aiaeec noeoeeaea iiae oaeii c?aiey acaeiiioiioaiey /aeiaaea
n eneonnoaaiiie n?aaeie.
Eco/aiea oaiiiaia niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea, eneeth/athuaai eaeoth-eeai
ineoiiaoieiaeth e ninoaaeythuaai aieaa iieiaeiu anao niaa?oathueony a
ie?a noeoeeaeaeueiuo aeaenoaee i?eaiaeeo oeeinioa-aiaeeoeea e
iaeiicia/iinoe iiieiaiey aaaeiinoe ?ane?uoey ia oieueei noaoai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ei?iae noeoeeaea, ii e onoaoaeythueo yaeaiea ianniaiai
naiioaeenoaa oneiaee. Oi, /oi noeoeeae aeaaii e i?i/ii caieiaao ianoi
n?aaee yaeaiee aeaiia?aoe/aneiai ?yaea, naaiaeiy ieeiai ia oaeeaeyao, e
auei ecaanoii nioeeieiaai aua a i?ioeii aaea, ii aio i?iaeaia iienea
iioeiaeueiuo oi?i iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea eae iaeii ec n?aaenoa i?ae?auaiey
ianniaiai naiioie/oiaeaiey a i?aaeaeao oaoiie?aoe/anee ie?aoaiiie
eoeueoo?u – yoi oaea aeaoeua XX noieaoey.
O noeoeeaea a oao aai oi?iao, a eioi?uo iu canoaai aai a iaoa a?aiy,
anoue aeaa ieaia eco/aiey: aeinooiiay aeey noaoenoeee, nioeeieiaee,
th?eaee/aneie iaoee “iiaa?oiinoue” yaeaiey e ne?uoay io aeac
oaeinoaaiiay eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay i?e?iaea. Enneaaeiaaoaee ia?aie iieiaeiu
XX aaea, eioi?uo o?oaeii caiiaeic?eoue a “naiai?a”, oaeea eae
o?aioeocneee nioeeieia Y.Aeth?eaaei, ?onneee aaeaieao A.O.Eiie,
o?aioeocneee oeeinio e ienaoaeue A.Eaith n/eoaee i?e/eiaie
niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea noaoai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua e aeoaiei-ee/iinoiua
enoi/ieee. Iaeiaei iacaaiiua iuneeoaee anoaaaee a ooiee ia?aae
ianniaeaeiui oa?aeoa?ii yoiai yaeaiey a ?aieao o?enoeaineie eoeueoo?u,
i?eia?aooei iniaaiii a XX aaea oa?aeoa? “yieaeaie/aneie” aieacie anaai
/aeiaa/anoaa. Iie aea ioia/aee nouanoaiaaiea iaeioi?uo noaoenoe/aneeo
eiinoaio yoiai oaiiiaia: eneeth/eoaeueiay aic?anoiay onoie/eainoue (io
19-20 eao aei 35-40 eao – iaeaieaa noeoeeaeaeueiue aic?ano), a?aiy nooie
(n oo?a aei iieoaeiy), nacii (aania), iie (ioaeneia yaeaiea),
ca?aceoaeueiue e, eae neaaenoaea, eieeaeoeaiue oa?aeoa?, i?aeiouanoaaiii
yaeaiea aieueoeo ai?iaeia. Anee aic?ano, a?aiy nooie, nacii e iie –
oaeoi?u anioeeaeueiiai ?yaea (eee “einie/aneiai ?yaea” a oa?ieiao
Aeth?eaaeia), oi ianniaeaeiinoue, ca?aceoaeueiinoue, ai?iaeneie oa?aeoa?
noeoeeaea, aaconeiaii, oaeoi?u, iinyuea nioeeaeueioth ie?aneo.
I?aaei?eieiaeenue ?acee/iua iiiuoee iauyniaiey yoeo onoie/eauo
eiinoaio. Iniaue eioa?an a ieaia enneaaeiaaiey aeeyiey ia niciaoaeueiue
noeoeeae oaeoi?ia “einie/aneiai ?yaea” i?aaenoaaeytho iaaeaaii
iioaeeeiaaiiua a?aoeee auaeathuaainy ?onneiai einienoa A.E.*eaeaaneiai,
oaeoi?u aea nioeeaeueiiai ii?yaeea eiatho aeinoaoi/ii iiiai ethaiiuoiuo
eioa?i?aoaoi?ia, oioy naia i?iaeaia ii nouanoao ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaony
ia?aoaiiie. Oaea a ia/aea aaea noaei i/aaeaeiui, /oi ia
ca?aceoaeueiinoue noeoeeaea ia/eiatho aeeyoue ia oieueei noaaoee e oiio
a?aiaie i?eau/iuie oaeea oneiaey ai?iaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee eae
iaacee/aiiue oa?aeoa? o?oaea, ?ac?ooaiea iniia o?aaeeoeeiiiie naiuee,
?aiiaa iieiaia ?acaeoea iiae?inoeia, ii e iiyaeaiea iiauo oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee: ?aaeei, neiaiaoia?ao (oiaaea aua
“aaeeeee iaiie”). A /anoiinoe, A.E.*eaeaaneee ieoao i ineoicao, noaaoeie
aiciiaeiuie oieueei a XX aaea, oaeeo, iai?eia?, eae ?aaeeiiaiey
(1924-1925aa.), eee “nianaiey Iiaeea” (1928a.). A.O.Eiie a naiae oi?ioi
ecaanoiie ?aaioa “Naiioaeenoai a caeiia e aeecie” (1923a.) ioia/ae
“ia/aeueioth ?ieue” eeiaiaoia?aoa, ia/aoe e aeaaea iai?iaeoiaiii
ninoaaeaiiuo nioeeieiae/aneeo aieao, iiae/an i?aaenoaaeythueo
“iaoiaeieiaeth” oi?i e niiniaia naiioaeenoaa, n /ai i?eoiaeeony
noaeeeaaoueny th?enoo a aai aaeaaeiaaiie i?aeoeea. Anee oaeiau auee
oaiaeaioeee a aeaaaeoeaouo aiaeao iaoaai noieaoey, oi eaeiau iie oaia?ue
ia enoiaea XX aaea eaaei i?aaeiieiaeeoue.
A nia?aiaiiii ie?a nia?oiinoue io naiioaeenoa aieaa, /ai a o?e ?aca
i?aauoaao nia?oiinoue io aaoiiiaeeueiuo eaoano?io. Aic?anoiay inue
noeoeeaea nianoeeanue a noi?iio 24-o e aeaaea 15-eaoieo oaea n eiioea
60-o aiaeia iaoaai aaea, i?e/ai a iaeaieaa aeaaiiieo/iuo n yeiiiie/aneie
oi/ee c?aiey no?aiao, oaeeo eae NOA, Aano?ey, Oaaeoea?ey, Aa?iaiey,
Aieeaiaeey, Aiaeey, Aano?aeey e ssiiiey. A NOA caoeene?iaai ?ino /enea
naiioaeenoa a 3 ?aca ca iineaaeiea o?eaeoeaoue eao, a ?innee ca
iineaaeiea aeanyoue eao aeeiaieea ?inoa noeoeeaea ninoaaeea oeeo?o 10.
Oieueei ca o?e ianyoea a 1996 aiaeo noeoeeae a iaoae no?aia ninoaaee 17%
io iauaai /enea nia?oae e oieueei a iaeiie Iineaa a 1995 aiaeo iieii/eee
niaie 2.182 /aeiaaea. Aeaaea eniieuecoy enneaaeiaaiey *eaeaaneiai n
o/aoii oiai, /oi 1996 aiae yaeyaony aiaeii i?iyaeaiey nieia/iie
aeoeaiinoe, aeeythuae ia aicieeiiaaiea “ineoe/aneeo yieaeaiee”, o?oaeii
iauynieoue oaiiiai “iiiieiaeaiey” noeoeeaea, ia?anoaiea eioaineaiinoe e
ianniainoe aai i?iyaeaiey a eiioea XX aaea eneeth/eoaeueii aeeyieai
einie/aneeo oaeoi?ia.
Oa?aeoa? iaoieiaee ianaeaiey ieaiaou i?iyaeyao naay a aeeiaieea, oanii
naycaiiie n yaiethoeeae /aeiaaea a einiina e, aieaa eiie?aoii, ai
acaeiinayce aai n eciaiythuaeny ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie. A naith i/a?aaeue
ia oieueei noeoeeiua aaaenoaey, eaoano?iou, aieiaeiua aiaeu,
iineaaenoaey aiei e ?aaiethoeee, ii e ei?aiiua e aeaaea iaia?aoeiua
eciaiaiey aeinoa?u a oneiaeyo iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee oaeaea
aeeytho ia niaoeeoeeo i?aiaeaaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea aieaciae
ianaeaiey caiiiai oa?a. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ie?a /aoei ii?aaeaeeeenue
aeaa iniiaiuo oeia iaoieiaee: iayieaeaie/aneee e yieaeaie/aneee.
N/eoaaony, /oi a yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao, eae iieacuaaao
noaoenoeea, yieaeaie/aneea aieacie a XX aaea onooieee ianoi ?inoo
o?iie/aneeo caaieaaaiee, iniaaiii oao, eioi?ua iaoneiaeaiu aicaeaenoaeai
n?aaeu ia ia?aii-yiioeeiiaeueioth noa?o. Yoa oaiaeaioeey iaiaoeeanue
oaea n eiioea 60-o aiaeia iaoaai noieaoey, /oi niaiaaeaao ii a?aiaie n
eioaineaiinoueth ?inoa “iiiieiaeaaoaai” noeoeeaea a iacaaiiuo no?aiao. A
iaoae no?aia a niaaoneia a?aiy iiaeii i?ineaaeeoue eeoue aeeiaieeo ?inoa
/enea i?anooieaiee, eeanneoeoee?oaiuo eae “aeiaaaeaiea aei
naiioaeenoaa”, o.e. noeoeeae ?anniao?eaaeny n ia/aea 30-o aiaeia oieueei
eae yaeaiea ineoiiaoieiaee (naeoi? nioeeaeueiuo aiiiaeee i?e
Oeaio?aeueiii noaoenoe/aneii oi?aaeaiee aue eeeaeaee?iaai), a
“nioeeaeenoe/aneii” aea “eaaa?a” ia/aeueioth iaeueio ia?aainoaa ii
o?oaeii iauynieiui i?e/eiai aea?aeaea Aaia?ey. Aeoiath, /oi i?e
ionoonoaee na?ueaciuo enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoe noeoeeaeieiaee a
niaaoneoth yiioo, ia aaeaaaynue a ?aieao iaaieueoie noaouee a iaeioi?ua
aaaeiua iniaaiiinoe yoiai ia?eiaea, ei??aeoiaa aiaeeyoeey e aieaa /aoeie
eioi?iaoeee, eanathuaeny aeeiaieee ?inoa “/a?iiai oaiiiaia” a no?aiao
“i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai” eaaa?y, a oaeaea e iieacaoaeyi ii ?innee eeoue ca
iineaaeiea aeanyoue eao.
Naiaia?aciui iieacaoaeai ?aaeoeee ia ?ino ?acee/iiai ?iaea iaa?icia a
i?aaeaeao “iaeie ineoeao?ee” (iaiee, aeai?annee, oiaee e ae?.) e
oaaee/aiea /enea naiioaeenoa a ?acaeouo no?aiao ca iineaaeiea
o?eaeoeaoue eao yaeeinue eciaiaiea nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u ?ani?aaeaeaiey
ii i?ioanneyi a ieo a noi?iio oaaee/aiey aeiee aeieiaia, iaaeeeia e
ineoieiaia. Oaeay oaiaeaioeey eiaea ianoi aei na?aaeeiu 80-o aiaeia e
eeoue a iineaaeiaa a?aiy niaoeeaeenou-eiiiuethoa?ueee iioanieee
aeeciaiii aaaeiua i?ioannee.
Nouanoaoao i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi ia oa?aeoa? caaieaaaaiinoe ianaeaiey a
?acaeouo no?aiao ai aoi?ie iieiaeia iaoaai noieaoey, iniaia aeeyiea
ieacae oio eioi?iaoeeiiiue aoi, eioi?ue ia?aaeeaaao nia?aiaiiia
/aeiaa/anoai aua e ii nae aeaiue. Nia?aiaiiua aio?iiieiae ia neo/aeii
iiae/a?eeaatho aaaeiinoue aeeyiey ia aio?iiiaaiac naieioe/aneiai
i?ioeanna, /oi n iaeaieueoae io/aoeeainoueth i?iyaeyao naay a aae
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, eiiiuethoa?ia, auoaniythueo, eae yoi ie
ia/aeueii niciaaaoue, eieaeioth eoeueoo?o. Neaaenoaeai ia?aa?oaeaiiinoe
ineoeee /aeiaaea aeeyieai mass media aunooiaao caaieaaaaiinoue ianaeaiey
ie?a oyaeaeuie oi?iaie iaa?ioe/aneeo aieaciae. Anee aa?ii ooaa?aeaeaiea
C.O?aeaea, /oi 19 aae – yoi aae enoa?eeia, oi, aeaeeii, ni?aaaaeeeai e
ooaa?aeaeaiea ?onneiai ineoeao?a I.Aaiiooeeia i oii, /oi XX aae – yoi
i?aiaeaaeaiea a ineoeea ethaeae ?acee/iiai ?iaea iaa?icia ia a?aie
iaaeaeo ineoiiaoieiaeae e ii?iie, o.a., ae?oaeie neiaaie, ei aeeaai a
yiioo “ineoiiaoia”.
A.E.*eaeaaneee ooaa?aeaeae, /oi “any eioaeeaeooaeueiay y nioeeaeueiay
aeeciue /aeiaa/aneeo niiauanoa i?ioiaeeo iiae ciaeii yieaeaiee.
Yieaeaiey ia eneeth/aiea, a iauaa i?aaeei, ii/oe ia eiathuaa
eneeth/aiee” (2., N.350). I/aaeaeii, /oi ?onneee einieno ?anoe?eoaeueii
o?aeooao nai oa?iei “yieaeaiey”, /oi a eaeie-oi noaiaie i?ioeai?a/eo
i?eiyoie eeanneoeeaoeee aieaciae: eioaeoeeiiiua (yieaeaie/aneea) e
o?iie/aneea (iayieaeaie/aneea). Iaeiia?aiaiii n yoei ooaa?aeaeaieai
*eaeaaneee noieue aea ?anoe?eoaeueii o?aeooao e iiiyoea eioaeoeee. Oae,
a /anoiinoe, ii ieoao ia iniaii oa?aeoa?a “eioaeeaeooaeueiiai ae?ona”,
eee i naiaia?aciie “eioaeoeee” ianniaiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey eaeae, eiaaea
“eaeay i?eaiaeeo a aeaeaeaiea ia?iiiua /aeiaa/aneea iannu, iiiueay eie”,
anee iia iiiaea ia aeaaii?eyoioth ii/ao “nouanoaiaaiey iaeioi?ie
neiaeiie niaieoiiinoe oneiaee, eaaeaueo a no?oeoo?a naiiai iauanoaa”
(2., N.352). O/aiue ioia/aao iniaoth neiaeiinoue a i?aaeeueiinoe
eeanneoeeaoeee ?acee/iiai ?iaea ineoe/aneeo yieaeaiee, o.e. iiiaea ec
ieo iiaoo ioeai/ii auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu eae yieaeaiee ineoiiaoe/aneea,
eiaaea o enneaaeiaaoaey nicaeaaony aia/aoeaiea, /oi aia o/anoieee
aeaeaeaiey “iaacoiaee”, a ia naiii aeaea ianoi eiaao ineoe/aneay
“eiaeoeoeey”, eee “iauanoaaiiia aiooaiea”, eioi?ia aeaaea eiay
ineoiiaoieiae/aneee i/aa, naii ii naaa ineoiiaoieiaeae ia yaeyaony.
Eiaiii yieaeaie/aneea naiioie/oiaeaiey *eaeaaneee ioiinee e oaeiai ?iaea
o?oaeii eeanneoeoee?oaiui yaeaieyi. A iaiyoe iaaieueii anieuaatho eaae?u
iaiie eeiio?iieee niauoee a ?innee ia/aea aaea: ieoeiae, aeaiiino?aoeee,
aaneiia/iua iioi?iiu – iaaeyaeiia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea iuneae ?onneiai
einienoa.
Ianniaua naiioaeenoaa aicieeatho ia naenoaeueiie, ?aeeaeiciie,
nioeeaeueiie iniiaa, a oaeaea eiioeueneaii e a oi?ia iiae?aaeaiey
“eaeaaeo”. O?anoiiaoeeiuie aeey noeoeeaeieiaee noaee i?eia?u ianniauo
naiiooiieaiee e naiiniaeaeaiee ?onneeo ?aneieueieeia (naiioaeenoai ia
?aeeaeiciie ii/aa), ?anneac i 30 eiaaeeaeao, iiaaneaoeony a 1772 aiaeo
iaeei ca ae?oaei ia iaeiii e oii aea e?thea, eee i 59naiioaeenoaao,
neo/eaoeony a oa/aiea iaeiiai eaoa a Oeieyiaeee aeec Auai?aa, aaea
aiaeiiaae Eiao?a iineoaeee no?aoiui “i?eaaaeeuai” aeey ian/anoiuo
(eiioeueneaiia naiioaeenoai), ecaanoiu oaeaea ianniaua naiioaeenoaa
aa?aaa a ia?eiae aa?aeneeo iia?iiia (14 aae, oi?ia naiioaeenoaa ia
nioeeaeueiie iniiaa), yieaeaiee naiioaeenoa aeaaooae a aioe/ioth yiioo a
Ieeaoa e a ia/aea XX aaea a ?onneeo cae?uouo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo e ae?.
Ai ana a?aiaia iniaoth iianiinoue i?aaenoaaeyea oaeay oi?ia noeoeeaea, a
eioi?ie i?enoonoaiaae iiiaio iiae?aaeaoaeueiinoe ynoaoece?oaiiio
naiioaeeoeae i?eia?o. Aeey iaoaai a?aiaie aeeyiea n?aaenoa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee ia niciaiea /aeiaaea o?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue, a yoii niunea
iieacaoaeueia oaeay oi?ia i?iyaeaiey noeoeeaea eae naiioaeenoai a aeaea
iiae?aaeaiey eeoa?aoo?iiio aa?ith. Oi?ioi ecaanoiue noeoeeaeieiaai
neo/ae n yieaeaieae naiioaeenoa a n?aaea iieiaeuo ?iiaioe/ii iano?iaiiuo
ethaeae a Aa?iaiey iinea ioaeeeaoeee i?iecaaaeaiea Aaoa “Aa?oa?”, a
eioi?ie aeaaiue aa?ie ?aoaao ana naie i?iaeaiu iooai naiioaeenoaa,
aunaaoee aeey enneaaeiaaoaeae “/a?iiai oaiiiaia” iaeio eneeth/eoaeueii
aaaeioth aeey iaai /a?oo: iiae?aaeaoaeueiinoue eae neaaenoaea aeeyiey ia
niciaiea naiioaeeoeu ii?aaeathuaai aai aiia?aaeaiea i?eia?a (yeaiaio
aiooaiey, ciaeiiue ii ecuneaieyi *eaeaaneiai). A naia a?aiy A.O.Eiie
oi?aeae naiiai E.Oienoiai a iianiie aeey iao?aaiiaaoaiiie ineoeee
eiioeiaea ?iiaia “Aiia Ea?aieia”, a oaeie oiieee ineoieia eae
O.Aeinoiaaneee ie a iaeiii ec naieo i?iecaaaeaiee ia ynoaoece?iaae
naiiaieueiue ooiae ec aeecie, iai?ioea, iieacuaae anth iae?aneainoue
(iaynoaoe/iinoue) oaeiai ?iaea i?ioeaianoanoaaiiie nia?oe (aeinoaoi/ii
i?eaanoe a ea/anoaa i?eia?a aacia?aciinoue ooiaea ec aeecie Ee?eeeiaa a
“Aanao”, aa?iy yecenoaioeeaeueiuo eneaiee A.Eaith).
Ynoaoecaoeey ?eooaeueiie oi?iu naiioaeenoaa ia Ainoiea a n?aaeiaaaeiaie
ssiiiee a oi?ia nyiioeo (oa?aee?e) e a Eiaeee a oi?ia naoe (naiioaeenoai
aaeia) eiaei, aa?iyoiaa anaai, ?aoathuaa cia/aiea aeey eniieiaiey naiiai
aeoa. A Eiaeee aaeiaa-naiioaeeoea ieacuaaeenue aiaeanoaaiiua ii/anoe,
iia eaiiiece?iaaeanue ia ii?iaa “naiiaieueiiai” ooiaea ec aeecie, a
ssiiiee aea a ia?eiae iicaeiaai n?aaeiaaaeiauey aeaei aeioiaeeei aei
aeoyeae a oi?ia naiioaeenoaa a no?aieaiee aeaai?iaeiuo aieiia auoue
aeinoieiaa “aeinoieiiai”. Aiooaiea e iiae?aaeaiea, aaconeiaii, ea?aee
cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a yoie oi?ia iaacee/aiiiai noeoeeaea.
A eiioea iaoaai aaea eioaineaiinoue noeoeeaea a oi?ia “yieaeaiee”
ia?anoaao, /oi iaia?oaeeaaao ia oieueei nouanoaiaaiea
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-ee/iinoiuo ei?iae yoiai oaiiiaia, ii e noaaeo ia?aae
enneaaeiaaoaeai i /ai oaea ?aiaa aiai?eeinue a noaouea, i?iaeaio
onoaoaeythueo yaeaiea ianniaiai naiioaeenoaa oneiaee, iaeiaei i?e yoii
iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue niaoeeoeeo aeeyiey ia nia?aiaiiia /aeiaa/anoai
eneonnoaaiii nicaeaiiith n?aaeu aai iaeoaiey, eioi?ia ia ia?aie/eaaaony
oieueei i?aiaeaaeaieai o?aaienoe/aneie eoeueoo?u, ia?anoaieai
yeieiae/aneiai aeeneiioi?oa, iiaeiaiie o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ?aeeaeiciuo oi?i
iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea iao?aaeeoeeiiiuie, ii aeeth/aao a naay iniaiai ?iaea
“aeiiioeci” mass media anao aiciiaeiuo e aeaaea, eae naaiaeiy
i?aaenoaaeyaony, iaaiciiaeiuo oi?iao i?iyaeaiey. Ana /aua a ioaeeeaoeeyo
nia?aiaiiuo oeeinioia aicieeaao a?onoii-e?iie/iia auneacuaaiea “y ciath,
/oi ie/aai ia ciath”, e aieaa anaai, eae e ai a?aiaia Nie?aoa, yoi
ioiineony e ciaieth /aeiaaea i naaa e i?aaeaea anaai i naiai niciaiee.
Aeey aiaeeca noeoeeaea yoio iiiaio eiaao ?aoathuaa cia/aiea.
Aaoa?iaaiiinoue (?acaeaiaiiinoue, ?anuaieaiiinoue) /aeiaa/aneiai
niciaiey – iaeia ec aeaeeiuo i?e/ei noeoeeaeaeueiiai aeaenoaey, /oi
ioia/ae a naieo o?oaeao ii ineoieiaee O.Aeaeain e iiiaea aai
iineaaeiaaoaee, ii aecoaeueiay ?aciiieaiiainoue aini?eyoey ie?a
nia?aiaiiui /aeiaaeii, yoio aeaeaei ia enneaaeiaaiiue ineoieiaaie
oaiiiai, iiaeao aunooieoue a ?iee iianiiai i?iaieaoi?a eiaiii oaeiai
?iaea ninoiyiee niciaiey. A eaeii-oi niunea “anayaeiue c?eoaeue” (eae
ai?i/ai, e /eoaoaeue, e neooaoaeue) i?aaenoaaeyao na?ueacioth iianiinoue
aeey naiiai naay A iaeiii ec ?iiaiia *.Aeeeeaina anoue cao/eaoeeny
aa?ie, aia?aaoee a naay noieueei o/aaiie eioi?iaoeee, /oi ?acoi aai ia
auaea?aeae yoiai ia?aianuuaiey “aeooiaiie” ieuae e aa?ioeny a ninoiyiea
iieiiai ieaaeai/aneiai iaaaaeaiey, eieeianeie tabula rasa. Neaaeothuae
nooiaiueth oaeie “i?i/enoee iicaia” iiaeao aunooieoue ninoiyiea
?acaeaiaiiinoe niciaiey, /?aaaoia aoioii ee/iinoe i?ioea nianoaaiiie
i?e?iaeu, o?aaothuee iniuneaiiinoe nouanoaiaaiey i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii
eeoaiee ath aea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai auoey eaeiai au oi ie auei niunea.
Aeaaeaiea ia /aeiaa/aneia niciaiea a aae oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna
inouanoaeyaony n iio?ynathuei aiia?aaeaiea aeeiaieciii e iaii?ii ni
noi?iiu naiuo ?aciuo oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa. Eiiiuethoa?iua ea?u nieiatho
iiiyoea a?aoa i i?aaenoaaeaiey ?aaaiea i aiciiaeiinoe oaeenoaa /aeiaaea
/aeiaaeii. Eeiaiaoia?ao aeaaii ia?anoae auoue “aaeeeei iaiui”:
?anoe?aaee?iaaiiue ai iiiaeanoaa aeaeaiieaiie, ii noaiiaeony iioiaeei ia
ea?oioaeueiua /einu, io eioi?uo iaeuecy ioi?aaoueny, iiea ia aeiaoue aei
eiioea. Aeeyiea oaeana?eaeia ia iaeaiia niciaiea ia noieue iianii, eae
eciaeeea iae?ioeeueneie eioi?iaoeee, eioi?ie iano?yo iieeoe/aneea
iiainoe. Iaeuecy neacaoue, /oi oaeiai ?iaea eioi?iaoeey anoue
i?a?iaaoeaa iaeiie no?aiu, oioy, aaconeiaii, iia iianiaa aeey ia?iaeia
oao no?ai, eioi?ua ieacaeenue a neooaoeey “ia?aioeaiee anao oeaiiinoae”.
Oaea a 1923 aiaeo A.O.Eiie i?aaeoi?aaeaeae ia iianiinoe nthaeaoia,
ynoaoece?othueo noeoeeae, a eaeie au oi?ia ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee yoi ie
auei au?aaeaii. Ynoaoecaoeey noeoeeaea, eae e ethaie iae?ioeeueneee
nthaeao ia ye?aia, a aeaoaeoeaiii ?iiaia, ?aaeeiiinoaiiaea, ia
ea?o?eaeaea aeaoneie ea?u ia iiaeao noaoue iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?e/eiie
niciaoaeueiiai naiioaeenoaa, ii “iineaaeiae eaieae”, iiaeeyaoae ia
?aoaiea aea?oau naiiianeeey iiaeao e noaiiaeony. Noaoenoe/anee yoio
iiiaio iaaiciiaeii caoeene?iaaoue, oioy iiiyoea “iineaaeiae eaiee” a
noeoeeaeieiaee eiaao na?ueaciue ineoieiae/aneee iiaeoaeno. Oi?ioi
ecaanoiia oeeinioai ooaa?aeaeaiea Aa?aeeeoa Yoanneiai i oii, /oi “ie?ii
i?aaeo iieiey”, iiaeii eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue a i?aaeaeao cao?aaeaaaiuo
i?iaeai: a noeoeeaea ana ?aoaao iaoeiaeiia iaiiaaiea – aniuoea iieiee a
niciaiee: “ca” eee “i?ioea” i?iaeieaeaiey aeecie.
Niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi ieeaeay oeaico?a, cai?aou ecaia, anee iie ia
?aoeee yoiai a i?ioeua a?aiaia, ia ?aoao yoie i?iaeaiu “caaeoaeaeaiee
?acoia” e oaia?ue. Anee niaeaneoueny n ia?aaeienaeueiie iuneueth
E.O.Eanaayia, ninoaaeoaey nai?ieea “Caaeoaeaeathueony ?acoi”, /oi “/ai
aieaa niaa?oaiai ?acoi, oai aieaa iiaeaa?aeai ii caaeoaeaeaieth” (3.,
N.7),anee /anoii i?eciaoue, /oi eioa?an e cai?aoiui, n oi/ee c?aiey
E.Eaioa, aii?eyi (aioeiiieyi), iieneo e eo ?ac?aoaieth, ia ennye e ii
nae aeaiue, oi i?eaeaony i?eciaoue iaecaaaeiinoue oaeiai eiinoaioiiai
ninouanoaiaaiey naaoeuo e oaiiuo noi?ii iaoaai niciaiey.
Iai?eia?, iaeia aacaoiay noaouey, a eioi?ie aeo?iaeeno a?ae eioa?aueth
o iiioey?iiai naaiaeiy nicaeaoaey aeaoaeoeaiuo ?iiaiia I.Ino?oeaaa, oae
e iacuaaeanue: “E?eieiaeueiua ?iiai – eo/oay i?eaeaea io oyae e
ianeeeth”, a, anee iiniio?aoue niaea?aeaoaeueioth iai?aaeaiiinoue
nthaeaoia oeeueiia, aeeth/aiiuo a oaeaaeceiiioth i?ia?aiio, oioy au ca
iaeei aeaiue, oi i?aiaeaaeaiea iae?ioeeuenoaa a ieo noaiao oai aieaa
i/aaeaeiui. Ia noaio inia?eaaoue oa?aiaaoe/aneiai yooaeoa io i?iniio?a e
/oaiey oaiaoieiae/aneeo ie?aoaiiuo nthaeaoia ii ?onneie iineiaeoea:
“eeei – eeeiii auoeaaaony”, – iaeiaei oioaeinue au ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia
iniaaiiinoue aeeyiey oaeie eioi?iaoeee ia iaonoiyaoothny ineoeeo
iiae?inoeia, a oaeaea ethaeae, iiaeaa?aeaiiuo ?acee/iui iaa?icai, /oi
iiaeao a aae “ineoe/aneeo yieaeaiee” i?aaenoaaeyoue iianiinoue ia
oieueei aeey naieo ?aoeeieaioia, ii e aeey anaai /aeiaa/aneiai
niiauanoaa.
“*aeiaae iiiiae naaa nai” – o?aca ec i?iecaaaeaiee E.E.Ia/ieeiaa ii
aa?iioieiaee iiaeao i?icao/aoue nianai ia noieue oeeie/ii, eae eaaeaony
ia ia?aue acaeyae, anee o/eouaaoue, /oi ia oieueei oece/aneia, ii e
aeooiaiia caei?iauea eaaeaeiai ec ian a aieueoie noaiaie caaeneo io
oneeee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie aiee, a ia oieueei io aoaeothuae ian
“i/aeiaa/aiiie”, ii aan/aeiaa/iie n?aaeu. Aeaeeii, i?ioeainoiyiea
/aeiaaea nianoaaiiie eneonnoaaiii nicaeaiiie n?aaea iaeoaiey aeieaeii
i?eaanoe aai e ioeaco io i?iaeaiaoe/iiai aeeaeiaa n nioai?aiiui iaoeie
O?aieaiooaeiii oaoieee, iia?oaeathuaai ee/iinoue iaaa/ii a noa?o “iai”,
e iiiuoeai aica?aoa /aeiaa/anoaa e enoieai aoiaieoa?iie oeeaeeecaoeee,
ia ciaaoae i?iianoae “io/oaeaeaiey” /aeiaaea io ie?a, oi?ioi ecaanoiuo
iai oaia?ue.
Aeey caiaaeii-i?eaioe?iaaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee aica?ao a iaae?a
aoiaieoa?ii ie?aoaiiie eoeueoo?u icia/aao aica?ao e enoieai
ia?aiia/aeueiuo o?enoeaineeo oeaiiinoae, /oi niaa?oaiii ia i?eaeiaeueii,
ii, aeaeeii, iaiaoiaeeii. Y?aci ?iooa?aeaineee a 16 aaea ia oieueei
ciaiaieo “naaaeanoueth” o?aeoiaee “oeeinioee O?enoa”, ii e iaienaieai
?aaiou “Iioaaea aeoiinoe” (1509-1511aa.); ia enoiaea XX noieaoey
/aeiaa/anoai ieacaeinue aiiaue ia ii?iaa iiaeiaiuo ioe?uoee ii
aaaaeaaneiio caeiio io?eoeaiey-niyoey.
NIOeEAEUeII-OEEINIONEEA
E IIEEOEEI-I?AAIAUA ANIAEOU
OAIIIAIA NOEOeEAeA
Ia enoiaea aaeia /aeiaa/anoai a eioi?ue ?ac caaeaaony i?iaeaiie quo
vadis. Nioeeaeueiue iiceoea ieacuaaaony aiciiaeiui a oai?ee, ii, eae
i?aaeei, iaei aa?iyoiui ia i?aeoeea. Aioeeiaeea enoi?ee oeene?oaia i?iua
ethaie enoi?e/aneie eiaeee. Eaeie-ieaoaeue aeia?iii?yaei/iue
nioeeieia-eioaeeaeooae ii-i?aaeiaio i?iecaiaeeo aia/aoeaiea anee ia
iaeaiiai, oi, ii e?aeiae ia?a, ooiie/anee iuneyuaai /oaeaea, ioi?aaiiiai
io nia?aiaiiuo ?aaeee iauanoaaiiie aeecie, iaiiaeiaea noianoaaeoaai
“aeiea” ec aia?eeaineiai oeeueia “Iacaae a aoaeouaa”. Yecenoaioeeaeueii
iinoaaeaiiay i?iaeaia ianiioaaonoaey /aeiaaea ie?o, ie?a /aeiaaeo
i?eia?aoaao /a?ou aeiaaeueiinoe. Ia oaeii nioeeaeueiii oiia noieo ee
oaeeaeyoueny iiiieiaeaieth noeoeeaea, eioaineaiinoe aai ?inoa e
anaioaaouaathuaio oa?aeoa?o “/a?iiai oaiiiaia”, aiaeaeathuaai a naie
e?oa ia oieueei iuneyuea nouanoaa, ii e “ia?acoiiuo” aeeaioiuo. Aeoiath,
/oi ana-oaee oaeeaeyoueny noieo, iaiaoiaeeii, aaaeue aeaaea io oaeiai
?iaea oaeeaeaiey ?iaeaeaaony oeeinioey.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee ii/oe oaea aeaoo aaeia iaiiaeaeaeueiia oaeeaeaiea o
oeeinioia, eoeueoo?ieiaia e nioeeieiaia aucuaaao ?yae caaaaei/iuo
noeoeeaeaeueiuo eiinoaio, a /enea eioi?uo i?aeiouanoaaiii niciaoaeueiue
oa?aeoa? naiiianeeey, a oaeaea noaaeeueiinoue nii?iaiaeaeathueo
naiioaeenoai anioeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia, e eioi?ui ioiinyo a?aiy aeiy, iie,
aic?ano e nacii niaa?oaiey ianeeuenoaaiiiai aeayiey.
N oiai iiiaioa eae ecia?aiea eioaineaiinoe noeoeeaea noaei /anoueth
aeaiia?aoe/aneiai ciaiey, noeoeeaeieiae ?acee/iiai oieea auioaeaeaiu
eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi ?aciua yiioe nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaa/anoaa eiatho
ii/oe iinoiyiiue i?ioeaio eeoathueo naay aeecie a ninoiyiee noianoanoaey
eee iaaiaiyaiinoe — 17—20% io iauaai /enea aeia?iaieueiuo nia?oae,
oiaaea eiaaea aea?oaa naiiianeeey, ia ia?aiaiaiiay ie eaeie-eeai
ineoiiaoeae, ie neiaeiuie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie ee/iie aeecie, ie ii?i/iuie
neeiiiinoyie, aiaeaie auiaoeaaao ceiaauee caiunae naiiaieueiiai ooiaea
ec aeecie e, aeiaeaeaaoenue iiaeoiaeyuaai ii aa ?an/aoai iiiaioa,
iaiaaeeaiii i?aoai?yao aai a aeeciue. Aeaeeii, eiaiii yoa iniaaiiinoue
noeoeeaea iiaoaeeea nia?aiaiiuo iaaeeeia, iee?iaeieiaia,
oeieeia-i?aaieeia, a oaeaea ineoeao?ia-i?aeoeeia eneaoue a /aeiaa/aneii
i?aaiecia “aauanoaaiiia” iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea ne?uoie i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe
e naiioaeenoao, /oi iiaeeyei ia iaia?oaeaiea niaoeeoeee aeeyiey ia iica
/aeiaaea iiieaeaiey o?iaiy niaea?aeaiey a iai na?ioiieia a ea/anoaa
naiaai ?iaea “i?aaeneacaoaey” noeoeeaeaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey. Iaeiaei naie
enneaaeiaaoaee a eeoea, iai?eia?, aaaeouaai niaoeeaeenoa a yoie iaeanoe
i?ioanni?a ineoeao?ee Eieoiaeeneiai oieaa?neoaoa Aeae. Iaiia, auee
auioaeaeaiu eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi ia i?ioyaeaiee anae /aeiaa/aneie
yaiethoeee o?iaaiue na?ioiieia ii?aaeaao naieie noaaeeueiuie
iieacaoaeyie. Iiieaeaiea o?iaiy aai niaea?aeaiey a eeaoeao iicaa
iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey iao/iiai i?aaeneacaiey noeoeeaea, oae aea eae e
eniieueciaaiea yoiai aauanoaa a eeeie/aneeo oeaeyo ii iaiueoae ia?a
i?iaeaiaoe/ii, aaaeue “oniaoa” aeiaeaathony, eae i?aaeei, ii iiaieth
o/aiiai, oa naiioaeeoeu, eioi?ua “caaioeeai ieaie?otho” naiiianeeea, a
ia eiioeueneaii aeaenoaothuea ee/iinoe n ?acaaeaine?iaaiiie ia?aiie
nenoaiie. Iiyoiio na?ioiiei iiaeao aunooieoue a ea/anoaa “oaeoi?a
?enea”, ii ia a ninoiyiee ea?aeeiaeueiui ia?acii iiaeeyoue ia ?ane?uoea
“ia/aeueiuo nae?aoia” aeaiiiai yaeaiey. Ia oieueei oaeia iiaia
iai?aaeaiea, eae iae?iaeieiaey, ii oaea aeinoaoi/ii aeaaii e iaaeeoeeia
e ineoeao?ey iuoathony aeaoue /aoeoth aeaoeieoeeth iiiyoeth
“niciaoaeueiue noeoeeae”. N/eoaaony, /oi nai oa?iei “noeoeeae” noae
eniieueciaaoueny noeoeeaeieiaaie n iiiaioa iioaeeeiaaiey a ia/aea
iuiaoiaai aaea ciaiaieoiai enneaaeiaaiey-ynna i naiioaeenoaa
o?aioeocneiai nioeeieiaa Y. Aeth?eaaeia, nin?aaeioi/eaoaai naia aieiaiea
a iniiaiii ia niciaoaeueiii oa?aeoa?a oaiiiaia.
Naaiaeiy noeoeeaeieiae, eae i?aaeei, ii?aaeaeytho niciaoaeueiue
noeoeeae eae ?acoeueoao i?iyaeaiey aeaaniiniaiie aiee, eiaaea
no?aaeathuei eeoeii yaeyaony nai aeoeaii aeaenoaothuee noauaeo, ciathuee
ia iaeeaeathueo aai ?acoeueoaoao e niciaoaeueii auiieiythuee ieai
ianeeey. Ia?aae iaie, oaeei ia?acii, iaia?oaeeaaao naay oaiiiai iniaie
aieacie niciaiey, aeey eioi?ie aua ia i?eaeoiaii iaaeeoeeineiai oa?ieia,
ii eiaiii ii yoiio naiaio iieacaoaeth ii noaiiaeony iauaeoii
i?enoaeueiiai aieiaiey oeeinioia, nioeeieiaia e aeaaea iieeoeeia.
Enoi?e/aneea ei?ie yaeaiey niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea iaia?oaeeaatho ia
oieueei nioeeaeueii-oeeinioneea, ii e iieeoeei-i?aaiaua aniaeou
?anniio?aiey yoiai oaiiiaia. Enoi?ey /aeiaa/anoaa (ecaanoiay iai ii
?aciui enoi/ieeai iaoa?eaeueiiai e aeooiaiiai oa?aeoa?a) aeiiineo aei
ian ?acee/iua o?aeoiaee niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea. N i/aaeaeiie
ii?aaeaeaiiinoueth iiaeii auaeaeeoue nouanoaiaaiea ?eooaeueiiai
naiioaeenoaa ia Ainoiea (oa?aee?e e naoe), iiiyoea i noeoeeaea eae i
“eaaeie” e aeaaea “i?eyoiie” nia?oe ia?eiaea ?iaei-ieaiaiiuo ioiioaiee e
iaeioi?uo yoaiia aioe/iie enoi?ee, a oaeaea iiiyoea i a?aoiaiinoe
naiioaeenoaa a ?aieao o?enoeaineie eoeueoo?u. Iiaeiaiue ?aca?in ioeaiie
i?eaeeceoaeai, oae eae aeaaea a ?aieao iacaaiiuo eoeueoo?iuo a?aaeia
nouanoaiaaee aeeaiao?aeueii i?ioeaiiieiaeiua ioeaiee yoiai aeayiey ia
oieueei n yoe/aneie, ii e n iieeoeei-i?aaiaie oi/ee c?aiey.
Ethaiiuoii, /oi oaea a XXa. ia?eiaee/anee i?ienoiaeeo aica?ao e
iaeaieaa a?oae/aneie oi?ia “noa?/aneiai aeueo?oecia” (naiioaeenoai
noa?eeia, /aeiaa/aneea aea?oaii?eiioaiey a ae?aaieo iauanoaao) ,
iai?eia? a o?oaeao ciaiaieoiai ?onneiai iee?iaeieiaa e aa?iioieiaa E.E.
Ia/ieeiaa, i?e iinoaiiaea i?iaeaiu yeoaiacee nia?aiaiiuie
iaaeeeaie-iieieiaaie.
A aacaoa “Niaa?oaiii nae?aoii” (? 10. 1996; ? 2. 1997) auee
iioaeeeiaaiu iaoa?eaeu n oa?aeoa?iuie iacaaieyie: “Aeieoi? nia?oue” — ia
aia?eeaioea Aeae.Eaai?eyia, a?a/a, iiiiaathuai aaciaaeaaeii aieueiui
“eaaei” oeoe ec aeecie, e “Iaeaeaiae ia aeiio” — ioeeeee /eoaoaeae ia
noaoueth i aeieoi?a-oaeeoea. Iiaeai?ea ienai oeacuaaea ia
aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth iiaiee /eoaoaeae ii cao?iiooiio aii?ino. Aeaaea
o/eouaay oaiaeaioeeiciinoue i?aiiaeianaiey iaoa?eaea ethaui n?aaenoaii
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, iao?oaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai
ioeeeeia eae “ca”, oae e “i?ioea” yeoaiacee ia oieueei a iaoae no?aia,
ii e a ie?a. A iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea yoie iunee iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi a
naioya?a 1996 a. aia?aua a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa ia caeiiiuo iniiaaieyo
iicaieeee oia?aoue aieueiiio ?aeii i?inoaou a Aano?aeee, a iaeiii ec
naieo ooaoia eaaaeeciaaaoae oaeiai ?iaea noi?iiiaa aiaoaoaeuenoai.
Yeneo?n a enoi?eth i?iaeaiu iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi eiaiii
o?enoeaineee acaeyae ia nia?oue e /aeiaa/aneoth naiaiaeo i?eaian ia/oi
niaa?oaiii iiaia a ioeaieo noeoeeaeaeueiiai aeoa (eceeoia iaiiieiaoue i
aaaeiinoe aeeyiey o?enoeaineeo oeaiiinoae ia nia?aiaiioth eoeueoo?o ia
i?ioyaeaiee anaai iineaaeiaai ouny/aeaoey), ii n?aaiaieth n ainoi/iui
?eooaeii eee aioe/iui /oanoaii nianoaaiiiai aeinoieinoaa (iniaaiii a
oi?ia iieeoe/aneiai naiioaeenoaa yiioe ?eineeo eiia?aoi?ia). Aianoa n
i?aaii ia aaniethoioth eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth naiaiaeo /aeiaae a
o?enoeaineii ie?a iieo/ee e iniaoth oi?io eneooaiey yoie naiaiaeie —
eneooaiea nia?oueth ii naiaio ?acoiaieth n aieueoae neeie, /ai a
aioe/iua a?aiaia, oae eae oioy aioe/iue ie? e ciae ianniaua
naiioaeenoaa, oaeeo yieaeaiee naiioaeenoa, eaeea aicieeee a
o?enoeaineoth yiioo, iniaaiii a iao aae oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e
yeieiae/aneeo ooieeia, ii ana-oaee ia ciae.
Nianai iaaeaaii, a eiioea ia?oa 1997 a., Aia?eea auea oiee?iaaia
o?aaaaeeae a oaoaiaaaeueiii i?aaeianouea Nai-Aeeaai — ?ai/i Naioi-Oa,
e?oiiaeoei a aa enoi?ee ianniaui aeia?iaieueiui naiioaeenoaii 39
/aeiaae, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo e eoeueoiaie i?aaiecaoeee “A?aoa Iaaan”.
AEo?iae “Oaei” ioeaiee yoo o?aaaaeeth eae iaia/athueeny a NOA “e?ecen
aa?u”.
O?enoeainoai inoaeaeaao naiioaeenoai a ea/anoaa neaaenoaey aiaaeaiey a
nia?oiue a?ao oiuiey, a oaeaea eae oi?io oaeenoaa a ia?ooaiea caiiaaaee
“Ia oaee!” (iinoaiiaeaiea O?eaeaioneiai niai?a 1568 a. niaeanii
enoieeiaaieth Aeaaeaiiui Aaaonoeiii oanoie caiiaaaee). Yiioa “ia?auo
o?enoeai” i?aeoe/anee ia ciaao naiioaeenoaa (Iiaue Caaao aeaao a
ea/anoaa i?eia?a aeaa noaeueau: io/ayaoaainy iieo/eoue i?iuaiea naiaio
i?aaeaoaeuenoao naiioaeeoeu Eoaeu e i?aiaeieaaoaai io/ayiea o?iae?aoiiai
io?a/aiey io O?enoa aiinoiea Iao?a). ?onneee oeeinio A.N. Nieiaueaa aeae
caia/aoaeueioth ii naiaio i?iieeiiaaieth a nooue i?iaeaiu
eioa?i?aoaoeeth a?aoa oiuiey (io/ayiey) a “O?ao ?acaiai?ao” (ni.
“?acaiai? aoi?ie”).
Aae I?inaauaiey a eeoea Ae. THia e AE.-AE. ?onni neiiae i?aaenoaaeaiea
ia aaniethoiie iai?eaieaiinoe oeeaeeeciaaiiui /aeiaa/anoaii i?aaa
/aeiaaea ia nia?oue. Eiae/aneei caaa?oaieai oaeiai ii nouanoao
aoaenoe/aneiai acaeyaea ia naiioaeenoai a enoi?ee /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u
yaeeinue i?eiyoea niaaoneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii a 1922a. no.148
Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena, niaa?oaiii eneeth/athuae iaeacoaiinoue naiioaeenoaa
e iieooaiey ia iaai e ea?athuae eeoue ca niaeaenoaea eee aeiaaaeaiea aei
iaai.
O/eouaay iauoth iai?aaeaiiinoue ?anniio?aiey oaiiiaia noeoeeaea a
ianoiyuae noaouea, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi io iiiaeo aa?iiaeneeo
ainoaea?noa ?inneth ioee/ae aieaa acaaoaiiue e aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue
iiaeoiae e yoiio yaeaieth iauanoaaiiie aeecie: caeiiu, ea?athuea
naiioaeenoai, iinoiyiii ooi/iyeenue e aeiiieiyeenue. Iai?eia?, aei
i?iaaaeaiey ?aoi?i Iao?ii Aaeeeei i?aaeoniao?eaaeny oieueei noae oea?eae
e ieeaeie oaieiaiie iaeacoaiinoe ca iieooaiea ia naiioaeenoai eee ca
naiioaeenoai. Ia?aua oi?iu iaeacoaiinoe niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea
iiyaeeenue a aiaiiii onoaaa Iao?aI ca 1716a. Iicaea ii ?onneiio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao eeanneoeoee?iaaeenue aeaa aeaea naiioaeenoaa:
noeoeeae, niaa?oaiiue a ninoiyiee aiaiyaiinoe (oaieiaii iaeacoaii) e a
ninoiyiee iaaiaiyaiinoe (iaiaeacoaii), i?e/ai ia?u, i?aaei?eieiaaiua a
ioiioaiee niciaoaeueii iieooaaoeony ia nianoaaiioth aeeciue, iinoiyiii
niya/aeenue (ni. Oeiaeaiey i iaeacaieyo 1845, 1857, 1866 e 1885 aa.). Ia
iiaeaa?aaeenue a niioaaonoaee ni no. 1474 Oeiaeaiey iaeacaieth eeoea,
eioi?ua iioee ia nia?oue ec-ca iao?eioecia ?aaee nio?aiaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiie oaeiu eee ec aeaeaiey nio?aieoue /anoue e oeaeiioae?ea
(naiioaeeoeu oaeiai ?iaea ia eeoaeenue oea?eiaiiai iia?aaaiey, ana eo
?anii?yaeaiey inoaaaeenue a neea).
Aeey n?aaiaiey n i?eaaaeaiiui aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiui iiaeoiaeii e ioeaiea
noeoeeaea a ?innee aeinoaoi/ii i?eaanoe ianeieueei i?eia?ia aa?iiaeneiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: Aiaeey niya/eea iaeacaiea ca naiioaeenoai oieueei a
1870 a. e eeoue a 1961 a. ioiaieea oaieiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
noeoeeae; oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Iueth-Ei?ea n/eoaei iieooaiea ia
naiioaeenoai i?anooieaieai aei 1919 a.; a ?innee iiae aeaaeaieai
ia?aaeiaie i?aaiaie iunee ii Oaieiaiiio Oeiaeaieth 1903 a. naiioaeenoai
oaea ia n/eoaeinue i?anooieaieai, a i?aaeoniao?eaaei ioaaonoaaiiinoue
oieueei ca aeiaaaeaiea aei naiioaeenoaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, no. 148 Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena io 1922 a. a niaaoneoth
yiioo yaeeanue eiae/iui caaa?oaieai ioa/anoaaiiiai i?aaioai?/anoaa.
Iaeiaei iu ieacaeenue ia cano?aoiaaiu io ae?oaiai ?iaea e?aeiinoe: a
iaoo ao?ioth yiioo anyeay noeoeeaeaeueiay iiiuoea aac e?eieiaea noaea
?anniao?eaaoueny a NNN? eae yaeaiea eneeth/eoaeueii ineoiiaoieiae/aneiai
?yaea, a a ?acoeueoaoa — ia nieaeaiea noeoeeaeaeueiuo iieacaoaeae, a eo
iaeciaiii caiae/eaaaiue aeanoyie ?ino. Eiaaea aea noeoeeaeaeueiay
noaoenoeea noaea aeey ian ?aaeueiinoueth, iu iaia?oaeeee oaioanoe/aneea
ii naiae oae?o/athuae nooe iieacaoaee ii naiioaeenoao. A NNN? ia iniiaa
iiaiai oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?iecioae aica?ao e “ynee?ieaaneie”
eiioeaioeee naiioaeenoaa, aeanoei oaycuaathuae noeoeeae n aeooaaiie
aieaciua Niciaoaeueiay aea oi?ia naiiianeeey noaea ?anoeaieaaoueny eae
oiuoeaiiia aeiaaaeaiea aei naiioaeenoaa.
A niaaoneia a?aiy aue eeeaeaee?iaai naeoi? nioeeaeueiuo aiiiaeee i?e
Oeaio?aeueiii noaoenoe/aneii oi?aaeaiee. A yoio ia?eiae iaoae enoi?ee
nouanoaiaaea ioeoeeaeueii i?eciaiiay noaoenoeee oieueei ii aeiaaaeaieth
aei naiioaeenoaa, iia iaia?oaeeaaea no?aiiua aeaiia?aoe/aneea ia?aeinu:
aieueoeinoai oaeiai ?iaea naiioaeenoa niaa?oaeenue a naeueneie ianoiinoe
(aieaa 51%), ianiio?y ia oi. /oi noeoeeae a ie?a i?aeiouanoaaiii yaeaiea
ai?iaeneia; o?iaaiue ia?aciaaiey naiioaeeoe aue a iniiaiii n?aaeiee eee
iaiieiue n?aaeiee, oiaaea eae oaiiiai niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea /aua
oeene?oaony a aunieieioaeeaeooaeueiie n?aaea (a oea?neie ?innee,
iai?eia?, yoi ioeoea?u oeioa, i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoeu aunoeo aeaineeo
o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, ecaanoiua iiyou, ooaeiaeieee e o.ae.); ii naiaio
nioeeaeueiiio noaoono niaaoneea naiioaeeoeu — yoi /aua anaai eieoicieee
eee aeiiioicyeee (any n?aaieoaeueiay noaoenoeea i?eaiaeeony ia eiiaoe
80-o aiaeia )1.
Ianiio?y ia yaioth iaiieiioo eioi?ie?iaaiiinoe ii noeoeeaeieiae/aneei
aii?inai, enneaaeiaaoaee auee auioaeaeaiu eiinoaoe?iaaoue
i?aeiouanoaaiii niciaoaeueioth i?e?iaeo “naiioaeenoaa n /aeiaa/aneei
eeoeii” (i?aaeaea anaai ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaea ouaoaeueiay
nieaie?iaaiiinoue aeiaaaeaiiuie aei naiioaeenoaa noeoeeaeaeueiiai aeoa).
Eioaeeaeooaeueiue aea oa?aeoa? naiioaeenoaa, eae oiaaea eacaeinue, iaoae
naaa “aeaaii?eyoioth” ii/ao a n?aaea ?onneie yiea?aoeee. Yoiio aii?ino
iinayuaia oaeaioeeai iaienaiiay noaouey I.A. Aa?aeyaaa “I naiioaeenoaa”.
Nia?aiaiiua n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee a iaoae no?aia ioee/aao, ii
iaoaio iiaieth, cia/eoaeueiay oaiaeaioeeiciinoue a i?aiiaeianaiee
iaoa?eaea ii noeoeeaeaeueiie noaoenoeea, naycaiiay n iieeoe/aneie
i?eaioaoeeae ecaeaiee. Iai?eia?, “Ecaanoey” e “Niaaoneay ?inney”
aeoeaioe?otho aieiaiea ia noeoeeaea a n?aaea ?aai/eo, iauyniyy eo
nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoueth ec-ca iaauieaou ca?ieao, iaeiaei
iauynieoue naiioaeenoai aeaae. A.Ae.Eaaaniaa (1988) eee ii/iie auno?ae a
eaaeiaoa aee?aeoi?a Oaaea?aeueiiai yaea?iiai oeaio?a a Niaaeeinea
Aeaaeeie?a Ia/ay (1996) n iiceoeee nioeeaeueiiai aeaoa?ieiecia
ieacuaaaony ai?acaei o?oaeiaa. AEo?iae “Iaiiae” iuoaaony iainiiaaoue
noeoeeaeaeueiue anieane a Aa?iia e ?innee aeeeoaeueiui nouanoaiaaieai
oioaeeoa?iuo ?aaeeiia ia eo oa??eoi?eyo, ii iaoiaeeo iie/aieai aunieea
noeoeeaeaeueiua iieacaoaee a NOA e ae?oaeo aeaiie?aoe/anee
i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ainoaea?noaao. Oaeay i?aaeacyoinoue a ioeaiea “/a?iiai
oaiiiaia” a?aaeeo na?ueaciiio iao/iiio aiaeeco yoiai yaeaiey.
Ioaeeoeenou ia ia?aiaiytho naay aii?inii: ii/aio “?anoe?aiiiai
noeoeeaea” (o.a. naiioaeenoaa, ioyaiuaiiiai oaeenoaii ?iaenoaaiieeia) ia
auei a aeieaaeiii Eaieia?aaea, eiaaea ?aaeueiinoueth auea nia?oue io
aieiaea, ii ano?a/aaony naaiaeiy, eiaaea, ii eo i?aaeiieiaeaieyi,
iniiaiui i?iaieaoi?ii yaeyaony iaaiciiaeiinoue i?iei?ieoue naiueth ec-ca
ianaiaa?aiaiiie auieaou ca?ieaou?
Iuia iu aica?auaainy ia e?oae naiy: a iaoae noaoenoeea ana iniiaiua
iieacaoaee ii noeoeeaeo i?eia?aoatho oa?aeoa? i?enouae ei
oieaa?naeueiinoe, iaeiaei, i/aaeaeii, /oi oaeiai ?iaea oieaa?naeueiinoue
ia ooaoeoaeueia. I?e/eiu ei?aiyony aeoaaea, /ai yoi iiaeii
i?aaeiieiaeeoue i?e aaaeii acaeyaea ia “niauoea”. Oioaeinue au, iaeiaei,
caino?eoue aieiaiea nioeeieiaia e iieeoeeia ia oii, /oi niciaoaeueiue
noeoeeae iiaeao aunooieoue a ea/anoaa oie eaeioniaie aoiaaeee, eioi?ay
iiiiaeao ioee/eoue /a?iia io aaeiai ia i?ioyaeaiee anae iaoae
i?ioeai?a/eaie enoi?ee iineaaeiaai noieaoey eae a noa?a i?aanoaaiiinoe,
oae e a iaeanoe iieeoe/aneie.
Ia neaaeoao caauaaoue i oii, /oi, ianiio?y ia niaoeeoe/aneoth
noeoeeaeieiae/aneoth noaoenoeeo a iaoae no?aia, a niaaoneia a?aiy
ioithaeue ia a yiea?aoeee iieii/eee niaie oaeea y?eea ee/iinoe, eae
Ia?eia Oeaaoaaaa, Aeaaeeie? Iayeianeee, Aeaenaiae? Oaaeaaa, aeaae.
A.Ae.Eaaania. A na?aoianeii “Iiaii noeea” aeaaea iiyaeeanue noaouey
“Aaaa?ei niaa?oee naiioaeenoai” (oioy naia yoa aa?ney aeaaee ecaanoiiai
einiiiaaoa ii?iaa?aaaony).
Aeey oiai /oiau ia?aeoe e ?anniio?aieth nioeeaeueiiai iiaeoaenoa
niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea, iaiaoiaeeii oioy au e?aoei inoaiiaeoueny ia
oie eaeaieiaee, eioi?ay ninoaaeea “ia?a” ai?ueau eeaa?aeueiie
iauanoaaiiinoe a ?innee e ca ?oaaaeii ca “anoanoaaiiia i?aai” /aeiaaea
ia nia?oue.
A XVIIIa. oeeinio Ae.THi ooaa?aeaeae a naiai ciaiaieoii ynna
“Inaiioaeenoaa”: “Iinoa?aainy aea aa?iooue ethaeyi eo a?iaeaeaiioth
naiaiaeo, ?acia?aa ana iau/iua a?aoiaiou i?ioea naiioaeenoaa e iieacaa,
/oi oeacaiiia aeayiea naiaiaeii io anyeie a?aoiaiinoe e ia iiaeeaaeeo
eaeiio-eeai ii?eoeaieth a niioaaonoaee n iiaieyie ae?aaieo oeeinioia”2.
Iaeiaei ana ynna auno?aeaaaony eae ii?iaa?aeaiea oacena i naiaiaea
/aeiaaea e aieaa iioiaeeo ia neaioe/aneee oa?n ii iiaiaeo
ioiineoaeueiinoe eaeie au oi ie auei naiaiaeu a ie?a, ia eneeth/ay i?aaa
/aeiaaea ia “naiaiaeo” ?anii?yaeaiey nianoaaiiie aeeciueth.
Aioo?aiiaa i?ioeai?a/ea, ne?uoia a i?inaauai/aneii enoieeiaaiee
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie naiaiaeu ee/iinoe, eiaei ia/aeueiua iineaaenoaey, oae
eae ii nouanoao ?ac?aoaei /aeiaaeo ioeaaoueny, ii aea?oy i?aai ia
ioeaeo, ia ?aoaei oao io/eoaeueiuo aioo?aiieo i?iaeai, eioi?ua noaayo
ee/iinoue ia a?aiue iaaeaeo aeeciueth e nia?oueth, ia?aeay ia auai?
iineaaeiae, /oi nianoaaiii e iiaeoaa?aeee ia/aeueiue iiuo
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a iaoae no?aia.
Iiaeaaaeai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua eoiae: enoi?eei-eoeueoo?ieiae/aneia
enneaaeiaaiea oaiiiaia naiioaeenoaa aia eiie?aoiiai nioeeaeueiiai
eiioaenoa i?eaiaeeo e naiaia?aciiio “ooieeo” iiiaiciaiey, eioi?ia, ii
iunee ae?aaiaai oeeinioa Aa?aeeeoa, “oio ia iao/aao”, iaeiaei iii n
i/aaeaeiinoueth iaia?oaeeaaao eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneee oa?aeoa?
naiiianeeey aeaaea a aeueo?oenoe/aneeo noeoeeaeaeueiuo aeoao, aeaaea
iiae aiaoii iaacee/eaathuae noaoenoeee niaaoneiai ia?eiaea a iaoae
no?aia. Neaicue oieuo oneiaiinoae, ia?yaeia, iau/aaa, o?aaeeoeee
i?inooiaao aeaiea aeeaiai ioeuena ee/iinoe, iiiauathuae naay a
?eneiaaiiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa (“iia?aie/ioth neooaoeeth” iaaeaeo aeeciueth
e nia?oueth). Iooaaiaeiie aea caacaeie oaeie ee/iinoe aunooiatho
niaoeeoeea /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey, aai niiniaiinoue e ?aoeaenee,
naycaiiinoue a iai eioaeeaeoa n aieaaui ia/aeii (eee “i?aeoe/aneee
?acoi”, a oa?ieiao E. Eaioa).
Ia neo/aeii a naieo i?eaeiaeueiuo enneaaeiaaieyo nia?aiaiiue aiaeeeneee
o/aiue ?.Aeae.O?ae ?acee/aao noeoeeae e nia?oue io naiiiia?aaeaeaiey,
noaay i?iaeaio neaaeothuei ia?acii: anyeia ee naiioaeenoai
aeaenoaeoaeueii naii-oaeenoai, oae eae ecia/aeueii iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue
noeoeeae e a oceii e a oe?ieii ieaiao. N oi/ee c?aiey O?ay, oa?aee?e —
yoi, aaconeiaii, naiioaeenoai eae naiieniieiaiea caaeoiaiiiai ca?aiaa
aeoa nia?oe. Ii aio, anee, e i?eia?o, Aeaeii a?ineeny iiae iiacae, oi
oaeaaao aai iiacae, a ii oieueei iiianoee naay a ?eneiaaiiua
ianoiyoaeuenoaa ?aaiineeueii oiio, eae anee au ii acye aeeao ia naiieao,
eioi?ue a iieaoa au ?acaeeny, oioy ii ia yoii e ia aeiaaaeuaaeny3.
Caaaaeea noeoeeaeaeueiiai niciaiey — yoi oa iaeanoue, a eioi?ie iiaeao
e aeieaeia i?iyaeoue naay nia?aiaiiay oeeinioneay oai?ey, o/eouaay,
eiia/ii, aeinoeaeaiey enneaaeiaaoaeae ai anao aiciiaeiuo aniaeoao
?anniio?aiey aeaiiiai i?a/iiai yaeaiey.
Enneaaeiaaiey iineaaeieo eao, i?iaaaeaiiua a iaoae no?aia A.A.
Aia?oiiaie, A.A. Oeoiiaiei, E.E. Aa?aaeuenii e ae?., oaeaea auaeaeioee
ia?aae nia?aiaiiuie noeoeeaeieiaaie i?iaeaio i nii?iii iiieiaiee
naiioaeenoaa eae noaoai aooiaa?anneaiiai aeoa ineoe/anee aieueiiai
/aeiaaea, oaaaeeoaeueii oeacaa ia oi, /oi cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
naiioaeenoa niaa?oaaony ineoe/anee caei?iauie ethaeueie a ?acoeueoaoa
nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneie aeacaaeaioaoeee ee/iinoe a oneiaeyo
“iee?inioeeaeueiiai eiioeeeoa”.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi, eae iia i?aaenoaaeyaony, iee?ieiioeeeo
iiaeao noaoue iae?ieiioeeeoii, anee eniieueciaaoue ioeaieo nioeeaeueiie
?aaoee?oaiinoe iiaaaeaiey ee/iinoe, aeaiioth a ia/aea iaoaai aaea
Aeth?eaaeiii. A /anoiinoe, n oi/ee c?aiey ecaanoiiai o?aioeocneiai
nioeeieiaa, aeey caueou iauanoaa io anieaneia ianniaiai noeoeeaea
iaiaoiaeeii io/aoeeai i?aaenoaaeyoue caaeneiinoue niciaoaeueiiai
iieooaiey ia naith aeeciue io noaiaie nioeeaeueiie eioaa?e?iaaiiinoe
ee/iinoe. Eiaaony a aeaeo eae aiciiaeiinoue aeanoeie, i?aaeaeueiie
?aaoeyoeee iiaaaeaiey ee/iinoe ni noi?iiu iauanoaa (iai?eia?, iaee/ea
iaieoaioeea?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee — io oth?ai aei eni?aaeoaeueiuo o/aaiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee; a ae?aaiinoe — nouanoaiaaiea einoeoooa ?aanoaa, a ?innee —
e?aiinoie/anoaa), eiaaea neaaenoaeai aunooiaao oaoaeenoe/aneee oei
naiioaeenoaa, oae e neaaay ?aaoeyoeey ia?niiaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey
(caa?ioaiiinoue aeaoae a naiuea. ionoonoaea oaieiaiie iaeacoaiinoe
noeoeeaea a iauanoaa), neaaenoaeai eioi?ie yaeyaony “aiaie/aneee
noeoeeae” (iniaaiii a n?aaea iiae?inoeia, yooaeo ?aciauaiiinoe,
io/oaeaeaiey).
Iaa e?aeiinoe, ii iunee Aeth?eaaeia, iaeeiaeiai iianiu a ieaia
i?iaioee?oaiinoe niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea. Iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aeaiioth
iuneue e nouanoaiaaiea eae yaienoe/aneiai, oae e aeueo?oenoe/aneiai
oa?aeoa?a naiioaeenoaa, eioi?ia niaa?oatho eeai anioeeaeueiua ee/iinoe,
eeai eceeoia eioaa?e?iaaiiua (iai?eia?, nieaeao-naiioaeeoea, a?ineaoeeny
ia a?aiaoo, nianay aeeciue naiaai oiaa?eua).
A yoie nayce eioa?anii ?anniio?aoue i?e?iaeo niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea
ia oieueei a ieaia eiioeeeoa ee/iinoe n iauanoaii, ii e a ieaia
anioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a niioiioaiey ee/iinoe e aa aeieiae/aneie ii?iu,
o/eouaay nouanoaiaaiea oaeeo noeoeeaeaeueiuo eiinoaio, eae iie, aic?ano
naiioaeeoe, a oaeaea a?aiy nooie e nacii niaa?oaiey yoiai no?aoiiai
aeayiey.
Aeaaii oaea i?eiyoi n/eoaoue iaeiei ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo oai?aoe/aneeo
aii?inia nioeeieiaee e iaeiia?aiaiii noeoeeaeieiaee nouanoaiaaiea ?yaea
nioeeaeueiuo (aeaiia?aoe/aneeo) eiinoaio, a /enei eioi?uo aoiaeeo
no?aiiia niioiioaiea 1:3, icia/athuaa, /oi a ie?a ia iaeio
aeaiueio-naiioaeeoeo i?eoiaeeony a n?aaeiai o?ia ioae/ei (ia icia/aao ee
yoi yaiethoeeiiiia nio?aiaiea oie iniaaiiinoe, /oi aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiay
i?e?iaea ioae/eiu neeiiia e niciaoaeueiiio noeoeeaeaeueiiio aeoo a
aieueoae noaiaie, /ai “oaioe/aneay”, aieaa caueuaiiay einoeieoii
naiinio?aiaiey e nio?aiaiey ?iaea i?e?iaea aeaiueiu?).
Oeeiniou e iaoaiaoeee, eiaeaia?u e nioeeieiae iuoathony iaia?oaeeoue
i?eaieaiua aeey iaoee iaoiaeeee enneaaeiaaiey caaaaei/iuo niioaaonoaee.
Iienee aaaeoony a iaeanoe ioe?uoey caeiiia naiii?aaiecaoeee no?iaiey e
aeeiaieee nioeeoia, a iaeanoe eco/aiey aeeyiey ia /aeiaaea aaiaoe/aneeo,
aaia?aoe/aneeo, einie/aneeo oaeoi?ia, a oaeaea a iaeanoe ?ane?uoey
caeiiia /eneiaie aa?iiiee ie?a. Iai?eia?, ii ?an/aoai nicaeaoaey
“iiaeoeueiie oai?ee nioeeoia” A.A. Aeaauaeiaa iieo/aaony, /oi io
ian/anoiuo neo/aaa, naiioaeenoa e oaeenoa a ie?a iiaeaaao a n?aaeiai 8
ec 10 000 /aeiaae, /oi, ii ?an/aoai o/aiiai, niioaaonoaoao ooieoeee
eieeaina. Oaeei ia?acii, noeoeeae aiineo naith ia/aeueioth eaioo a
naii?ac?ooaiea oie nenoaiu, eioi?oth iu iacuaaai /aeiaa/anoaii, ii
oaeaea iaia?oaeeaaao no?aoioth oaiaeaioeeth ia?aoiie yaiethoeee a
?acaeoee anaai aeeaiai a XXa., iinoiyiii iaaeiioeaieaaaioth nia?aiaiiuie
iieeoeeaie ec-ca ionoonoaey o ieo iaioaeeoaoa aeiaaeueiinoe.
E?iia oiai, /oi noeoeeae — i?aeiouanoaaiii ioaeneia yaeaiea, oioy
aeaiueiu e iia?aaeatho ioae/ei ii /eneo noeoeeaeaeueiuo iiiuoie, ii aua
e yaeaiea iieiaeia, oae eae noeoeeaeaeueiue aic?ano aac ?acee/ey iiea,
iaoeeiiaeueiinoe, ianoa i?iaeeaaiey — 19—40 eao, o.a. ia?eiae
iaeaieueoae aeeciaiiie aeoeaiinoe /aeiaaea. Ei??aeoeau a yoo eiinoaioo
ia aian ie iiiieiaeaaoee noeoeeae a NOA e Aa?iia, ia/eiay n eiioea 60-o
aiaeia iaoaai aaea, ie eneaaeaiiay noaoenoeea niaaoneiai ia?eiaea a
iaoae no?aia, ie eoeueoo?ieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey enoi?ee
aiaeece?oaiiai oaiiiaia. Iai?eia?, eiaaea a no?aiao Aa?iiu, NOA,
Eaiaaea, ssiiiee e Aano?aeee noae iaaethaeaoueny iaeciaiiue ?ino
noeoeeaeaeueiuo iiiuoie a iieiaeaaeiie n?aaea, a nia?oiinoue io
naiioaeenoaa noaea o?aoueae aaaeouae i?e/eiie ooiaea ec aeecie iieiaeuo
ethaeae a aic?anoa io 14 eao e noa?oa, oi noeoeeaeaeueiue anieane
iiyoue-oaee i?eoaeny ia iaeaieaa “niciaoaeueiue” aic?ano (nio?aiyaony e
ii nae aeaiue) — io 20 aei 24 eao.
A?aiy e nacii niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaeaeueiiai aeayiey ia iaiaa no?aiiu
ii naiei aaaeouei oa?aeoa?enoeeai. O.Ieoeoa, I.A.Aiaieue, I.I.I?eoaei ia
iaeiaaeaeu ioia/aee iniaia aeeyiea ia ineoeeo /aeiaaea “neaiyuaai”
iieaeiy. Eiaiii iieaeaiue ninoaaeyao iaeaieaa iianiia a ieaia
noeoeeaeaeueiuo iiiuoie a?aiy nooie. Iaaeaaii iioaeeeiaaiiay a aacaoa
“O?oae” caiaoea oae e iacuaaeanue: “?ieiaua oaae i?e naaoa aeiy”.
I/aaeaeii, /oi ia i?a/iua “iiaeaaeu” aanniciaoaeueiiai, a iai?ioea,
io/aoeeaay yniinoue niciaiey n aieueoae aa?iyoiinoueth iiaeao noaoue
iianiui i?iaieaoi?ii noeoeeaea a aeiaaiua e oo?aiiea /anu, /ai anee au
aeo naiiianeeey niaa?oaeny ii/ueth.
A ?aaioa “Caiey a iauyoeyo nieioea” auaeathueeny ?onneee einieno
A.E.*eaeaaneee ienae i i?e/eiao “aanaiieo e?ecenia” a /aeiaa/aneii
niiauanoaa. O/aiue i?eoae e iaaneo?aaeeaathuaio auaiaeo: /aeiaae naiaeeo
n/aou n aeeciueth /aua anaai oiaaea, eiaaea “aiaoiyy i?e?iaea” iaiaa
anaai ?aniieaaaao aai e nia?oe a ineoieiae/aneii e yeiiiie/aneii
ioiioaiee, a /anoiinoe ia oieueei nacii (aania), ii e aeaaii?eyoiua
eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey (ia oieiae eee aea?a), a oia?aiiue eeeiao
Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iiu, iai?eia?, aunooiaao a ea/anoaa noeoeeaeaeueiiai
i?iaieaoi?a. *eaeaaneee ianoaeaae ia oii, /oi aicaeaenoaea ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu ia iaoo ineoeeo ian?aaiaiii aeoaaea, /ai yoi iau/ii
i?aaenoaaeyaony n iiceoeee iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai aio?iiiii?oecia. Ii
naeaeae auaiae i i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoe aeeaiai i?aaiecia a ia?eiaeu
naciiiie nieia/iie aeoeaiinoe e ?aceei e ao?iui ineoe/aneei
ia?aaeeaaieyi, aeeth/ay noeoeeae. O/aiue eiinoaoe?iaae, iaeiaei, /oi
oieueei e?aeiee eiaeeaeaeoaeeci, iiaee?aieaiiue ?yaeii aiaoieo aeeyiee,
iiaeao noaoue iniiaaieai aicieeiiaaiey ineoe/aneie yieaeaiee a oi?ia
eieeaeoeaiiai naiioaeenoaa (ii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny, ?annoaeaeay io
i?ioeaiiai, i?aaenoaaeaieai i oii, /oi a ia?eiaeu “ao?e e iaoenea”, o.a.
a ia?eiaeu nouanoaiaaiey nioeeaeueiuo eaoaeeeciia, /enei naiioaeenoa
?acei nieaeaaony, eieeaeoeaiia niciaiea eae au “nuaaeaao”
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue). Oaeei ia?acii, aeaaea oaeay noeoeeaeaeueiay
eiinoaioa, eae nacii (aania, ia/aei eaoa), oeacuaaao ia oieueei ia
aiaoiee oa?aeoa? aeeyiey aeeciaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa ia niciaiea
naiioaeeoeu, ii e ia aeoaiei ee/iinoiue, aioo?aiiee oa?aeoa?
niaoeeoe/aneiai noeoeeaeaeueiiai eiaeeaeaeoaeecia (yaioeaio?ecia)4.
Noeoeeaeieiae auaeaeytho ?yae nioeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia-i?iaieaoi?ia
niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea: o?aaiecaoeey iauanoaa e eae neaaenoaea aa —
ineaaeaiea einoeoooa naiuee; ?aiiaa iieiaia ?acaeoea iiae?inoeia a
ai?iaeo; iineaaenoaey iai?iaeoiaiiie yiaineiaoeee aeaiuei; aeeyiea ia
niciaiea n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, a oaeaea oa?aeoa?
aa?ieniiaaaeaiey e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea oaeou iauanoaaiiie aeecie. Niaeanii
enneaaeiaaieth Anaie?iie i?aaiecaoeee cae?aaiio?aiaiey (Iaiiae, 1996. ?
45), anee a 1990 a. ia?auie o?aiy i?e/eiaie nia?oiinoe auee ainiaeaiea
eaaeeo, aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iua caaieaaaiey e aieacie iiai?iaeaeaiiuo, oi a
2020 a. nienie aicaeaayo na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoua aieacie e aeanoieea
aeai?annee n auoaeathuei ionthaea iineaaenoaeai — ?aceei ?inoii
naiioaeenoa (o?aoueth iiceoeeth caeiao aeaaeue io ian/anoiuo neo/aai).
Iniiaiie noeoeeaeaeueiue iieacaoaeue — eiee/anoai inouanoaeaiiuo
naiioaeenoa ia 100 000 aeeoaeae ia ii?aaeaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee — i/aiue
aunie eae aeey no?ai n i?aeiouanoaaiii iayieaeaie/aneei oa?aeoa?ii
caaieaaaiee, oae e aeey ?innee. AAa?iia aunieea iieacaoaee: 38—40
/aeiaae ia 100 000 aeeoaeae a Oaaoeee e Aaia?ee. A NOA 90-a aiaeu
ioia/aiu iieacaoaeai 12 /aeiaae ia 100 000. Iaaethaeaaony ?ino
noeoeeaeaeueiuo iieacaoaeae a oaeeo no?aiao, eae Iieueoa, Aano?aeey,
ssiiiey, Aiaeey e ae?. A ?innee noeoeeaeaeueiue iieacaoaeue naaiaeiy a
n?aaeiai ninoaaeyao 23 /aeiaaea ia 100 000 aeeoaeae a aiae.
A oeaeii, eae neaaeoao ec ioaeeeaoeee aa?oaaneeo aaoi?ia noaouee
“Ia/aeueiiai nae?aoa ia ciaao ieeoi”, iuia eaaeaeue aeaiue niaa?oaaony 1
500 naiioaeenoa5. Ii anaio ie?o /enei iiaeaoeo io nianoaaiiie ?oee
i?aauoaao /enei aea?oa io ?oe oaeeoe e ianeeueieeia. Iai?eia?,
na?aoianeay aacaoa “Iiaue noeeue” i?eaiaeeo oiee?othuee iieacaoaeue ii
naiae iaeanoe: a 1995 a. io ?oe i?anooiieeia iiaeaei 595 /aeiaae ia oiia
826 iiaeaoeo naiioaeeoe6. A NOA eeaee?othuae i?e/eiie nia?oe (33% io
iauaai /enea nia?oae) auee aieacie na?aeoea, a a n?aaea iieiaeuo ethaeae
io 15 aei 24 eao noeoeeae aue o?aoueae eeaee?othuae i?e/eiie ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia 90-o aiaeia. Ai O?aioeee aea?oa naiioaeenoa naaiaeiy aieueoa,
/ai aei?iaeiuo i?ienoanoaee (12 oun. iiaeaee, iaeiaeea ia naay ?oee, 8
oun. /aeiaae iiaeaee io aei?iaeiuo i?ienoanoaee a 1994 a.), i?e/ai ia
naaa?a O?aioeee neo/aaa naiioaeenoaa a 3 ?aca aieueoa, /ai ia thaa7.
Aanue yoio ia/aeueiue nienie iiaeii auei au aua aeieai i?iaeieaeaoue,
anee au ia auei oae no?aoii e ai?ueei ca nia?aiaiiia /aeiaa/anoai, a
eioi?ii no?aiiay “yieaeaie/aneay aieaciue” caoaaouaaao iaeaieaa
yaiethoeeiiii ia?niaeoeaiua a?aaeu aeecie, iaia?oaeeaay oaiaeaioeeth
?acaeoey “aniyoue”, eee yaiethoeee “iaiai?io”. I?aeoe/anee ana
noeoeeaeieiae noiaeyony naaiaeiy ai iiaiee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aieaa
aeoaeiiie nioeeaeecaoeee nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea, nianathuae io noeoeeaea.
Oaeeaeoaeueiui ia?acii i?i?i/aneia aEaeaiea ?onneeie iuneeoaeyie iooae
e aiciiaeiiio ia?aoaieth “A?aaea Aiaeey”, iiieiaiea eie nouanoaiaaiey
“iaaeaeeiie oea?eae”, ono?aieaiiinoue e ?ane?uoeth nouiinoe noaiiaeaiey
“aiai/aeiaa/anoaa”, o?aeoiaea iiiyoey “niai?iinoue” ia?aoatho iiaoth
aeeciue a enoieeiaaiee i?iaeaiu eioa?noauaeoeaiinoe o/aiuie, euoueie
iooe auoiaea ec ooieeia “ieuaou aeooiaiinoe” nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaa/anoaa.
Caaaaay aia?aae, ioiaoei, /oi ia aeaeii eiiai iooe auoiaea ec
eioaeeaeooaeueiiai ooieea, oa?aeoa?ecothuaai anyeee niciaoaeueiue
noeoeeae. e?iia ia?aoaiey “aeeaie aa?u”, eioi?ay iaeia nianaao io
oiuiey, io/ayiey, naiioaeenoaa. Iaeiaei i?iaeaiie inoaaony ea/anoai
nianathuae aa?u, /oi yaeyaony caaea/ae, noiyuae ia?aae oai?aoe/aneie
oeeinioneie iuneueth.
Aiai?y i nioeeaeueiuo oneiaeyo, niioonoaothueo noeoeeaeo, oi caeanue
iniaue eioa?an aucuaaao aeeyiea ia iaai ii?aaeaeaiiiai aa?ieniiaaaeaiey.
No?aiu ionoeueiaineiai, eoaeaeneiai aa?ieniiaaaeaiey, a oaeaea
eaoiee/aneea o?enoeaineea no?aiu i?aaenoaaeytho eae a XIX a., oae e
naaiaeiy iaiueooth iianiinoue aeey aicieeiiaaiey ianniauo i/aaia
noeoeeaea, /ai no?aiu ae?oaeo aa?ieniiaaaeaiee e eiioannee, iai?eia?
no?aiu n i?aiaeaaeathuei a ieo o?enoeaineei i?ioanoaioeciii (NOA,
Aa?iaiey, Oaaoeey). Nouanoaoao i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi a iao?enoeaineeo
no?aiao oaeia ioiioaiea e naiiianeeeth i?iaeeeoiaaii eaeaieiaeae
oaoaeecia, i?enoonoaothuae a eo ?aeeaeiciuo o/aieyo, a eaoiee/aneeo aea
ainoaea?noaao — i?aaieciaaiiinoueth oea?eae eae naiinoiyoaeueiie
iieeoe/aneie neeu, no?iai e iiae?iaii ?aaeaiaioe?othuae iiaaaeaiea naieo
aa?othueo nia?aaeaeai. Eiia/ii, iiaeiaiay o?aeoiaea ai iiiaii
ni?aaaaeeeaa, ii aeaeaei ia iieia, oae eae ecaanoii, iai?eia?, /oi
yeaiaio oaoaeecia a neeueiie noaiaie i?enou eiaeoecio. Oai ia iaiaa
Eiaeey — yoi ?iaeeia iaeiie ec oi?i ?eooaeueiiai naiioaeenoaa (naoe). A
oaeie aea eaoiee/aneie no?aia, eae nia?aiaiiay O?aioeey, a iaoe aeie
iaaethaeaaony noeoeeaeaeueiue anieane, ai iiiaii, i?aaaea, iauynieiue
iieiui aacaa?eai aea?oa nianoaaiiiai ianeeey (aeinoaoi/ii i?eaanoe a
ea/anoaa i?eia?a o?aae/aneoth noaeueao ecaanoiie o?aioeocneie aeo?enu e
eeii?aaeenna?a E?enoeiu Ianeaeue — aea?oau naenoaeueiie ?aaiethoeee a
Aa?iia).
Oaeei ia?acii, ia iooyo ?ane?uoey niaoeeoeee aa?ieniiaaaeaiee
noeoeeaeieiaai o?oaeii ia?anoe oaa?aeoth ii/ao iiae iiaaie, ia o/eouaay
iniaaiiinoe naiiai oaiiiaia aa?u.
?anniio?ei, iaeiiaoe, e oi, /oi ninoaaeyao iniaaiiinoue nia?aiaiiiai
iai iauanoaa ca ?aieaie iaoeeiiaeueiuo, iieeoe/aneeo e ?aeeaeiciuo
?acee/ee. Aaaeioth ?ieue a nia?aiaiiuo iauanoaao, aaconeiaii, ea?atho
n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, aeeythuea ia ca?aceoaeueiinoue e
eieeaeoeaiue oa?aeoa? noeoeeaea. O/eouaay ca?aceoaeueiinoue noeoeeaea,
eaaei ia?a?anoathuaai a ineoe/aneoth yieaeaieth ia a?aie aieacie e
caei?iauey, iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae i na?ueaciie iianiinoe aeeyiey ia
ineoeeo nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea mass media ai anao aai aiciiaeiuo ia
naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue oi?iao.
Nioeeieia ?. Oannai eco/ee noaoenoeeo naiioaeenoa a Aano?aeee ca
iineaaeiea 10 eao. Ieacaeinue, /oi aaeanooi/ii iaeaaatho ia naay ?oee a
n?aaeiai 4,13 ioae/ei. Iaeiaei yoi /enei iaiaaeeaiii iiaeneaeeaaao aei
4,62 a oa nooee, eioi?ua neaaeotho ca ioaeeeaoeeyie ia no?aieoeao aeaoo
aaaeoueo aano?aeeeneeo aacao — iaeueao?ineie “Yeaeae” e neaeiaeneie
“Ii?ieia aa?aeueae” — niiauaiee i iiae?iaiinoyo /ueaai-eeai iaaeaaiaai
naiioaeenoaa. Aeaiiay oaiaeaioeey aeiaieueii io/aoeeai i?ineaaeeaaaony a
noaoenoeea aeia?iaieueiiai ooiaea ec aeecie 19 425 i?aaenoaaeoaeae
neeueiiai iiea ca ia?eiae n yiaa?y 1981 ii aeaeaa?ue 1990 a. Ai-ia?auo,
aieueoeinoai ioaeeeoaiuo aacaoaie iiaeiaiuo iaoa?eaeia iinayuaii
naiioaeenoaai eiaiii n?aaee ioae/ei. Ai-aoi?uo, a Aano?aeee, eae e
iianaianoii, /eoaoaee aacao — yoi /aua anaai ioae/eiu. Iaeiiaoe,
neeueiue iie iau/ii auae?aao iaeaieaa “ianeeuenoaaiiue” iaoiae
?annoaaaiey n aeeciueth, oae /oi iiiuoea ca/anooth ieacuaaaony
“oniaoiie”, a “i?ae?aniue iie”, eniieuecoy iaiaa ?aoeoaeueiua iaoiaeu,
ia?aaeei aica?auaaony e aeecie e a noaoenoeeo ia iiiaaeaao8.
Ana ia?a/eneaiiua auoa nioeeaeueiua oaeoi?u (iaeioi?ua ec ieo,
aaconeiaii, nii?iu a naiae aeneieiae/aneie /anoe) ninoaaeytho aeaeaei ia
iieiue nienie niioonoaothueo noeoeeaeo iauanoaaiiuo oneiaee. Iaeiaei oae
aea, eae oaeoi?u enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai ?yaea e eiinoaioiua
noeoeeaeieiae/aneea iieacaoaee, iie iaei /oi aeatho a ?ane?uoee enoeiiuo
i?e/ei oaeiai yaeaiey, eae niciaoaeueiia naiioaeenoai.
Niciaoaeueiue noeoeeae i?aeiouanoaaiii anioeeaeai (/ai iaiaa
eioaa?e?iaaia ee/iinoue, oai aieaa iiaeaa?aeaia iia noeoeeaeaeueiui
iano?iaieyi), aeoaiei yaioeaio?e/ai (noaoenoeea iieacuaaao cia/eoaeueiia
i?aiaeaaeaiea “yaienoe/aneiai” naiioaeenoaa iaae “aeueo?oenoe/aneei”),
iaoneiaeai ?yaeii ia oieueei aiaoieo oneiaee, ii e ne?uouo io
iinoi?iiieo aeac aioo?aiieo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo i?e/ei. Ca aeaa?yie
anaaiciiaeiie noaoenoeee /anoi oioneaaony aeaaiia — ee/iinoiue,
iaiiaoi?eiue oa?aeoa? anyeiai niciaoaeueiiai naaaeaiey n/aoia n
aeeciueth.
*aeiaae, iaeaaeathuee naiaiaeie “io” i?eiyoey naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaiee,
?aaea iiaeaa?aaao naay ?eneo naiioaeenoaa. A eaeii-oi niunea ainiiaeei
/aua eii/aao n niaie, /ai ?aa ia i?ioyaeaiee anae /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee;
aiaaoue /aua naiaeeo n/aou n aeeciueth, /ai aaaeiue; neeiiiue e
?aoeaenee eioaeeaeooae /aua iiaeaa?aeai noeoeeaeaeueiui iano?iaieyi, /ai
i?inoie ?aai/ee. Noaiaiue nioeeaeecaoeee /aeiaaea i?iyaeyao naay ia a
iieueco naiioaeeoeu. Iaeiaei iiaeeeiiay eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay naiaiaea
ieacuaaaony aaaeiaa aeey /aeiaa/anoaa, /ai ?aanoai a ethauo aai
enoi?e/aneeo oi?iao, eai eiaiii ai?ueaa ca naiaiaeo ee/iinoe a iauanoaa
/anoi iiea/eaaaony e?iaueth aa?iaa. Iai?eia?, caia/aii, /oi a THA?
naiioaeenoaa n?aaee aaeuo ai iiiai ?ac i?aauoatho /enei naiioaeenoa
n?aaee iaiaa aeaaiiieo/iiai /a?iiai ianaeaiey. A NOA nauoa 70% noeoeeaea
i?ienoiaeeo a n?aaea aaeuo, a ia /a?iuo, /oi oeacuaaao ia i?aauoaiea a 2
?aca naiioaeenoa n?aaee aaeiai ianaeaiey Aia?eee ii n?aaiaieth n iaiaa
iaania/aiiui nioeeaeueiuie i?aaaie iaa?eoyineei ianaeaieai. Iaeiaei a
n?aaea /a?iuo aieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu ?acee/iua oi?iu aa?annee, oiaaea eae
aa?anney aaeiai /aeiaaea iai?aaeaia i?ioea naay naiiai. Ie aeey eiai
naaiaeiy ia nae?ao, /oi naiioaeenoaa a n?aaea eioaeeaeooaeia ai anai
ie?a ia ?aaeeinoue. A iaoae no?aia, iai?eia?, Aeaaeaiai?iaeie a?aiy io
a?aiaie iio?ynaao aanoue i naiioaeenoaa, oai nouanoaoao oaeaoii aeiaa?ey
e a ii?aaeaeaiiua aeie i?eieiaao ineoioa?aiaao.
Ecaanoiue aia?eeaineee oeeinio e ineoieia O. Aeaeain iacuaae noeoeeae
“aieaciueth ?acaeoiai eioaeeaeoa”, a ?onneee ienaoaeue O.I. Aeinoiaaneee
?ane?uaae i?e?iaeo eiaiii “oiiiai naiioaeenoaa” eae iaeaieaa iianiie aai
oi?iu. E eo ia?aeeeeathueiny enneaaeiaaieyi yoiai oaiiiaia noieo
ia?aoeoueny.
O. Aeaeain (1842—1910) — auaeathueeny aia?eeaineee ineoieia,
nicaeaoaeue niaianoii n *. Ie?nii i?aaiaoe/aneie eiioeaioeee a
oeeinioee, ii-ianoiyuaio “aieae” i?iaeaiie “eioaeeaeooaeueiie taedium
vitae”. E?aoeee iaci? aai eaeae ii aeaiiie i?iaeaia ninoieo a
neaaeothuai: nouanoaotho aeaa iniiaiuo oeia oaiia?aiaioia /aeiaaea a
caaeneiinoe io ioiioaiey e iaee/iiio ceo a ie?a, a eiaiii: “iaeiaaeaeu
?iaeaeaiiua” — iioeienou e “aeaaaeaeu ?iaeaeaiiua” — ianneienou.
I?aiaeieaiea ?acaaeaine?iaaiiinoe ineoeee, aiaoiaa i?iyaeaiea eioi?ie
i?aeoe/anee iacaiaoii, a aioo?aiiaa a oi?ia ianneiecia i?iyaeyao naay
eae ?acaeaiaiiinoue niciaiey ia “ss” ?aaeueiia e eaeaaeueiia, aiciiaeii
/a?ac niciaoaeueii iiaeaioaaeeaaaiue noeoeeae, eeai /a?ac ia?aoaiea
“aa?oeiu niciaiey” (o.a. /a?ac ?oeiaiaeyuoth anai iiaaaeaieai /aeiaaea
eaeath, enoiee eioi?ie eaaeao ca i?aaeaeaie ?aoeeiiaeueiiai, iia anoue
AA?A a eiai-oi eee ai /oi-oi eae iniiaiie ia?aie/eoaeue aaniethoiie
aioo?aiiae naiaiaeu). Ia yoii iiiaioa ia?aoaiey aa?u ia iooyo iieiie
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie naiaiaeu aioo?e iaoaai “ss” Aeaeain caino?ye naia
aieiaiea e auno?aeaae oeaeoth eiioeaioeeth eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniiaaiee
?aeeaee, eee “iiiaiia?acey ?aeeaeiciiai iiuoa”.
O.I. Aeinoiaaneee, aoaeo/e ia oieueei aaieaeueiui ineoieiaii ii naiei
i?e?iaeiui iaeeiiiinoyi, ii e nuiii a?a/a ii naiaio nioeeaeueiiio
i?ienoiaeaeaieth, na?ueacii eioa?aniaaeny aii?inaie ineoeao?ee, a
/anoiinoe, iaaethaeay ca aacaoiuie ioaeeeaoeeyie oaeoia naiioaeenoaa. Ii
aeoeaii ionoaeaae iiceoeeth, /oi ai?acaei /aua, /ai yoi aeaeeony
nia?aiaiiui a?a/ai, naiiianeeea iiaeao yaeoueny ?acoeueoaoii ia
noianoanoaey, a ii?aaeaeaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ie?iaicc?aiey. A “Aeiaaieea
ienaoaey” Aeinoiaaneee i?aaei?eiye iiiuoeo ainnoaiiaeoue eiaeeo
?annoaeaeaiee “oiiiai naiioaeeoeu”, iacaaa naith eeoa?aoo?ioth
ieieaoth?o “I?eaiai?”, ii iaeae aa a oi?io i?aaenia?oiie caienee. Eiaeea
“i?eaiaa?eaathuaai” naiiai naay e nia?oe no?ieony ia aeaoo iniiaiuo
iiiyoeyo: ia ianaiaiaea ?iaeaeaiey e ia naiaiaea auai?a nia?oe.
Ian/anoiue i?eciaaony, /oi eiaiii niciaiea iaia?oaeeaaao ia?aae iei
eiia/iinoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai auoey, “a?icyuee caao?a ioeue”, eioi?ue
ia oie/oiaeaao aeaaea aiciiaeiia aeinoeaeaiea anaiauae /aeiaa/aneie
aa?iiiee. A ianiioaaonoaee naay ie?o ii i?eoiaeeo e naiioaeenoaaiiiio
auaiaeo: “A iiai ianiiiaiiii ea/anoaa enooea e ioaao/eea, noaeuee e
iiaenoaeeiiai, y i?enoaeaeath yoo i?e?iaeo, eioi?ay oae aanoea?aiiiii e
iaaei i?iecaaea iaiy ia no?aaeaiey, — aianoa ni iiith e oie/oiaeaieth…
A oae eae i?e?iaeo y eno?aaeoue ia iiao, oi e eno?aaeyth naay iaeiiai,
aaeeinoaaiii io neoee niineoue oe?aieth, a eioi?ie iao aeiiaaoiai”9.
Ii nouanoao, e Aeinoiaaneiio e Aeaeaino oaeaeinue ii?aaeaeeoue
ia?aaeeaio “ian/anoiiai niciaiey” naiioaeeoeu-eioaeeaeooaea,
caeeth/aiioth a aeaoo iniiaiuo ianiioaaonoaeyo /aeiaaea e ie?a: 1) oinea
ii aa?iiie/iiio ono?ienoao ie?a, ii oiio, /oi “ca i?aaeaeaie i?e?iaeu”
nouanoaoao aeoo, e iieiay iaaiciiaeiinoue aeieacaoue iaee/ea ?acoiiiai
ia/aea aia /aeiaaea; 2) oinea i Aiaa, eae i anaiiaouae ee/iinoe i?e
iaaiciiaeiinoe aeieacaoue aai auoea.
Aeaeain iiae/a?eeaae, /oi aeey eioaeeaeooaea oaeiai ?iaea “cai?in”
iiaeiaai “?aeeaeiciie aieacie” ?acoia, eiaaea ia “ii?iaeueiue
?aeeaeiciue aii?in” iaaiciiaeii iieo/eoue noieue aea ii?iaeueiue ioaao.
Aeinoiaaneee, a ioee/ea io Aeaeaina, n/eoae, /oi ia anyeay aa?a
iaeaaeaao aeey aaoa?iaaiiiai niciaiey nianeoaeueiie neeie, a oieueei
aaconeiaiay aa?a a aannia?oea aeooe.
Iaaeaaii “Iacaaeneiay aacaoa” iioaeeeiaaea noaoueth I. Iie?ianeiai
“I?iuae eioaeeeaaioeey!”, a eioi?ie aaoi? iiiuoaeny eeanneoeoee?iaaoue
iai?aaeaiea oia e iiaaaeaiea ?onnei-niaaoneie eioaeeeaaioeee ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo iineaaeieo aaeia. Ianiio?y ia eioa?aniua caia/aiey e
iaeioi?ua oaaaeeoaeueiua auaiaeu, Iie?ianeee eae aoaeoi caaue i oii, /oi
ioithaeue ia oieueei i?aanoaaiiua eee iieeoe/aneea aii?inu ninoaaeyee
noa?aeaiue aeooiaiuo iaoaiee iaoaai eioaeeeaaioa, eai, eae ni?aaaaeeeai
ioia/ae Aeinoiaaneee, nioeeaeeci anoue ia oieueei e ia noieueei ?aai/ee
aii?in, neieueei aii?in “nia?aiaiiiai aiieiuaiey aoaecia, aii?in
Aaaeeiineie aaoie”.
Iienee ?aoaiey.
Noeoeeae – yoi eiiieaeniia iiaaaeaiea. Oaeoi?u ?enea [aeey noeoeeaea]
eiiaeiaoi?iu.
Iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi ii/oe ana ethaee ec oao, eoi oaeaae
naay, eiatho i?aaeneacoaiua a ieaia aeeaaiinoeee ineoe/aneea
?anno?ienoaa eee eaeea-eeai eiua nouanoaaiiua ioeeiiaiey io ii?iu;
aieueoeinoai eiaei aieaa, /ai iaeii ioeeiiaiea.
Aaciaua enneaaeiaaiey oeacuaatho ia iiauoaiea ?enea i?e oao eciaiaieyo,
eioi?ua i?ienoiaeyo a ia?aiie nenoaia /aeiaaea i?e oaaee/aiee
na?ioiieia. Yoe eciaiaiey iaia?oaeaiu o iaoeeaioia a ninoiyiee
aeai?annee, o oao, eoi iuoaeny iieii/eoue niaie, o oao, o eiai
iaaethaeathony i?aiaeaaeaiea aooaeoeaiiai (eiioeueneaiiai) iiaaaeaiey, a
oaeaea a iicao naiioaeeoe iinea nia?oe.
Iaaeaaii?eyoiua aeeciaiiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa a ii?aaeaeaiiii ni/aoaiee n
ae?oaeie oaeoi?aie ?enea oaeeie, iai?eia?, eae ineoe/aneea ?anno?ienoaa,
?anno?ienoaa oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaiu, eiioeueneaiinoue a
iiaaaeaiee e o.ae. iiaoo i?eaanoe e noeoeeaeo. Iaeiaei naiioaeenoai
ioithaeue ia yaeyaony ii?iaeueiui ioaaoii ia no?anniaua ninoiyiey
i?aaiecia aeey aieueoeinoaa ethaeae. Iiiaeanoai ethaeae, ianiio?y ia
iaeei e aieaa aeeythueo ia ieo oaeoi?ia ?enea, niaie, oai ia iaiaa, ia
eii/atho.
Ciaeiinoai n i?iaeaiie.
Eaaeaeue /aeiaae oioy au ?ac a aeecie auaaao eneooaai naiaiaeie auai?a
nia?oe.
Iiene «ii?aeueiuo eaieeoe» eiaao iai?ioioth noi?iio –
aeiiaeoaiianeia
i?anuuaiea aeeciueth. Oaei eae «aieueoie ?acoi» i?eoiaeeony
iaiaiuaaoue a aai
no?aieaiee ai /oi au oi ie noaei aeeoue e aacaeaeinoii
?ani?aaeyoueny n iei
/a?ac ia?aoaiea aaniethoiie naiaiaeu a nia?oe.
Yoio no?aoiue iooue niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea i/aaeaeai e aacaeaeinoai
a iaaioa
naiae yecenoaioeeaeueiinoe; ii eiaao iiiaeanoai ?aaeueiuo e
eeoa?aoo?iuo
nthaeaoia naiaai aiieiuaiey io aaoaaneiai Aa?oa?a aei eiiaeiiianeiai
Ia?oeia
Eaeaia, io naiioaeeoe i?iecaaaeaiee Aeinoiaaneiai aei noaeaa
Anaieia,
Iayeianeiai, Ia?eiu Oeaaoaaaie e Oaaeaaaa. Anyeee ieoouee i
naiioaeenoaa
iniciaao naith ee/ioth i?e/anoiinoue e ai?ueaa aeaoo «ss»,
aa?eaoeaii
au?aaeathuaeny a noieeiiaaiee ?aaeueiinoe n eaeaaeii, aanniuneaiiinoe
iaueaeoa
ni niuneiaie no?oeoo?ie noauaeoa, niiaoe/aneie a?aiaiiinoe n
eiaieoeaiie
aa/iinoueth, aieaaie aacoaea?aeiinoe n ia?aie/eoaeueiie neeie iinooiea.
Anyeee,
cayaeythuee naiaaieea a niciaoaeueiii noeoeeaea, oioy au ia
«aeia» naiae
ni?yoaiiie ?annoaei/iinoe iniciaao iaeeinoue, iaeaiinoue e
oaao?aeueiinoue
nianoaaiiuo i?eoycaiee ia ooieoeee aiaa. Iicaeii ?aneaeaaoueny,
eiaaea aeaei
naeaeaii, eiia/ii, eo/oa i?iea?aoue noeoeeaeaeueiue nthaeao ia
neiaao,
inaiaiaeeoueny io «nia ?acoia», ii?iaeeaoaai /oaeiaeu, caeea
e?iaueth eeoue
no?aieoeu ?iiaia eee ye?ai eeiaiaoia?aoa, iaeiaei «nianoeeny»
aeaaiaea?y
naiaio Aa?oa?o Aaoa eee aeaaiaea?y naie ian/anoiui naiioaeeoeai
Aeinoiaaneee
yaeytho niaie neaaue a?aoiaio «ca», eiaaea nouanoaoao caaaaeea ooiaea
ec aeecie
Aeae.Eiiaeiia, Ae.Iayeianeiai e iiiaeo ae?oaeo.
*oi-oi iinoiyiii ia naycuaaaony, ia?uaaaony a iaoeo iiiuoeao anee
ia
iauynieoue, oi oioy au ?aoeeiiaeueii iienaoue aeo niciaoaeueiiai
naiiianeeey.
Aeaaea aaieaeueiay iieeoiiey ?iiaiia Aeinoiaaneiai, ?aaioa ia a?aie
iaaeaeo
ineoeao?eae e oeeinioeae O.Aeaeaina, A.Aaooa?aaa, ?.Eyiaa ia
aeatho
en/a?iuaathueo ioaaoia ia iinoaaeaiiue ?aa?ii aii?in: a /ai iniiaiay
i?e/eia
i?aiaeaaeaiey niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea iaae aooaeoii (80% i?ioea
20%), ii/aio
iaeciaiii aianoa n ?inoii /eneaiiinoe ia?iaeiianaeaiey ieaiaou
i?ienoiaeeo
?ino niciaoaeueiiai noeoeeaea a n?aaea iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiie a
yaiethoeeiiiii
ioiioaiee ?!
Eioaeeaeooaeueiay tedium vitae eae e aaieaoianeee aii?in «auoue eee ia
auoue»
– io?aaeaiea iaeiiai e oiai aea o?aae/aneiai ?aceaaea iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii
e ie?ii.
*aeiaae nianaai eneeth/eoaeueii oieueei AA?IE – iniiaiui
ia?aie/eoaeai
aioo?aiiae aaniethoiie naiaiaeu, iaeiaei nianaiea ia oiaeaeanoaaiii
nio?aiaieth
/aeieaa/aneiai a /aeiaaea, ieaoa ca nianaiea – yoi ea/anoai
ia?aoaiiie
aa?u, eai e «aanu aa?otho e o?aiauao», a eeeiie Aaieaoa, iai?aaeaiiue
«ii
iacia/aieth» eeoue ia iaaeieaia a?aiy i?iaeeaaaao aeeciue naiiio
aa?ith. Aii?in
noieo ii?aaeaeaiii: eae /aeiaaeo ono?ieoueny ia caiea, /oiau aeeoue
aeieai e
n/anoeeai, eai, eae i?aaeei, aieueoeinoai ethaeae ia en/a?iuaaao ie
naieo
oaeaniuo, ie, oai aieaa, – aeooaaiuo iioaioeeaeia. Nia?aiaiiiio
/aeiaa/anoao
oaeaea aeaeaei aei iieiaeaiey: noa?inoue neeiiyao e nia?oe e iieith –
eae e a
ia/aea caaa?oathuaainy a iaoe aeie noieaoey, eiaaea E.E.Ia/ieeia a
«Yothaeao
iioeiecia» i?iaicaeaoae i?eioeei «?acoiiiai yaiecia»: «/aeiaae iiiiae
naaa
nai!» – e ioeaieaae noa?inoue eae iaiaoiaeeiinoue iieiiai
en/a?iaiey anao
/aeiaa/aneeo ?ano?nia e i?ienoaeathuaai ec yoiai niciaoaeueiiai
aeaeaiey
nia?oe.
Nouanoaoao aeaa ea?aeeiaeueii i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo iiceoeee ii i?iaeaia
ea/anoaa
aa?u, nianathuae io noeoeeaea:
a) nianaiea io naiioaeenoaa ethaie oeaiie, o.a. /a?ac ia?aoaiea ethaie
aa?u,
i?eaeathuae niuneiaoth ioeaeaiiinoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio
nouanoaiaaieth, aoaeue
yoa aa?a a ia?aoaiea iao/iie enoeiiinoe eee aiaeaey, a aaoi?eoao
eee
oioue a naiiai «a?aaa /aeiaaeia»;
a) nianaiea eaaeeo ia iooyo ia?aoaiey «aeeaie aa?u» a
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia
aannia?oea /aeiaa/aneie aeooe oae, eae yoi i?aaenoaaeaii a
o?enoeainoaa,
iooaeeeaathuainy io naiioeaiiinoe eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe e ?aoathuai
i?iaeaiu
i?aaeaea anaai oieeaeueiinoe eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe (aniiiiei iunee
ai.Iaaea i
aine?aoaiee ia?oauo ai ieioe, o.a. a oi?ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe).
Naiaeiua oaeoi?u ?enea, iaaethaeaaiua a ioiineoaeueii iaaeaaiiieo/iuo
naiueyo, annioeee?oaiua n noeoeeaeii.
A naiuea enoi?e/anee iaaethaeathony ia?ooaiey ineoe/aneiai eee
iaa?ioe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a;
a enoi?ee naiuee caoeene?iaai noeoeeae;
naiuey eiaao neeiiiinoue e ianeeeth, aeeth/ay yiioeeiiaeueiua,
ineoe/aneea eee naenoaeueiua ceioiio?aaeaiey;
?aiaa iaaethaeaeenue iiiuoee iieii/eoue niaie;
a aeiia o?aieony iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea;
a naiuea anoue caeeth/aiiua;
?aciaea/aiea noeoeeaeaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey ae?oaeo, aeeth/ay /eaiia
naiuee, ?iaanieeia, e/eee /a?ac iin?aaenoai iiainoae eee
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo enoi?ee.
O?iaie noauaeoeaii-ee/iinoiiai aini?eyoey e ia?aaeeaaiey
“iaaeaeeiiai”
no?anna.
Ineoieiae/aneea aniaeou ia?aaeeaaiey o?aaiaoe/aneiai no?anna e aai
iineaaenoaey eco/athony, eae i?aaeei, a eiioaenoa iaueo i?iaeai
aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea a yeno?aiaeueiuo oneiaeyo, enneaaeiaaiee aaeaioaoeeiiiuo
aiciiaeiinoae
/aeiaaea e aai no?ann-oiea?aioiinoe. ?acoeueoaou iiaeiaiuo enneaaeiaaiee
eae
au oieone?otho nioeeaeueiua, i?e?iaeiua, oaoiieiae/aneea,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-ineoieiae/aneea, yeieiae/aneea e iaaeeoeeineea aniaeou
nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaaea a nia?aiaiiii ie?a [13].
Enoi?ey enneaaeiaaiee a yoie iaeanoe ian/eouaaao ianeieueei
aeanyoeeaoee,
iaeiaei eo eioaineaiinoue iniaaiii aic?inea a nayce n i?iaeaiaie
aaeaioaoeee
aia?eeaineeo aaoa?aiia aieiu ai Aueaoiaia.
?acoeueoaou iiiai/eneaiiuo enneaaeiaaiee iieacaee, /oi ninoiyiea,
?acaeaathuaany iiae aicaeaenoaeai ineoieiae/aneiai o?aaiaoe/aneiai
no?anna, ia
iiiaaeaei ie a iaeio ec eiathueony a eeeie/aneie i?aeoeea
eeanneoeeaoeee.
Iineaaenoaey o?aaiu iiaee i?iyaeoueny aiacaiii, /a?ac i?iaeieaeeoaeueiia
a?aiy,
ia oiia iauaai aiaoiaai aeaaiiieo/ey /aeiaaea, e ni a?aiaiai oooaeoaiea
ninoiyiey noaiiaeeinue ana aieaa io/aoeeai au?aaeaiiui. Auei iienaii
iiiaeanoai ?aciiia?aciuo neiioiiia iiaeiaiiai eciaiaiey ninoiyiey,
iaeiaei
aeieaia a?aiy ia auei ?ac?aaioaii /aoeeo e?eoa?eaa aai aeeaaiinoeee.
Oaeaea ia
nouanoaiaaei aaeeiiai iacaaiey aeey aai iaicia/aiey [3, c. 14-29; 13].
Oieueei e 1980 aiaeo auei iaeiieaii e i?iaiaeece?iaaii aeinoaoi/iia
aeey
iaiauaiey eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee, iieo/aiiie a oiaea yenia?eiaioaeueiuo
enneaaeiaaiee. Eiiieaen neiioiiia, iaaethaeaaoeony o oao, eoi ia?aaeee
o?aaiaoe/aneee no?ann, iieo/ee iacaaiea “iinoo?aaiaoe/aneia no?anniaia
?anno?ienoai”- PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) E?eoa?ee
aeeaaiinoeee
yoiai ?anno?ienoaa auee aeeth/aiu a aia?eeaineee iaoeeiiaeueiue
eaaiinoe/aneee
ineoeao?e/aneee noaiaea?o (Diagnostical and Statistical Mannual of
Mental
Disorders) e nio?aiythony a iai aei neo ii? [7; 8]. N 1994 aiaea yoe
e?eoa?ee
aeeth/aiu e a aa?iiaeneee aeeaaiinoe/aneee noaiaea?o IEA-10 [1].
Iniiaiua neiioiiu PTSD iauaaeeiythony a o?e e?eoa?eaeueiua a?oiiu:
1. Iaayc/eaua ia?aaeeaaiey o?aaie?iaaaoaai niauoey (eeethcee,
a?aae,
ii/iua eioia?u);
2. No?aieaiea e ecaaaaieth ethauo niauoee e ia?aaeeaaiee,
annioeee?othueony
n o?aaie?iaaaoeie niauoeyie, ?acaeoea iono?aiaiiinoe, io/oaeaeaiiinoe io
?aaeueiie aeecie;
3. Aunieee e aic?anoathuee o?iaaiue yiioeeiiaeueiiai aicaoaeaeaiey,
i?iyaeythueeny a eiiieaena aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiuo ineoioeceieiae/aneeo
?aaeoeee.
E?iia oiai, aeey iinoaiiaee aeeaaiica iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai
yaeyaony
iaee/ea a aiaiiaca iaoeeaioa oyaeaeiai o?aaiaoe/aneiai niauoey.
Aeeeoaeueiinoue
i?iyaeaiey eaaeaeiai ec auoaia?a/eneaiiuo neiioiiia aeieaeia auoue ia
iaiaa
ianyoea n iiiaioa eo ia?ae/iiai iiyaeaiey [7; 8].
A ineoieiaee aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi eco/aiu iineaaenoaey aicaeaenoaey
ia
/aeiaaea oaeeo o?aaiaoe/aneeo niauoee, eae aiaaua aeaenoaey, ?acee/iiai
?iaea
i?iiuoeaiiua e i?e?iaeiua eaoano?iou (iiaea?u, iaaiaeiaiey,
caieao?ynaiey).
Iaeiieai oaeaea aiaaoue iaoa?eae ii eco/aieth aea?oa ?acee/iuo oi?i
ianeeey
iaae ee/iinoueth [3]. Ana yoe aeaeu ineoe/aneie o?aaiu eiatho noiaeioth
yoeieiaeth
– ana iie iniiaaiu ia aicaeaenoaee oae iacuaaaiiai “ino?iai” no?anna,
eiathuaai niauoeeioth i?e?iaeo.
Aianoa n oai i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaotho enneaaeiaaiey, iinayuaiiua
eco/aieth i?iaeai, n eioi?uie noaeeeaathony ethaee, ia?aaeeaoea
aicaeaenoaea
iaeiiai ec “iaaeaeeiuo” no?anni?ia (oa?ica ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai, oeie/aneiai,
aaeoa?eieiae/aneiai e ae?oaeo iiaeiaiuo ii?aaeaiee) [10, n. 1632-1642].
Oaeea
no?anni?u ia aiinyo aeaeeiuo eciaiaiee a ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, iiyoiio
aini?eyoea e ioeaiea aiciiaeiuo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee
aicaeaenoaey
no?anniaaiiuo oaeoi?ia aace?othony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, ia ?aoeeiiaeueiii
ciaiee
ia eo iaee/ee e, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, ia iainiciaaaaiii eee eeoue /anoe/ii
iniciaaaaiii yiioeeiiaeueiii ia?aaeeaaiee no?aoa ii iiaiaeo aeeyiey yoeo
oaeoi?ia ia aeeciue e caei?iauea /aeiaaea.
A aeaiiii neo/aa ?a/ue eaeao ia eco/aiee ineoieiae/aneeo
iineaaenoaee
ia?aaeeaaiey no?anna oa?icu ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai ii?aaeaiey o/anoieeaie
eeeaeaeaoeee
iineaaenoaee aaa?ee ia *a?iiaueueneie AYN. Aei neo ii?, a /anoiinoe, ia
aue
yenia?eiaioaeueii eco/ai aii?in i oii, eaeiaa aa?iyoiinoue oiai, /oi
i?aauaaiea yoie eaoaai?ee eeoe (eeeaeaeaoi?ia) a ciia aaa?ee iiaei auoue
o?aaie?othuei eo ineoeeo niauoeai e a aeaeueiaeoai i?eaanoe e ?acaeoeth
o /anoe
ec ieo iinoo?aaiaoe/aneiai no?anniaiai ?anno?ienoaa – PTSD. Iinea
*a?iiaueueneie eaoano?iou, a eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee eioi?ie i?eiyei
o/anoea
io 200 aei 750 oun. /aeiaae, iaiaoiaeeiinoue enneaaeiaaiee iineaaenoaee
ia?aaeeaaiey ?I noaea iniaaiii i/aaeaeiie [2, c. 15-29; 6, c. 39; 9, c.
100-115].
Oeaeueth aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey yaeyeinue eco/aiea noauaeoeaiuo
iniaaiiinoae
aini?eyoey oa?icu ?aaeeaoeeiiiie iianiinoe e auyaeaiea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
yiioeeiiaeueii-ee/iinoiuo eciaiaiee o eeoe, ia?aaeeaoeo ?aaeeaoeeiiiue
no?ann.
A enneaaeiaaiee i?eieiaee o/anoea ioae/eiu 25-50 eao (n = 71),
o/anoaiaaaoea a eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee aaa?ee ia *AYN
(“eeeaeaeaoi?u”), ia
no?aaeaaoea eo/aaie aieaciueth e i?aaie/aneeie ii?aaeaieyie aieiaiiai
iicaa.
Enneaaeiaaiea i?iaiaeeeinue n i?eiaiaieai io?aaioaiiiai ia
iaoa?eaea
eco/aiey aaoa?aiia aieiu ai Aueaoiaia e aaeaioe?iaaiiiai e oeaeyi yoie
?aaiou
eiiieaena ?onneiycu/iuo aa?nee eeeieei-ineoieiae/aneeo [4, c. 67-77] e
ineoiaeeaaiinoe/aneeo [11, c. 329-335] iaoiaeia, a eioi?ue auee
aeeth/aiu
neaaeothuea iaoiaeeee:
– Ieiianioneee iiiaioaeoi?iue ee/iinoiue ii?iniee MMPI;
– no?oeoo?e?iaaiiia eeeie/aneia eioa?aueth NEEAe;
– ii?iniee aeai?anneaiinoe Ayea, ii?iniee SCL-90-R Aea?iaaoena;
– Ienneneineay oeaea aeey ioeaiee iinoo?aaiaoe/aneeo ee/iinoiuo
ia?ooaiee;
– oeaea ioeaiee aeeyiey o?aaiaoe/aneiai niauoey IOES;
– ii?iniee aeey ioeaiee ee/iinoiie e neooaoeaiie o?aaiaeiinoe
Nieeaa?aa?a-Oaieia .
E?iia oiai, eniieueciaaeny niaoeeaeueii ?ac?aaioaiiue ii?iniee A?I
aeey
ioeaiee aini?eyoey ?aaeeaoeeiiiie iianiinoe [5, c. 27-40].
Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo ?acoeueoaoia enneaaeiaaiey yaeyeinue
onoaiiaeaiea oiai
oaeoa, /oi o 14 eeeaeaeaoi?ia ec 71 ianeaaeiaaiiuo (19,7%) e iiiaioo
ianeaaeiaaiey aue aeeaaiinoe?iaai PTSD-neiae?ii. 16 /aeiaae (22,53%)
ninoaaeee
“a?oiio ?enea”, oi anoue o ieo neiioiiaoeea PTSD ii anai e?eoa?eyi auea
i?aaenoaaeaia ii/oe iieiinoueth. Iieiia ionoonoaea neiioiiia PTSD eee
iaee/ea
aaeeie/iuo neiioiiia iaaethaeaeinue o 41 /aeiaaea (58,5%
ianeaaeiaaiiuo).
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi /anoioa ano?a/aaiinoe PTSD n?aaee eeeaeaeaoi?ia
(19,7%
anao ianeaaeiaaiiuo) niioaaonoaoao /anoioa aicieeiiaaiey
iinoo?aaiaoe/aneeo
ia?ooaiee, iaia?oaeeaaaiuo o aea?oa ae?oaeo o?aaiaoe/aneeo neooaoeee.
Iai?eia?,
neiioiiu aiaiiiai PTSD, ii aeaiiui aia?eeaineeo niaoeeaeenoia,
ano?a/athony o
20 – 25 % anao o/anoieeia aiaiiuo niauoee.
Ii?aaeaeaiea PTSD o eeeaeaeaoi?ia yaeyaony nioeeaeueii cia/eiui
oaeoii.
Ecaanoii, /oi eeoea, no?aaeathuea yoei ?anno?ienoaii, aieaa, /ai
ae?oaea,
neeiiiu e ?aciui oi?iai aeacaaeaioeaiiai iiaaaeaiey, o ieo /aua
aicieeaao
aeeiaieeci, ia?eiiaiee, noeoeeaeu e o.i. Yoe ethaee o?aaotho iniaie
nioeeaeueiie e
iaaeeei-ineoieiae/aneie iiaeaea?aeee. I oii, /oi n?aaee eeeaeaeaoi?ia
oaea
ia/eiaaony “anieane” noeoeeaeia, iiaeii noaeeoue ii ioaeeeaoeeyi a
n?aaenoaao
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee. Oae, a noaouea “?ycaineee eceii” io 24 aaaonoa
1994
aiaea (“Iineianeee eiiniiieaoe”) i?eaiaeyony aeaiiua i oii, /oi ec
iauaai
eiee/anoaa nia?oae n?aaee eeeaeaeaoi?ia caoeene?iaaii 58% noeoeeaeia –
naiue
aunieee iieacaoaeue ii ?innee. I?e yoii n?aaeiee aic?ano eeeaeaeaoi?ia,
iieii/eaoeo aeeciue naiioaeenoaii – 36-40 eao. Ianiiiaiii, aieueoay
/anoue yoeo
ethaeae no?aaeaea eiaiii iinoo?aaiaoe/aneeie ia?ooaieyie ineoeee, e
ionoonoaea
naiaa?aiaiiie aeeaaiinoeee e iineaaeothuae iaaeeei-ineoieiae/aneie
iiiiue ai
iiiaii niinianoaiaaee eo ?ieiaiio ?aoaieth.
Iniaaiiinoueth PTSD o eeeaeaeaoi?ia, eae iieacaei i?iaaaeaiiia iaie
aeeaaiinoe/aneia ianeaaeiaaiea i?e iiiiue no?oeoo?e?iaaiiiai
eeeie/aneiai
eioa?aueth NEEAe, yaeyaony aunieee i?ioeaio a ea?oeia iauae neiioiiaoeee
PTSD
neiioiiia, ioiinyueony e iaeiiio ec e?eoa?eaa, ii eioi?ui
aeeaaiinoe?oaony
PTSD, – e?eoa?eth oeceieiae/aneie aicaoaeeiinoe, a oaeaea
iai?aaeaiiinoue,
ia?auaiiinoue neiioiiia PTSD a aoaeouaa.
Caia/aii, /oi eeeaeaeaoi?u , o eioi?uo e iiiaioo ianeaaeiaaiey ia
aeeaaiinoe?oaony PTSD, ii iaaethaeathony ioaeaeueiua aai neiioiiu, n
oa/aieai
a?aiaie, iniaaiii i?e aicieeiiaaiee ?aciiai ?iaea iaaeiiiaaiee eee
ecaanoeyo
i caaieaaaiee eee nia?oe oao, eoi oiaea ?aaioae a *a?iiauea, ana /aua
aniiieiatho *a?iiaueue e ana i?ienoiaeyuaa a oio ia?eiae. Iiiaea
iaaaoeaiua
ninoiyiey (?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, aanniiieoea e o.ae.), iai?eyoiua
niauoey a
aeecie (iai?eia?, ?acaiae) naycuaathony n *a?iiaueai. *a?iiaueue
aunooiaao
iiaie oi/eie ion/aoa – any aeeciue aeaeeony ia oi, /oi i?ienoiaeeei aei
iaai e
oi, /oi i?ienoiaeeei e i?ienoiaeeo iinea.
Iniiaiie iniaaiiinoueth ?aaeeaoeeiiiie oa?icu ?I eae no?anniaaiiiai
oaeoi?a,eae oaea aiai?eeinue,yaeyaony aai “iaaeaeeiinoue”, /oi
iaoneaaeeaaao
eae niaoeeoe/iinoue aeaenoaey yoiai oaeoi?a, oae e niaoeeoe/iinoue
iaoaieciia
?acaeoey iinoo?aaiaoe/aneeo ninoiyiee. Ioeaiea ?I aace?oaony ia
aini?eyoee
iauaeoeaiuo oneiaee, i?yiuo e einaaiiuo i?eciaeia aeaenoaey ?aaeeaoeee
ia
/aeiaaea e ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, a oaeaea ia iniiaa noauaeoeaiie
aa?iyoiinoe
ee/ii iiaeaa?aiooueny ?aaeeaoeeiiiiio iaeo/aieth, noaiaie aai
aicaeaenoaey e
aiciiaeiuo iineaaenoaee aeey caei?iauey e aeecie, eioi?iaoeey i eioi?uo
eiaaony a
iaiyoe /aeiaaea ia aeaiiue iiiaio.
Ciaiea ia ion?i/aiiii oa?aeoa?a aicaeaenoaey ?aaeeaoeee i?eaiaeeo e
ia?aaeeaaieth ninoiyiey iinoiyiiiai iai?yaeaiey, iaeeaeaieth iai?eyoiuo
iineaaenoaee aeey naiaai caei?iauey. Iaeioi?ua ioaeaeueiua neo/ae,
eioi?ua iu
iaaethaeaee, iniaaiii eeethno?aoeaiu n oi/ee c?aiey aeeaaiinoeee
PTSD-neiae?iia.
N?aaee neiioiiia PTSD, aeeth/aiiuo a e?eoa?ee ?anno?ienoaa, eiaaony
neiioii
oae iacuaaaiiai “oeyoaye-yooaeoa”: aiacaiiia, aac aeaeeiuo i?e/ei,
aine?aoaiea a iaiyoe n iieiie aeinoiaa?iinoueth e iieiui iuouaieai
?aaeueiinoe
o?aaie?othuaai niauoey eee aai yieciaeia. Yoe yaeaiey iienaiu a
iiiai/eneaiiuo enneaaeiaaieyo aaoa?aiia Aueaoiaineie aieiu.
O 2-o eeeaeaeaoi?ia a ianoiyuai e o 4-o a i?ioeii iaie auee
aeeaaiinoe?iaaiu “oeyoaye-yooaeou”. Yoe ianeaaeoaiua ioia/aee, /oi a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao ei aeiaaeinue ia?aaeeoue iuouaiea, neiaii
iie
aiiaue aa?ioeenue a *a?iiaueue. Oaeea iuouaiey aicieeaee /aua anaai a
neooaoeeyo, iaiiieiathueo eee eae-oi naycaiiuo n eo aeayoaeueiinoueth ia
noaioeee.
Iai?eia?, iiaeiaiia ninoiyiea o iaeiiai ec ianeaaeoaiuo aicieeaei
ia?eiaee/anee
a oa iiiaiou, eiaaea ii aioiaee ieuo (a *a?iiauea ii ?aaioae iiaa?ii a
noieiaie, iaoiaeeaoaeny ia oa??eoi?ee noaioeee).
A ae?oaii neo/aa ianeaaeoaiue O., caieiaynue oai?eie ioni?a ai
aeai?a
aaoiaacu, a?aiaiaie aiacaiii /oanoaiaae naay oae, neiaii ii niiaa ia
noaioeee e canuiaao ?aaeeiaeoeaiue a?oio a eiioaeia?. Iiaeiaiia
auiaaeaiea ec
?aaeueiinoe i?iaeieaeaeinue iau/ii iaaeieai, i?eaeeceoaeueii 1-2 ieioou.
Auee
neo/ae, eiaaea iaeeaaiea i?ioeiai a?iaea au ia i?iaioee?iaaeinue
ieeaeeie
aiaoieie ciaeaie.
Ianeaaeoaiue N. ?anneacuaae, /oi a 1989 aiaeo, niae?ay yaiaeu a
eano, ii
aae?oa ii/oanoaiaae, /oi iaoiaeeony a aaa?eeiie ciia, yoi iuouaiea auei
i/aiue
?aaeenoe/iui, i?iaeieaeaeinue ianeieueei ieioo e iaioaaei N., o iaai
enii?oeeinue iano?iaiea, iiyaeeinue /oanoai iiaeaaeaiiinoe, a aa/a?ii
aicieeee
neeueiua aieiaiua aiee. A ae?oaeo neo/ayo iuouaiea aica?auaiey a ciio
aicieeaei a i?iniii/iii ninoiyiee, i?e ?aaioa ia iai?iaea,
no?ieoaeuenoaa
aea/e e o.ae.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?acoeueoaou eeeieei-ineoieiae/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey
oaaaeeoaeueii iieacaee, /oi o /anoe eeeaeaeaoi?ia e ianoiyuaio iiiaioo
?acaeeenue iinoo?aaiaoe/aneea no?anniaua ?anno?ienoaa.
A ?acoeueoaoa ineoiaeeaaiinoe/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey auei
onoaiiaeaii, /oi
a?oiia eeeaeaeaoi?ia n PTSD eiaao aieaa aunieea iieacaoaee
ineoieiae/aneiai
iaaeaaiiieo/ey ii n?aaiaieth n a?oiiie eeeaeaeaoi?ia aac PTSD (?acee/ey
noaoenoe/anee aeinoiaa?iu ii anai ineoiiao?e/aneei oeaeai). Iieacaii
oaeaea,
/oi n?aaiaiea i?ioeeae MMPI, iieo/aiiuo ia a?oiia eeeaeaeaoi?ia n PTSD,
auyaeei eo niaiaaeaiea n i?ioeeyie aueaoiaineeo aaoa?aiia n oai aea
aeeaaiicii.
Eeeaeaeaoi?u ec a?oiiu c PTSD iaiiiai /aua, /ai eeoea ec a?oiiu aac
PTSD, no?aaeatho iaayc/eaui aini?iecaaaeaieai a iaiyoe ioaeaeueiuo
yieciaeia,
naycaiiuo n eo ?aaioie a aaa?eeiie ciia, iaeiia?aiaiii aieueeinoai ec
ieo
noa?athony ecaaaaoue ethauo noeioeia, iaiiieiathueo ia yoii ia?eiaea; o
eiathueo
PTSD ioia/aaony aieaa aunieee o?iaaiue noauaeoeaiiai ia?aaeeaaiey
o?aaiae e
aeai?annee. Enneaaeiaaiea iieacaei oaeaea, /oi auyaeaiiay neiioiiaoeea:
ia?ooaiey nia, iioa?y aiiaoeoa, iioa?y naenoaeueiiai aea/aiey,
?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue – naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia eo oyaeaeii yiioeeiiaeueiii
ninoiyiee.
Iineaaeiee ?acoeueoao oi?ioi niaeanoaony n auaiaeaie, naeaeaiiuie Henry
M.
Vyner [4, c. 1097-1103] ineoieiae/aneiai ecia?aiey o?iaiy noauaeoeaiie
caaiou i caei?iauea o iaoeeaioia, iiaeaa?aaaoeony aeaenoaeth
eiiece?othuae
?aaeeaoeee ai a?aiy o/anoey a eniuoaieyo yaea?iiai i?oaeey a aoiinoa?a.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi eniieueciaaiiue ineoiaeeaaiinoe/aneee eiiieaen
a
oeaeii ieacaeny i?eaiaeiui aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iaee/ey eee ionoonoaey PTSD
o
eeeaeaeaoi?ia, niaoeeoe/aneea /a?ou aini?eyoey e ioeaieaaiey no?anna
?aaeeaoeeiiiie iianiinoe n iiiiuueth yoeo iaoiaeee ia ii?aaeaeyeenue.
Iiyoiio auea
iinoaaeaia caaea/a eiino?oe?iaaiey iaoiaeeee, iai?aaeaiiie ia eco/aiea
yoeo
ia?aiao?ia, e ?ac?aaioai e ai?iae?iaai niaoeeaeece?iaaiiue ii?iniee aeey
ioeaiee iniaaiiinoae aini?eyoey ?I (A?I), ninoiyuee ec 30 aii?inia.
Ianeaaeiaaii 70 ?aai/eo-eeeaeaeaoi?ia, ioae/ei, aac i?eciaeia
eo/aaie
aieacie e i?aaie/aneiai ii?aaeaiey aieiaiiai iicaa. Ii ?acoeueoaoai
aeeaaiinoe/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey n iiiiuueth NEEAe auee auaeaeaiu: a?oiia
eeeaeaeaoi?ia, eiathueo PTSD – 15 /aeiaae; a?oiia eeeaeaeaoi?ia,
eiathueo
iaiieiue iaai? e?eoa?eaeueiuo neiioiiia PTSD – 16 /aeiaae; a?oiia aac
PTSD –
39 /aeiaae.
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi a?oiia n PTSD ioee/aaony io a?oiiu aac PTSD ii
?yaeo
i?eciaeia, aeeaaiinoe?iaaiiuo ii ii?inieeo A?I. Aieueoeinoai eeoe ec
a?oiiu
PTSD ioeaieaatho naay, eae “neeueii iino?aaeaaoeo” io iieo/aiiiai eie ai
a?aiy
auiieiaiey aeacaeoeaaoeeiiiuo ?aaio ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai iaeo/aiey.
Ia?aaeeaaiea
yoiai ninoiyiey neeaaeuaaaony ia iniiaa: 1) iiyaeaoaainy iinea *a?iiauey
noauaeoeaiiai iuouaiey oece/aneiai e ineoieiae/aneiai aeeneiioi?oa; 2)
i?aaenoaaeaiey i ee/iie “eciaiaiiinoe” (iiaaaeaiey, iauaai oiia
iano?iaiey,
ioiioaiey e naaa e e aeecie a oeaeii e i?.). Noauaeoeaii aunieay ioeaiea
?I
eeeaeaeaoi?aie n PTSD iniiauaaaony eie ia oii, /oi iie: 1) ?aaioaee a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io iniiaiiai enoi/ieea iiauoaiiie ?aaeeaoeee;
2)
/aua, /ai ae?oaea auacaeaee ooaea ia ?aaioo; 3)/aua, /ai ae?oaea,
iaoiaeeeenue ia
?aaeeaoeeiiii iianiuo o/anoeao aieueoa onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?iaoeaiiai
a?aiaie.
Eeeaeaeaoi?u n PTSD eniuouaaee ai a?aiy i?aauaaiey a aaa?eeiie ciia
aieaa eioaineaii iaaaoeaiua yiioeee iai?yaeaiey e o?aaiae, no?aoa ca
naia
caei?iauea, /oi noi?ie?iaaei o ieo onoaiiaeo ia iaeeaeaiea iaaaoeaiuo
i?iyaeaiee ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai aicaeaenoaey a iinoniauoeeiue ia?eiae aeecie.
A
iineaaeothuai ia?eiaea iinea ?aaiou ia *AYN eeeaeaeaoi?u n PTSD: 1) /aua
eniieuecotho aiciiaeiinoue ianoaeeoue naia caei?iauea, aeooaeece?oy
oyaeanoue naieo
i?ioeuo ia?aaeeaaiee; 2) eo /aua aaniieiyo iunee i aiciiaeiii i?iyaeaiee
iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai aicaeaenoaey, /oi canoaaeyao eo
/aua
eiinoeueoe?iaaoueny n a?a/aie.
Eeeaeaeaoi?u n PTSD /aua, /ai inoaeueiua, iaaethaeaee
?aaeeaoeeiiiue
o?aaiaoeci ie?oaeathueo ethaeae (neaaeu eo/aauo iaeiaia eiaee, iaii?iee,
e?iaioa/aiey, aieiaiua aiee e i?.). A oeaeii aeaiiua enneaaeiaaiey
iieacuaatho
aaaeouoth ?ieue noauaeoeaii-ee/iinoiiai oaeoi?a a aicieeiiaaiee e
iniaaiiinoyo
ia?aaeeaaiey o?aaiaoe/aneiai no?anna ?I.
Ianoaeaeay ?acoeueoaou i?iaaaeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey, iiaeii
aiai?eoue i
neaaeothuai. Oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe ii eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee aaa?ee
ioiinyony,
niaeanii eiathueiny a ineoieiae/aneie iaoea i?aaenoaaeaieyi, e
yeno?aiaeueiui.
Iniiaiui no?anniaaiiui oaeoi?ii n?aaee ieo yaeyaony oa?ica aeecie e
caei?iaueth
(ec-ca ?aaeeaoeeiiiie iianiinoe).
Yoi iicaieyao ioianoe o/anoea a eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee aaa?ee ia
*AYN
e ?aaeno?o o?aaiaoe/aneeo neooaoeee e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?aaeiieaaaoue,
/oi
eeeaeaeaoi?u ia?aaeeaaee ai a?aiy i?aauaaiey a aaa?eeiie ciia
o?aaiaoe/aneee
no?ann. Iniiaiua no?anniaaiiua oaeoi?u auee “iaaeaeeiu”, iie
aini?eieiaeenue,
ioeaieaaeenue e iniciaaaeenue iaio/aoeeai; eeeaeaeaoi?u iaoiaeeeenue a
o?aaiaoe/aneie neooaoeee aeinoaoi/ii aeieai, (aieueoeinoai eeeaeaeaoi?ia
auee a
*a?iiauea io ianyoea aei aeaoo, iaaieueoay /anoue aei iieoaiaea), /oiau
iiaee
aeeth/eoueny iaoaieciu eoioeyoeaiiai aeaenoaey no?anna.
Ia?a/eneaiiua oaeoi?u, a oaeaea ae?oaea, ca/anooth yeno?aiaeueiua,
niauoey, eioi?ua aicieeaee a i?ioeanna auiieiaiey eeeaeaeaoeeiiiuo ?aaio
a
neeo niaoeeoe/iinoe oneiaee a aaa?eeiie ciia, iiaoo auoue iaicia/aiu eae
ia?ae/iua no?anniaaiiua oaeoi?u. Ii aica?auaiee ec *a?iiauey
eeeaeaeaoi?u
noaee iiaeaa?aaoueny aeaenoaeth aoi?e/iuo no?anniaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. Iniai
aaaeiia
ianoi n?aaee ieo caieiaao oaea oiiiyiooue “eioi?iaoeeiiiue” oaeoi?. Eae
iieacuaatho ?acoeueoaou iaoeo e ae?oaeo enneaaeiaaiee, aieueoeinoai
eeeaeaeaoi?ia
ai a?aiy ?aaiou a *a?iiauea eeai aiiaua ia auee inaaaeiieaiu i aeaenoaee
?aaeeaoeee, eeai eo ciaiey auee eneaaeaiiuie e iaaeinoaoi/iuie. Oai
aieaa, /oi
ianooaau aaa?ee a oi a?aiy ne?uaaeenue.
Ianooieaoea anei?a ?aceea eciaiaiey a nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie
ianoaiiaea a iauanoaa niinianoaiaaee iiyaeaieth a n?aaenoaao ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee iaoe?iiai iioiea iaoa?eaeia ia enoeiiuo ianooaaao aaa?ee e i
a?aaeiiiniuo iineaaenoaeyo ?aaeeaoeeiiiiai iaeo/aiey. Yoa eioi?iaoeey
aunooieea
a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai aoi?e/iiai no?anniaaiiiai oaeoi?a, eioi?ue ieacae e
i?iaeieaeaao ieacuaaoue ineoio?aaie?othuaa aeaenoaea.
E?iia yoiai iiaeii auaeaeeoue aua ?yae aoi?e/iuo no?anniaaiiuo
oaeoi?ia:
1) oooaeoaiea caei?iauey, eioi?ia ii iaoaiecio
oi?ie?iaaieyiinono?anniauo
ninoiyiee noauaeoeaii naycuaaaony, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, n o/anoeai a
aeacaeoeaaoeeiiiuo ?aaioao; 2) ia?aaeeaaiea oa?icu ?acaeoey eo/aaie
aieacie e,
eae neaaenoaea, i?aaeiieaaaaiia nie?auaiea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeecie;
3)
iiauoaiea o?aaiaeiinoe a oneiaeyo i?iecaiaenoaa a nayce n ia?aioeaieie
aiciiaeiinoe o?aaie?iaaiey, ioeaieie aiciiaeiinoe aicieeiiaaiey
aaa?eeiuo
neooaoeee e cia/aiey eo iineaaenoaee; 4) ineoieiae/aneea naiaeiua
i?iaeaiu,
naycaiiua n aeaoi?iaeaeaieai.
Eeeieei-ineoieiae/aneee aiaeec ioaeaeueiuo enoi?ee aeecie, a oaeaea
oa
aeaiiua, eioi?ua auee iieo/aiu a i?ioeanna ineoiei??aeoeeiiiie ?aaiou,
iiaeoaa?aeaeatho cia/aiea aoi?e/iuo no?anniaaiiuo oaeoi?ia a yoeieiaee
PTSD.
Ana yoi iicaieeei iai auaeaeiooue i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii , /oi
iaoaieci
?acaeoey PTSD i?e aeaenoaee “iaaeaeeiiai” no?anna ?aaeeaoeeiiiie
iianiinoe
ioee/aaony io aiaeiae/iiai iaoaiecia a neo/aa yaii aini?eieiaaiiai,
niauoeeii iaiieiaiiiai no?anna, aicieeathuaai, iai?eia?, i?e o/anoee a
aiaauo aeaenoaeyo, eaoano?ioao e o.ae. E iniiaiia ?acee/ea eaaeeo a
ieineinoe
ianoaeaeaiey o?iaiae aini?eyoey e eioa?ei?ecaoeee o?aaiaoe/aneiai
ia?aaeeaaiey.
Eae iieacaii a ?acoeueoaoao aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey, aicaeaenoaea oa?icu
?aaeeaoeeiiiiai ii?aaeaiey aace?oaony, ai-ia?auo, ia ?aoeeiiaeueiii
ciaiee i
aiciiaeiuo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaeyo oaeiai aicaeaenoaey, oi anoue
ia
noauaeoeaiii oaeoi?a ee/iinoe, a ai-aoi?uo, ia yiioeeiiaeueiuo
ia?aaeeaaieyo,
eioi?ua, eae iieacuaatho iaoe aeaiiua, iinyo io?eoeaoaeueiue oa?aeoa e
oaeaea
iaoneiaeaiu iniaaiiinoyie ee/iinoiie no?oeoo?u.
I?e yoii o?iaaiue iniciaiey o?aaiaoe/iinoe aicaeaenoaey oa?icu
?aaeeaoeeiiiiai ii?aaeaiey i?e anae aai aa?eaoeaiinoe a oeaeii, eae
iieacaee
?acoeueoaou iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey, iaaunie. O?aaiaoe/iinoue aea yoiai
aeaenoaey
oaaaeeoaeueii iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony auoaeceiaeaiiuie aeaiiuie. Yoi
canoaaeyao
i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi aaaeouay ?ieue a aini?eyoee e ia?aaeeaaiee iniiaiiai
no?anniaaiiiai oaeoi?a – oa?icu aeecie ec-ca aiciiaeiinoe
?aaeeaoeeiiiiai
ii?aaeaiey – ioaiaeeony iainiciiaaaiiio o?iaith ineoeee noauaeoa.
O?iaaiue iniciaiiinoe aicaeaenoaey iiauoaaony iiae aicaeaenoaeai
aoi?e/iiai, eioi?iaoeeiiiiai, oaeoi?a. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo ii ia?a oiai, eae
a
iinoniauoeeiue ia?eiae eeeaeaeaoi? ?anoe?yao e?oa ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ciaiey
i
aeaenoaee ?aaeeaoeee ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. ?anoe?aiea ciaiey ia anaaaea
aaaeao e
aai aaeaeaaoiinoe, aai aini?eyoea ii-i?aaeiaio iiin?aaeiaaii
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-ee/iinoiuie, eioaeeaeooaeueiuie e yiioeeiiaeueiuie
iniaaiiinoyie, e eo ea/anoaaiiia naiaia?acea ii?aaeaeyao eeai
oi?ie?iaaiea
iinoo?aaiaoe/aneiai ?anno?ienoaa, eeai ?acaeoea iaoaieciia niaeaaeaiey n
iineaaenoaeyie o?aaiaoe/aneiai aicaeaenoaey.
Neaaeoao aua ?ac iiae/a?eiooue, /oi aeeaaiinoe?iaaiea
iinoo?aaiaoe/aneiai
?anno?ienoaa, i?aaeiieaaathuaai iaee/ea o?aaiu a no?oeoo?a ineoeee,
i?ienoiaeeo n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiiai eiiieaena
eeeieei-ineoieiae/aeeo iaoiaeee, nai aea noauaeo , eae i?aaeei, ia
iniciaao
nayce neiioiiia naiaai ninoiyiey n o?aaiaoe/aneei aicaeaenoaeai. I?e
yoii
aicaeaenoaea ineoe/aneie o?aaiu i?ienoiaeeo aeaoiy iniiaiuie iooyie:
eeai yoi
iinoiyiiua iaayc/eaua iunee e ia?aaeeaaiey i o?aaie?iaaaoai niauoee,
eeai
noa?aoaeueiia eo ecaaaaiea. E a oii, e a ae?oaii neo/aa “/a?iay aeu?a
o?aaiu”,
ii ia?aciiio au?aaeaieth iaeiiai ec aia?eeaineeo enneaaeiaaoaeae
PTSD-neiae?iia
?.Ieoiaia [12, c. 182-189], n iaioa?aoeiinoueth i?eoyaeaaao e naaa ana
iunee
e /oanoaa noauaeoa. Ionthaea i/aaeaeia iniiaiay caaea/a ineoieiae/aneie
ei??aeoeee – iiii/ue oaeei eeoeai iniciaoue i?e/eiii-neaaenoaaiioth
naycue
neiioiiia no?aaeaiey n o?aaiaoe/aneei ia?aaeeaaieai e aeaeaa
iinoa?aoueny
eioaa?e?iaaoue niciaiea noauaeoa.
CAAeA*A INEOIEIAEE
1. Aeaa ii?aaeaeaiey iiiyoey ineoieiaee i?aiaeaaeatho a
enoi?ee yoie
iaoee. Niaeanii iaeiiio, ineoieiaey anoue “iaoea i aeooa”:
ineoe/aneea
i?ioeannu o?aeoothony eae yaeaiey, ec ?anniio?aiey eioi?uo
iiaeii
aeaeaoue auaiaeu i nouiinoe eaaeauae a eo iniiaa
iaoaoece/aneie aeooaaiie
noanoaioeee. Niaeanii ae?oaiio, ineoieiaey anoue “iaoea
aioo?aiiaai
iiuoa”. Niaeanii yoiio ii?aaeaeaieth, ineoe/aneea i?ioeannu
i?eiaaeeaaeaoue iniaiai ?iaea iiuoo, eioi?ue ioee/aaony
i?aaeaea anaai
oai, /oi aai i?aaeiaou aeaiu “naiiiaaethaeaieth” eee, eae
iacuaatho yoi
iineaaeiaa, a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue aini?eyoeth /a?ac aiaoiea
/oanoaa,
“aioo?aiiaio” /oanoao.
Iaeiaei ie iaeii ec yoeo ii?aaeaeaiee ia oaeiaeaoai?yao
nia?aiaiiie
iao/iie oi/ee c?aiey. Ia?aia, iaoaoece/aneea, ii?aaeaeaiea
niioaaonoaoao oiio ninoiyieth, a eioi?ii ineoieiaey
iaoiaeeeanue aeieaa,
/ai ae?oaea iaeanoe /aeiaa/aneiai ciaiey, ii eioi?ia e aeey
iaa ioioei
oaia?ue ieii/aoaeueii a i?ioeia, iinea oiai eae iia
?acaeeanue a
yiie?e/aneoth aeenoeeieeio, ?aaioathuoth naiaia?aciuie
iaoiaeaie, e iinea
oiai eae “iaoee i aeooa” i?eciaiu auee naiinoiyoaeueiith,
i?ioeainoiyuath anoanoaaiiui iaoeai io?aneueth iiciaiey,
o?aaothuath a
ea/anoaa naiae iauae iniiau naiinoiyoaeueiie, ia caaenyuae
io
iaoaoece/aneeo oai?ee, ineoieiaee.
Aoi?ia, yiie?e/aneia ii?aaeaeaiea, aeaeyuaa a ineoieiaee
“iaoeo
aioo?aiiaai iiuoa”, iaaeinoaoi/ii iioiio, /oi iii iiaeao
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
oi ioeai/iia iiaiea, aoaeoi au yoio aioo?aiiee iiuo eiaao
aeaei n
i?aaeiaoaie, ai anai ioee/iuie io i?aaeiaoia oae iacuaaaiiai
“aiaoiaai
iiuoa”. Iaeiaei, n iaeiie noi?iiu, nouanoaotho
aeaenoaeoaeueii niaea?aeaiey
iiuoa, eioi?ua, ninoaaeyy i?aaeiao ineoieiae/aneiai
enneaaeiaaiey, ia
ano?a/athony a oiaea a?aiy n?aaee iauaeoia e i?ioeannia oiai
iiuoa,
eco/aieai eioi?iai caieiaaony anoanoaiciaiea; oaeiau iaoe
/oanoaa,
aooaeou, aieaaua ?aoaiey. Ii, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, iao ie
iaeiiai
yaeaiey i?e?iaeu, eioi?ia n ieneieueei eciaiaiiie oi/ee
c?aiey ia
iiaei au auoue i?aaeiaoii ineoieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey.
Eaiaiue,
?anoaiea, oii, nieia/iue eo/ ninoaaeytho, eae yaeaiey
i?e?iaeu,
i?aaeiao ieia?aeiaee, aioaieee, oeceee e o. ae. Ii
iineieueeo yoe
yaeaiey i?e?iaeu nooue a oi aea a?aiy i?aaenoaaeaiey a ian,
iie e?iia
oiai neoaeao i?aaeiaoii ineoieiaee, eioi?ay no?aieony aeao
io/ao a
niiniaa aicieeiiaaiey yoeo i?aaenoaaeaiee e auynieoue
ioiioaiey eo e
ae?oaei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, a oaeaea e e /oanoaai, aeaeaeaieyi
aiee e
ae?oaei, i?ioeannai, eioi?ua ia ioiinyony iaie e naienoaai
aiaoieo
i?aaeiaoia. “Aioo?aiiaai /oanoaa”, eioi?ia iiaeii auei au
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue, eae i?aai ineoe/aneiai aini?eyoey,
aiaoiei
/oanoaai – eae i?aaiai anoanoaiciaiey, aiiaua ia nouanoaoao,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?aaenoaaeaiey, naienoaa eioi?uo no?aieony
enneaaeiaaoue
ineoieiaey, niaa?oaiii oa aea naiua, io eioi?uo ioi?aaeyaony
anoanoaiciaiea; a noauaeoeaiua aeaeaeaiey, eioi?ua
inoaaeythony aac
aieiaiey i?e anoanoaaiiiiao/iii ?anniio?aiee aauae, /oanoaa,
aooaeou, aieaaua aeou, aeaiu iai ia /a?ac iin?aaenoai iniauo
i?aaiia
aini?eyoey, a naycuaathony aeey ian iaiin?aaenoaaiii e
ia?anoi?aeeii n
i?aaenoaaeaieyie, ioiineiuie iaie e aiaoiei i?aaeiaoai.
2. Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi au?aaeaiea aiaoiee e aioo?aiiee
iiuo icia/aao
ia ?acee/iua i?aaeiaou, a ?acee/iua oi/ee c?aiey,
i?eiaiyaiua iaie a
?anniio?aiee e iao/iie ia?aaioea aaeeiiai naiiai ii naaa
iiuoa. Yoe
oi/ee c?aiey iiaeneacuaathony iai oai, /oi eaaeaeue iiuo
?an/eaiyaony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia aeaa oaeoi?a: ia niaea?aeaiea, aeaiiia
iai, e ia
niinia iaoaai aini?eyoey yoiai niaea?aeaiey. Ia?aue ec yoeo
oaeoi?ia
iu iacuaaai iauaeoaie iiuoa, aoi?ie – eniuoothuei noauaeoii.
Ionthaea
iieo/athony aeaa iai?aaeaiey a ia?aaioea iiuoa. Ia?aia – oi,
eioi?iio
neaaeoao anoanoaiciaiea: anoanoaaiiua iaoee ?anniao?eaatho
iauaeou
iiuoa a eo naienoaao, iuneeiuo iacaaeneii io noauaeoa.
Aoi?iio
iai?aaeaieth neaaeoao ineoieiaey: iia ?anniao?eaaao
niaieoiiia
niaea?aeaiea iiuoa a aai ioiioaieyo e noauaeoo e a oao
naienoaao,
eioi?ua aio i?eienuaathony iaiin?aaenoaaiii noauaeoii,
iiyoiio
anoanoaaiiiiao/iay oi/ea c?aiey, iineieueeo iia aiciiaeia
eeoue
aeaaiaea?y ioaea/aieth io noauaeoeaiiai oaeoi?a,
niaea?aeauaainy ai
anyeii aeaenoaeoaeueiii iiuoa, iiaeao auoue iacaaia oi/eie
c?aiey
iiin?aaenoaiaaiiiai iiuoa, a ineoieiae/aneay oi/ea c?aiey,
eioi?ay
niiaa ono?aiyao yoi ioaea/aoa e ana, i?ienoaeathuea
ionthaea,
neaaenoaey, oi/eie c?aiey iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai iiuoa.
3. Aicieeathuay oaeei ia?acii caaea/a ineoieiaee, eae iauae,
eii?aeeie?iaaiiie anoanoaiciaieth e ainiieiythuae aa
yiie?e/aneie
iaoee, iaoiaeeoue naia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea a niiniaa
?anniio?aiey anao iaoe
i aeooa, iniiaie eioi?uo neoaeeo ineoieiaey. “Ana yoe iaoee,
oeeieiaey, enoi?ey, o/aiea i ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa, eiatho
naiei
niaea?aeaieai iaiin?aaenoaaiiue iiuo, iineieueeo ii
ii?aaeaeyaony
acaeiiaeaenoaeai iauaeoia e iiciathueo e aeaenoaothueo
noauaeoia.
Iiyoiio ie iaeia ec iaoe i aeooa ia i?eaaaaao e iiiiue
ioaea/aiee e
aeiioaoe/aneeo aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iiiyoee anoanoaiciaiey;
iauaeou-i?aaenoaaeaiey e nii?iaiaeaeathuea eo noauaeoeaiua
aeaeaeaiey
ii/eoathony a ieo iaiin?aaenoaaiiith aeaenoaeoaeueiinoueth,
e iie noa?athony
iauyniyoue ioaeaeueiua ninoaaiua /anoe yoie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ec eo
acaeiiie nayce. Yoio i?eai ineoieiae/aneiai enoieeiaaiey,
i?eiaiyaiue a ioaeaeueiuo iaoeao i aeooa, aeieaeai auoue,
neaaeiaaoaeueii,
oaeaea e i?eaiii naiie ineoieiaee.
3a. Oae eae anoanoaiciaiea enneaaeoao niaea?aeaiea iiuoa a
ioaea/aiee
io eniuoothuaai noauaeoa, oi iaueiiaaiii aai caaea/a
ii?aaeaeyaony
oaeaea eae “iiciaiea aiaoiaai ie?a”, i?e/ai iiae aiaoiei
ie?ii
?acoiaaony niaieoiiinoue aeaiiuo iai a iiuoa iauaeoia.
Niioaaonoaaiii
yoiio caaea/a ineoieiaee ii?aaeaeyeanue eiiaaea eae
“naiiiiciaiea
noauaeoa”. Iaeiaei yoi ii?aaeaeaiea iaaeinoaoi/ii” iioiio
/oi, e?iia
naienoa ioaeaeueiiai noauaeoa, e i?aaeiaoo ineoieiaee
ioiinyony oaeaea
?acee/iua acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo iei e aiaoiei ie?ii e
ae?oaeie
iiaeiaiuie noauaeoaie. E?iia oiai, yoi au?aaeaiea iiaeao
auoue eaaei
enoieeiauaaaii a oii niunea, eae anee au aiaoiee ie? e
noauaeo auee
ioaeaeueiuie ninoaaiuie /anoyie iiuoa eee ii e?aeiae ia?a
iiaee au
auoue ?acaeaeyaiu ia iacaaeneiua ae?oa io ae?oaa
niaea?aeaiey iiuoa; a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aea aiaoiee iiuo anaaaea naycai n
ooieoeeyi aini?eyoey
e iiciaiey noauaeoa, a aioo?aiiee iiuo niaea?aeeo a naaa
i?aaenoaaeaiea
i aiaoiai ie?a, eae naith iaiouaieaioth ninoaaioth /anoue. E
yoi
acaeiiioiioaiea i?ienoaeaao n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth ec oiai, /oi
a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iiuo ia anoue ianaycaiiay noiia
ioaeaeueiuo ?acee/iuo
iaeanoae, a ia?acoao aaeeiia nayciia oeaeia,
i?aaeiieaaathuaa a eaaeaeie
naiae ninoaaiie /anoe eae noauaeo, aini?eieiathuee
niaea?aeaiea iiuoa,
oae e iauaeou, aeaaaaiua noauaeoo; a ea/anoaa niaea?aeaiey
iiuoa.
Iiyoiio e anoanoaiciaiea ia iiaeao ioaeaeaoueny io
iiciathuaai
noauaeoa, a eeoue io oao aai naienoa, eioi?ua eee
ioiaaeatho, iiaeiaii
/oanoaai, eae nei?i iu ioa?inei iuneaiii, noauaeo, eee aea,
iiaeiaii
ea/anoaai iuouaiee, aeieaeiu auoue ioiineiua ia n/ao
noauaeoa ia
iniiaaiee oece/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey. Iai?ioea, ineoieiaey
eiaao naiei
i?aaeiaoii niaieoiiia niaea?aeaiea iiuoa a aai
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo
naienoaao.
Oaeei ia?acii, iineaaeiaa iniiaaiea aeey ioaeaeaiey
anoanoaiciaiey io
ineoieiaee e io iaoe i aeooa neaaeoao eneaoue oieueei a oii,
/oi anyeee
iiuo niaea?aeeo, a ea/anoaa ninoaaiuo oaeoi?ia, iauaeoeaii
aeaiiia
niaea?aeaiea iiuoa e eniuoothuee noauaeo. Ai?i/ai, iu ia
oioei, naii
niaith ?acoiaaony, yoei neacaoue, /oi yoi ?aca?aie/aiea
i?aaeiieaaaao
oaea eiae/aneia ii?aaeaeaiea iaieo oaeoi?ia. Oaeia
ii?aaeaeaiea
aiciiaeii noaiiaeony, i/aaeaeii, oieueei ia iniiaaiee
anoanoaaiiiiao/iiai e ineoieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey e ie a
eiai
neo/aa ia iiaeao, neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?aaeoanoaiaaoue aio.
I?aaeiieiaeaiea,
iauaa anoanoaiciaieth e ineoieiae n naiiai ia/aea, ninoieo a
nii?iaiaeaeathuai anyeee iiuo niciaiee, /oi a iiuoa aeathony
iauaeou
eaeiio-ieaoaeue noauaeoo, i?e /ai iaeiaei ia iiaeao auoue e
?a/e
ia?aiia/aeueii i iiciaiee oneiaee, eaaeaueo a iniiaa yoiai
?acee/aiey,
eee i eaeeo-ieaoaeue ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eciaeao, eioi?uie iaeei
oaeoi? iia
au ioa?aie/eaaoueny io ae?oaiai. Iiyoiio naiua au?aaeaiey
iauaeoa e
noauaeo a yoie nayce i?aaenoaaeytho niaith oieueei
iicaeiaeoaa
ia?aianaiea ia nooiaiue ia?aiia/aeueiiai iiuoa ?acee/ee,
eioi?ua
i?eiaaeeaaeao oaea eiae/anee ?acaeoie ?aoeaenee.
Aneaaenoaea yoiai acaeiiioiioaiey anoanoaaiiiiao/iia e
ineoieiae/aneia enoieeiaaiea iiuoa aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa
ia oieueei a
oie ia?a, iineieueeo ia?aia eiaao aeaei n iauaeoaie i?e
aiciiaeii
aieueoai ioaea/aiee eo io noauaeoa, a aoi?ia o/eouaaao
o/anoea
noauaeoa a aicieeiiaaiee iiuoa, ii e a oii niunea, /oi iaa
oieeiaaiey noaiiayony ia ?acee/ioth oi/eo c?aiey a
?anniio?aiee
eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai niaea?aeaiey iiuoa. Anoanoaiciaiea
no?aieony
enneaaeiaaoue, eaeiau naienoaa iauaeoia a ioaea/aiee io
noauaeoa, e
iiyoiio aeaaaaiia ei iiciaiea anoue iiin?aaenoaiaaiiia eee
iiciaiea a
iiiyoeyo: aianoi iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo iauaeoia iiuoa
anoanoaiciaieth
inoathony niaea?aeaiey iiiyoee, iieo/aaiua ec yoeo iauaeoia
iooai
ioaea/aiey io noauaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia iaoeo i?aaenoaaeaiee.
Ii yoi
ioaea/aiea o?aaoao a oi aea a?aiy ecaanoiuo aeiioaoe/aneeo
ainiieiaiee aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Eiaiii, anoanoaaiiiiao/iue
aiaeec
iieacuaaao, /oi iiiaea ninoaaiua /anoe iiuoa, iai?eia?
niaea?aeaiea
iuouaiee i?aaenoaaeytho niaith noauaeoeaiua aeaenoaey
iauaeoeaiuo
i?ioeannia, oae /oi yoe iineaaeiea ia iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny a
iiuoa a eo
iacaaenyueo io noauaeoa naienoaao. Iiyoiio anoanoaiciaiea
no?aieony
iaueiiaaiii aeiauoue yoe yeaiaiou iiuoa iooai aeiioaoe/aneeo
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iiiyoee, iino?iaiiuo ioiineoaeueii
iauaeoeaiuo
naienoa iaoa?ee. Ineoieiaey enneaaeoao, iai?ioea,
niaea?aeaiea iiuoa a
iieiie aai aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, i?aaenoaaeaiey, ioiineiua e
iauaeoai,
aianoa ni anaie noauaeoeaiuie aeaeaeaieyie, i?eiueathueie e
iei, e
iiyoiio niinia aa iiciaiey anoue iaiin?aaenoaaiiue eee
aicc?eoaeueiue:
aicc?eoaeueiue a oii aieaa oe?ieii cia/aiee, eioi?ia
iieo/eei yoi
iiiyoea a iiaaeoae iao/iie oa?ieiieiaee e niaeanii eioi?iio
iii
icia/aao ia oieueei iaiin?aaenoaaiiua niaea?aeaiey
aini?eyoee aiaoieo
/oanoa, iniaaiii c?aiey, ii anth eiie?aoioth
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, a
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue iuneeiiio ioaea/aiii e a iiiyoeyo.
Naycue
niaea?aeaiee iiuoa, eae iia aeaia aeaenoaeoaeueii noauaeoo,
iiaeao auoue
onoaiiaeaia ineoieiaeae oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee iia, n
naiae
noi?iiu, aoaeao niaa?oaiii aicaea?aeeaaoueny io yoeo
ioaea/aiee e
aeiioaoe/aneeo aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iiiyee anoanoaiciaiey. Anee,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e anoanoaiciaiea e ineoieiaey nooue
yiie?e/aneea
iaoee, oae eae iie eiatho naiae caaea/ae iauyniaiea iiuoa, –
i?aaaea, n
?acee/iuo oi/ae c?aiey, – oi ana-oaee ineoieiaey aeieaeia
auoue iacaaia
aieaa no?iai yiie?e/aneie iaoeie a aeaeo naiaia?aciuo
iniaaiiinoae,
i?enoueo aa caaea/a.
Yoeea ?aaiou i?aeoe/aneiai ineoieiaa iniiauaaaony ia
iaua/aeiaa/aneeo ii?aeueiuo e i?aanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoyo, ia
iieiaeaieyo Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, caueuathueo
i?aaa /aeiaaea. I?aaeiinueee naiaiaeiiai e ananoi?iiiaai
?acaeoey ee/iinoe e aa oaaaeaiey, naeeaeaiey ethaeae,
nicaeaiey aoiaiiiai iauanoaa yaeythony ii?aaeaeythueie aeey
aeayoaeueiinoe ineoieiaa. Yoe/aneea i?eioeeiu e i?aaeea
?aaiou ineoieiaa oi?ie?otho oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo
nio?aiythony e oi?i/eaathony aai i?ioanneiiaeeci,
aoiaiiinoue aai aeaenoaee, oaaaeaiea ethaeae, n eioi?uie ii
?aaioaao.
A naiae ?aaioa i?aeoe/aneee ineoieia ?oeiaiaenoaoaony
neaaeothueie i?eioeeiaie e i?aaeeaie:
1. I?eioeei iaiaianaiey oua?aa eniuooaiiio.
I?aaiecaoeey ?aaiou ineoieiaa aeieaeia auoue oaeie,
/oiau ie aa i?ioeann, ie aa ?acoeueoaou ia iaiineee
oua?aa aai caei?iaueth, ninoiyieth eee nioeeaeueiiio
iieiaeaieth.
2. I?eioeei eiiiaoaioiinoe ineoieiaa. Ineoieia eiaao
i?aai a?aoueny ca ?aoaiea oieueei oao aii?inia, ii
eioi?ui ii i?ioanneiiaeueii inaaaeiieai e iaaeaeai
niioaaonoaothueie i?aaaie e iieiiii/eyie auiieiaiey
ineoiei??aeoeeiiiuo eee ae?oaeo aicaeaenoaee.
3. I?eioeei aani?eno?anoiinoe ineoieiaa. Iaaeiionoeii
i?aaeacyoia ioiioaiea e eniuooaiiio, eaeia au
noauaeoeaiia aia/aoeaiea ii ie i?iecaiaeee naiei
aeaeii, th?eaee/aneei e nioeeaeueiui iieiaeaieai.
4. I?eioeei eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoe. Iaoa?eae, iieo/aiiue
ineoieiaii a i?ioeanna aai ?aaiou n eniuooaiui ia
iniiaa aeiaa?eoaeueiuo ioiioaiee, ia iiaeeaaeeo
niciaoaeueiiio eee neo/aeiiio ?acaeaoaieth e aeieaeai
auoue i?aaenoaaeai oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ii ia iia
neiii?iiaoe?iaaoue ie eniuooaiiai, ie caeac/eea, ie
ineoieiaa, ie ineoieiae/aneoth iaoeo.
5. I?eioeei inaaaeiieaiiiai niaeaney. Iaiaoiaeeii
ecaauaoue eniuooaiiai ia yoe/aneeo i?eioeeiao e
i?aaeeao ineoieiae/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
6. I?aaeei acaeiioaaaeaiey ineoieiaa e eniuooaiiai.
Ineoieia enoiaeeo ec oaaaeaiey ee/iiai aeinoieinoaa,
i?aa e naiaiae, i?iaicaeaoaiiuo e aa?aioe?iaaiiuo
Eiinoeoooeeae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. ?aaioa
aeiioneaaony oieueei iinea iieo/aiey niaeaney
eniuooaiiai a iae o/anoaiaaoue.
7. I?aaeei aaciianiinoe i?eiaiyaiuo iaoiaeee. Ineoieia
i?eiaiyao oieueei oaeea iaoiaeeee enneaaeiaaiey,
eioi?ua ia yaeythony iianiuie aeey caei?iauey
eniuooaiiai.
8. I?aaeei i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey iai?aaeeueiuo aeaenoaee
caeac/eea. Ineoieia eioi?ie?oao eniuooaiiai i
oa?aeoa?a ia?aaeaaaaiie caeac/eeo eioi?iaoeee e
aeaeaao yoi oieueei iinea iieo/aiey niaeaney
eniuooaiiai.
9. I?aaeei nio?oaeie/anoaa ineoieiaa e caeac/eea.
Ineoieia iaycai oaaaeiieoue caeac/eea i ?aaeueiuo
aiciiaeiinoyo nia?aiaiiie ineoieiae/aneie iaoee a
iaeanoe iinoaaeaiiuo caeac/eeii aii?inia, i
i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioiinoe e a?aieoeao naieo
aiciiaeiinoae.
10. I?aaeei i?ioanneiiaeueiiai iauaiey ineoieiaa e
eniuooaiiai. Ineoieia aeieaeai aeaaeaoue iaoiaeaie
ineoiaeeaaiinoe/aneie aanaaeu, iaaethaeaiey,
ineoieiae/aneiai aicaeaenoaey ia oaeii o?iaia,
eioi?ue iicaieye au, n iaeiie noi?iiu, yooaeoeaii
?aoaoue iinoaaeaiioth caaea/o, a n ae?oaie –
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue o eniuooaiiai /oanoai oaeiaeaoai?aiey
io iauaiey n ineoieiaii. Auiieiyoue
ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneoth ?aaioo n aieueiui ?ac?aoaaony
oieueei i?e iaee/ee niaoeeaeecaoeee ii iaaeeoeeineie
ineoieiaee, iieo/aiiie a EAO, IAO, IEE ei.
A.I.Aaooa?aaa, AEAeOAa.
11. I?aaeei iainiiaaiiinoe ?acoeueoaoia enneaaeiaaiee
ineoieiaa. Ineoieia oi?ioee?oao ?acoeueoaou
enneaaeiaaiey a oa?ieiao e iiiyoeyo, i?eiyouo a
ineoieiae/aneie iaoea.
12. I?aaeei aaeaeaaoiinoe iaoiaeee. I?eiaiyaiua iaoiaeeee
aeieaeiu auoue aaeaeaaoiu oeaeyi enneaaeiaaiey,
aic?anoo, iieo, ia?aciaaieth, ninoiyieth
eniuooaiiai, oneiaeyi yenia?eiaioa.
13. I?aaeei iao/iinoe ?acoeueoaoia enneaaeiaaiey. A
?acoeueoaoao enneaaeiaaiey aeieaeii auoue oieueei oi,
/oi iai?aiaiii iieo/eo ethaie ae?oaie enneaaeiaaoaeue
oaeie aea niaoeeaeecaoeee e eaaeeoeeaoeee, anee ii
iiaoi?ii i?iecaaaeao eioa?i?aoaoeeth ia?ae/iuo
aeaiiuo, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeyao ineoieia.
14. I?aaeei acaaoaiiinoe naaaeaiee ineoieiae/aneiai
oa?aeoa?a. Ineoieia ia?aaeaao caeac/eeo ?acoeueoaou
enneaaeiaaiee a oa?ieiao e iiiyoeyo, ecaanoiuo
caeac/eeo, a oi?ia eiie?aoiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee. Ii ia
ia?aaeaao ieeaeeo naaaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaee au
oooaeoeoue iieiaeaiea eniuooaiiai, caeac/eea.
15. I?aaeei eiaee?iaaiey naaaeaiee. Ia anao iaoa?eaeao
ineoieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a oeacuaathony ia oaieeey,
eiy, io/anoai eniuooaiuo, a i?enaiaiiue ei eiae,
ecaanoiue oieueei ineoieiao.
16. I?aaeei eiio?iee?oaiiai o?aiaiey naaaeaiee
ineoieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Ineoieia aeieaeai
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii niaeaniaaoue n caeac/eeii nienie
eeoe, eiathueo aeinooi e iaoa?eaeai, oa?aeoa?ecothuei
eniuooaiiai, a oaeaea ianoi e oneiaey eo o?aiaiey,
oeaee eniieueciaaiey e n?iee oie/oiaeaiey.
17. I?aaeei ei??aeoiiai eniieueciaaiey naaaeaiee
ineoieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Naaaeaiey
ineoieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a ia eniuooaiii ie a eiai
neo/aa ia aeieaeiu iiaeeaaeaoue ioe?uoiio ianoaeaeaieth,
ia?aaea/a eee niiauaieth eiio-eeai aia oi?i e oeaeae,
?aeiiaiaeiaaiiuo ineoieiaii
[
YOE*ANEEA NOAIAeA?OU INEOIEIAA
Iauea i?eioeeiu
Ioieo 5. Aeayoaeueiinoue ineoieiaa iai?aaeaia e
aeinoeaeaieth oaeeo aoiaieoa?iuo e nioeeaeueiuo oeaeae, eae
aeaaiiieo/ea, caei?iauea, aunieia ea/anoai aeecie, iieiia
?acaeoea eiaeeaeaeia e a?oii a ?acee/iuo oi?iaoeeyo
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie e nioeeaeueiie aeecie. Iineieueeo ineoieia
yaeyaony ia aaeeinoaaiiui i?ioanneiiaeii, /uey aeayoaeueiinoue
iai?aaeaia ia aeinoeaeaiea yoeo oeaeae, iaiai e nio?oaeie/anoai
n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ae?oaeo i?ioannee aeaeaoaeueiu e a iaeioi?uo
neo/ayo iaiaoiaeeiu, aac eaeeo-eeai i?aaeoaaaeaeaiee ii
ioiioaieth e eiiiaoaioeee e ciaieyi ethaiai ec ieo.
Ioieo 6. Ineoieiaey eae i?ioanney oi?aaeyaony
i?eioeeiaie, iaueie aeey anao i?ioanneiiaeueiuo yoee: oaaaeaiea
e ee/iinoe, caueoa /aeiaa/aneeo i?aa, /oanoai
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, /anoiinoue e ene?aiiinoue ii ioiioaieth e
eeeaioo, iniio?eoaeueiinoue a i?eiaiaiee eino?oiaioia e
i?ioeaaeo?, i?ioanneiiaeueiay eiiiaoaioiinoue, oaa?aeinoue a
aeinoeaeaiee oeaee aiaoaoaeuenoaa e aai iao/iie iniiau.
Ioieo 7. Ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu i?eieiaoue o/anoey eee
niinianoaiaaoue ?ac?aaioea iaoiaeia, iai?aaeaiiuo i?ioea
naiaiaeu eiaeeaeaea e aai oece/aneie eee ineoieiae/aneie
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiay ?ac?aaioea eee
niaeaenoaea a inouanoaeaiee iuoie eee ecaeaaaoaeuenoa, iiieii
oiai, /oi yaeyaony i?anooieaieai, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
iaeaieaa oyaeeia ia?ooaiea i?ioanneiiaeueiie yoeee
ineoieiaia. Iie ia aeieaeiu ie a eaeii ea/anoaa, ie eae
enneaaeiaaoaee, ie eae iiiiuieee eee niiauieee, i?eieiaoue
o/anoea a iuoeao eee ethauo ae?oaeo aeanoieeo, iaaoiaiiuo eee
oieceoaeueiuo aeaenoaeyo, eoi au ie aue eo iauaeo, eaeea au
iaaeiaiey eee iiaeic?aiey i?ioea yoiai eeoea ie auaeaeaaeenue e
eaeay au eioi?iaoeey ie iiaea au auoue iieo/aia io iaai oaeei
iooai a oneiaeyo aiaiiiai eiioeeeoa, a?aaeaeaineie aieiu,
?aaiethoeee, oa??i?enoe/aneeo aeoeee eee ethauo ae?oaeo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua iiaee au auoue enoieeiaaiu eae
ii?aaaeaiea oaeeo aeaenoaee.
Ioieo 8. Ana ineoieiae aeieaeiu, eae ieieioi,
eioi?ie?iaaoue naie i?ioanneiiaeueiua iauaaeeiaiey i
ia?ooaieyo i?aa /aeiaaea, ecaeaaaoaeuenoaao, aeanoieinoe,
iaaoiaiiuo eee oieceoaeueiuo oneiaeyo caeeth/aiey, eoi au ie
aue eo aea?oaie, e i ethaii oaeii neo/aa, noaaoai ei
ecaanoiui a eo i?ioanneiiaeueiie i?aeoeea.
Ioieo 9. Ineoieiae aeieaeiu oaaaeaoue ?aeeaeiciua e
ii?aeueiua oaaaeaeaiey naieo eeeaioia e o/eouaaoue eo i?e
ii?ina, iaiaoiaeeiii i?e i?ioanneiiaeueiii aiaoaoaeuenoaa.
Ioieo 10. I?e ieacaiee iiiiue ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu
inouanoaeyoue aeene?eieiaoeeth ii i?eciaeo i?ienoiaeaeaiey,
aic?anoa, ?aniaie e nioeeaeueiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, iiea,
aa?ieniiaaaeaiey, eaeaieiaee, iaoeeiiaeueiinoe eee ethauo
ae?oaeo
?acee/ee.
Ioieo II. Ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu eniieueciaaoue aeanoue eee
i?aainoiaenoai ii ioiioaieth e eeeaioo, eioi?ua aeaao eo
i?ioanney, aeey ecaea/aiey i?eauee eee iieo/aiey i?aeiouanoa
eae aeey naay, oae e aeey o?aoueeo eeoe.
Ioieo 12. A iniaaiiinoe a ienueiaiiuo aeieoiaioao
ineoieiae aeieaeiu auoue /?acau/aeii inoi?iaeiu, naea?aeaiiu e
e?eoe/iu ii ioiioaieth e naiei eiioeaioeeyi e caeeth/aieyi,
o/eouaay aiciiaeiinoue eo aini?eyoey eae oie/eaeeoaeueiua e
aeene?eieie?othuea, iai?eia?, ii?iaeueiue – aaii?iaeueiue,
aaeaioe?iaaiiue – iaaaeaioe?iaaiiue, eioaeeeaaioiue –
oinoaaiii ionoaeue.
Ioieo 13. Ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoue iaieioeyoeaiua
i?ioeaaeo?u n oeaeueth aeiaeoueny ia?auaiey e iei ii?aaeaeaiiuo
eeeaioia, a oaeaea aeaenoaiaaoue oaeei ia?acii, /oiau
ieacaoueny iiiiiieenoaie a naiae iaeanoe, Ineoieiae,
?aaioathuea a iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo, ia aeieaeiu
eniieueciaaoue yoi i?aeiouanoai aeey oaaee/aiey nianoaaiiie
/anoiie i?aeoeee.
Ioieo 14. Ineoieia ia aeieaeai aeiioneaoue eniieueciaaiey
naiaai eiaie eee iiaeiene eeoeaie, ia eiathueie aeieaeiie
eaaeeoeeaoeee e iiaeaioiaee, aeey iacaeiiiiai i?eiaiaiey
ineoieiae/aneeo iaoiaeia. Ineoieiae aeieaeiu niiauaoue i anao
neo/ayo iinyaaoaeuenoaa ia /oaeea i?aaa, eioi?ua noaee ei
ecaanoiu. Aaniieaciua e iniiaaiiua ia iaiaia aeaenoaey ia
aeieaeiu i?ee?uaaoueny eaaeeoeeaoeeae ineoieiaa.
Ioieo 15. A neo/aa, eiaaea ee/iua eioa?anu eeeaioa
anooiatho a i?ioeai?a/ea n eioa?anaie o/?aaeaeaiey, ineoieia
aeieaeai iinoa?aoueny auiieiyoue naie ooieoeee n iaeneiaeueiie
aani?eno?anoiinoueth. Ia?auaiea ca iiiiuueth a aeaiiia
o/?aaeaeaiea i?aaeiieaaaao o/ao eioa?ania eeeaioa, oaaaeaiea e
aieiaiea e iaio ni noi?iiu ineoieiaa, eioi?ue a
niioaaonoaothueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao iiaeao aunooiaoue eae aai
caueoiee ii ioiioaieth e aaeieieno?aoeee o/?aaeaeaiey.
I i?ioanneiiaeueiie eiiiaoaioeee e ioiioaieyo n ae?oaeie
i?ioanneiiaeaie
Ioieo 16. I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?ioanneiiaeueiiai
ineoieiaa iniiauaathony ia i?eioeeia i?ioanneiiaeueiie
iacaaeneiinoe e aaoiiiiee iacaaeneii io neoaeaaiiai
iieiaeaiey a ii?aaeaeaiiie i?aaiecaoeee e io i?ioanneiiaeia
aieaa aunieiai ?aiaa e aaeieieno?aoeee.
Ioieo 17. I?ioanneiiaeueiue noaoon ineoieiaa aace?oaony
ia aai niiniaiinoyo e eaaeeoeeaoeee, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
auiieiaiey aai iaycaiiinoae. Ineoieia aeieaeai auoue
i?ioanneiiaeueii iiaeaioiaeaiiui e eiaoue niaoeeaeecaoeeth a
i?eiaiaiee iaoiaeia, eino?oiaioa?ey e i?ioeaaeo?, i?eiaiyaiuo
a aeaiiie iaeanoe. *anoueth aai ?aaiou yaeyaony iinoiyiiia
iiaeaea?aeaiea ia nia?aiaiiii o?iaia naieo i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
ciaiee e oiaiee,
Ioieo 18. Ineoieia ia aeieaeai i?eiaiyoue iaoiaeu e
i?ioeaaeo?u, ia i?ioaaeoea aeinoaoi/iie ai?iaaoeee a ?aieao
nia?aiaiiuo iao/iuo ciaiee, aac i?aaeoaaaeaeaiey ii ioiioaieth
e nouanoaothuaio ?aciiia?aceth oai?ee e oeie. A neo/aa
eniuoaiey ineoieiae/aneeo iaoiaeee, aua ia iieo/eaoeo
iao/iie ioeaiee, eeeaiou ia aeieaeiu auoue iieiinoueth
oaaaeiieaiu
ia yoii ca?aiaa.
Ioieo 19. Ana ineoieiae/aneea aeaiiua, eae ?acoeueoaou
ianeaaeiaaiey, oae e naaaeaiey i aiaoaoaeuenoaa e ea/aiee,
aeieaeiu auoue aeinooiiu oieueei aeey i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
ineoieiaia, a /uee iaycaiiinoe aoiaeeo ia?acaeaoaiea eo n?aaee
iaeiiiaoaioiuo eeoe. Ineoieiae aeieaeiu i?eieiaoue ia?u aeey
niioaaonoaothuaai o?aiaiey aeieoiaioaoeee.
Ioieo 20. Eiaaea eioa?anu ineoieiae/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey
eee aiaoaoaeuenoaa o?aaotho oaniiai nio?oaeie/anoaa n
i?ioanneiiaeaie ec ae?oaeo iaeanoae, ineoieiae aeieaeiu
iaania/eaaoue niioaaonoaothuaa acaeiiaeaenoaea oae, /oiau iii
auei iai?aaeaii ia aeaai ineoieiaa e aai eeeaioa.
Ioieo 21. Ineoieiae/aneea iaoiaeu ia aeieaeiu niaoeaaoueny
– eae a i?eiaiaiee, oae e a eo i?aaenoaaeaiee iauanoaaiiinoe
– n iaoiaeaie, /oaeaeuie iao/iui iniiaai ineoieiaee.
Ioieo 22. Ia ioeacuaaynue io iao/iie e?eoeee oai, aaea
iia iaiaoiaeeia, ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu aeene?aaeeoe?iaaoue
eieeaa
eee i?aaenoaaeoaeae ae?oaeo i?ioannee, eniieuecothueo oa aea eee
eiua iao/iua iaoiaeu, e aeieaeiu i?iyaeyoue oaaaeaiea e oai
oeieai e iai?aaeaieyi, eioi?ua iao/ii e i?ioanneiiaeueii
eiiiaoaioiu.
Ioieo 23. ?aaioa ineoieiaa aace?oaony ia i?aaa e
iaycaiiinoe i?iyaeyoue oaaaeaiea (e iieueciaaoueny oaeiaui) e
ae?oaei i?ioanneiiaeai, iniaaiii a iaeanoyo, aeecei
nii?eeanathueony a naiae aeayoaeueiinoe n ineoieiaeae.
I aiaoaoaeuenoaa
Ioieo 24. Ineoieiae aeieaeiu ioeacaoueny io
aiaoaoaeuenoaa, anee iie oaa?aiu, /oi eo iiiiuue aoaeao
eniieueciaaia ai a?aae eee i?ioea caeiiiuo eioa?ania
eiaeeaeaeia, a?oii, i?aaiecaoeee eee iauei.
Ioieo 25. Inouanoaeyy aiaoaoaeuenoai ii ioiioaieth e
eiaeeaeaeai, a?oiiai, i?aaiecaoeeyi eee iaueiai, ineoieia
aeieaeai i?aaeinoaaeoue ei iaiaoiaeeioth eioi?iaoeeth ia
iniiaiuo
?aoaaiuo i?iaeaiao, iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeyo e eniieuecoaiuo
iaoiaeao. A neo/aa ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo eee th?eaee/anee
iaaeaaniiniaiuo eeoe, ?iaeeoaee eee iiaeoiu aeieaeiu auoue
i?ieioi?ie?iaaiu. A ethaii neo/aa neaaeoao ecaaaaoue
iaieioee?iaaiey eiaeeaeaeaie e no?aieoueny e ?acaeoeth e
aaoiiiiiinoe eiie?aoiiai neo/ay.
Ioieo 26. Ineoieia aeieaeai no?aieoueny e caaa?oaieth
aiaoaoaeuenoaa e ia i?iaeeaaaoue aai iaoiaeaie nie?uoey
eioi?iaoeee eee iaiaia eae a neo/aa aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiie
oeaee, oae e a neo/aa iaaiciiaeiinoe aa aeinoeaeaiey iinea
i?eiaiaiey aeinooiiuo iaoiaeia e n?aaenoa ia i?ioyaeaiee
aeinoaoi/iiai a?aiaie. A iineaaeiai neo/aa eiaeeaeae, a?oiia,
i?aaiecaoeey eee iaueia aeieaeiu auoue eioi?ie?iaaiu i oii,
eaeea ae?oaea ineoieiae eee i?aaenoaaeoaee eiuo iaeanoae
ciaiey iiaoo i?iaeieaeeoue aiaoaoaeuenoai.
Ioieo 27. Ie a eiai neo/aa naiaiaea eeeaioa – eae a
ioiioaiee i?ae?auaiey aiaoaoaeuenoaa, oae e a ioiioaiee
eiinoeueoaoeee o ae?oaiai ineoieiaa eee eiiai niaoeeaeenoa – ia
aeieaeia auoue ia?aie/aia. Neaaeoao iiiu?youe niiniaiinoue
eeeaioa i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey ia iniiaa aeinoaoi/iie eioi?iaoeee.
Ineoieia iiaeao ioeacaoueny i?iaeieaeaoue aiaoaoaeuenoai, anee
iii inouanoaeyaony iaeiia?aiaiii n aiaoaoaeuenoaii ae?oaiai
oeia, auiieiyaiui ae?oaei i?ioanneiiaeii,
Ioieo 28. Ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu iieueciaaoueny aeanoueth,
eioi?oth eo noaoon iiaeao ei aeaoue, aeey o?aaiaaiey iniauo
?aai/eo oneiaee eee ieaou, i?aainoiaeyuae i?eiyooth a iau/iuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao.
Ioieo 29. Ineoieia ia aeieaeai iicaieyoue aiaea/ue naay
i?ioanneiiaeueii a iaynioth neooaoeeth, aaea aai ?ieue eee
ooieoeee ieaaeoony iaoianoiu eee aeaoniuneaiiu.
Ioieo 30. Ineoieiae ia aeieaeiu aiaoeaaoueny a aeaenoaey,
i?aaei?eiyoua ae?oaeie niaoeeaeenoaie.
Ioieo 31. A neo/aa, eiaaea oneoae ineoieiaa o?aaothony
aeey ?aeeaiiie eee eiiia?/aneie eiiiaiee, ii aeieaeai
nio?oaeie/aoue n oeaeueth iaania/aiey i?aaaeeainoe eioi?iaoeee e
io?aiu eioa?ania eiaeeaeaeia.
Ioieo 32. Ineoieiae aeieaeiu niaethaeaoue iniaoth
inoi?iaeiinoue a oii, /oiau ia aucaaoue iaiainiiaaiiuo
iaeeaeaiee, inouanoaeoue eioi?ua iie aiineaaenoaee ieaaeoony
i?ioanneiiaeueii ia niiniaiu.
I enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaioao e ia?aciaaiee
Ioieo 33. Ana ineoieiae, a eaeie au iaeanoe ineoieiaee
iie ie ?aaioaee, aeieaeiu no?aieoueny niinianoaiaaoue i?ia?anno
iaoee aiiaua e ineoieiaee a /anoiinoe, inouanoaeyy
enneaaeiaaiey e i?eaea?aeeaaynue iao/iuo iiaeoiaeia a naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe, a oaeaea ia?aaeaaay naie ciaiey nooaeaioai e
ae?oaei i?ioanneiiaeai.
Ioieo 34. I?e auiieiaiee enneaaeiaaiee ineoieiae aeieaeiu
eaoaai?e/anee ioeacuaaoueny io aeaenoaee, iiaoueo i?eaanoe e
iinoiyiiiio, iaainiieieiiio eee ia iaiaoiaeeiiio oua?ao aeey
eniuooaiuo. O/anoieee ethaie enneaaeiaaoaeueneie i?ia?aiiu
aeieaeiu au?aceoue naia iaaeaoniuneaiiia niaeanea ia i?iaaaeaiea
yenia?eiaioia; a neo/aa ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo eee th?eaee/anee
iaaeaaniiniaiuo eeoe oaeia niaeanea aeieaeii auoue iieo/aii io
?iaeeoaeae eee iiaeoiia.
Ioieo 35. Anee ineoieiae/aneia enneaaeiaaiea
nii?iaiaeaeaaony eaeei-eeai a?aiaiiui oua?aii eee
aeeneiioi?oii, eae, iai?eia?, yeaeo?e/aneee oie eee
naini?iay aeai?eaaoeey, enneaaeiaaoaeue aeieaeai a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue
oaeinoiaa?eoueny a oii, /oi ana o/anoieee iiuoia aeaenoaotho
niaa?oaiii naiaiaeii, aac iinoi?iiiaai aeaaeaiey a eaeii-eeai
aeaea; e o/anoeth a yenia?eiaioa ia aeieaeai auoue aeiiouai
ieeoi
aei oao ii?, iiea enneaaeiaaoaeue ia oaaaeeony, /oi ia yoii
oua?aa eniuooaiua auee oaaaeiieaiu ca?aiaa e aeaee naia
niaeanea. Aeaaea a neo/aa niaeaney ia?aae yenia?eiaioii,
eniuooaiue iiaeao i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i naiai aeaeueiaeoai
iao/anoee a i?ia?aiia a ethaie iiiaio.
Ioieo 36. Anee oneiaey yenia?eiaioa o?aaotho
aeaceioi?iaoeee eee iaiaia eniuooaiiai, ineoieia aeieaeai
oaaaeeoueny a oii, /oi yoi ia i?eaaaeao e neieueei-ieaoaeue
aeeeoaeueiiio oua?ao aeey o/anoieeia iiuoa, e a ethaii neo/aa
yenia?eiaioaeueiue oa?aeoa? e iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaiaia aeieaeiu
auoue ?ane?uou i?e ieii/aiee yenia?eiaioaeueiie i?ia?aiiu.
Ioieo 37. Ineoieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey a ii?iaeueiie
neooaoeee, eae yenia?eiaioaeueiua, oae e iana?aaoeeiiiua,
aeieaeiu anaaaea auiieiyoueny n oaaaeaieai ii ioiioaieth e
aeinoieinoao eiaeeaeaea, aai aa?iaaieyi, eioeiiui neooaoeeyi,
ne?iiiinoe e oeaeiioae?eth i?e enneaaeiaaiee naenoaeueiiai
iiaaaeaiey, a oaeaea i?e ianeaaeiaaiee i?anoa?aeuo, aieueiuo,
caeeth/aiiuo, o. a. eeoe, eiathueo ia oieueei ii?aaeaeaiiua
nioeeaeueiua ia?aie/aiey, ii e ia?aaeeaathueo na?ueacioth
/aeiaa/aneoth ae?aio.
Ioieo 38. I?e yenia?eiaioao iaae aeeaioiuie no?aaeaiey,
a?aae eee aeeneiioi?o, ia yaeythueany aaniethoii iaiaoiaeeiuie
aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiie enneaaeiaaoaeueneie oeaee e
ii?aaaeaiiuie n oi/ee c?aiey iaoee e eioa?ania /aeiaaea,
aeieaeiu auoue eneeth/aiu eee naaaeaiu aei ieieioia. I?e
oe?o?ae/aneeo iia?aoeeyo ia aeeaioiuo aeieaeii i?eiaiyoueny
iaacaieeaaiea e i?eieiaoueny iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u ii
i?aaeioa?auaieth ineiaeiaiee. Ia?niiae, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
caieiathueeny enneaaeiaaoaeueneie ?aaioie n aeeaioiuie, aeieaeai
a niaea?aeaiee aeeaioiuo, ia?auaiee n ieie e i?e yaoaiacee
?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie noaiaea?oaie.
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