
– aieoueny aoaeouaai
– niaa?oaiii ia aeoiaaoue i iai
– /oi-oi aua
5. Anee o oaay eoi-oi ec ac?ineuo eiio au ou iia aeiaa?eoueny?
6. Anee o oaay ae?oa n?aaee naa?noieeia, eiio au ou iia neacaoue ana?
7. *oi aeey oaay nae/an aieaa aaaeii?
– o/aaa
– iauaiea ni naa?noieeaie
– iauaiea n ae?ocueyie
– iauaiea aiiaua (ni ac?ineuie, aeaoueie)
– /oi-oi aua
8. *oi ou aieueoa anaai oeaieoue a ethaeyo?
O/aueany ?aaioaee iie/a, naiinoiyoaeueii, eaaeaeue ni naiei eenoeii. Ca
?acuyniaieai eaeeo-eeai iayniinoae iie iiaee ia?aoeoueny e
i?enoonoaothuaio a eiiiaoa ac?ineiio.
2.2. Aiaeec ?acoeueoaoia iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou.
A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey aue iieo/ai ?yae aeaiiuo,
eioi?ua iu iiaeaa?aee aeaeueiaeoae ia?aaioea e iiae?iaiiio aiaeeco.
Eiee/anoaaiiua e ea/anoaaiiua niioiioaiey iieacaoaeae i?aaenoaaeaiu a
oaaeeoea 1.
Oaaeeoea 1.
Ioiioaiea “ss-nai”
Ioiioaiey “ss-ae?oaea”Iauaa eiee/anoai Eie-ai o/aueony n
ii?ioaiiuo –48 oeacaiiuie oa?-eaieIoiioaiea n ?iaeeoaeyie
Ioiioaiey ni naa?noieeaie
Aeeceee-ac?ineue
Aeeceee-naa?noiee
Ioaaou ii?ioaiiuo Iieiaeeoaeueiia
ioiioaiea e naaa 42 39 36
34 29 iieiaeeo.
3 6 8 13
io?eoeao.Io?eoeaoaeueiia
ioiioaiea e naaa 6 2 2
3 3 iieiaeeo.
4 4 3 3 io?eoeao.
Iioeienoe/aneee/
aac?acee/iue acaeyae 39
ia aoaeouaa 36 33 30 25 iieiaeeo.
3 6 9 14 io?eoeao.
Aiyciue aoaeouaai 9
5 5 6
8 iieiaeeo.
4 4 3 1 io?eoeao.
Ec i?eaaaeaiiie auoa oaaeeoeu aeaeii, /oi iauaa niioiioaiea o/aueony
n iieiaeeoaeueiui ioiioaieai e naaa e o/aueony n io?eoeaoaeueiui
ioiioaieai i?aaenoaaeaii niioaaonoaaiii eae 7:1 (42:6); niioiioaiea
o/aueony n iioeienoe/aneei eee aac?acee/iui acaeyaeii ia aoaeouaa, e
o/aueony n aiyciueth aoaeouaai – eae 13:3 (39:9). A oeaeii, aieiaoaeueii
i?iniio?aa iieo/aiiua aeaiiua iu iiaeai auyaeo oaiaeaioeee e
nouanoaiaaieth i?yiie i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie caaeneiinoe iaaeaeo
ineoieiae/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ec aa?oeeaeueiie eieiiee (ioiioaiea e
naaa, ioiioaiea e aoaeouaio) e ineoieiae/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ec
ai?eciioaeueiie eieiiee (ioiioaiey e ?iaeeoaeyie e naa?noieeaie,
iaee/ea aeeceiai ac?ineiai, aeeceiai ?iaanieea ). A /anoiinoe, o
o/aueony n iieiaeeoaeueiui ioiioaieai e naaa (42 /aeiaaea) iaaethaeaaony
i?aiaeaaeaiea iieiaeeoaeueiuo iiiaioia e a ae?oaeo noa?ao: 39:3
(ioiioaiey n ?iaeeoaeyie), 36:6 (ioiioaiey ni naa?noieeaie ), 34:8
(iaee/ea aeeceiai ac?ineiai) , 29:13 (iaee/ea aeeceiai naa?noieea), /oi
aiai?eo ia yiioeeiiaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe oeacaiiuo iiae?inoeia.
O o/aueony n io?eoeaoaeueiui ioiioaieai e naaa cia/eoaeueii aic?anoatho
iaaeaaiiieo/ea a ae?oaeo noa?ao , aaea iieiaeeoaeueiua e io?eoeaoaeueiua
iiiaiou i?aaenoaaeaiu niioaaonoaaiii eae niioiioaiey: 2:4 (ioiioaiea n
?iaeeoaeyie ), 2:4 (ioiioaiey ni naa?noieeaie), 3:3 (iaee/ea aeeceiai
ac?ineiai), 3:3 (iaee/ea aeeceiai naa?noieea).
*oi eanaaony o/aueony n ?acee/iui ioiioaieai e aoaeouaio caeanue oaeaea
i?iyaeyaony aeaiiay oaiaeaioeey, oioy e ia oae y?ei.
A oeaeii, o o/aueony n iieiaeeoaeueiui ioiioaieai e naaa niioiioaiea
iauaai eiee/anoaa iieiaeeoaeueiuo e io?eoeaoaeueiuo iiiaioia
i?aaenoaaeaii eae 23:5 (138:30) ; o o/aueony n io?eoeaoaeueiui
ioiioaieai iieiaeeoaeueiua e io?eoeaoaeueiua iiiaiou i?aaenoaaeaiu eae
5:7 (10:14); o o/aueony n iioeienoe/aneei / aac?acee/iui acaeyaeii ia
aoaeouaa niioiioaiea iieiaeeoaeueiiai e io?eoeaoaeueiiai – 31:8
(124:32), o o/aueony n aiyciueth aoaeouaai niioaaonoaaiii 2:1 (24:12).
Ec anaai auoa neacaiiiai iu iiaeai naeaeaoue auaiae. Ee/iinoiia
aeaaiiieo/ea iiae?inoea, aai ie? n naiei niaie e iioeienoe/aneee acaeyae
a aoaeouaa n iaeiie noi?iiu, ai iiiaii caaeneo io aai oniaoia – iaoaea/
a iauaiee n ae?oaeie ethaeueie ( iieiaeeoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou a yoie
noa?a aeatho iiae?inoeo iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea aai cia/eiinoe,
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i i?eiyoee aai n?aaee ac?ineuo e naa?noieeia, o aai
niioaaonoaey ii?iai iauanoaa e , eae neaaenoaea, aeaao iaaeaaeaeo ia
aeaaiiieo/ea e a aoaeouai). N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ioiioaiea “ss-nai” a
naith i/a?aaeue ieacuaaao ii?aaeaeaiiia aeeyiea ia ioiioaiea
“ss-ae?oaea” ( thiue /aeiaae, oaa?aiiue a naieo neeao e a caao?aoiai
aeia, niioaaonoaaiii no?ieo e naia iauaiea n ae?oaeie ethaeueie : eaaei
eaeao ia eiioaeo, ia aieony ?ane?uoueny , ia ionooiaao ia?aae iaoaea/ae,
/oi a eiioea eiioeia, /aua anaai ieacuaaaony i?iaeoeoeaiui e oniaoiui).
Oaeei ia?acii, iieo/aiiua ?acoeueoaou iiaeoaa?aeaeatho iaoo aeiioaco i
acaeiicaaeneiinoe iaaeaeo ioiioaieyie “ss-nai” e “ss-ae?oaea”. E iu
aicaeaenoaoy ii ia?a aiciiaeiinoe ia noa?o ioiioaiee iiae?inoeia ni
ac?ineuie e naa?noieeaie n oeaeueth aa iioeiecaoeee, iiaeao
niinianoaiaaoue oaeaea e oeo/oaieth eo yiioeeiiaeueiiai oiia, ioiioaiee
e naaa e e aoaeouaio.
A i?aaeeaaaaioth o/aueiny aieaoo auee aeeth/aiu oaeaea aii?inu ,
eanathueany /a?o oa?aeoa?a e aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaenoaaeythuea
aeey iiae?inoea iaeaieueooth oeaiiinoue. Ia?aaioaa aeaiiua e i?iaaaey
?aiaee?iaaiea iu iieo/eee neaaeothuea ?acoeueoaou.
?acoeueoaou ioaaoia ia aii?in “*oi ou aieueoa anaai oeaieoue a /aeiaaea
?” iu i?aaenoaaeee a oaaeeoea 2.
Oaaeeoea 2.
Ea/anoaa ee/iinoeEiee/anoai
ioaaoia?aiaAeia?ioa251Oa?aeoa?132*anoiinoue93Iiieiaiea54Oaaaeaiea45Uaae?
inoue36Aaaeeeainoue36O?oaeiethaea36Oi36Ioe?iaaiiinoue27Ni?aaaaeeeainoue2
7Iaaeiinoue27Ae?oaeaethaea27
*oi eanaaony iaeaieaa oeaiiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, oi caeanue ioaaou
o/aueony ?ani?aaeaeaiu neaaeothuei ia?acii ( ni. oaaeeoeo 3).
Oaaeeoea 3.
Aeae aeayoaeueiinoeEiee/anoai ioaaoia?aiaO/aaa311Iauaiea n
ae?ocueyie192Iauaiea ni naa?noieeaie93Iauaiea aiiaua74Ae?oaia 25
Ec oaaeeoeu 2. Iu iiaeai aeaeaoue, /oi aiai?y i iaeaieaa oeaiiuo
ea/anoaao ee/iinoe, o/aueany /aua anaai iacuaaee aeia?ioo, oa?aeoa?,
/anoiinoue, aieiaiea. Ianeieueei ?ac oiiieiaeenue : oaaaeaiea,
uaae?inoue, aaaeeeainoue, o?oaeiethaea, oi e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea. Yoi
iicaieyao iai naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi ianiio?y ia oea?yuea a
iauanoaa aeanoieinoue, ?aaiiaeooea, /a?noainoue ( a iiaeao eiaiii
“aeaaiaea?y “ ei ) , aeia?ioa , iiieiaiea , aaaeeeainoue, uaae?inoue
iaeia?ythony e i?eaaonoaothony iiae?inoeaie. Ii, ii aeaeeiiio, iiieiatho
thiua iieieaiey e neiaeiinoe naaiaeiyoiae aeecie, auaeaeyy oaeea
ee/iinoiua ea/anoaa, eae oa?aeoa?, o?oaeiethaea, oi.
*oi eanaaony iaeaieaa oeaiiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, oi iieo/aiiua
aeaiiua, i?aaenoaaeaiiua a oaaeeoea 3 ia nianai niioaaonoaotho iaoei
iaeeaeaieyi .Oae , ianiio?y ia iauai?eciaiiia iiaiea ineoieiaia ia
iauaiee eae aaaeouae aeayoaeueiinoe iiae?inoeia, ?acoeueoaou iaoaai
aieaoe?iaaiey auaiaeyo ia ia?aia ianoi o/aao. Ionthaea neaaeoao auaiae,
/oi naaiaeiyoiyy iieiaeaaeue ?aiueoa ia/eiatho caaeoiuaaoueny ia
aoaeouai, na?ueaciaa e niciaoaeueiaa ioiineony e caiyoeyi a oeiea eae e
iaiaoiaeeiiio oneiaeth iieo/aieth i?ioannee. Iaeiaei, e iauaiea n
ae?ocueyie i?iaeieaeaao aaaeioth ?ieue.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?iaaaey nianoaaiiua enneaaeiaaiey n a?oiiie iiae?inoeia
iu iieo/eee neaaeothuee ?acoeueoao :
ai-ia?auo, iiaeoaa?aeeee iaoo aeiioaco i iaee/ee acaeiicaaeneiinoe
iaaeaeo ioiioaieai iiae?inoea e naaa , e aoaeouaio, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e
eo ioiioaieyie ni ac?ineuie e naa?noieeaie – n ae?oaie;
ai-aoi?uo, ii?aaeaeeee n iiiiuueth aieaoe?iaaiey e aeaeueiaeoaai
?aiaee?iaaiey iaeaieaa oeaiiuo aeey iiae?inoea ea/anoaa ee/iinoe e aeaea
aeayoaeueiinoe.
CAEETH*AIEA
Eoae, iu caaa?oeee enneaaeiaaiea iiae?inoeiaiai e?ecena. Aeaaiia
niaea?aeaiea iaoae ?aaiou aeeth/aao :
-?acaeoea oai?ee iiae?inoeiaiai ia?eiaea a enoi?ee ineoieiaee;
-oa?aeoa?enoeeo enneaaeoaiie i?iaeaiu a nia?aiaiiie iaoea;
-iienaiea iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou, i?iaaaeaiiie iaie n oeaeueth
i?iaa?ee ia i?aeoeea iaeioi?uo iieiaeaiee.
?acoeueoaou i?iaaaeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey iicaieytho iai naeaeaoue
neaaeothuea auaiaeu:
-eco/aiea aeaiiie i?iaeaiu ia caaa?oaii, i?iaeieaeathony nii?u
ineoieiaia ioiineoaeueii iaeioi?uo iieiaeaiee, iiyaeythony iiaua
aeaiiua, iiaua aeiioacu;
– a nia?aiaiiuo iao/iuo i?aaenoaaeaieyo iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony nouanoaiaaiea
iiae?inoeiaiai e?ecena eae iaiaoiaeeiiai yoaia ?acaeoey ee/iinoe,
i?eciaaony aai aaaeiinoue;
– ianiio?y ia cia/eoaeueiua iao/iua aeinoeaeaiey, naie iiae?inoee e eo
?iaeeoaee ieioi inaaaeiieaiu a yoie iaeanoe, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
cia/eoaeueiui o?oaeiinoyi e aieaciaiiinoe a i?ioaeaiee aeaiiiai
ia?eiaea;
– oioy iniiaiua ineoieiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa
iinoiyiiu, ii iaeioi?ua aai /a?ou eciaiythony a caaeneiinoe io
enoi?e/aneeo, nioeeaeueiuo, eoeueoo?iuo, ia?aciaaoaeueiuo e ae?oaeo
oneiaee;
– ?acoeueoaou iaoae iiuoii-yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou iiaeoaa?aeaeatho
i?aaeuaeouaa iieiaeaiea e a i/a?aaeiie ?ac iieacuaaao, /oi i?aeoeea
eaeao aia?aaee oai?ee, ia anaaaea ae niioaaonoaoy , ii iinoiyiii
iinoaaeyao iaoa?eaeu aeey aeaeueiaeoaai eco/aiey.
Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeaiaey eoia iaoae ?aaioa iu aua ?ac ioia/aai
aaaeiinoue iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa aeey anaai ?acaeoey ee/iinoe,
n/eoaai iaiaoiaeeiui i?iaeieaeaiea aeoaieiai ananoi?iiiaai enneaaeiaaiey
aeaiiie i?iaeaiu, iinoiyiiiai iiaeaea?aeeaaiey nayce oai?ee n i?aeoeeie,
e , iaeiiaoe, iiae/a?eeaaai aaaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey yoeo ciaiee a
?aaeueiie aeecie.
NIENIE EEOAI?AOO?U.
1. Ainna?o A.A. Ia?aaeienu aic?anoa eee ainieoaiey. I.: I?inaauaiea,
1991. 176 n.
2. Aieioiaa I. O iineaaeiae /a?ou. // Naiuey e oeiea , 1990 , ? 6 , N.
18-20 ;
3. Ae?aaoiiaa O.A. “E?ecen” iauyniyee ii ?aciiio // O?anoiiaoey ii
aic?anoiie ineoieiaee / Iiae ?aae. Ae.E. Oaeueaeooaeia. I.: Einoeooo
i?aeoe/aneie ineoieiaee, 1996, N.237-239
4. AEaaiia A. “Iu” e “Iie” // Naiuey e oeiea , 1990 , ?9, N.4-6, ?10,
N.4-7
5. Eoeaaeia E.TH. Aic?anoiay ineoieiaey ( ?acaeoea ?aaaiea io ?iaeaeaiey
aei 17 eao ). I.: Ecae-ai O?AI., 1997, 176 n.
6. Eaae A. Ianoaiaea?oiue ?aaaiie . I.: Ciaiea, 1989. 256 n.
7. Ia?/aiei E. Iiae?inoeiauo eeaea?ia aicueioo ia o/ao. // Ieiuaaeue
Naiaiaeu , io 19 ia?oa 1999 a., N.1
8. Ianoa?ia A. Niune ?enea. // Naiuey e oeiea , 1993 ,? 9, N.16-17
9. Ianoa?ia A. ?ene e caueoa . // Naiuey e oeiea , 1993 ,? 10-12,
N.15-17
10. ?aeii?aoo O. AEeciue a aacaicaeooiii i?ino?ainoaa // Naiuey e oeiea
, 1992 ,? 7-9, N.29-31
11. ?aoiaooaaaa A. Ca oeaaeee. . // Naiuey e oeiea , 1993 ,? 5, N.4-6
12. Oaeueaeooaei Ae.E. Ineoieiaey ?acaeaathuaeny ee/iinoe. I.:
Ecaeaoaeuenoai “Einoeooo i?aeoe/aneie ineoieiaee ”, Ai?iiaae: III
“IIAeYE”, 1996. 512 n.
13. Oiaeaea? E. Ia e?ath ia?aaa. . // Naiuey e oeiea , 1993 ,? 5, N.6-8
14. Eii E.N. , Oaeueaeooaei Ae.E. Io?i/anoai eae yoai aeecie e iaeioi?ua
ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?aoiaeiiai aic?anoa. //
O?anoiiaoey aic?anoiie ineoieiaee / Iiae ?aae. Oaeueaeooaei Ae.E. I.:
Einoeooo i?aeoe/aneie ineoieiaee, 1996 , N. 239-247
15. Oeoea?iai A., Ianoa?ia A. Eae ac?ineue iiaeao iiii/ue iiae?inoeai
noaoue ac?ineuie. // Naiuey e oeiea , 1993 ,? 4, N.8-10
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1998 ,? 7, N.7-9
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