IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?ANIOAEEEE IIEAeIAA
IIEAeAANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
TH?EAeE*ANEEE OAEOEUeOAO
EAOAAe?A IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI I?AAA AIAOIEO YEIIIIE*ANEEO NAssCAE
O/aaiay aeenoeeieia:
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ioaee/iia i?aai
EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA IA OAIO :
?ANOEOOOeEss EOEUeOO?IUO OeAIIINOAE: IAAEAeOIA?IAeII-I?AAIAIE ANIAEO
Auiieiee
nooaeaio th?eaee/aneiai
oaeoeueoaoa 4-ai
eo?na 15-e a?oiiu:
Iaeno?aiei TH?ee
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
Caa?aeai Aeeaia
Aaeaioeiiaia
EEOEIAA 1999
IEAI:
Aaaaeaiea
I. Iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe” a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeoao e aioo?aiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noa.
II. ?anoeoooeey eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae:
a) ?acaeoea e noaiiaeaiea einoeoooa ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
a) Iaoaieci aeaenoaey einoeoooa ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
niaeanii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui eiiaaioeeyi
III. I?iaeaiu ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, ia?aiauaiiuo a aiaeu
II–ie Ie?iaie aieiu.
Caeeth/aiea
“… iniiauaaoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiia
eoeueoo?iia nio?oaeie/anoai ia
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo i?eioeeiao
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, oi anoue
oaaaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai
noaa?aieoaoa e iacaaeneiinoe,
?aaainoaa i?aa, iaaiaoaoaeuenoaa
ai aioo?aiiea aeaea e acaeiiie
auaiaea”.
Ec iaoa?eaeia Iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie
eiioa?aioeee ii i?aaiecaoeeiiiui,
aaeieieno?aoeaiui e oeiainiaui
aniaeoai iieeoeee a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u,
Aaiaoeey, 24 aaaonoa – 2 naioya?y 1970 aiaea.
Aaaaeaiea
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey oa?aeoa?ecothony naycyie
ainoaea?noa a naiuo ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. A
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yoi eanaaony iieeoe/aneeo ioiioaiee, ia iniiaa eioi?uo
eaaeaeia ainoaea?noai no?ieo naith aiaoithth iieeoeeo, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyao iniiau nio?oaeie/anoaa yoiai ainoaea?noaa n ae?oaeie
ainoaea?noaaie a eiuo iaeanoyo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo naycae: a yeiiiie/aneie
iaeanoe, a iaeanoe iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, a aoiaieoa?iie
iaeanoe, a iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ai?ueau n i?anooiiinoueth e o.ae.
Nio?oaeie/anoai ainoaea?noa a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u oiaea aoiaeeo a yoio
nienie.
Eoeueoo?a, naia ii naaa eae iaua/aeiaa/aneay oeaiiinoue, ia i?eciaao
a?aieoe. Acaeiiaeaenoaea, acaeiiiaiaauaiea ?acee/iuo eoeueoo?
i?ienoiaeeo ia naiuo ?aciuo o?iaiyo e ainoaea?noaa ia a neeao
inoaiiaeoue yoio i?ioeann. Iaeiaei, ainoaea?noaai iiae neeo i?ioeann
yoio oi?inoeoue, onei?eoue, naeaeaoue iaeaieaa i?eaieaiuie “i?aaeea
ea?u”, ii eioi?ui i?ienoiaeeo eoeueoo?iue iaiai iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie.
Eino?oiaioii yoiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeyaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ioaee/iia
i?aai, a oi/iaa niaeaoaiey e eiiaaioeee iaaeaeo noauaeoaie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuea iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eoeueoo?iue
iaiai. Iaeaieaa eioaineaiia ?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa a yoie
iaeanoe iu iaaethaeaai ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OO aaea. Ia yoi nouanoaoao
?yae iauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei:
– Aoi?ay Ie?iaay aieia, n aa ia?iiiuie iaainiieieiuie iioa?yie
eoeueoo?iuo iaiyoieeia e eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae;
– O/?aaeaeaiea a 1945 aiaeo ia Eiiaeiineie eiioa?aioeee I?aaiecaoeee
Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee ii aii?inai ia?aciaaiey, iaoee e eoeueoo?u
(THIANEI), noaaoae n 1946 aiaea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieai
I?aaiecaoeee Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee (III);
– ?acaeoea anaai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa eae iniiau iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo
ioiioaiee;
– Ia?anoathuay oa?ica nio?aiiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe ia?aaea/e iioiieai
eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey a aeaeo naiuo ?acee/iuo i?e/ei (i iaeioi?uo iu
iiaiai?ei a yoie ?aaioa).
Aaaeiaeoae ooieoeeae iauaiey ainoaea?noa a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u yaeyaony
oi, “/oi eoeueoo?iua iaiaiu e nio?oaeie/anoai niaeaenoaotho eo/oaio
acaeiiiiieiaieth iaaeaeo ethaeueie e iaaeaeo ia?iaeaie e niinianoaotho
oaeei ia?acii oi?i/iaieth niaeaney iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie…”
Iaeiei ec aeaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eoeueoo?iiai iaiaia e
nio?oaeie/anoaa yaeyaony iaiai e ?ani?ino?aiaiea eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
Oaeea oaaeaa?u eae niai? Aaneeey Aeaaeaiiiai a Iineaa e iaacieae
Oaaeae-Iaoae a Eiaeee, O?ai Iaaa a Iaeeia e Iaeaoeoeei Aaeeei ai
Oei?aioeee, eeiia “O?ieoea” Aiae?ay ?oaeaaa e “Neenoeineay iaaeiiia”
?aoayey, aeai?oeu Aa?naey e Iaoa?aioa yaeythony eoeueoo?iuie oeaiiinoyie
ia oieueei no?ai ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey, ii ninoaaeytho eoeueoo?iia ianeaaeea
anaai /aeiaa/anoaa.
Ana oaaeaa?u ninoaaeytho aeinoiyiea iaua/aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u. Iiyoiio
a iaaeainoaea?noaaiiii iauaiee i?ienoiaeeo acaeiiiaiai eoeueoo?iuie
oeaiiinoyie, ia iniiaa eioi?iai ethaee ?aciuo no?ai iiaoo iciaeiieoueny
n eoeueoo?iuie oeaiiinoyie, ninoaaeythueie eieeaeoeee naiuo ?acee/iuo
eoeueoo?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee ie?a (iocae, aaea?ae, aeaeeioaee e o.ae.). Oae,
ssiiiey ciaeiieony n ?aaioaie ?onneeo ooaeiaeieeia- ia?aaeaeaeieeia XIX
aaea, a a Iineao i?eacaeaao aunoaaea i?iecaaaeaiee Naeueaaaei?a Aeaee,
aeeoaee Aa?iiu iinauatho aunoaaeo ?aaio ?aia?aiaeoa, Aaeaneana,
Oeoeeaia. Aiee, Yeue-A?aei ec nia?aiey Iueth-Ei?eneiai iocay
Iao?iiieeoai, a eaiaaeoeu – aunoaaeo i?iecaaaeaiee eneonnoaa
n?aaeiaaaeiaie ssiiiee. Anai yoei eiioaeoai i?aaeoanoaoao e?iiioeeaay
?aaioa iiiaeo ethaeae ia naiii ?aciii o?iaia: io i?aaeoaeuenoa e
ieienoa?noa ainoaea?noa aei ?aaioieeia iocaaa, aaea?ae e ae?oaeo
iai?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
Iaeiaei, iaiai iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuie eoeueoo?iuie oeaiiinoyie
aea/ao e nouanoaaiiua i?iaeaiu. Iaeiie ec oaeeo i?iaeai iauaie?iaiai
oa?aeoa?a yaeythony aii?inu io?aiu iaiyoieeia eoeueoo?u. Iianiinoue,
eioi?ie iiaeaa?aathony eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe, eiaao aeaieioth i?e?iaeo:
ai-ia?auo, yoi iauaeoeaiua i?iaeaiu, eanathueany nio?aiiinoe iaiyoieeia
aaeaeo eo anoanoaaiiiai noa?aiey e ?ac?ooaiey. Nthaea aoiaeyo aii?inu
?anoaa?aoeee, eiina?aaoeee iaiyoieeia, ?acee/iuo oi?i e iaoiaeia io?aiu
io oece/aneiai ?ac?ooaiey;
ai-aoi?uo, i?iaeaiu, enoi/ieeii eioi?uo neoaeeo naii /aeiaa/anoai, o.e.
naieie aieiaie e aii?oaeaiiuie eiioeeeoaie, e?aaeaie e oeuaieyie iii
iaiineo a?aae eoeueoo?iui oeaiiinoyi a ianeieueei ?ac aieueoa, /ai
i?e?iaeiua eaoaeeeciu eee oece/aneia aicaeaenoaea a?aiaie ia iaiyoieee
eoeueoo?u.
I?ioeaiaeaenoaea i?iaeaiai anoanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ?aaeaiaioe?oaony
oaoie/aneeie ii?iaie. I?iaeaiu io?aiu iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u,
eiathuea enoi/iee a aeaea /aeiaa/aneeo acaeiiioiioaiee, ?aaoee?oaony
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eaaeaeiai ainoaea?noaa. Iaeiaei, io?aia eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae ia iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue eeoue ia o?iaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. Caeanue iaiaoiaeeii acaeiiaeaenoaea ainoaea?noa,
iauaaeeiaiea eo oneeee, eiathueo eiia/ioth oeaeue – nio?aiaiea
eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey anaai /aeiaa/anoaa e ia?aaea/a aai aoaeouei
iieieaieyi. A yoii niune ?aaeaiaioaoeee aii?inia io?aiu eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeaoonoi?iiieo e iiiainoi?iiieo
niaeaoaieyo.
Aeaiiay ?aaioa aoaeao iinayuaia eeoue iaeiiio ec einoeoooia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie io?aiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae – ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae. A ie?a ia?aaeei aicieeatho neooaoeee, eiaaea eoeueoo?iia
aeinoiyiea, i?eiaaeeaaeauaa iaeiie no?aia, a neeo ?acee/iuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa ia?aiauaaony a ae?oaoth no?aio. A yoie nayce aicieeaao
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay neooaoeey, a oiaea eioi?ie iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue
iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaue noaoon eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae e ii?yaeie eo
?anoeoooeee (aica?aoa) oie noi?iia, eioi?ie iie i?eiaaeeaaeao ii i?aao.
Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii oaeie neooaoeee yaeythony aieiu e aii?oaeaiiua
eiioeeeou. Ia i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa aieiu
nii?iaiaeaeaeenue ia?aiauaieai eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, eioi?ua a aeaea
o?ioaaa iiaaaeeaoae noi?iiie auaiceeenue ca i?aaeaeu no?aiu, i?iea?aaoae
a aii?oaeaiiii eiioeeeoa. Ia?aaeei ca eaeie-eeai eiie?aoiie eoeueoo?iie
oeaiiinoueth oyiaony oeaeue oeaeo ia?aiauaiee ec iaeieo ?oe a ae?oaea.
Ae?oaei, auaeaeioaoainy a iineaaeiaa a?aiy ia ia?aua ?iee, enoi/ieeii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo neooaoeee, a oiaea ?ac?aoaiey eioi?uo iaiaoiaeeii
i?eiaiyoue einoeooo ?anoeoooeee, yaeythony i?ioeaaoathuea e?aaee e
a?aaaaee iocaaa, aaea?ae, /anoiuo nia?aiee e ia?ai?iaeaaea oe?aaeaiiuo
oeaiiinoae a ae?oaea ainoaea?noaa. ?anoeaao aeaiiiai aeaea i?anooieaiee
iauyniyaony oai. *oi ia/eiay n na?aaeeiu XIX aaea eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe
ia/eiatho ?anniao?eaaoueny iaeioi?uie ninoiyoaeueiuie ethaeueie ia
neieueei, eae i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa, a eae oi?ioaa e auaiaeiia
iiiauaiea eaieoaea. Ni a?aiaiai yoi oaaaeaeaiea eeoue oneeeeinue. Oae,
?e/a?ae Ouethec, Oiae Ouethec e Yaeaa?ae A?aaeee a eieaa “Oiiaeiaue
?uiie” i?eaiaeyo oaaeeoeo aeioiaeiinoe ?acee/iuo oeiainiauo e
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeoeaia. Ia ia?aii ianoa a yoie oaaeeoea iaoiaeyony
ea?oeiu noa?uo ianoa?ia, inoaaea iicaaee aeoeee,cieioi, a?eeeeaiou,
iaooue, iaaeaeaeeiinoue, iaeeaaoeee e ae?oaea aeoeau. Eae ecaanoii,
ni?in ?iaeaeaao i?aaeeiaeaiea. Iiyoiio, iineieueeo e?aaee eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae i?eiinyo cia/eoaeueiua aeeaeaeaiaeu. Ianiio?y ia naie
e?eieiaeueiue oa?aeoa?, iie aoaeoo nouanoaiaaoue e aoaeao nouanoaiaaoue
iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?ioeainoiyoue yoie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiei ec iaoaieciia
oaeiai i?ioeainoiyiey yaeyaony ?anoeoooeey.
E, i?aaeaea /ai ia?aeoe e iniiaiie /anoe yoie ?aaiou, oi/aony
aniiiieoue neiaa aaeeeiai ?onneiai ienaoaey O.I.Aeinoiaaneiai: “E?anioa
nianao ie?!”. Ia?ao?ace?iaaa yoi auneacuaaiea, iu iieo/ei iniiaioth
eaeath eae aeaiiie ?aaiou, oae e anao oneeee ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
?aaeaiaioaoeee io?aiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae: “Ie? nianao e?anioo!”.
I. IIIssOEA “EOEUeOO?IUA OeAIIINOE”A IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUO AEOAO E AIOO?AIIAI
CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA
AINOAeA?NOA.
Aeey ?anniio?aiey iniiaiuo aii?inia yoie ?aaiou i?aaeaea anaai
iaiaoiaeeii aeaoue ?acaa?iooia oieeiaaiea iniiaiiio iiiyoeth, eioi?ui iu
aoaeai iia?e?iaaoue ia i?ioyaeaiee anae eo?niaie ?aaiou. Iiiyoea yoi –
eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe (biens culturels, cultural property, bienes
culturales). Iie yaeythony iniiaiui iauaeoii iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiauo
ioiioaiee ainoaea?noa ii ?anoeoooeee. Iiyoiio, i?aaeaea, /ai
?anniao?eaaoue iaoaieci aeaenoaey yoiai einoeoooa, iaiaoiaeeii
auynieoue, ii iiaiaeo /aai aicieeatho yoe ioiioaiey e /oi aoiaeeo a
iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”.
Niaaoneee Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue, ii?aaeaeyy iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a”,
ieoao. *oi yoi “… enoi?e/anee ii?aaeaeaiiue o?iaaiue ?acaeoey iauanoaa,
oai?/aneeo nee e niiniaiinoae /aeiaaea, au?aaeaiiue a oeiao e oi?iao
i?aaiecaoeee aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, a oaeaea a nicaeaaaaiuo
eie iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo oeaiiinoyo …”(auaeaeaii iiith, I.TH.). A
yoii ii?aaeaeaiee ian iniai eioa?anoao iineaaeiaa iieiaeaiea. Ec iaai
neaaeoao. *oi eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe – yoi iaoa?eaeueii ?aaeeciaaiiay
eoeueoo?a, o.a. eoeueoo?a iaoiaeeo naia au?aaeaiea a ii?aaeaeaiiuo
?aaeueii nouanoaothueo i?aaeiaoao. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aaeaaay aoaeouei
iieieaieyi yoe i?aaeiaou, iu ciaeiiei eo n eoeueoo?ie, i?eiauaai eo e
iae e nio?aiyai aa aeey neaaeothuaai iieieaiey.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaii aniaeoa iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”
eiaao aeaa iniaaiiinoe. Ai-ia?auo, a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeeyo eee
niaeaoaieyo (aeiaiai?ao) ia nouanoaoao oieaa?naeueiiai iiiyoey
“eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”, eioi?ia ioaaouaaei au ana iauaeou,
iiaeiaaeathuea iiae aeaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea. Aoi?ay iniaaiiinoue
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eaaeaeay iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eiiaaioeey aeaao
ii?aaeaeaiea eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, enoiaey ec niaoeeoeee oao
i?aaiioiioaiee, eioi?ua iia i?ecaaia o?aaoee?iaaoue. Ia iniiaa yoeo
aeaoo iniaaiiinoae e neiaeeeinue iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”,
oeao?e?othuaa a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeoao. ?anniio?ei iniiaiua ec ieo.
A aeiaiai?a i caueoa o/?aaeaeaiee, neoaeaueo oeaeyi iaoee e eneonnoaa,
a oaeaea enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia, aieueoa ecaanoiii, eae Iaeo ?a?eoa,
i?eiyoii 15 ai?aey 1935 a. a Aaoeiaoiia, ii?aaeaeaiea “eoeueoo?iua
oeaiiinoe” ionoonoaoao. Iauaeo caueou ii?aaeaeai a no.1 Iaeoa:
“Enoi?e/aneea iaiyoieee, iocae e o/?aaeaeaiey, neoaeauea oeaeyi iaoee,
eneonnoaa, ia?aciaaiey e eoeueoo?u…” Oaeei ia?acii, a yoii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aeieoiaioa i?aaei?eiyoa ia?aay, ionoue e neaaay,
iiiuoea ii?aaeaeaiey eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, aeaaea ianiio?y ia
ionoonoaea naiiai iiiyoey “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe” a niaea?aeaiee
Aeiaiai?a.
Aia?aua iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe” ano?a/aaony a Eiiaaioeee i
caueoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae a neo/aa aii?oaeaiiiai eiioeeeoa,
iiaeienaiiie a Aaaaa 14 iay 1954 a. Ii?aaeaeaiea. Niaea?aeauaany a no.1
yoie Eiiaaioeee iu ?anniio?ei iiae?iaiaa.
Ioieo 1 noaouee 1 ii?aaeaeyao, /oi iiae eoeueoo?iuie oeaiiinoyie a
aeaiiie Eiiaaioeee iiae?acoiaaathony oeaiiinoe, aeaeaeeiua e
iaaeaeaeeiua, eioi?ua eiatho aieueoia cia/aiea aeey eoeueoo?iiai
ianeaaeey eaaeaeiai ia?iaea, iacaaeneii io eo i?ienoiaeaeaiey e
aeaaeaeueoea. Ec yoiai ii?aaeaeaiey neaaeoao, /oi eoeueoo?iay oeaiiinoue
– yoi eae aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, oae e iaaeaeaeeiia, oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie,
y au neacae, eaaeeoeoee?othuae, yaeyaony oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi iii
(eiouanoai) eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey
eaaeaeiai ia?iaea. Ii?aaeaeyy iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe” Eiiaaioeey
ii?aaeaeyao eeoue a?aieoeu, i?aai aea ainoaea?noa e ia?iaeia i?e/eneeoue
oo, eee eioth aauue (eiouanoai) e eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoe ieeoi ia
ia?aie/eaaao. Ana caaeneo io enoi?e/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey oiai
eee eiiai ia?iaea. Aieaa oiai, Eiiaaioeey aiai?eo i oii, /oi ia
i?eieiathony ai aieiaiea i?ienoiaeaeaiea eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoe e eoi
yaeyaony aa aeaaeaeueoeai. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe
iiaeao i?eiaaeeaaeaoue eae ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiecaoeeyi eoeueoo?u:
iocayi, aaea?ayi, aeaeeioaeai e o.ae., oae e iaoiaeeoueny a /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe.
Noaouey 1 Eiiaaioeee i caueoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae a neo/aa
aii?oaeaiiiai eiioeeeoa aeaao eeanneoeeaoeeth eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
?acaeaeyy eo ia 3 eaoaai?ee:
1) Iaiin?aaenoaaiii eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe, a eiaiii: iaiyoieee
a?oeoaeoo?u, eneonnoaa eee enoi?ee, ?aeeaeiciua eee naaoneea,
a?oaieiae/aneea ianoi?aniieiaeaiey, a?oeoaeoo?iua ainaiaee, eioi?ua a
ea/anoaa oaeiauo i?aaenoaaeytho enoi?e/aneee eee ooaeiaeanoaaiiue
eioa?an, i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa, ?oeiiene, eieae, ae?oaea i?aaeiaou
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai, enoi?e/aneiai eee a?oaieiae/aneiai cia/aiey, a oaeaea
iao/iua eieeaeoeee eee aaaeiua eieeaeoeee eiea, a?oeaiuo iaoa?eaeia eee
?ai?iaeoeoeee oeaiiinoae, oeacaiiuo auoa.
2) Caeaiey, iniiaiui iacia/aieai eioi?uo yaeyaony o?aiaiea e
yeniiie?iaaiea aeaeaeeiuo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, i?e/eneaiiuo a ia?aie
eaoaai?ee. E iei ioiinyony iocae, e?oiiua aeaeeioaee, o?aieeeua a?oeaia.
3) Oeaio?u nin?aaeioi/aiey eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. E yoie eaoaai?ee
Eiiaaioeey ioiineo oeaio?u, a eioi?uo nia?aii cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. I?eia?ii oaeiai oeaio?a neoaeeo Iineianeee
E?aieue, nai i?aaenoaaeythuee a?oeoaeoo?iue e enoi?e/aneee iaiyoiee, ia
oa??eoi?ee eioi?iai nin?aaeioi/aiu ae?oaea cia/eoaeueiua eoeueoo?iua
oeaiiinoe: iocae Iineianeiai E?aiey, niai?u, Oea?ue-eieieie,
Oea?ue-iooea e ae?oaea. Oeaio?aie nin?aaeioi/aiey eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae iiaoo auoue i?eciaiu e oeaeua ai?iaea, oaeea, iai?eia?, eae
Oei?aioeey, Aaiaoeey, Nocaeaeue.
Ii?aaeaeaiea eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, aeaiiia Aaaaneie Eiiaaioeeae i
caueoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae a neo/aa aii?oaeaiiiai eiioeeeoa 1954a.
i/aiue iaoe?iia e iaeaieaa iieiia. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oaie ioiioaieyie,
eioi?ua iia i?ecaaia o?aaoee?iaaoue e no?aieaieai ioaaoeoue eae iiaeii
aieueoaa /enei iauaeoia, iiaeiaaeathueo iiae iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua
oeaiiinoe” e iieuecothueony i?aaiaie caueoie Eiiaaioeee.
Neaaeothueie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeoaie, niaea?aeaueie iiiyoey
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, yaeythony aeaa aeieoiaioa, i?eiyouo iiae yaeaeie
THIANEI. 19 iiya?y 1964 a. auea i?eiyoa ?aeiiaiaeaoeey i ia?ao,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia cai?auaiea e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea iacaeiiiiai aaica, auaica
e ia?aaea/e i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe, a 14 iiya?y
1970 a. – Eiiaaioeey i ia?ao, iai?aaeaiiuo ia cai?auaiea e
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea iacaeiiiiai aaica, auaica e ia?aaea/e i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe ia eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe(a aeaeueiaeoai, ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
1964 a., Eiiaaioeey 1970 a.).
Ioieo 1 ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii?aaeaeyao eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe eae aeaeaeeiia
e iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, eiathuaa aieueoia cia/aiea aeey eoeueoo?iiai
aeinoiyiey eaaeaeie no?aiu. Ainoaea?noaai ?aeiiaiaeoaony onoaiaaeeaaoue
e?eoa?ee aeey ioianaiey iaoiaeyueony ia eo oa??eoi?ee oeaiiinoae e
eaoaai?ee “ eiathueo aieueoia cia/aiea aeey eoeueoo?iiai aeinoiyiey
no?aiu”. ?aeiiaiaeaoeey aeaao ia?a/aiue oaeeo i?aaeiaoia: i?iecaaaeaiey
eneonnoaa e a?oeoaeoo?u, ?oeiiene, eieae e ae?. i?aaeiaou,
i?aaenoaaeythuea eioa?an n oi/ee c?aiey eneonnoaa, enoi?ee eee
a?oaieiaee, yoiia?aoe/aneea aeieoiaiou, oeie/iua ia?acoeu oei?u e oaoiu,
iao/iua eieeaeoeee e aaaeiua eieeaeoeee eiea e a?oeaiuo aeieoiaioia, a
o./. iocueaeueiua a?oeau.
Eiiaaioeey 1970 a. ii?aaeaeyao a no.1 eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe, eae “
oeaiiinoe ?aeeaeiciiai eee naaoneiai oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua ?anniao?eaathony
eaaeaeui ainoaea?noaii eae i?aaenoaaeythuea cia/aiea aeey a?oaieiaee,
aeienoi?e/aneiai ia?eiaea, enoi?ee, eeoa?aoo?u, eneonnoaa e iaoee. Anee
n?aaieoue ii?aaeaeaiey,aeaiiua a ?aeiiaiaeaoeee 1964a. e Eiiaaioeee 1970
a. n ii?aaeaeaieai eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae Aaaaneie Eiiaaioeee 1954 a.,
?anniio?aiiie auoa, oi iu caiaoei, /oi a ii?aaeaeaieyo, aeaiiuo
?aeiiaiaeaoeeae 1964 a. e Eiiaaioeeae 1970 a. i?yii i?aaeoniio?aii i?aai
naieo ainoaea?noa ii?aaeaeyoue, /oi yaeyaony eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoueth.
Enoiaey ec oeaiiinoe eiaiii aeey aeaiiiai ia?iaea (ainoaea?noaa).
I?e n?aaiaiee ii?aaeaeaiee, aeaiiuo Eiiaaioeeae 1970 a. e
?aeiiaiaeaoeeae 1964 a. noieo ioiaoeoue, /oi Eiiaaioeey ia aeaeeo
eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe ia aeaeaeeiia e iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai. Eiia/ii, a
neeo oa?aeoa?a Eiiaaioeee 1970 a., i?aaeaea anaai eiathony aaeaeo
aeaeaeeiua iauaeou, ii a neeo naiae i?e?iaeu yoi iiaoo auoue e
iaaeaeaeeiua iauaeou .
Eiiaaioeey 1970 a. aeaeeo eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe ia 11 eaoaai?ee:
1) ?aaeeea eieeaeoeee e ia?acoeu oei?u e oaoiu, ieia?aeiaee, aiaoiiee e
i?aaeiaou, i?aaenoaaeythuea eioa?an aeey iaeaiioieiaee;
2) Oeaiiinoe, eanathueany enoi?ee, aeeth/ay enoi?eth iaoee e oaoieee,
enoi?eth aiei e iauanoa, a oaeaea naycaiiua n aeeciueth iaoeeiiaeueiuo
aeayoaeae, iuneeoaeae, o/aiuo e a?oenoia e n e?oiiuie iaoeeiiaeueiuie
niauoeyie;
3) A?oaieiae/aneea iaoiaeee (aeeth/ay iau/iua e oaeiua) e
a?oaieiae/aneea ioe?uoey. (E oaeiui a?oaieiae/aneei iaoiaeeai ioiinyony
aeiauoua i?e iacaeiiii i?iaiaeeiuo ?aneiieao aac niaoeeaeueiiai
?ac?aoaiey ainoaea?noaa – i?ei.I.TH.);
4) Ninoaaiua /anoe ?an/eaiaiiuo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo e enoi?e/aneeo
iaiyoieeia e enoi?e/aneeo iano;
5) Noa?eiiua i?aaeiaou aieaa, /ai noieaoiae aeaaiinoe, oaeea eae
iaaeiene, /aeaiiua iiiaou e ia/aoe;
6) Yoiieiae/aneea iaoa?eaeu;
7) Ooaeiaeanoaaiiua oeaiiinoe, aeeth/athuea: iieioia, ea?oeiu e ?enoiee
oeaeeeii ?o/iie ?aaiou ia ethaie iniiaa e ec ethauo iaoa?eaeia (ca
eneeth/aieai /a?oaaeae e i?iiuoeaiiuo ecaeaeee, oe?aoaiiuo io
?oee)(eneeth/aiiua iauaeou iiaeiaaeatho iiae io?aio iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aeiaiai?ia i caueoa i?iiuoeaiiie nianoaaiiinoe – i?ei. I.TH.),
i?eaeiaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey neoeueioo?iiai eneonnoaa ec ethauo
iaoa?eaeia, i?eaeiaeueiua a?aath?u, ynoaiiu e eeoia?aoee, i?eaeiaeueiua
ooaeiaeanoaaiiua iiaeai?ee e iiioaaee ec ethauo iaoa?eaeia;
8) ?aaeeea ?oeiiene e eieoiaaoeu, noa?eiiua eieae, aeieoiaiou e
ecaeaiey, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie eioa?an (enoi?e/aneee,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiue, iao/iue, eeoa?aoo?iue e o.ae.), ioaeaeueii eee a
eieeaeoeeyo;
9) ii/oiaua ia?ee, iaeiaiaua e aiaeiae/iua ia?ee, ioaeaeueii e a
eieeaeoeeyo;
10) a?oeau, aeeth/ay oiii-, oioi-, e eeiia?oeau;
11) iaaaeue aieaa /ai 100-eaoiae aeaaiinoe e noa?eiiua iocueaeueiua
eino?oiaiou.
Iiith iieiinoueth i?eaaaeaia yoa eeanneoeeaoeey, o.e. eiaiii yoa
eeanneoeeaoeey eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, eae e naii ii?aaeaeaiea
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae iaeaieaa aeecei e oaia iaoae ?aaiou – ?anoeoooeee
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue einoeooo ii oieoeeaoeee i?aaa
(THIEAe?OA) i?aaeeiaeee i?iaeo Eiiaaioeee ii iioeuaiiui eee iacaeiiii
auaacaiiui eoeueoo?iui oeaiiinoyi, eioi?ay auea iiaeienaia ia
aeeieiiaoe/aneie eiioa?aioeee a ?eia n 7 ii 24 ethiy 1995 a. A yoie
eiiaaioeee i?eaiaeeony eeanneoeeaoeey eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae iieiinoueth
eaeaioe/iay i?eaiaeeiie a noaouea 1 Eiiaaioeee 1970 aiaea.
Aieaa oiai, a i?eia/aiee e noaouea 75 “Eiio?aaaiaea” Oaieiaiiai
eiaeaena ?anioaeeee Iieaeiaa (i?eiyo 24 iay 1961 aiaea), aiai?eony, /oi
iiae eoeueoo?iuie oeaiiinoyie, i eioi?uo eaeao ?a/ue a noaouea,
iiieiathony oeaiiinoe, oeacaiiua a noaouea 1 Eiiaaioeee 1970 aiaea.
Oaeei ia?acii, yoi iiiyoea auei eiieaiaioe?iaaiii ai aioo?aiiaa
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?anioaeeee Iieaeiaa.
A ae?oaeo aioo?aiieo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao iiiyoea “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”
a ?anioaeeee Iieaeiaa ia i?eiaiyaony. A ?aiaa nouanoaiaaaoai nithciii e
i?iaeoaee?iaaiiii ?anioaeeeaineii caeiiao ”Ia io?aia e eniieueciaaiee
iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u” (Caeii NNN? i?eiyo 29 ieoya?y 1976
aiaea, caeii INN? i?eiyo 29 aeaeaa?y 1977 aiaea) ?aaoee?oao iiiyoea
iaiyoieea enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u:
“ …nii?oaeaiey, iaiyoiua ianoa e i?aaeiaou, naycaiiua n enoi?e/aneeie
niauoeyie a aeecie ia?iaea, ?acaeoeai iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa,
i?iecaaaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiiai e aeooiaiiai oai?/anoaa, i?aaenoaaeythuea
enoi?e/aneoth, iao/ioth, ooaeiaeanoaaiioth eee eioth eoeueoo?ioth
oeaiiinoue”.
?inneeneay Oaaea?aoeey, iai?ioea, a naiai iuiaoiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
oe?iei eniieuecoao oa?iei “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”:
no.7 caeiia ?O “i auaica e aaica eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae” aeaao
ii?aaeaeaiea, /oi yoi “… eiouanoaaiiua oeaiiinoe ?aeeaeiciiai eee
naaoneiai oa?aeoa?a, eiathuea enoi?e/aneia, ooaeiaeanoaaiiia, iao/iia e
eiia eoeueoo?iia cia/aiea…”. Yoi aea ii?aaeaeaiea eniieuecoaony a
caeiia ?O ? 64 – O3 “I eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoyo, ia?aiauaiiuo a Nithc NN?
a ?acoeueoaoa aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu e iaoiaeyueony ia oa??eoi?ee ?O”,
i?eiyoii 15 ai?aey 1998 aiaea.
Aii?inaie ii?aaeaeaiey “eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae” eae iiiyoey caieiaeenue
e o/aiua-i?aaiaaaeu: iieye N.Iaoeee, aieaa?ei A. Aeaenaiae?ia, ?inneyiei
I. Aiaoneaaneee e ae?oaea. Iaeaieaa i?eaeiaeueioth oi/eo c?aiey auneacae
A. Aeaenaiae?ia: ”Ethaua i?iecaaaeaiey, yaeythueany ?acoeueoaoii
oai?/aneiai naiiau?aaeaiey /aeiaaea a i?ioeii eee ianoiyuai (a
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie, iao/iie, eoeueoo?iie, ia?aciaaoaeueiie iaeanoyo),
eioi?ua eiatho cia/aiea aeey iauyniaiey nouanoaiaaaoae a i?ioeii eee
ianoiyuai (a ooaeiaeanoaaiiie, iao/iie, eoeueoo?iie, ia?aciaaoaeueiie
iaeanoyo), eioi?ua eiatho cia/aiea aeey iauyniaiey nouanoaiaaaoae a
i?ioeii e aeey ?acaeoey nia?aiaiiie e oaeouae eoeueoo?u, i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”. Oaeei ia?acii, e eoeueoo?iui oeaiiinoyi
Aeaenaiae?ia i?e/eneee e iauaeou, io?aiyaiua ii?iaie aaoi?neiai i?aaa. N
yoei iiaeii niaeaneoueny a ieaia io?aiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, o.e.
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?aai a iaeanoe io?aiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
?acaeaaaony a noi?iio ?anoe?aiey eiaeeoeeaoeee iauaeoia
caueou. Iaeiaei, aeey oeaeae iaoae eo?niaie ?aaiou, ?iaii eae e
?anoeoooeee eae iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaiai einoeoooa ii?aaeaeaiea,
aeaiiia A. Aeaenaiae?iaui, iaeii?eiaieii. Ai anae aeaeueiaeoae ?aaioa,
oiio?aaeyy oa?iei “eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe” iu aoaeai iiae?acoiaaaoue
ii?aaeaeaiea, aeaiiia no.1 Eiiaaioeeae III 1970 aiaea, aeaiiia iaie auoa
(Ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, niaoeeaeueii iiith iaiaa?eaaaiuo).
II. ?ANOEOOOeEss EOEUeOO?IUO OeAIIINOAE.
Einoeooo ?anoeoooeee i?eoae a i?aaiaoth iaoeo e i?aeoeeo ec ?eineiai
i?aaa. Oae, Iiaeoeeee E.A. a o/aaieea ?eineiai i?aaa, a ia?aa?aoa ia
iniauo n?aaenoaao i?aoi?neie caueou, ieoao : ”Restitutio in integrum
(ainnoaiiaeaiea a ia?aiia/aeueiia iieiaeaiea). A iniai oaaaeeoaeueiuo
neo/ayo i?aoi? iicaieye oie/oiaeeoue ianooieaoea th?eaee/aneea
iineaaenoaey (iai?eia?, ?anoi?aiooue caeeth/aiiue aeiaiai?) aaeaeo oiai,
/oi ii i?eciaaae iani?aaaaeeeaui i?eiaiaiea a iiaeiaiiai ?iaea neo/ayo
iaueo ii?i i?aaa. Iinoaiiaeaiea i oaeii ainnoaiiaeaiee i?aaeiaai
iieiaeaiey eee ?anoeoooeee i?aoi? auiinee iinea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
auyniaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea(causa cognita)”. I?e/ai a i?iaeieaeaiee
ii?aaeaeaiey oeacuaaao, /oi ?anoeoooeeth iiaeao iieo/eoue e
eeoei,oa?iyuaa cia/eoaeueiue oua?a io naeaeee, caeeth/aiiie iiae
aeeyieai oa?ic e iaiaia.
A a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa iiae ?anoeoooeeae iiieiaaony aica?ao noi?iiaie,
caeeth/eaoeie naeaeeo, anaai iieo/aiiiai eee ii naeaeea a neo/aa
i?eciaiey aa iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie. I?e/ai auaeaeytho aeaonoi?iithth
?anoeoooeeth – eiaaea aica?ao anaai iieo/aiiiai ii naeaeea i?iecaiaeeony
iaaeie noi?iiaie, iai?eia? no. 50 AE ?I, e iaeiinoi?iithth ?anoeoooeeth
– eiaaea aica?ao anaai ia?aaeaiiiai ii naeaeea i?iecaiaeeony
noi?iia, aeaenoaothuae iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii, a noi?iia, aeaenoaothuae
iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii(n oiuneii) aica?ao ia i?iecaiaeeony,iai?eia? no.
51 AE ?I. I?e iaaiciiaeiinoe aica?aoeoue iieo/aiiia ii naeaeea a iaoo?a,
noi?iia aiciauaao aai noieiinoue a aeaiueaao (no. 58 AE ?I).
Ec anaai auoaia?a/eneaiiiai aeaeii, /oi einoeooo ?anoeoooeee yaeyaony
neiaeiui i?aaiaui iaoaieciii, ii ia nouanoaoao ioaeaeueii, a yaeyaony
ninoaaiie /anoueth i?aaiaie io?anee e acaeiinaycai n ae?oaeie i?aaiauie
einoeoooaie. Aieaa oiai ianooieaiea ?anoeoooeee i?aaeoanoaoao
aicieeiiaaiea i?aaiaie neooaoeee, o?aaothuae ?ac?aoaiea eiaiii n
iiiiuueth yoiai einoeoooa. Yoio iaoaieci ia iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny
aaoiiiiii, ii yaeyaony eiae/aneei neaaenoaeai aicieeoae i?aaiaie
neooaoeee e o?aaoao iiae?iaiiai ?anniio?aiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, yaeaoeony
i?e/eiie aicieeoaai.
A neaaeothueo aeaoo ioieoao yoie aeaau iu ?anniio?ei eae aue
aaeaioe?iaai einoeooo ?anoeoooeee e ii?iai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, a
oaeaea ?anniio?ei aai iaoaieci n oi/ee c?aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
ioaee/iiai i?aaa. A oi aea a?aiy, ia noieo caauaaoue ana
auoaia?a/eneaiiua iniaaiiinoe ?anoeoooeee, eae einoeoooa ?eineiai e
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, o.e. iie ia?anaeathony n iaoaieciii ?anoeoooeee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa.
a.) ?acaeoea e noaiiaeaiea einoeoooa ?anoeoooeee
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
I?ioeanno ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii i?aaa
iaeciaiii i?aaeoanoaoao iacaeiiiia ia?aiauaiea yoeo oeaiiinoae ec
iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa a ae?oaia. Iiae iacaeiiiui ia?aiauaieai iiieiathony
naiua ?acee/iua aeaenoaey, iinyuee i?ioeaii?aaiue oa?aeoa?: oeuaiea,
e?aaee, eiio?aaaiaeiay ia?aaicea, iacaeiiiue auaic e o.ae.
A iniiaiii yoe aeaenoaey niioonoaotho aii?oaeaiiui eiioeeeoai. Aieia
noaea iaiouaieaiie /anoueth enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa. Ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia
ia auei e aeiy, /oiau a eaeii-eeai oaieea caiiiai oa?a ia aaeinue aiaauo
aeaenoaee, eioi?ua aeaeoo ?ac?ooaiea, nia?oue, iiaea?u e ?aca?aaeaiea.
Iaeiie ec iniiaiuo oeaeae aaaeaiey aieiu, iniaaiii a ae?aaiinoe,
yaeyeinue iaiaauaiea. Ca n/ao ?aca?aaeaiea caaiaaaiiuo no?ai e?aiee e
aicauoaeenue iiaaaeeoaee. Inoaaeyy ii?aaiuaiiue ia?iae a ieuaoa, iie
oaeaaee “aeaoo caeoeaa”: iaiaauaeenue naie e iae?aaeuaay iiaaaeaeaiiuo,
ia aeaaaee ei ainnoaiiaeoue naie neeu, oai naiui nio?aiyee naith aeanoue
ia aeieaea aiaea e aaea. N?aaee eiouanoaa, eioi?ia caaiaaaoaee auaiceee
a ea/anoaa “O?ioay” iniaui oaaaeaieai o aunoaai nineiaey iieueciaaeenue
eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe. Anee i?inoiio ethaeo auei ana ?aaii, /oi i?eaacoe
ec aiaiiiai iioiaea: eiiy, iiaiceo, ia?o iaoeia ioaieoeu eee cieioie
ninoae oiieie ?aaiou, oi ciaoue no?aieeanue iiiieieoue naie o?ioae ca
n/ao eiaiii eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae ii?aaiuaiiiai ia?iaea, aeaeaea yoi
iniciaiii. A caoai oe?aoaea naie eiaiey, aeiia e aeeeu auaacaiiuie
aiaiiuie o?ioayie.
A ae?aaiinoe a yoii iniaaiii i?aoniae ?ei, aaaey aeoeaioth
eieiiecaoi?neoth iieeoeeo a yiioo naiaai ?annaaoa. Oae, caaiaaaa
Ae?aaithth A?aoeeth, ?eieyia iieiinoueth ?aca?aaeee yoo no?aio,
neaaeaoothny naiei eoeueoo?iui ?acaeoeai. Aeiau/ae ?eineeo caaiaaaoaeae
noaee aaeeeea oai?aiey Iieeeeaoa, I?aeneoaey, Oeaeey.
Eeoue iaeei iieeiaiaeaoe Ooeueaee Iiaeeei? i?eaac a ?ei 280 iaaeiuo e
230 i?aii?iuo noaooe. Ai a?aiaia eiia?aoi?a Ia?iia, ec Aeaeueo auee
auaacaiu 500 neoeueioo?, eioi?ua caoai iioee ia oe?aoaiea aeai?oeia e
ia?eia. Anaai aea ca yoo eiiiaieth ec A?aoeee auaacee ieiei 100000
oeaiiuo i?aaeiaoia eneonnoaa. Oaeia aa?aa?neia iiaaaeaiea auioaeeei
aieaa 2000 eao iacaae a?a/aneiai eaoiienoea Iieeaey iaienaoue oaeea
neiaa: ” ss iaaeathnue, /oi aoaeouea caaiaaaoaee iao/aoueny ia ?aci?youe
iiei?yaiua eie ai?iaea, /oi iie aoaeoo aicaea?aeeaaoueny io oe?aoaiee
naieo no?ai ca n/ao aaae e ian/anoee ae?oaeo ia?iaeia”.
Ii iiaeaa?aaeinue ?aca?aaeaieth ia oieueei iaeia A?aoeey. Any
caaiaaaoaeueiay iieeoeea Ae?aaiaai ?eia nii?iaiaeaeaeanue aiaiiuie
iioiaeaie, ?aca?aaeaieai ii?aaiuaiiuo ia?iaeia, auaicii eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae. Oaeei ia?acii, aua a ae?aaiinoe aue au?aaioai iaeei ec
iniiaiuo caeiiia aieiu, aeaaaaoee i?aai iiaaaeeoaeth ia ?aca?aaeaiea
iiaaaeaeaiiiai ia?iaea e auaic aiaiiuo “o?ioaaa” ec ii?aaiuaiiie no?aiu.
Caeiia eee i?aaeea, i?ioeaiaeaenoaothuaai yoei aeaenoaeyi oiaaea ia auei
e auoue ia iiaei. Auaic eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae ec caaiaaaiiuo no?ai aue
aa?oii aeiaeanoe, ciaeii oieaeaiey e ii?aaiuaiey ia?iaea, a iioiio ia
iia auoue i?eciai iai?aaiia?iui, o.e. a oi a?aiy aeaenoaiaae “caeii
neeueiiai”.
Iaeiaei caaiaaaoaeue ia aeieai eeeiaae, o.e. ii a naith i/a?aaeue
iiaeaa?aaeny iaaaaai ni noi?iiu ae?oaeo ia?iaeia e eoeueoo?iua
oeaiiinoe, caaiaaaiiua ei, a ethaie iiiaio iiaee ia?aei/aaaoue e ae?oaei
caoaao/eeai, ie/ai io ia?auo ia ioee/athueony. A yoie nayce y oi/o
i?eaanoe iaeei i?eia?, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuee n iaeiie noi?iiu eiaiii i
oaeiai ?iaea ia?aiauaieyo eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoe, a n ae?oaie – i
neiaeiinoe aeaeueiaeoaai ?anniio?aiey aii?ina i ?anoeoooeee yoie
eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoe. A XII aaea iiaai?iaeoeu, iai?aaeyynue a
ae?aaithth noieeoeo Oaaoeee Neaooio, iiano?a/aeenue eaaeueyie ynoia
(ae?aaieo i?aaeeia ynoiioeaa) e ociaee, /oi oa ia?aaeee e niaeaee
Neaooio. Iiaai?aeoeu aoaeiaaee eaaeuee ynoia e ioia?aee aieueooth /anoue
eo aeiau/e, a oii /enea e oea?eiaiua eeoua a?aoa. Iineaaeiea auee
oi?aeanoaaiii onoaiiaeaiu a Iiaai?iaea, a o?aia Nayoie Nioee. Iaeiaei,
naiei oaaaeai yoe ai?ioa aeinoaeenue oaeaea a ea/anoaa o?ioay iinea
ia?aaeaiey ai?iaea Aaoaia (A?aiaia).
N?aaeiea aaea eeoue i?iaeieaeeee e ?acaeee iau/ae ?aca?aaeaiey
caaiaaaiiuo no?ai. E?anoiaua iioiaeu o?enoeaineeo ainoaea?noa Aa?iiu
i?ioea “iaaa?iuo” i?iaeieaeathueony 174 aiaea (1096-1270) i?eianee aai
o/anoieeai aiaaooth aeiau/o, n?aaee eioi?ie auei iiiai i?iecaaaeaiee
eneonnoaa ainoi/iuo ia?iaeia. A n?aaeiea aaea ia?aaeaiea aeai?oeia e
o?aiia a caoaa/aiiuo no?aiao ?anniao?eaaeinue eae caeiiiia i?aai
iiaaaeeoaey. Oae auei, iai?eia? a 1527 aiaeo, eiaaea aienea eiia?aoi?a
Ea?ea V aa?aa?nee ?aca?aaeee ?ei. Yoi ?aca?aaeaiea aioei a enoi?eth iiae
iacaaieai “Naeei aee ?iia”.
Ae?oaie i?eia?: iaeaioia acyoey I?aae oaaaeneeie aieneaie, ei?ieaaa
Oaaoeee E?enoeia iaiiiieea naiei iieeiaiaeoeai, /oiau iie iai?aiaiii
caoaaoeee nie?iaeua eneonnoaa, o?aieaoeany a A?iaeaaiao, aeec I?aae.
Auni/aeoaa iiaeaeaiea auei auiieiaii. Aiec ii Yeueaa iiieuei a Oaaoeeth
ianeieueei noaeia, a o?thiao eioi?uo eaaeaei aieaa 1000 ea?oei,
neoeueioo?, ae?aaieo ?oeiienae.
Oaeei ia?acii, aaeeinoaaiiui i?aaeeii, noi?ie?iaaaoeiny ca enoi?eth
aiei, aaaeoueony a ae?aaiai ie?a e n?aaeiea aaea, auei: ”Iiaaaeeaoee
anaaaea i?aa, a neaaeiaaoaeueii eiaao i?aai ia ana”. Iaeiaei n yoei auee
niaeaniu ia ana. Iaeei ec iniiaaoaeae iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaie iaoee
Aeueaa?eei Aeaeaioeee ia?aui noaaeo aii?in i i?aaiaie caueoa i?aaeiaoia
eneonnoaa a naiae ?aaioa “ I i?aaa aieiu” (1598 a.). Ii a /anoiinoe,
ainnoaao i?ioea eo ?aca?aaeaiey a oiaea aieiu.
Ae?oaie ecaanoiue th?eno Yia? aea Aaooaeue a eieaa “I?aai ia?iaeia”
ienae: ” Ii eaeie au i?e/eia ia ?aci?yeanue no?aia, ia aa oa??eoi?ee
aeieaeiu auoue nio?aiaiu no?iaiey, eioi?ua aeaeatho /anoue
/aeiaa/anoao e ia i?eaaaeytho ie/aai e iiue a?aaa, a eiaiii: o?aiu,
iiaeeu, iauanoaaiiua no?iaiey e nii?oaeaiey auaeathuaeny e?aniou”.
Aaeeeay O?aioeocneay ?aaiethoeey auaeaeioea eaeath io?aio iaiyoieeia
eoeueoo?u e i?iecaaaeaiee eneonnoaa. Aeae?aoii Eiiaaioa io 1791 aiaea
aia?aua a enoi?ee enoi?e/aneea eoeueoo?iua iaiyoieee iauyaeythony
anaia?iaeiui aeinoiyieai, a /anoiua eieeaeoeee – iaoeeiiaeece?othony.
Iaeiaei a ia?eiae iaiieaiiianeeo aiei ia/eiaaony ianniaia e
nenoaiaoe/aneia ?aca?aaeaiea e?oiiaeoeo ie?iauo ia?acoeia eneonnoaa e eo
auaic ai O?aioeeth. I?eeac, ecaeaiiue a Ia?eaea 18 ethey 1794 aiaea
aeanee, /oi ana cia/eoaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa aeieaeiu
iaoiaeeoueny “?aaee /anoe e i?ia?anna eneonnoaa a ?oeao naiaiaeiuo
ethaeae e oai, aaea iie aeeaoo”. Ia/oi iiaeiaiia auneaaeoo e aeaaiua
iaoeenoneea i?anooiieee ia Ith?iaa?aneii i?ioeanna, iaaeiaiiua a oeuaiee
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Aieaa oiai, nouanoaoao aua iaeia ia?aeeaeue
iaaeaeo ?aca?aaeaieyie eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae iaiieaiiianeie a?ieae e
aeoea?ianeie Aa?iaieae. E oa, e ae?oaea aeaeaee yoi ieaiiia?ii e
iaoiaee/ii. Iaai?iauaay Eoaeeth, aa?iaineea ainoaea?noaa, Eniaieth,
Aaeiao, o?aioeocneay a?iey nicaeaea niaoeeaeueiue ooaa ii nai?o e o/aoo
aeiau/e ai aeaaa n Aeiieieeii Aeaai Aeaiii.
Aieiu, eioi?ua aae Iaiieaii Aiiaia?o nii?iaiaeaeaeenue
aani?aoeaaeaioiui aeioiea ia?aaeaieai iiaaaeaeaiiuo a aeaea ia?iiiuo
eiio?eaooeee e ?aeaeceoeee eee i?inoi ioe?uoiai a?aaaaea, eioi?ui
caieiaeenue io i?inoiai nieaeaoa aei ia?oaea. Oae, iaiieaiiianeee
aaia?ae Noeueo, ?oeiaiaey aieneaie a Eniaiee, ioioeeny ca ?aaeeeie
ea?oeiaie Yeue A?aei e Aaeaneana. Iaeiaei ii ia aue ie oeaieoaeai, ie
ciaoieii eneonnoaa, yoe ea?oeiu aai i?eaeaeaee eo oeaiie, iineoaeea
enoi/ieeii aai iaiaauaiey.
Iinea ?aca?iia iaiieaiiianeie a?iee i?e Aaoa?eii e i?iaaaeaiee Aaineiai
eiia?anna (naioya?ue 1814 aiaea – ethiue 1815 aiaea) /anoue iaa?aaeaiiuo
i?iecaaaeaiee eneonnoa aa?ioeanue e i?aaeiei oicyaaai. Iu oaea aiai?eee
i oeao?ao eiiae, niyouo n niai?a ia ieiuaaee Nayoiai Ia?ea a Aaiaoeee.
O?oaeiua ia?aaiai?u aae eoaeueyineee neoeueioi? Eaiiaa i aica?aoa ec
O?aioeee a Eoaeeth oaeeo oaaeaa?ia eae “Oie?athuee aeaaeeaoi?”, “Aiieii
Aaeueaaaea?neee”, “Aaia?a Iaaee/e”.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai XIX aaea ia/eiaao iinoaiaiii oi?ie?iaaoueny ii?ia
iau/iiai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa i ?anoeoooeee eiouanoaa, iacaeiiii
ecuyoiai e auaacaiiiai iaeiei ainoaea?noaii n ieeoie?iaaiiie oa??eoi?ee
ae?oaiai. i?eioeei ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae (iaeioi?uo
a?oeaia e oeaiiinoae), caoaa/aiiuo ai a?aiy aieiu iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea a
oaenoao ?yaea ie?iuo aeiaiai?ia. Yoio i?eioeei niaethaeaaony a oie eee
eiie ia?a (eeai ioeoeeaeueii noaaeony aii?in i aai niaethaeaiee) a
aieueoeinoaa aiei, aaaeoueony a XIX aaea:
E?uineay aieia 1855 – 1856 aiaeia, ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia 1877-1878
aiaeia, o?aiei-i?onneay aieia 1870-1871 aiaeia.
A 1899 aiaeo ia ie?iie eiioa?aioeee a Aaaaa auee eiaeeoeoee?iaaiu
iau/iua ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea caeiiu e iau/ae aieiu. Ia 2-ie ie?iie
eiioa?aioeee a Aaaaa a 1907 aiaeo eiiaaioeee auee aei?aaioaiu e aioee a
enoi?eth eae Aaaaneea eiiaaioeee i caeiiao e iau/ayo aieiu. Ia einoeooo
?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae yoe eiiaaioeee iiaeeyee
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui ia?acii, i /ai iu iiaiai?ei a neaaeothuae aeaaa.
I?aaiaia cae?aieaiea i?aaeea i ?anoeoooeee iieo/eee e a nenoaia ie?iuo
aeiaiai?ia, caeeth/aiiuo iinea ieii/aiey ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu. Yoe
i?aaeea aiai?eee i ?anoeoooeee eiouanoaa, ii a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo
iaaiaa?eaaeenue e eiie?aoii-eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe.
Oae, no.238 Aa?naeueneiai aeiaiai?a (1919 aiaea) i?aaeoniao?eaaea
aica?auaiea Aa?iaieae “aeeaiai eiaaioa?y, anyeiai ?iaea i?aaeiaoia e
caa?aiiuo, caoaa/aiiuo eee naeaanoe?iaaiiuo oeaiiinoae a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea aoaeao aiciiaeii iiiciaoue eo ia oa??eoi?ee Aa?iaiee eee ia
oa??eoi?ee aa nithcieeia”, a no.126 Iaeneiai aeiaiai?a iaycuaaea
Aieaa?eth i?iaanoe ?icune e aica?aoeoue ana “aeieoiaiou e a?oeau, e ana
i?aaeiaou, i?aaenoaaeythuea a?oaieiae/aneee, enoi?e/aneee eee
ooaeiaeanoaaiiue eioa?an, eioi?ua ai a?aiy aieiu auee auaacaiu n
oa??eoi?ee ieeoie?iaaiiuo no?ai” (A?aoeey, ?oiuiey, Na?aey).
Iieueneee th?eno N. Iaoeee, aiaeece?oy ii?iu Ia?eaeneeo ie?iuo
aeiaiai?ia 1919 aiaea, ioia/ae neaaeothuea iniaaiiinoe:
1) iie ia ia?aie/eaathony eeeaeaeaoeeae iineaaenoaee oieueei ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu. O?aaiaaiey i aica?aoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae eanaeenue
i?aoaicee, ioiinyueony e aieaa ioaeaeaiiui n?ieai;
2) aia?aua i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue ?anoeoooeey ia iooai aica?aoa oao aea
oeaiiinoae, a iooai caiaiu eo aiaeiae/iuie. Yoio i?eioeei aue i?eiaiai a
ioiioaiee iaycaoaeuenoaa Aa?iaiee aa?iooue oieaa?neoaoo a Eoaaia
(Aaeueaey) ?oeiiene, eieoiaaoeu, ia/aoiua eieae e iauaeou eieeaeoeee,
niioaaonoaothuea ii /eneo e oeaiiinoe iauaeoai, oie/oiaeaiiie Aa?iaieae
a aeaeeioaea Eoaaia;
3) A ?yaea neo/aaa i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue aica?auaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo
iauaeoia a oi ianoi, n eioi?ui iie auee o?aaeeoeeiiii naycaiu.
Oaeei ia?acii, e ia/aeo XX aaea iinoaiaiii a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii i?aaa
noi?ie?iaaeny einoeooo ?anoeoooeee. Ia yoi oeacuaatho iaaeaeoia?iaeiua
aeieoiaiou, i?eiyoua a yoi a?aiy, a oaeaea iauaeoeaiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
yaeaoaany i?e/eiie ?acaeoey yoiai einoeoooa. Oaeeie i?e/eiaie auee:
1) Aiaea/aiea a aii?oaeaiiua eiioeeeou aieueoia eiee/anoai no?ai,
i?eaiaeyuaa e ?ac?anoaieth i/aaa aieiu ia aieueooth oa??eoi?eth.
2) Eniieueciaaiea a ?acoeueoaoa iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna a
aii?oaeaiiuo eiioeeeoao aieaa niaa?oaiiie oaoieee, niiniaiie iaianoe
aieueoa o?iia.
3) Niaa?oainoaiaaiea aiaiiie oaoieee e ?ac?anoaiea aii?oaeaiiuo
eiioeeeoia aei ie?iauo aiei iaiineo iaiii?aaeiue a?aae eoeueoo?iui
oeaiiinoyi no?ai, aiaea/aiiuo a eiioeeeo, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iacaeiiiiio
ia?aiauaieth yoeo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
Ana auoa ia?a/eneaiiia iiaeii a iieiie ia?a ioianoe e e neooaoeee,
neiaeeaoaeny a oiaea Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.
A ioaao ia iii?aiea oaoenoneie Aa?iaieae anao i?aaee aaaeaiey aieiu,
i?aaiecaoeeth ?aca?aaeaiey ieeoie?iaaiiuo oa??eoi?ee, I?aaeoaeuenoaa
NOA,NNN?, Aaeeeia?eoaiee e ae?oaeo iyoiaaeoeaoe ainoaea?noa i?eiyee
aeaeea?aoeeth io 5 yiaa?y 1943 aiaea, a eioi?ie aiai?eeinue, /oi
i?aaeoaeuenoaa yoeo no?ai aeaeatho i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ”… /oi iie
iaia?aiu naeaeaoue ana aiciiaeiia aeey eeeaeaeaoeee iaoiaeia eeoaiey
nianoaaiiinoe, i?aeoeeoaiuo i?aaeoaeuenoaaie, n eioi?uie iie iaoiaeyony
a ninoiyiee aieiu…”.
Aeaiiay aeaeea?aoeey iaoea io?aaeaiea a Ia?eaeneeo ie?iuo aeiaiai?ao
1947 aiaea, ?acaeaoeo iieiaeaiea i ?anoeoooeee.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue auoa, a 1954 aiaeo auea i?eiyoa Aaaaneay
eiiaaioeey i caueoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae a neo/aa aii?oaeaiiiai
eiioeeeoa. I?ioieie n yoie eiiaaioeee i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?anoeoooeeth
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
Oaeaea iieiaeaiey i ?anoeoooeee niaea?aeao e ?yae ae?oaeo
iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiauo aeieoiaioia: Eiiaaioeey III i ia?ao,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia cai?auaiea e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea iacaeiiiiai aaica,
auaica e ia?aaea/e i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe 1970
aiaea; Eiiaaioeey ii iioeuaiiui eee iacaeiiii auaacaiiui eoeueoo?iui
oeaiiinoyi 1995 aiaea. Iineaaeiee aeieoiaio yaeyaony eiae/aneei
iaiauaieai oao iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiauo ii?i, neiaeeaoeony a ie?a ca
iineaaeiea 100 eao.
Oaeei ia?acii, a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe i?ioee
aeieaee iooue io aiaiiiai o?ioay aei oeeaeeeciaaiiiio iiaeoiaeo e eo
i?aaiaiio noaoono e iaiaoiaeeiinoe eo ?anoeoooeee a neo/aa iacaeiiiiai
ia?aiauaiey.
a.) Iaoaieci aeaenoaey einoeoooa ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
niaeanii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui eiiaaioeeyi.
Ia?aui iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeieoiaioii, aaaeiui aeey iiiyoey iaoaiecia
?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae yaeythony Aaaaneea eiiaaioeee 1907
aiaea. No. 23 i. AE Iieiaeaiey i caeiiao e iau/ayo nooiiooiie aieiu,
yaeythuaainy i?eeiaeaieai e eiiaaioeee i caeiiao e iau/ayo nooiiooiie
aieiu ii?aaeaeee iaeei ec aeaaiuo i?eioeeiia aaaeaiey aiaauo aeaenoaee:
“eno?aaeyoue eee caoaaouaaoue a?aaeaneoth nianoaaiiinoue aini?auaaony,
e?iia neo/aaa, eiaaea iiaeiaiia eno?aaeaiea eee caoaao ianoiyoaeueii
aucuaaaony aiaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth”. Oaeei ia?acii, aeaenoaey ai a?aiy
aii?oaeaiiiai eiioeeeoa aeieaeiu auoue i?iaeeeoiaaiu aiaiiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth.
Yoie aea eiiaaioeeae ii?aaeaeai aua iaeei aaaeiue i?eioeei: /anoiay
nianoaaiiinoue aeieaeia oaaaeaoueny e ia iiaeao iiaeeaaeaoue
eiioeneaoeee (no.46 Iieiaeaiey), a no.28 e 47 Iieiaeaiey i?yii aiai?yo,
/oi a?aaaae, a oaeaea ioaeaaaiea ia ?aca?aaeaiea ai?iaea eee ianoiinoe,
aeaaea acyouo i?enooiii aini?auaaony.
Oaeei ia?acii, ii?iu yoeo noaoae ii?aaeaeytho, /oi ecuyoea /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe e a?aaaae yaeythony i?ioeaii?aaiuie aeaenoaeyie, a oae oai
aieaa a ieo iao aiaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe. A oae eae yoe aeaenoaey
yaeythony i?ioeaii?aaiuie, aeiiaiua a eo niaa?oaiee aeieaeiu iiianoe
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. No. 3 Aaaaneie eiiaaioeee i caeiiao e iau/ayo
nooiiooiie aieiu ii?aaeaeyao, /oi aiththuay noi?iia “… aoaeao
ioaaonoaaiia ca ana aeayiey, niaa?oaiiua eeoeaie, aoiaeyueie a ninoaa
aa aiaiiuo nee”.
Oae eae ia iiaeao iiaeeaaeaoue eiioeeaoeee /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue, no.
56 i?e?aaieaaao e /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe neaaeothuea iauaeou:
nianoaaiiinoue iauei, o/?aaeaeaiee oea?eiaiuo, aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo e
ia?aciaaoaeueiuo, ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo e iao/iuo, oioy e i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
ainoaea?noao. Aieaa oiai, /anoue 2 no.56 i?yii aiai?eo : “Anyeee
i?aaeiaia?aiiue caoaao, eno?aaeaiea eee iia?aaeaeaiea iiaeiaiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia, i?iecaaaeaiee ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo e
iao/iuo aini?auathony e aeieaeiu iiaeeaaeaoue i?aneaaeiaaieth”.
Oaeei ia?acii Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey 1907 aiaea i caeiiao e iau/ayo
nooiiooiie aieiu, i?yii oeacuaaao, /oi eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe ia iiaoo
auoue eiioeneiaaiu. A neo/aa eo eiioeneaoeee eee ?aca?aaeaiey aeiiaiua
aeieaeiu iiianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Ieion yoie eiiaaioeee a oii, /oi iia
ia ii?aaeaeyao oa?aeoa? yoie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, inoaaeyy ?aoaiea yoiai
aii?ina ia ?anniio?aiea i?ioeaiai?noaothueo noi?ii.
Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia yoi, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue aaaeioth ?ieue Aaaaneeo
eiiaaioeee 1907 aiaea, i?yii oeacaaoeo, /oi eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe ia
iiaoo auoue iauaeoii eiioeneaoeee eee ?aca?aaeaiey, o.a. oaeea aeaenoaey
yaeythony iacaeiiiuie. Yoi yaeyaony i?aaiaui iniiaaieai aeey
?anoeoooeee, o.a. aica?aoa nianoaaiieeo anaai iacaeiiii ecuyoiai eee
auaacaiiiai eiouanoaa, a oii /enea e eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Oaeei
ia?acii, ?anoeoooeey a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ioaee/iii i?aaa – aeae
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, caeeth/athueeny a “aica?auaiee eiouanoaa, iai?aaiia?ii
caoaa/aiiiai e auaacaiiiai iaeiei ec aiththueo ainoaea?noa n oa??eoi?ee
ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa, yaeythuaainy aai aiaiiui i?ioeaieeii”.
Ana auoaia?a/eneaiiia iaoei io?aaeaiea a Ia?eaeneeo ie?iuo aeiaiai?ao
1919 aiaea, i?eiyouo ii eoiaai ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, i /ai iu aiai?eee a
i?aaeuaeouae aeaaa iaoae ?aaiou.
Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea einoeoooa ?anoeoooeee i?iecioei a nayce n
niauoeai aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. ss oiiieiae ae?aooea ia Aeaeea?aoeee
I?aaeoaeuenoa NOA, NNN?, Aaeeeia?eoaiee, 15 no?ai aioeaeoea?ianeie
eiaeeoeee e O?aioeocneiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai eiieoaoa io 5 yiaa?y 1943
aiaea. Yoa Aeaeea?aoeey auea iioaeeeiaaia a Eiiaeiia, Iineaa,
Aaoeiaoiia. A iae a /anoiinoe aiai?eeinue, /oi /eaiu aioeaeoea?ianeie
eiaeeoeee “… iaia?aiu naeaeaoue ana aiciiaeiia aeey eeeaeaeaoeee
iaoiaeia eeoaiey nianoaaiiinoe, i?aeoeeoaiuo i?aaeoaeuenoaaie, n
eioi?uie iie iaoiaeyony a ninoiyiee aieiu”. A niioaaonoaee n yoei
cayaeoaee “… iieiinoueth ?aca?ae?otho ca niaie i?aai iauyaeyoue
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie ethaoth ia?aaea/o eee ethaoth naeaeeo a ioiioaiee
nianoaaiiinoe, i?aa e eioa?ania ethaiai oa?aeoa?a, iaoiaeyuaainy eee
iaoiaeeaoeony ia oa??eoi?eyo, ieeoie?iaaiiuo eee iiaeiaaoeo iiae
eiio?ieue – i?yiie eee einaaiiue, i?aaeoaeuenoa, n eioi?uie iie
iaoiaeyony a ninoiyiee aieiu, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo eee i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo
eeoeai, aeeth/ay th?eaee/aneea eeoea, i?aauaaaoei ia oaeeo oa??eoi?eyo
“. Aieaa oiai, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea nio?aiyei neeo e a oii neo/aa, anee
ecuyoea nianoaaiiinoe iineei oi?io ia oieueei ioe?uoiai a?aaaaea eee
?acaiy, ii e auei caaoaee?iaaiii a oi?io caeiiiie naeaeee.
Yoi i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea auei naeaeaii a ioaao ia iieeoeeo ioe?uoiai
?aca?aaeaiey nianoaaiiinoe ieeoie?iaaiiuo ainoaea?noa, i?iaiaeeioth
oaoenoneie Aa?iaieae e aa nithcieeaie. Oaeei ia?acii, auea
iiaeaioiaeaiia aaca iiae ie?iua aeiaiai?a, caeeth/aiiua ii eoiaai aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu.
Ia?eaeneea ie?iua aeiaiai?a auee caeeth/aiu 10 oaa?aey 1947 aiaea. A
eaaeaeii ec aeiaiai?ia auee noaouee iinayuaiiua ?anoeoooeee. Oae, Eoaeey
a?aea ia naay neaaeothuea iaycaoaeuenoaa:
1) aica?aoeoue anth iaoiaeyuothny a aeaiiie no?aia nianoaaiiinoue,
eioi?ay auea auaacaia ianeeuenoaaiii eee ii i?eioaeaeaieth eaeie-eeai ec
aea?aeaa ine n oa??eoi?ee ethaie ec Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee iacaaeneii io
eaeeo-eeai iineaaeothueo naeaeie, iooai eioi?uo iuiaoiee aeaaeaeaoe
oaeie nianoaaiiinoe anooiee ai aeaaeaiea ath (ioieo 2 noaouee 75
aeiaiai?a n Eoaeeae);
2) i?eiyoue iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u aeey inouanoaeaiey ?anoeoooeee e a
ioiioaiee oiai eiouanoaa, eioi?ui aeaaeatho a ethaie o?aoueae no?aia
eeoea, iaoiaeyueany iiae th?enaeeeoeeae no?aiu, iaycaiiie inouanoaeoue
?anoeoooeeth (ioieo 5 noaouee 75 aeiaiai?a n Eoaeeae)
3) ieacuaaoue niaeaenoaea e i?aaeinoaaeoue ca naie n/ao ana iaiaoiaeeiua
aiciiaeiinoe aeey ?icunea e ?anoeoooeee (ioieo 3-4 noaouee 75 aeiaiai?a
n Eoaeeae).
A?aiy aeieacuaaiey ia eiouanoai, iiaeeaaeauaa ?anoeoooeee
?ani?aaeaeyeinue neaaeothuei ia?acii:
a) a ioiioaiee iiiciaiey eiouanoaa e i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia iaai – iii
aiceaaaeinue ia i?aaeoaeuenoai, i?aaeuyaeythuaa i?aoaiceth;
a) i?aaeoaeuenoai no?aiu, iaycaiiia inouanoaeoue ?anoeoooeeth, aeieaeii
auei aeieacaoue. /oi eiouanoai ia auei auaacaii ianeeuenoaaiii eee ii
i?eioaeaeaieth (ioieo 7 no.75 aeiaiai?a n Eoaeeae, ioieo 8 no. 24
aeiaiai?a n Aaia?eae, ioieo 8 no. 23 aeiaiai?a n ?oiuieae, ioieo 8 no.22
aeiaiai?a n Aieaa?eae).
Iiae aeeyieai Aeaeea?aoeee io 5 yiaa?y 1943 aiaea, a iaeioi?uo no?aiao,
ia o/anoaothueo a aieia (Oaaoeey, Oaaeoea?ey) i?eieiaeenue iaeioi?ua
ia?u, iai?aaeaiiua ia aica?ao iioeuaiiuo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Oae
auei caeeth/aii niaeaoaiea Oaaeoea?eae n Aiaeeae, O?aioeeae e NOA 8
ai?aey 1945 aiaea, ii eioi?iio Oaaeoea?ey iaycaeinue i?eiyoue ia?u ii
aica?aoo oeaiiinoae. 10 aeaeaa?y 1945 aiaea Oaaea?aeueiue Niaao i?eiye
?aoaiea, niaeanii eioi?iio i?aaeea ia io?aia aeia?iniaanoiiai
i?eia?aoaoaey a niioaaonoaee ni no. 94 AE Oaaeoea?ee ia iiaeeaaeaee
i?eiaiaieth e eoeueoo?iui oeaiiinoyi oaeiai ?iaea. Yoi icia/aei, /oi
oeaiiinoe ii o?aaiaaieth caeiiiuo nianoaaiieeia aeieaeiu auee
ioae?aoueny e o oao aeaaeaeueoeaa, eioi?ua i?eia?aee eo aeia?iniaanoii,
ia ciay i i?ienoiaeaeaiee i?eia?aoaiiie aaue. A oi aea a?aiy o
aeia?iniaanoiiai i?eia?aoaoaey nio?aiyeinue i?aai o?aaiaaiey a naith
i/a?aaeue ( a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna) e oiio, o eiai ii i?eia?ae eoeueoo?ioth
oeaiiinoue.
Oaeei ia?acii a i?iaeaio ?anoeoooeee eae einoeoooa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
ioaee/iiai i?aaa aeeeieaaaony /anoii-i?aaiaie aii?in. Aaeaeo oiai, /oi
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?aciuo no?ai aii?inu ?anoeoooeee ?aoathony
ii-?aciiio, Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue einoeooo ii oieoeeaoeee /anoiiai i?aaa
?aeiiaiaeiaae eiieoaoo yenia?oia THIANEI i?e i?eiyoee Aaaaneie
eiiaaioeee 1954 aiaea, i?eiyoue i?aaeea i ?anoeoooeee a ioaeaeueiii
i?ioieiea, a a naiie eiiaaioeee inoaaeoue eeoue ii?io, cai?auathuoth
auaic eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
Iiyoiio, no.4 “Oaaaeaiea eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae” Aaaaneie eiiaaioeee
1954 aiaea aiai?eo, /oi “Aunieea Aeiaiaa?eaathueany noi?iiu iaycothony
… cai?auaoue, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaoue e, anee iaiaoiaeeii, i?enaeaoue ethaua
aeou e?aaee, a?aaaaea eee iacaeiiiiai i?enaiaiey eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
a eaeie au oi ie auei oi?ia…, cai?auatho ?aeaeceoeeth aeaeaeeiuo
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee ae?oaie no?aiu”.
I?ioieie e Aaaaneie Eiiaaioeee 1954 a. iaycuaaao ainoaea?noaa acyoue
iiae io?aio ana eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe auaacaiiua ia aa oa??eoi?eth n
ieeoie?iaaiiie oa??eoi?ee, a oaeaea ii i?ae?auaiee aiaiiuo aeaenoaee
aa?iooue yoe eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe eiiiaoaioiui aeanoyi ?aiaa
ieeoie?iaaiiie oa??eoi?ee (i. 2,3 ?acaeaea I I?ioieiea).
I?ioieie iaeeaaeuaaao ia Aunieoth Aeiaiaa?eaathuothny noi?iio,
iaycaiioth i?aaeioa?aoeoue auaic eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae n ieeoie?iaaiiie
ath oa??eoi?ee, auieaoo aiciaa?aaeaeaiey aeia?iniaanoiiio aea?aeaoaeth
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue aica?auaiu eo caeiiiui
aeaaeaeueoeai (i.4 ?acaeaea I I?ioieiea).
Aieueoei ieionii yaeyaony oi, /oi I?ioieie ia yaeyaony ninoaaiie
/anoueth Aaaaneie Eiiaaioeee 1954 aiaea e iiaeeaaeeo iiaeienaieth e
?aoeoeeaoeee ioaeaeueii io Eiiaaioeee. A yoie nayce cia/aiea I?ioieiea
ieaaee?oaony.
Yoi yaeyaony iniiaiie i?e/eiie i?eiyoey Eiiaaioeee THIEAe?OA ii
iioeuaiiui eee iacaeiiii auaacaiiui eoeueoo?iui oeaiiinoyi,
Aeeieiiaoe/aneie eiioa?aioeeae, i?ioiaeeaoae a ?eia n 7 ii 24 ethiy 1995
aiaea. Oaea ia?aay noaouey eiiaaioeee ii?aaeaeyao noa?o aa i?eiaiaiey:
?anoeoooeey iioeuaiiuo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, a oaeaea aica?auaiea
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, ia?aiauaiiuo n oa??eoi?ee aeiaiaa?eaathuaainy
ainoaea?noaa a ia?ooaiea aai i?aaa, ?aaeaiaioe?othuaai auaic eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae n oeaeueth caueou aai eoeueoo?iiai aeinoiyiey, oae iacuaaaiua
“iacaeiiii auaacaiiua eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe”.
Noaouey 3 ioieo 1 Eiiaaioeee aiai?eo, /oi “aeaaeaeaoe iioeuaiiie
eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoe aeieaeai aa aa?iooue (?anoeoooeee?iaaoue)”, i?e/ai
eiiaaioeey onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi i?inueaa i ?anoeoooeee aeieaeia auoue
aianaia a 3-eaoiee n?ie n iiiaioa, eiaaea enoaoe ociae ianoi, aaea
iaoiaeeony eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe e aa i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue aeaaeaeueoeo e
ai anao neo/ayo a oa/aiee 5 eao n iiiaioa iioeuaiey. Iaeiaei aeey
iauanoaaiiie eieeaeoeee, iiae eioi?ie iiieiathony niaieoiiinoue
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae (caianaiiuo a eaoaeia), i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
ainoaea?noao, ?aaeiiaeueiiio eee ianoiiio eieeaeoeeiia?o (nithco
eieeaeoeeiia?ia), ?aeeaeiciiio o/?aaeaeaieth, eeai iao/iiio,
eoeueoo?iiio eee iaaeaaiae/aneiio o/?aaeaeaieth, i?eiaiyaony n?ie
eneiaie aeaaiinoe a 3 aiaea n iiiaioa eiaaea enoaoe ociae ianoi, aaea
iaoiaeeony eoeueoo?iay oeaiiinoue (no.3 e 4).
Eiiaaioeey a no.4 i?aaeoniao?eaaao eiiiainaoeeth, eioi?ay aeieaeia
auoue auiea/aia aeia?iniaanoiiio aeaaeaeueoeo iioeuaiiie eoeueoo?iie
oeaiiinoe. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aai aeia?iniaanoiinoe o/eouaathony ana
ianoiyoaeuenoaa i?eia?aoaiey: caiea/aiiay oeaia, eiinoeueoaoeee
aeaaeaeueoea n ethaui ?aano?ii iioeuaiiuo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae e
ethaay ae?oaay eioi?iaoeey.
Ioaeii ioiaoeoue iaeio aaaeioth aeaoaeue: i?aaiioiioaiey ii ?anoeoooeee
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae aicieeatho, ia iaaeaeo caeiiiui nianoaaiieeii
yoiai eiouanoaa e eeoeii, caaeaaeaaoei iioeuaiiui (iacaaenaii io oiai,
eaeao ee ?a/ue i iocaa, /anoiii eieeaeoeeiia?a eee ethaii ae?oaii
eeoea). Yoi ioiioaiea iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie, o.a. yoe ioiioaiey
?aaoee?othony ii?iaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ioaee/iiai i?aaa, a ia
aioo?aiiei i?aaii ainoaea?noaa, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?iai iaia?oaeaii
eiouanoai. Iiyoiio oieueei ainoaea?noai, i?aaenoaaeaiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoaii, iaoiaeyueiny o aeanoe a aeaiiue iiiaio, iieiiii/ii ia
i?aaeuyaeaiea i?aoaicee i ?anoeoooeee anao eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae,
auaacaiiuo n aai oa??eoi?ee. Yoi i?aaeei eiaao aieaa iauee oa?aeoa? e
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia ana neo/ae ?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae.
Noauaeoii ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo i?e ?anoeoooeee, yaeyaony
ainoaea?noai. i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aaenoaaeyao a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo
iocae, o/?aaeaeaiey, i?aaiecaoeee aeaiiie no?aiu, ?aeeaeiciua iaueiu e
a?aaeaeai. Eoi yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae ia eiaao
cia/aiey aeey i?aaeuyaeaiee o?aaiaaiee i ?anoeoooeee. ?aoathuaa cia/aiea
eiaao e?eoa?ee iaoiaeaeaiey eiouanoaa ia oa??eoi?ee ii?aaeaeaiiiai
ainoaea?noaa.
Iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iniaaiiinoe ?anoeoooeee iu ioiaoei a neaaeothuae
aeaaa.
III. I?IAEAIU ?ANOEOOOeEE EOEUeOO?IUO OeAIIINOAE, IA?AIAUAIIUO A AIAeU
AOI?IE IE?IAIE AIEIU.
Aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia, ?acaycaiiay oaoenoneie Aa?iaieae iaianea ia?iiiue
o?ii eoeueoo?iiio ianeaaeeth iiiaeo no?ai: ?innee, Iieueoa, Aaeueaee,
O?aioeee, Aieeaiaeee. Iiiaea oaaeaa?u ie?iaie eoeueoo?u auee oie/oiaeaiu
oaoenoneeie aa?aa?aie. Iniaaiioth ?ac?ooeoaeueioth iieeoeeo aaei
iaiaoeeia eiiaiaeiaaiea ia ainoi/iii o?iioa. Eiiaiaeothuee 6-ie
aa?iaineie a?ieae a i?eeaca io 10 ieoya?y 1941 aiae “ I iiaaaeaiee aiene
ia Ainoiea” ienae: “ieeaeea enoi?e/aneea e eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe ia
ainoiea ia eiatho cia/aiey”. Yoio /oaeiaeuiue i?eeac i?eaiaeeeny a
aeeciue: aeoea?iaoeu aci?aaee ciaiaieooth Eeaai-Ia/i?neoth eaa?o,
?ac?ooeee ae?aaiee ai?iae *a?ieaia, ?aca?iieee ssnioth iieyio.
Iiaeaa?aeenue ?ac?ooaieyi Iiaai?iae, Ineia, Iaoa?aio, Iaaeiane, Niieaine
e iiiaea ae?oaea ai?iaea.
E?iia ?ac?ooaiee, /anoue eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae auea ?aca?aaeaia. 29
yiaa?y 1940 a. Aeoea? iacia/ee ?icaiaa?aa aeaaie oeaio?aeueiiai
enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai einoeoooa ii aii?inai
iaoeeiiaeueii-nioeeaeenoe/aneie eaeaieiaee e ainieoaiey, iinea /aai auea
nicaeaia i?aaiecaoeey, ecaanoiay iiae iacaaieai “yeicaooooaa
?icaiaa?aa”, i?iaiaeeaoay oe?ieea ia?ii?eyoey ii ?aca?aaeaieth
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae ii ana e Aa?iia. Oae, a io/aoa ?iaa?oa Oieueoea,
ia/aeueieea niaoeeaeueiiai ooaaa ii ecia?aceoaeueiiio eneonnoao
aiai?eeinue, /oi: “Ca ia?eiae n ia?oa 1941 aiaea ii etheue 1944 aiaea
niaoeeaeueiue ooaa ecia?aceoaeueiuo eneonnoa iai?aaee a eiia?eth 29
aieueoeo ia?oee a?ocia, a oii /enea 137 oiaa?iuo aaaiiia, a?oaeaiiuo
4100 yueeaie n i?iecaaaeaieyie eneonnoaa”.
Anai ecaanoia e niaa?oaiii a?aaeiaay iia?aoeey “Eeion”, caeeth/athuayny
a nicaeaiee a aano?eeneii ai?iaea Eeion (ianoa ?iaeaeaiey A. Aeoea?a)
naiiai aieueoiai iocay anao a?aiai. N yoie oeaeueth a yoio ai?iae
noaeaeenue i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa ni anao ieeoie?iaaiiuo oa??eoi?ee.
Ai a?aiy Ith?iaa?aneiai i?ioeanna iaae aeaaiuie iaiaoeeeie aiaiiuie
i?anooiieeaie auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi ?anoeuaieai eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
caieiaeenue: Aeiiea?, Aa?eia, ?icaiaa?a, ?eaaaio?ii e ae?oaea oaoenoneea
aeaaa?e.
Eoiae Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu iai ecaanoiu. Ie?iaua aeiaiai?a 1947 aiaea
onoaiiaeee ii?yaeie ?anoeoooeee eiouanoaa, iaeiaei i?iaeaia eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae ?ac?aoaia ia auea.
Onoaoaeea aa oaeay i?iaeaia: a n/ao eiiiainaoeee ca ia?iiiua iioa?e
eoeueoo?iiai aeinoiyiey, Niaaoneee Nithc auaac ec Aa?iaiee eoeueoo?iua
oeaiiinoe, i?eiaaeeaaeauea iaiaoeeiio ia?iaeo. E eiioeo XX aaea yoa
i?iaeaia i?aa?aoeeanue a eeoaie o?oaeii?ac?aoeiuo i?ioeai?a/ee e
?aciiaeanee.
E niaeaeaieth aie?oa yoie i?iaeaiu eaeoo iieeoe/aneea “ea?u”, a aaaeue
aa ?ac?aoaieai aeieaeiu caieiaoueny th?enou-iaaeaeoia?iaeieee, ioa?inea
ana eiiuthieoo?iua niia?aaeaiey. ?aoaiey aeieaeiu iniiauaaoueny ia
nouanoaothueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeoao, i?eioeeiao iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa
e cae?aieyoueny iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie.
Iniiaie yoie i?iaeaiu yaeyaony aii?in: caeiiii, eeai iacaeiiii auee
auaacaiu iaiaoeeea eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe. ?inneeneay noi?iia
ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi caeiiii.
Aea, ii?aaeaeaiiuie aeiaiai?aie (ie?iue aeiaiai? n Eoaeeae, 1947 a.)
i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue,/oi a neo/aa anee “iaaiciiaeii inouanoaeoue
?anoeoooeeth iauaeoia, i?aaeunoaaeythueo ooaeiaeanoaaiiue, enoi?e/aneee,
eee a?oeieiae/aneee eioa?an, eioi?ua ninoaaeytho /anoue eoeueoo?iiai
ianeaaeey Iauaaeeiaiuo Iaoeee, n oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie iauaeou auee
auaacaiu a?aaeaeaiaie, aeanoyie eee eoaeueyineeie a?ieyie,
ianeeuenoaaiii eee ii i?eioaeaeaieth, Eoaeey iaycoaony i?aaeinoaaeoue
caeioa?aniaaiiie iauaaeeiaiiie iaoeee iauaeou oie aea i?e?iaeu e acaeiii
yeaeaaeaioiie oeaiiinoe auaacaiiui iauaeoa a oie noaiaie, a eioi?ie yoi
auei aiciiaeii iieo/eoue a Eoaeee”.
Oaeei ia?acii, ecaanoiu neo/ae caiaiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, o.a.
eiiiainaoeee. Aieaa oiai, ?inneeneee caeii ? 64-O3 io 15 oi?aey 1998 a.
“I eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoyo, ia?aiauaiiuo a Nithc NN? a ?aceeueoaoa aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu e iaoiaeyueony ia oa??eoi?ee ?O (A aeaeueiaeoai – caeii i
ia?aiauaiiuo eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoyo 1998 a.) i?yii aaiaeeo iiiyoea
“eiiiainaoi?iay ?anoeoooeey”, ii?aaeaeyy aai eae “aeae iaoa?eaeueiie,
iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaie aeoeaiinoe ainoaea?noaa-aa?anni?a, i?eiaiyaiie
a neo/ayo, anee inouanoaeaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeaiiiai ainoaea?noaa a
oi?ia iau/iie ?anoeoooeee iaaiciiaeii, e caeeth/athuaeny a iaycaiiinoe
aeaiiiai ainoaea?noaa eiiiaine?iaaoue i?e/eiaiiue ae?oaiio ainoaea?noao
iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a, iooai ia?aaea/e iioa?iaaoaio ainoaea?noao (eee
iooai ecuyoey iioa?iaaoei ainoaea?noaii a naith iieueco) i?aaeiaoia oiai
aea ?iaea, /oi e ?aca?aaeaiiua e iacaeiiii auaacaiiua
ainoaea?noaii-aa?anni?ii n oa??eoi?ee iioa?iaaoaai ainoaea?noaa” (no.4
caeiia).
Niaa?oaiii ynii, /oi oaeea ii?aaeaeaiey (ai?i/ai eae e aanue caeii) ia
auaea?aeeaatho ieeaeie e?eoeee n oi/ee c?aiey ii?i iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
i?aaa. O?oaeii aiai?eoue i eaeeo-oi iieiaeeoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoao, eiaaea
naie o?aaiaaiey noi?iiu auaeaeaatho a oeueoeiaoeaiie oi?ia.
Ae?oaie i?iaeaiie yaeyaony oi, /oi iiiaea eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe,
auaacaiiua iaiaoeeeie ieeoiaioaie, auee caoai ia?ai?aaeaiu a ae?oaea
no?aiu e Aa?iaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai, aeaaea aeaeay eo aa?iooue, ia eiaao
oaeoe/aneie aiciiaeiinoe yoi naeaeaoue. Oaeiaa noaeueaa ?onneie nayouie
– Oeoaeineie eeiiu I?anayoie Aiai?iaeeoeu, eioi?ay iaoiaeeony iuia a
/anoiiii nia?aiee a a. *eeaai, NOA. I noaeueaa ae?oaie nayouie –
Niieaineie eeiia Aiaeueae iaoa?e Iaee/eo?ee ecaanoii eeoue, /oi iia auea
auaacaia ieeoiaioaie. E yoi oieueei aeaa i?eia?a, a neieueei aua
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae aeaeoo ?ac?aoaiey yoiai nii?iiai aii?ina: eiio
iie i?eiaaeeaaeao.
Aeaiiue aii?in aeinoiei aieaa aeoaieiai e ouaoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey, a
iauai eo?niaie ?aaiou ia iicaieyao ?ane?uoue aa iieiinoueth. Ii iaeii
iiaeii neacaoue oi/ii: aeaa noi?iiu (?inney e Aa?iaiey) aeieaeiu nanoue
ca noie ia?aaiai?ia i noaeueaa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae, ia?aiauaiiuo a
aiaeu Aoi?ie Ie?iaie aieiu, ioa?inea i?aaeuacyoinoue e iieeoe/aneea
eeeoa. Oieueei oiaaea iiaeii aeaeaoue iiceoeaiuo ?acoeueoaoia.
CAEETH*AIEA.
A aeaiiie eo?niaie ?aaioa iiith aue ?ane?uo aii?in ii i?iaeaiai
?anoeoooeee eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Aiciiaeii, eoi-oi iiaeao iin/eoaoue
yoio aii?in ia aeooaeueiui aeey ?anioaeeee Iieaeiaa. Iaeiaei, iia au
oioaeinue i?aaeinoa?a/ue io noieue iiniaoiuo auaiaeia. Ai-ia?auo,
aii?inu io?aiu eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey ethaie no?aiu ia iiaoo ia
aieiiaaoue aai a?aaeaeai. Ai aoi?uo, ?anioaeeea Iieaeiaa eioaa?e?oaony a
Aa?iio e iaeiei ec oaaia e yoiio ciaiaiaoaeueiiio niauoeth yaeyaony
i?eiyoea ?I a Niaao Aa?iiu. A A?iiaeneie Eoeueoo?iie eiiaaioeee,
iiaeienaiiie iiae yaeaeie Niaaoa Aa?iiu a Ia?eaea 19 aeaeaa?y 1954 aiaea
aiai?eony : Eaaeaeay Aeiaiaa?eaathuayny noi?iia aoaeao ?anniao?eaaoue
aa?iiaeneea eoeueoo?iuaoeaiiinoe, iaoiaeyueany iiae aa eiio?ieai eae
iaioaeaeeioth /anoue iauaai eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey Aa?iiu, a oae aea
aoaeao i?aaei?eieiaoue iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u aeey eo io?aiu e iaania/aiey e
iei iaiaoiaeeiiai aeinooia (no.5).
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
Aeanaiae?ia A. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaay caueoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae e
iauaeoia”, Nioey, 1978 a.
Aeaenaiae?ia A. “Iaeo ?a?eoa e iaaeaeoia?iaeiay io?aia iaiyoieeia
enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u”, Nioey, 1978 a.
Aooeia A. “?inney, eioi?ie ia auei. Caaaaeee, aa?nee, aeiioacu”, Iineaa,
1997 a.
Aiaoneaaneee I.I. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay io?aia eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae,
Iineaa, 1979 a.
Aiaieeoeui TH.I. “Aaee/aeoea iiaeaeaeee, a?aaaaee e oeuaiey
i?iecaaaeaiee eneonnoaa”, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, 1997 a.
Caeaeaaeoe ?. e I. “Aeaia n ai?iinoaai (eae aeoea?iaoeu a?aaeee
ooaeiaeanoaaiiua nie?iaeua Aa?iiu), Iineaa, 1966 a.
Eeaiai I., Ino?ianeee A. “Iiaeaeaeueiua oaaeaa?u”, Iineaa, 1966 a.
Ieianyi I.I. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?anooieaiey o?aoueaai ?aeoa”, Na?aoia,
1977 a.
Iiaeoeeee E.A. “?eineia i?aai”, Iineaa, 1995 a.
Iiaiaaei E. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?aai”, Iineaa, 1950 a.
?oiyioeaa O. ss. “Aecian ia eneonnoaa”, Iineaa, 1976 a.
Niaaoneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue, Iineaa, 1982 a.
Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee th?eaee/aneee neiaa?ue, Iineaa, 1996 a.
Aiaoiyy iieeoeea niaaoneiai nithca a ia?eiae Ioa/anoaaiiie
aieiu, Iineaa 1996 a.
Ith?iaa?aneee i?ioeann iaae aeaaiuie iaiaoeeeie aiaiiuie
i?anooiieeaie, Iineaa 1958 a.
Ie aeaaiinoe, Ie caaaaiey (Ii iaoa?eaeai Ith?iaa?aneiai
i?ioeanna), Iineaa, 1984 a.
Aaaeaiea aiaauo aeaenoaee. Nai?iee Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee e eiuo
niaeaoaiee, Iineaa, 1995 a.
Niaauaiea ii aaciianiinoe e nio?oaeie/anoao a Aa?iia. Caeeth/eoaeueiue
aeo. Oaeueneiee 1975 aiae; a eieaa “I?aaa /aeiaaea e
noaeii?iecaiaenoai”, Aa?oaaa, no?.18
Aeeea “Oeao?oeia” i?eiaaeeaaeauay ?eineiio eiia?aoi?o Aae?eaio, auea
ianoiyuei iocaai, aaea auee nia?aiu eo/oea i?iecaaaeaiey a?a/aneiai
eneonnoaa. *anoue ec ieo auea caaiaaaia i?aaeoanoaaiieeaie Aae?eaia,
/anoue – ei naiei. A V aaea i.y. oeuioaoea a Eoaeeth i?aeu aa?aa?ia, a
naith i/a?aaeue, ?aca?aaeee aeeeo. Eiaiii caeanue i?e ?aneiieao aue
iaeaeai oaaeaa? aioe/iiai eneonnoaa – noaooy Aaia?u Ieeinneie.
?e/a?ae Aeae. Ouethec, Yaeaa?ae N. A?aaeee, Oyae I. Ouethec “Oiiaeiaue
?uiie” Iineaa,1997 a., no?.11
Niaaoneee Yioeeeeiiaaee/aeee neiaa?ue, Iineaa, 1982 a., no?. 677.
Aaaeaiea aiaauo aeaenoaee. Nai?iee Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee e eiuo
niaeaoaiee.Iineaa, 1996 a., no?.30
Oai aea, no?. 33-34
Aaaeaiea aiaauo aeaenoaee. Nai?iee Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee e eiuo
niaeaoaiee.Iineaa, 1996 a.,
no?.30
Iineianeee E?aieue, Iineaa, 1977.
Ii naiae i?aaiaie i?e?iaea yoe aeaa aeieoiaioa nouanoaaiii ioee/athony.
?aeiiaiaeaoeee
THIANEI i?eieiathony i?inoui aieueoeinoaii aieinia e ia o?aaotho
?aoeoeeaoeee
ainoaea?noaaie-/eaiaie THIANEI, iinyo ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Eiiaaioeee
i?eieiathony ia Aaia?aeueiie Eiioa?aioeee THIANEI 2/3 aieinia,
o?aaotho ?aoeoeeaoeee
ainoaea?noaaie-/eaiaie e iinyo iaycaoaeueiue oa?aeoa? aeey no?ai, eo
?aoeoeoee?iaaaoeo.
Eiiaaioeey i ia?ao, iai?aaeaiiuo ia cai?auaiea e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea
iacaeiiiiai aaica, auaica e ia?aaea/e i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia eoeueoo?iua
oeaiiinoe, no.1, a eieaa Aiaoneaaneiai I.I. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay io?aia
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae”, Iineaa, 1979, no?.167
Ai a?aiy Iaiieaiiianeeo aiei ec Aaiaoeee a Ia?eae auee auaacaiu oeao?u
eiiae, niyoua ia ieiuaaee Na.Ia?ea
Aiaoneaaneee I.I. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay io?aia eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae”,
Iineaa, 1979 a., no?.167-168
Iineianeee aeo?iae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, 1996 a., ? 2, no?.223-237
Caeii INN? ? 2242-IX io 29 aeaeaa?y 1977 aiaea ”Ia io?aia e
eniieueciaaiee iaiyoieeia
enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u”, noaouey 1
?inneeneay aacaoa, 21 ai?aey 1998 aiaea
A.Aeaenaiae?ia “Iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaay caueoa eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae
e iauaeoia”, Nioey,
1978 aiae, no?. 9-10
Iiaeoeeee E.A. “?eineia i?aai”, Iineaa,1995 a., no?.45
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?anioaeeee Iieaeiaa, i?eiyo 26 aeaeaa?y 1964
aiaea
Ae?aaia-a?a/aneea neoeueioi?u
Aooeia A. “?inney, eioi?ie ia auei. Caaaaeee, aa?nee, aeiioacu”, Iineaa
Gentiles A. “De jure belli” III, IV
Aea Aaooaeue Yia? “I?aai ia?iaeia”, Iineaa,1960 a.,no?.523
Oai aea aeae?aoii aue ooaa?aeaeai iuia oe?iei ecaanoiue iocae Eoa?
Iu aua iiaiai?ei ia yeicaooooaaa ?icaiaa?aa, caieiathueiny oai aea a
oaoenoneie
a Aa?iaiee, a III aeaaa ?aaiou.
A ?acoeueoaoa Aa?iaineie aiiaa?aee?iaee a naioya?a 1914 aiaea i?e
iiaea?a nai?aei 300.000 eiea, 500 ?oeiienae. Ia iniiaaiee yoiai
Aa?iaiey caeeth/eea n Aaeueaeae aeaa niaeaoaiey io 29
yiaa?y e 4 iiya?y 1920 aiaea i iinoaaee eiea ia noiio 2186084 ia?ee
cieioii.
Aiaoiyy iieeoeea niaaoneiai nithca a ia?eiae Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu,
Iineaa 1996 a.,
/.I,no?.337-338
Ana yoe aeieoiaiou iu iiae?iaiaa ?anniio?ei a neaaeothuae aeaaa
Aaaeaiea aiaauo aeaenoaee. Nai?iee Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee e eiuo
niaeaoaiee. Iineaa 1995 a.,
no?.22
Oai aea, no?. 28
Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee th?eaee/aneee neiaa?ue, Iineaa, 1996 a., no?.271
Aiaoiyy iieeoeea niaaoneiai nithca a ia?eiae Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu,
Iineaa 1996 a.,
/.I,no?.337-338
Oai aea, no?.337
Aiaeiae/iua ii?iu niaea?aeaeenue a no.24 aeiaiai?a n Aaia?eae, no.23
aeiaiai?a n ?oiuieae,
no.22 aeiaiai?a n Aieaa?eae.
Iai?eia?, aeaeaaaoeey NOA cayaeea, /oi anee i?aaeea i ?anoeoooeee
aieaeoo a eiiaaioeeth, iia
ia niiaeao aa iiaeienaoue. Oaeoth aea iiceoeeth caiyea Aiaeey e ?yae
ae?oaeo no?ai.
Aaaeaiea aiaauo aeaenoaee. Nai?iee Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee e eiuo
niaeaoaiee, Iineaa, 1995 a.,
no?.35
Iineianeee aeo?iae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa ? 2, 1996 a., no?. 229
Ethaia ainoaea?noai iiaeao a iiiaio iiaeienaiey eee ?aoeoeeaoeee
cayaeoue, /oi aoaeao i?eiaiyoue
75 eaoiee n?ie aeaaiinoe eee aieaa aeeeoaeueiue, i?aaeoniio?aiiue
aai i?aaii.
Ith?iaa?aneee i?ioeann iaae aeaaiuie iaiaoeeeie aiaiiuie i?anooiieeaie,
Iineaa 1958 a.,
o.III, no?.528
Ie?iue aeiaiai? n Eoaeeae, no.75, i.9
?inneeneay aacaoa, 21 ai?aey 1998 a.
AEo?iae Iineianeie Iao?ea?oee, 1984 a. ? 3, no?.13
Iaa yoe no?aiu ia iiaeienaee eiiaaioeeth THIEAe?OA 1995 a.
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