AAAAeAIEA
Naaiaeiy, eae ieeiaaea, /aeiaaeo ioaeia iniiaa a aeecie, eioi?ay
iicaieeo /aeiaaeo nio?aieoue /aeiaa/aneea ea/anoaa, noaa eiaeaia?ii,
a?a/ii eee i?aceaeaioii. Anee o /aeiaaea iao oaeie iniiau, oi, i?eia?aoy
ia?iiiua eioaeeaeooaeueiua ciaiey, aai a?iiaaeiue iioaioeeae ia/eiaao
?aaioaoue i?ioea ethaeae. Au caaeoiuaaeenue, ii/aio ana ethaee
?iaeaeathony, iany a naaa eaeea-oi /aeiaa/aneea oeaiiinoe, a caoai
iiiaea aioiau oie/oiaeeoue ana aie?oa ?aaee aeaiaa e aeanoe? *aeiaae
aeaaea nai ia caia/aao, eae i?ienoiaeeo “iaaeaiea” oeaiiinoae a aai
niciaiee. Anee iao oaa?aeiai “ooiaeaiaioa” i?aanoaaiiie iniiau, oi
/aeiaae noaiiaeoueny iioaioeeaeueiui ?ac?ooeoaeai anaai aeeaiai. Aeey
oiai /oiau o /aeiaaea aue oi?ioee “ooiaeaiaio” iaiaoiaeeii nia/aea
“iinayoue” ca?iuoei.
ENOI?Ess NAIUeE
A ae?aaiai, oae iacuaaaiii “aeeeii” iauanoaa iieiaua nayce no?ieeinue
aac ?acai?a noaiaiae ?iaenoaa. Iie aeiioneaeenue iaaeaeo ?iaeeoaeyie e
aeaoueie, a?aoueyie e nano?aie. Ia auei ie naiuee, ie a?aea, auei ieaiy
– eae aaeeinoaaiiay e ia?acaeaeaiiay y/aeea ia?aiauoiiai iauanoaa.
Ec yoiai ia?aiauoiiai ninoiyiey ?acaeeenue ia?ae/iua oi?iu naiuee e
a?aea. Oae iacuaaaiue a?oiiiaie a?ae: e?iaii-?iaenoaaiiua naiuee, eiaaea
a?a/iua nayce aeiioneaeenue ii iieieaieyi (aeaoe e ?iaeeoaee ia?acotho
naiaai ?iaea a?a/iia eieueoei): nano?a iaeiia?aiaiii iiaea auoue e
aeaiie (?iaeeoaee ninoaaeyee iaeii eieueoei, aeaoe – ae?oaia).
Naiuey ioiaeoa noaea aieaa i?ia?anneaiui oaaii. A oaeie naiuea
eneeth/aeenue e?iaii-?iaenoaaiiua nayce (?iaeiuo a?aoueaa e nanoa?), o.
a. oi?ie?iaaeenue nayce iaaeaeo naiueyie, ii i?eoeua ioae- aeaia ia
eiouanoai naiuee i?aa ia eiaee. I?ienoiaeaeaiea aeaoae aea caeanue
ii?aaeaeyeinue oieueei ii iaoa?eineie eeiee – “aaciooeianeay naiuey”.
Aioo?e yoiai iaoa?eineiai ?iaea cai?auaeenue a?a/iua nayce. Ia?eiae
ecaanoai iiae iacaaieai iao?ea?oao.
Iaoa?eaeueiie iniiaie oaeiai a?oiiiaiai a?aea auei aeiiaoiaa oicyenoai.
Iineaaeothuaa ?acaeoea naiuee ninoiyei a oii, /oi e?oa, aioo?e eioi?iai
aeiioneaeenue a?a/iua nayce, ia/eiaao ana aieaa noaeaoueny. Ec yoiai
e?oaa eneeth/aeenue iieii?iaeiua e iaiieii?iaeiua ?iaenoaaiieee.
Aio ii/aio naiuey ioiaeoa iaecaaaeii niaieeanue ia?iui a?aeii. Caneoaa a
yoii aeaiueiu, oae eae a neeo naiaai iniaiai aeieiae/aneiai no?iaiey ae
i?enoua aieueoaa /oanoai i?eaycaiiinoe. Iaeiaei iiea aua yoa naiuey ia
yaeyeanue oicyenoaaiiie aaeeieoeae, oieueei a?a/iie, a oicyenoaaiiie
aaeeieoeae yaeyaony ?iae a oeaeii.
Iiiiaaiey – /aoaa?oay enoi?e/aneay oi?ia naiuee e a?aea. A ioee/ea io
ia?iiai a?aea – yoi aaeeiia?a/ea aieaa i?i/iia, onoie/eaia. A yoi a?aiy
ioae caieiaao ainiiaenoaothuaa eiouanoaaiiia iieiaeaiea e naiuey
noaiiaeony oaea naiinoiyoaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie y/aeeie ?iaea.
A yoie neooaoeee aaeeiia?a/ea – yoi aua ia nithc aeia?iaieueiue e
?aaiii?aaiue iaaeaeo ioae/eiie e aeaiueiie, a ii?aaiuaiea e caaeneiinoue
iaeiiai iiea iaae ae?oaei. Yoi ia nithc na?aeaoe, a nithc eiouanoaa.
Aei 1917 aiaea a ?innee ioeoeeaeueiie oi?iie caeeth/aiey a?aea auei
aai/aiea. Oi?ia, oneiaey a?aea (a?a/iue aic?ano, cai?aou a?aea) auee
onoaiiaeaiu iiae aicaeaenoaeai oea?eae e io?aaeaiu a naiaea caeiiia
?inneeneie eiia?ee. Oae, oeacii neiiaea a 1904 aiaeo auei ioia/aii
inoaeaeaiea ia aaca?a/ea eeoe, aeiiaiuo a ia?ooaiee noi?oaeaneie
aa?iinoe. Iineaaeothuaa iinoaiiaeaiea neiiaea cai?aoeei aai/aoue iinea
?acaiaea yoeo eeoe a oa/aiea 2 eao aaconeiaii, a a oa/aiea iineaaeothueo
5 eao aai/aiea iiaei ninoiyoueny eeoue i?e oneiaee oaeinoiaa?aiiiai
oea?eiaueth ?aneayiey.
?iaeeoaeyi i?eiaaeeaaeaea iaia?aie/aiiay aeanoue ia aeaoae ethaiai
aic?anoa – aeey aai/aiey o?aaiaaeinue niaeanea ?iaeeoaeae iaycaoaeueii
(aei/a?e aeey iiaoi?iiai a?aea o?aaiaaeinue niaeanea ?iaeeoaeae a ethaii
aic?anoa).
Naiaiaea anooieaiey a a?ae auea ia?aie/aia e aeey eeoe, ninoiyaoeo ia
neoaeaa eae aiaiiie, oae e a?aaeaeaineie. Ei cai?auaeinue caeeth/aoue
a?ae aac ienueiaiiiai aeicaieaiey ia/aeuenoaa.
N 1917 aiaea ooieoeee ?aaoee?iaaiey naiaeii-a?a/iuo ioiioaiee auee
ia?aaeaiu ainoaea?noao, a oea?eiaiue a?ae noae /anoiui aeaeii.
Ia?aui caeiiiaeaoaeueiui aeoii, ioiaieaoei ii?yaeie oea?eiaiiai
caeeth/aiey a?aea, aue aeae?ao io 18 aeaeaa?y 1917 aiaea “I
a?aaeaeaineii a?aea, i aeaoyo e i aaaeaiee eiea aeoia a?aaeaeaineiai
ninoiyiey”. Oae iiyaeeenue ia?aua i?aaiu CAAN.
AeAA IOAAONOAAIIINOE CA ETHAIAUe
Naiuey – yoi naiia aaaeiia, /oi anoue o /aeiaaea. A naiuea iu
?iaeaeaainy e, ?aii eee iicaeii, iu au?anoaai e nicaeaai naiueth.
Caaeoiaainy, /oi aieueoa anaai aieioao eaaeaeiai ec ian? Yoi i?iaeaiu,
eioi?ua ian ie?oaeatho. *oiau iiiyoue /oi-oi aieaa aeiaaeueiia ioaeii
iiniio?aoue, ioeoaea ana ia/eiaaony. Iaoa ainoaea?noai – yoi i?iaeoeey
iaoeo naiae. Ia naiii aeaea, a naiuea iiaeii iaeoe ninoaaiua yeaiaiou
aieueoiai ainoaea?noaa. A naiuea anoue yeiiiieea – yoi ca?ieaoa ioaea e
aeaiu, aioo?aiiyy e aiaoiyy iieeoeea – yoi ioiioaiey aioo?e naiuee e n
ninaaeyie, oaeaea eoeueoo?iay noi?iia aeecie. Iaeiaei, naiia aeaaiia a
naiuea – yoi ethaiaue iaaeaeo ioaeai e aeaiie. N yoiai ia/eiaaony
nicaeaiea naiuee. N yoiai ia/eiaaony e ?ac?ooaiea naiuee. Oaeei ia?acii,
a iauanoaa aeaaiua i?iaeaiu – ia yeiiiieea, ia iieeoeea e o.ae., a
i?iaeaia acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo ioae/eiie e aeaiueiie.
1960-a aiaeu i?eiyoi n/eoaoue ia/aeii naenoaeueiie ?aaiethoeee. Iiiaea
iieiaeua ethaee neaii a?inathony a aiaeiai?io oae iacuaaaiie “naiaiaeiie
ethaae”. Iaeiaei n yoiai aea a?aiaie iaaethaeaaony ?aceee anieane /enea
?acaiaeia, i?anooieaiee, aieaciae, ia?aaeaaaaiuo iieiaui iooai,
?iaeaeaaiinoe aeaoae aia a?aea. Naiueth ii i?aao iiaeii iacuaaoue oeieie
enoeiiie ethaae, aaea iu onaaeaaai iniiaiua o?iee /aeiaa/iinoe. A
iaeioi?uo no?aiao 1/3 anao aeaoae ?iaeaeathony aia oaeie oeieu, /oi, a
naith i/a?aaeue i?eaiaeeo e i?anooiiinoe. Ineoieiae e nioeeieiae
nioeenue ai iiaieyo, /oi ei?ie i?anooiiinoe e?ithony a i?iaeaiao
acaeiiioiioaiee a naiuea. Enoi?ey neeaaeuaaeanue oaeei ia?acii, /oi
no?aiu, a eioi?uo auee e?aieea ii?aeueiua e naiaeiua onoie i?ioeaaoaee
aeaaea yeiiiie/anee. E iaiai?io, eiaaea ?ooeeenue yoe acaeiiioiioaiey, a
yoii ia?iaea i?ienoiaeeei eaeia-eeai ian/anouea. Iaeia o?aaaaeey,
eioi?ay i?aneaaeoao oao, eoi anooiee ia iooue “naiaiaeiie ethaae” oaea
noaiiaeony oa?icie naiiio auaeeaaieth /aeiaa/anoaa – yoi yieaeaiey
NIEAea. NIEAe – yoi aenaa?a. Iai ecaanoia iiea eeoue aai aeaeeiay
/anoue. Ia Oe?aeia ia o/aoa oaea nauoa 10 000 AE* – eioeoee?iaaiiuo.
?acaiaeu, i?anooiiinoue, aiaa?a/iua aeaoe, NIEAe – aio eeoue iaeioi?ua
ec i?iaeai, eioi?ua, neiaii oaie, “naiaiaeiay ethaiaue” a?inaao ia iaoa
iauanoai. Aei neo ii? iu iuoaeenue ai?ioueny eeoue n oaiueth, ii iu oae
e ia noiaee ?acaeyaeaoue naioth aeaaioth i?iaeaio, io eioi?ie oyiooueny
ana yoe oaie. Eaaeaeue /aeiaae no?aieoueny e ethaae, oae eae aac iaa
iaaiciiaeii /aeiaa/aneia n/anouea e ?iaeaeaiea aeecie. Naia eaeay
ethaae, eae aa?iiiey iaaeaeo ioaeneei e aeaineei ia/aeii, io?aaeaia ai
anae anaeaiiie. A oea?noaa ?anoaiee eee a oea?noaa aeeaioiuo ioiioaiey
“noi?oaia” iai?aaeaiu eneeth/eoaeueii ia aini?iecaiaenoai aeecie, e
oieueei eeoue ethaee iaeaaeatho iaia?aie/aiiie naiaiaeie i?iyaeyoue naie
/oanoaa a ethaae. Iiaeeeiiay naiaiaea, iaeiaei, iaiuneeia aac
ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Anee /aeiaae aue nicaeai aeey ethaae, naiaiaeiie io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, oi neieueei aua “oaiae”, anaaiciiaeiuo i?iaeai e oaina
yoa ethaiaue a?ineo ia iaoa iauanoai? Yoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue iiaeii
iiiyoue a aeaoo aniaeoao.
Ai-ia?auo, iai iaiaoiaeeii noaoue iaeaaeaoaeai, eee “iineoaeai” enoeiiie
ethaae, aeaaiaea?iui ca naiaiaeo i?iyaeaiey /oanoa e oiathuei aeaaeaoue
niaie. *oi iiae?acoiaaaaony iiae enoeiiie ethaiaueth? Yoi ioithaeue ia
oa oece/aneay no?anoue, eioi?ay o?aaoao iaiaaeeaiiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey.
Yiioeeiiaeueiia oaea/aiea iaeuecy iacaaoue ethaiaueth. Enoeiioth
ethaiaue iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae iaaeaeeioth neeo, iauaaeeiythuoth aeaoo
eee aieaa ethaeae a aa?iiie/iia aaeeinoai. Iia i?iyaeyaony a iuneyo,
neiaao e aeaeao /aeiaaea, iai?aaeaiiuo ia aeaai ae?oaeo, aeaaea oeaiie
nianoaaiiiai “y”. Enoeiioth ethaiaue, iaeiaei, iaeuecy iiiyoue ec neia,
ec eiea eee a o/aaiii caaaaeaiee. A? iiaeii iiiyoue oieueei ia iniiaa
aeeciaiiiai iiuoa. ?iaeeoaee aaeioioee a ian aeeciue e ethaiaue. Oae,
ia?aoay iiuo na?aeoea aeaoae, iu oi?ie?oai naith niiniaiinoue
aini?eieiaoue e ioaeaaaoue enoeiioth ethaiaue. Ec na?aeoea ?aaaiea
iinoaiaiii ?acaeaathony ioiioaiey n a?aoueyie e nano?aie, e, a eiioea
eiioeia, ec yoeo ioiioaiee a ethaae aeieaeiu au?anoe c?aeua ee/iinoe,
niiniaiua noaoue enoeiiuie noi?oaaie e enoeiiuie ?iaeeoaeyie. Oniaoii
caaa?oay eaaeaeoth ec yoeo noaaeee, o?aaothueo io ian ia?aoiaea ia iiaue
o?iaaiue naiiioaea/e e neoaeaiey, iu iaeaieeaaai naith c?aeinoue, eiuie
neiaaie, ?acaeaaai a naaa niiniaiinoue ethaeoue ae?oaeo ethaeae,
caaioeoueny i ieo, auoiaey ca ?aiee nianoaaiiuo ioaeae e aeaeaiee.
Iineieueeo ethaiaue – yoi neea, iauaaeeiythuay ethaeae, oi ioi?aaiay
oi/ea ethaae – yoi aaeeinoai aioo?e /aeiaaea. Iu io/aoeeai i?eciaai a
naaa aeaa noi?iiu iaoaai nouanoaiaaiey. N iaeiie noi?iiu yoi iaoa oaei,
eiathuaa naie oece/aneea aeaeaiey, e, n ae?oaie noi?iiu – niaanoue, iaoe
aeooiaiua ea/anoaa e aeaeaiey, ninoaaeythuea iniiao iaoaai oa?aeoa?a.
Iaoe eo/oea ea/anoaa i?iyaeythony oiaaea, eiaaea iu aeaaeaai iaoeie
oece/aneeie aeaeaieyie.
Oaeaio iocueaioa i?iyaeyaony oieeaeueiui ia?acii, eiaaea ii aeaaeaao
eino?oiaioii. Eino?oiaio ia yaeyaony enoi/ieeii oaeaioa, ii oieueei
n?aaenoaii aai au?aaeaiey. Iiaeiaii yoiio, oaei /aeiaaea ia yaeyaony
enoi/ieeii ethaae, ii eeoue n?aaenoaii i?iyaeoue naie eo/oea ea/anoaa.
Ianoiyuee ioae/eia – yoi oio, eoi iaeaaeaao ea/anoaaie ioae/eiu, a ia
oieueei oaeii e iuooeaie. Oi aea naiia e a ioiioaiee aeaiueiu. Eiaaea
iaoe aeaenoaey eaeoo a ?ac?ac n iaoae niaanoueth, iiaeai ee iu oaaaeaoue
e ethaeoue naay? Oai aieaa, eiaaea niaanoue e oaei ia aaeeiu a /aeiaaea,
ii ia iiaeao ii-ianoiyuaio oaaaeaoue e ethaeoue ae?oaiai /aeiaaea.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca acaeiiioiioaiey a ethaae ia iiaeao aini?eieiaoueny
oieueei eae caeii eee iauai?eiyoua ii?iu. Iai?ioea, /aeiaae aeieaeai
au?aaioaoue a naaa ioaaonoaaiiinoue iin?aaenoaii naiieiio?iey e
naiinoiyoaeueiiai ?aoaiey a iaoeo ioiioaieyo ni naiae niaanoueth.
A iaoai aeaeaeaiee aunoae oeaiiinoueth e ai?aeinoueth n/eoaaony
aaniethoiay /enoioa ethaae aei a?aea, a a a?aea – aaniethoiay
noi?oaeaneay aa?iinoue. A oaeeo naiueyo aeaoe ?iaeaeathony a /enoioa
iacaiyoiaiiuo /oanoa ?iaeeoaeae. Iiyoiio aoi?ie aniaeo ioaaonoaaiiinoe
eanaaony aeaoae. ?iaeeoaeueneay ethaiaue – iniiaa n/anouey e ai?aeinoe
aeaoae. Yoi ei?aiue eo aeecie. Iiyoiio, anee ?iaeeoaee ?acaiaeyony, oi
aeaoe /oanoaotho naay oae, aoaeoi ei?aiue, eee iniiaaiea eo aeecie auei
neiiaii e ?acaeoi ia /anoe. Iie oaeaea /oanoaotho naay neiiaiiuie e
?acaeouie aioo?aiia. Naiie aaaeiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ?iaeeoaeae
yaeyaony ia noieueei aiaoiyy caaioa i aeaoyo, eo caei?iauea, ieoaiee,
iaeaaeaea e o.ae. Naiia aeaaiia – yoi ia noieueei yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea,
a eioi?ie ?anooo aeaoe, a eaeea ioiioaiey ethaae eaaeao a iniiaa
ainieoaiey ?aaaiea. ?iaeeoaeyi iaiaoiaeeii ainieouaaoue naia aeeoy
enoeiiui nuiii eee aei/a?ueth, a?aoii eee nano?ie, enoeiiuie noi?oaaie e
enoeiiuie ?iaeeoaeyie, ia?acoeiauie e ioaaonoaaiiuie a?aaeaeaiaie naiaai
iauanoaa. Iiyoiio, naiuey – yoi oeiea, aaea o/eoaey – yoi ?iaeeoaee, a
i?aaeiao – 4 noa?u ethaae, eee, eae iu eo iacuaaai, noa?u na?aeoea
(aeaoe, a?aouey-nano?u, ioae-aeaia, ?iaeeoaee). Eae ?iaeeoaee iiaoo
o/eoue yoei aauai? Oieueei naiei i?eia?ii. Iiyoiio, aeaeaiea auoue
?iaeeoaeyie noaaeo /aeiaaea a iieiaeaiea o/eoaey e iaycuaaao aai auoue
ia?acoeiaie ee/iinoueth, ia?acoeiaui noi?oaii e ia?acoeiaui ?iaeeoaeai.
A naiuea iu onaaeaaai iaaeeaaeauea i?eioeeiu i?aanoaaiiiai iiaaaeaiey,
ninoaaeythuea iniiao acaeiiioiioaiee n ?iaeeoaeyie, a?aoueyie e
nano?aie, e o.ae. Yoeie ii?iaie iu, anoanoaaiii, aoaeai
?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny a iauanoaa. Ianeieueei iu onaieee yoe o?iee a
naiuea, ianoieueei oniaoii neiaeeony iaoa aeeciue a iauanoaa a ea/anoaa
th?enoa, iaaeaaiaa, ieieno?a, i?aceaeaioa e o.ae. Oaeei ia?acii,
naiaeiay yoeea ia?acoao naiaai ?iaea ooiaeaiaio aeey nioeeaeueiie yoeee,
yoeee aeciana e yoeee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai iauaiey. I?iaeaia yeiiiieee
– yoi i?iaeaia ia aeaiaa e ia ?uii/iiai iaoaiecia, a oao ethaeae,
eioi?ua n/eoatho yoe aeaiueae. I?iaeaia ia?aciaaiey – yoi i?iaeaia ia
ca?ieaou i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, a ethaeae, caaeaenoaiaaiiuo a noa?a
ia?aciaaiey. I?iaeaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa – yoi i?iaeaia ethaeae,
ninoaaeythueo caeiiu. Aeaaea naiua aeiaaeueiua ie?iaua e iauanoaaiiua
i?iaeaiu iaaiciiaeii ?aoeoue, ?anniao?eaay eeoue neiioiiu.
CAEETH*AIEA
*oi yaeyaony naiui aeaaiui, /oiau a?ae noae i?i/iaa e ?iiaioe/iaa?
Niaeanii iineaaeiei aeaiiui, ia?u, a?ae eioi?uo oaeaeny, e noi?oae noaee
aeaenoaeoaeueii aeecee ae?oa ae?oao, aiana ia no?aiyony i?iaiaeeoue
aianoa ana aa/a?a e auoiaeiua aeie. Iie i?inoi auaatho aianoa a ?aciia
a?aiy, ano?a/aynue eiiaaea anaai ia iyoue ieioo, ii yoe ano?a/e i?eiinyo
?aaeinoue.
Iauaecaanoiu oaeou, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i ?inoa eiee/anoaa ?acaiaeia,
aeoaieii e?ecena einoeoooa naiuee e nieaeaiee ?iaeaeaaiinoe. Aieaa oiai,
naiaeiua i?iaeaiu oaaee/eaatho ?ene aicieeiiaaiey aeooaaiuo e oece/aneeo
iaaeoaia eae o ac?ineuo, oae e o aeaoae. I?iaeaiu e iai?yaeaiiinoue a
naiueyo aeeytho ia anao ian. O?oaeii inii?eoue oi, /oi iiiaea aaaeu
iauanoaa ooiaeyo ei?iyie e iaaaoeaiui oaeoi?ai, ii?iaeaeaiiui
noi?oaeaneeie eiioeeeoaie e ?acaaeii naiae.
EEOA?AOO?A
Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 1993.
Eiaeaen i a?aea e naiuea. (Aeaenoaothuay ?aaeaeoeey).
Ia/aaaa. A. I. A?ae. Naiuey. Caeii I., 1984
Niaaoneia naiaeiia i?aai: O/aaiee / Iiae ?aae. ?enaioeaaa. A. A. I.,
1982.
Eiiae?aoei Ee?eee. 11a
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Eiiae?aoei Ee?eee 11a
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