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Правовая концепция иностранных инвестиций в России

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66 1915
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Iineianeee Einoeooo I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e I?aaa

Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa ii i?aaeiaoo

«Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?aai»

ii oaia

«I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea

eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a ?innee»

Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue: eaiaeeaeao th?. iaoe Eiaaiia N.A.

nooaeaioee IV-ai eo?na TH?eaee/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa a?oiiu 404

Aaaeieeiiaie Oaoueyiu

Iineaa 1998 a

IEAI.

Aaaaeaiea ( no?. 3-12)

1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O” (
i?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaaiey caeiia, oi?iu eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, nenoaia
aeiionea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea ).(no?. 13-35)

2. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey i caueoa eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee e
a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea ii ?anniio?aieth nii?ia i?aaei?eyoee n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie. (no?. 36-50)

3. I?iaeaiu no?aoiaaiey iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia.
(no?. 51-64)

4. Iieiaeaiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao.
(no?. 65-71)

Caeeth/aiea. (no?. 72-76)

AAAAeAIEA.

Anee noiie?iaaoue i?aaenoaaeaiey i ?innee, neeaaeuaathueany ca
?oaaaeii, oi iiaeii i?eaeoe e auaiaeo, /oi aeaaiie i?e/eiie /?acia?iie
inoi?iaeiinoe ca?oaaaeiiai eaieoaea auea e inoa?ony ianoaaeeueiinoue a
no?aia. Eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u iinoiyiii naootho ia oi, /oi a ?innee
nio?aiyaony iianiinoue iaaaoeaiuo ia?aiai a iieeoeea, yeiiiieea e
i?aaa. O?aaiaa ca aoaeouaa aeiaeaiiiai eaieoaea iiaeieouaaaony
yeno?aienoneeie eicoiaaie ioaeaeueiuo iieeoe/aneeo a?oiie?iaie e
ia?oee, o?aaiaaieyie iaoeeiiaeecaoeee i?eaaoece?iaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe.
Eieaeae ?innee oaeaea oooaeoaaony aneaaenoaea ?inoa i?anooiiinoe,
ionoonoaey niieieiuo auoiauo oneiaee aeey naiae eeoe, caiyouo a noa?a
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

Iaaaoeaiia aeeyiea ieacuaaao caiacaeuaaiea iiaea?iecaoeee
yeiiiieee, ieceee o?iaaiue oi?aaeaiey ath. Iaiaei iaaeiaieuenoaa o
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia aucuaaao e ae?noeay iaeiaiaay iieeoeea, e oiio
aea iinoiyiii iiaeaa?aathuayny iai?aaeneacoaiui eciaiaieyi, aunieee
o?iaaiue eioeyoeee, iaee/ea i?aaiauo i?aiyonoaee a aeaea neaainoe e
ianiaa?oainoaa aeaenoaothueo ii?i ?inneeneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo.

Oeo/oaiea aea eiaanoeoeeiiiiai eeeiaoa, ii i?iaiicai
I?aaeoaeuenoaa, niiniaii i?eaanoe e oiio, /oi iau?i ca?oaaaeiuo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a yeiiiieeo ?innee oaea a 1998 aiaeo ninoaaeo aieaa 8
ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia NOA. *oiau aeiaeoueny oaeeo iieacaoaeae aaaeii
inouanoaeoue ia?aniio? iaeiaiaie iieeoeee, ?anniio?aoue aiciiaeiinoue
onoaiiaeaiey oaiiaeaiiuo eueaio, iiauneoue o?iaaiue oi?aaeaiey
eiaanoeoeeiiiuie i?ioeannaie e ?aoeoue iiiaea ae?oaea caaea/e
eiiieaeniiai oa?aeoa?a. ?a/ue eae?o i aieueoie e iiiainoi?iiiae ?aaioa
ii iiaea?iecaoeee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii iiaeaioiaeoue
e i?eiyoue na?eth iiauo caeiiia e ae?oaeo i?aaiauo aeoia, ioaa/athueo
iio?aaiinoyi a?aiaie. Iiuo ?yaea no?ai iieacuaaao, /oi aeaaea i?e
neiaeiinoyo a yeiiiieea e ecaanoiie ianoaaeeueiinoe iooai i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey e nicaeaiey aeey eiino?aiiiai eiaanoi?a aeaaii?eyoiiai
i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia ei oaeaaony i?eaeaeaoue cia/eoaeueiue eiino?aiiue
eaieoae.

Ninoiyiea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a noa?a eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee ia aucuaaao ainoi?aa e a ?innee. ?inneeneea i?aaei?eieiaoaee
oaaaeaeaiu a oii, /oi eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee a i?eioeeia ia oieueei
ia i?aiyonoaotho ?acaeoeth ioa/anoaaiiiai aeciana e yeiiiieee a oeaeii,
ii e ioe?uaatho ia?aae ieie iiaua eioa?aniua ia?niaeoeau. Ai
acaeiiaeaenoaee n eiino?aiiuie ia?oi??aie iaoe i?aaei?eieiaoaee iiaoo
auno?aa iiaea?iece?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai, iieo/ea aeey yoiai ioaeiua
n?aaenoaa, iiaua oaoiieiaee; ia?ano?ieoue nenoaio ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee
e oi?aaeaiey. Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee a ?acee/iuo oi?iao iiaoo oniaoii
ni/aoaoueny n eaieoaeiaeiaeaieyie ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae,
?acoiaaony, eiaaea aeaei n iaieo noi?ii aaae?ony a?aiioii, ia
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iniiaa e n niaethaeaieai eioa?ania ?innee.

Noaiiaeaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo –
ninoaaiay /anoue i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa a
?innee. I?aaenoieo naeaeaoue au? i/aiue iiiaia aeey oiai, /oiau iaoa
ainoaea?noai noaei aeaenoaeoaeueii i?aaiaui. Iiea /oi oaeia aai
ii?aaeaeaiea, cae?aie?iiia a Eiinoeoooeee, aini?eieiaaony aieueoa eae
eaeay, /ai eae inycaaiay ?aaeueiinoue. Oaeei ia?acii, ianooieea
ii?a iiaiai iieieaiey caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?othueo eiino?aiiua
eiaanoeoeee. Aeey oiai, /oiau o?iaaiue i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ia
ionoaaae io ?acaeoey yeiiiieee e anaai ?inneeneiai iauanoaa a oeaeii
iaiaoiaeeii iaiiaeaiea aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Caeanue
iiaeii aiai?eoue i?aeoe/anee i oi?ie?iaaiee aoi?iai iieieaiey
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo. Aiciiaeiinoe
aeiiieiaiee e eciaiaiee nouanoaothueo caeiiia, a nouiinoe, ieacaeenue
en/a?iaiiuie, ia neo/aeii ?ac?aaioea i?iaeoa Caeiia i iii?aaeao e
Caeiio “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O” oae caoyioeanue. Iineaaeiea
i?iaeou Caeiia i iii?aaeao aieueoa aiai?yo a iieueco i?eiyoey iiaiai
naiinoiyoaeueiiai caeiia.1

Iiiaea aii?inu, eanathueany eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee oaea
?ac?aoaiu aieaa iaueie caeiiaie. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai A?aaeaeaineee
Eiaeaen ?O. I?aaeea, onoaiiaeaiiua AE i?eiaiythony e ioiioaieyi n
o/anoeai eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai e eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, anee
eiia ia onoaiiaeaii oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii. Oa?aeoa?iui aeey
A?aaeaeaineiai Eiaeaena ?innee yaeyaony iineaaeiaaoaeueiia cae?aieaiea a
i?i i?eioeeiia /anoiiai i?aaa. Yoi, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ?aaainoai
i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia noauaeoia a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaiioiioaiee,
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe,

iaaeiionoeiinoue i?iecaieueiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a
yeiiiie/aneoth aeeciue iauanoaa, iaania/aiea aani?aiyonoaaiiiai
inouanoaeaiey i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e aa?aioee ainnoaiiaeaiey
ia?ooaiiiai i?aaa. AE iaoeaeai ia oi, /oiau ?acaeaaoue naiaiaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, nicaeaaaoue aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey aai
?acaeoey a ?innee.

Iaiaeiaaaeiay ?ieue a ?aaoee?iaaiee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee
ioaiaeeony e ae?oaei iauei caeiiai. A iiaii Caiaeueiii Eiaeaena
aeieaeai auoue iieiinoueth ?ao?i aii?in i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia
caieth, /oi e?aeia aaaeii aeey noaiiaeaiey ?uii/iie yeiiiieee.

Noeioee?iaaiea ca?oaaaeiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee oanii naycaii e n
i?eiyoeai Iaeiaiaiai Eiaeaena. Iiiaea i?iaeaiu aeayoaeueiinoe
eiino?aiiuo aaieia a ?O oaea niyou iiaui Caeiiii “I aaieao e aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe”. Yoio ia?a/aiue iiaeii i?iaeieaeeoue, iineieueeo ii
ioaaouaaao aieueooth /anoue caeiiia, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaoiaeyueony ia
noaaeee ?ac?aaioee.

Aeey iiieiaiey iniaaiiinoae nia?aiaiiiai iiaeoiaea ?inneeneiai
caeiiiaeaoaey e ?aaeaiaioaoeee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, neaaeoao eiaoue
a aeaeo, /oi ii yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii yaiethoeee ?aaoee?iaaiey ii?yaeea
nicaeaiey e aeayoaeueiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee auaoaai NNN? oae iacuaaaiuo
niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Aeaaiui enoi/ieeii ?aaoee?iaaiey noaoona
niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey yaeyeenue iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa ieieno?ia NNN?
io 13.I1.87. “I ii?yaeea nicaeaiey ia oa??eoi?ee NNN? e aeayoaeueiinoe
niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee
NNN? e ae?oaeo no?ai-/eaiia NYA” e “I ii?yaeea nicaeaiey ia oa??eoi?ee
NNN? e aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee n o/anoeai niaaoneeo
i?aaiecaoeee e oe?i ec eaieoaeenoe/aneeo e ?acaeaathueony no?ai”.1

Niaeanii iinoaiiaeaieyi I?aaeoaeuenoaa, eanathueiny NI, iiae
iineaaeieie neaaeoao iiieiaoue i?aainoauaeoiua i?aaiecaoeee,
o/?aaeae?iiua ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?a, caeeth/?iiiai iaaeaeo
niaaoneeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie e eiino?aiiuie ia?oia?aie,
e aeaenoaothuea a niioaaonoaee n onoaaii. I?e/ai aeiey eiino?aiiiai
ia?oia?a aia/aea auea ia?aie/aia 49% io iauaai eaieoaea (a aeaeueiaeoai
yoi ia?aie/aiea auei niyoi). Niaea?aeauaany a oiiiyiooii
iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ii?aaeaeaiea niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie i?aaeii?aaeaeeei oa?aeoa? caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo eae a auaoai NNN?, oae e a nia?aiaiiie ?innee.

Aeaeueiaeoae aaoie a ?acaeoee niaaoneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo noae Oeac I?aceaeaioa NNN? io 26.10.90 a.
“Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a NNN?”.1 Yoio aeo a neeo naiaai oa?aeoa?a
ia niaea?aeae aeaoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii aeaaae ii?aaeaeaiiua
iai?aaeaiey aeey aai ?acaeoey. A iniiaiii Oeac i?aaeoniao?eaae:
nicaeaiea eae niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, oae e i?aaei?eyoee ni
100-i?ioeaioiui o/anoeai eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea; aiciiaeiinoue
ii?ooaeueiuo eiaanoeoeee; aeieain?i/ioth a?aiaeo eiouanoaa e caiee
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie; i?aaeinoaaeaiey eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi ia
iaiaa aeaaii?eyoiiai ?aaeeia, /ai aeey eiaanoeoeee niaaoneeo
th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe.

Iinea i?eiyoey Oeaca I?aceaeaioa NNN? iineaaeiaaea ?ac?aaioea e
i?eiyoea Iniia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a
NNN?, eioi?ua a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie aini?eiyee oaea neiaeeaoeeny
iiaeoiae a ?aaoee?iaaiee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, iieo/eaoee
io?aaeaiea a Oeaca I?aceaeaioa NNN? io 26.10.90 a. Iniiaaie auei
onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee ia oa??eoi?ee
NNN? ia iiaeao auoue iaiaa aeaaii?eyoiui, /ai niioaaonoaothuee ?aaeei
aeey eiouanoaa e eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa, a oaeaea eiaanoeoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe niaaoneeo i?aaei?eyoee e a?aaeaeai ca ecuyoeyie,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie Nithca NN? e ?anioaeee ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo.

?inneeneee “Caeii ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo”, i?eiyoue 4
ethey 1991 aiaea, ?ac?aaaouaaeny ia?aeeaeueii n Iniiaaie e niaea?aeeo
cia/eoaeueiia /enei caeinoaiaaiee ec nithciiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, /oi
io?aaeaao neiaeeaoothny a NNN? nenoaio caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. Iinea ?aniaaea NNN? Caeii ?O “Ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo” i?iaeieaeaao nio?aiyoue nai?

aeaenoaea, iaeciaiiie inoa?ony e eiioeaioeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a ?innee. A /anoiinoe, iniiaiie oi?iie
eiaanoe?iaaiey eaieoaea a ?inneeneoth yeiiiieeo ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
i?iaeieaeaao inoaaaoueny o/?aaeaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie, iaaeae?iiuo noaoonii th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ii ?inneeneiio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. Aieueoay /anoue ii?i Caeiia ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo ( ec 42 noaoae – 23, o.a. aieueoa iieiaeiu ) eanaaony
ii?yaeea nicaeaiey e aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoia ?anniao?eaaaony i?iaeo
oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a Caeii ?NON?
“Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo”, a eioi?ii i?aaeoniao?eaaaony iaania/aiea
iaiaoiaeeiuo oneiaee aeey i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a
yeiiiieeo ?innee. Caeiiii?iaeo o/eouaaao ?aeiiaiaeaoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
i?aaiecaoeee – I?aaiecaoeee ii yeiiiie/aneiio nio?oaeie/anoao e
?acaeoeth ii ninoaaeaieth caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo, iaiaueaoae iiuo iiiaeo no?ai a yoie iaeanoe, e aeeth/aao
iieiaeaiey i iaoeeiiaeueiii ?aaeeia e i?eioeeia iaaeene?eieiaoeee.
Eiaaony a aeaeo, /oi nai iaoeeiiaeueiue ?aaeei (o.a. oa ?aaiua
yeiiiie/aneea e i?aaiaua oneiaey, a eioi?uo aeaenoaotho ?inneeneea e
eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u ) aeieaeai auoue ?aaeeeaeueii oeo/oai:
ea?aeeiaeueii aeieaeii auoue eciaiaii iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea, eiaaea
niae?aaiinoue iaeiaia aeieaeia aeinoeaaoueny ia ca n/ao iaiineeueiiai
aeey oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie, a ca n/ao onei?aiey
yeiiiie/aneiai iai?ioa; oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie aeieaeia auoue e iieeoeea
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee, noeioee?iaaiey e oeiaine?iaaiey
eiaanoi?ia.

Oe a e ue th yoie ?aaiou yaeyaony ?ane?uoea iiiyoey “eiino?aiiua
eiaanoeoeee” a i?aaiaii niunea (o.a. n oi/ee c?aiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e
iieiaeaiee niioaaonoaothueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia);
oa?aeoa?enoeea Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo”, ia?niaeoeau
?acaeoey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo; ii?aaeaeaiea
nenoaiu aeiionea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea; i?iaeaiu no?aoiaaiey
iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia e ?aaeaiaioaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
a i?ioeanna i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

A niioaaonoaee n yoei ii?aaeaeyaony no?oeoo?a aeaiiie ?aaiou,
eioi?ay ninoieo ec ieaeaneaaeothueo aeaa.

IAUAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA CAEIIA “IA EIINO?AIIUO EIAANOEOeEssO A ?O”.

Caeii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo”
yaeyaony iniiaiui enoi/ieeii i?aaa a ?anniao?eaaaiie iaeanoe ioiioaiee,
yoi neaaeoao ec iacaaiey naiiai caeiia, i/a?/aiiiai a i?i e?oaa
?aaoee?oaiuo ioiioaiee, a oaeaea ec oiai, /oi yoio aeo i?eiyo aunoei
i?aaiii caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeanoe. A oi aea a?aiy, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue,
/oi ia i?aeoeea ?ieue oiiiyiooiai aeoa ia noieue oae aaeeea. I?e/eiie
oiio yaeythony iaaeinoaoee naiie eiioeaioeee ?aaoee?iaaiey, caeiaeaiiie
a Caeiia, a oaeaea iaaeinoaoee a oi?ioee?iaea ioaeaeueiuo aai
iieiaeaiee.

Ec iaaeinoaoeia aeaenoaothuaai a ?O Caeiia “ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo” iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue neaaeothuea:

Ai-ia?auo – /?acau/aeioth aeaeea?aoeaiinoue iiiaeo aai iieiaeaiee.
A /anoiinoe, ?acaeae “Ainoaea?noaaiiua aa?aioee caueou eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoi?ia” yaeyaony nei?aa aeaeea?e?iaaieai iaueo i?eioeeiia, iaaeaee
nia?aieai ii?i, /?oei ii?aaeaeythueo iineaaenoaey i?eiyoey i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaa ia?, ia?ooathueo eee ouaieythueo i?aaa eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoi?ia.

Ai-aoi?uo – iiiaea iieiaeaiey Caeiia ieacaeenue onoa?aaoeie
i?aeoe/anee a iiiaio aai i?eiyoey. Oae, Caeii i?aaeienuaaao
?aaeno?aoeeth i?aaei?eyoee a Ieienoa?noaa Oeiainia ?O, eee a “eiii,
oiieiiii/aiiii ia oi ainoaea?noaaiiii i?aaia”. No 16. Naia eaeay
i?aaiaie ii?iu, i?aaeienuaathuae ?aaeno?aoeeth “oai, eee a ae?oaii
ianoa” eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue a? eniieueciaaiey a oeaeyo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a caeiia. I?enoonoaea a? iiaeao naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue
eeoue i oii, /oi a iiiaio i?eiyoey Caeiia caeiiiaeaoaeue ia
i?aaenoaaeye, eee eiae iai?aaeeueiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i aiciiaeiuo
niiniaao ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiiie iaeanoe ioiioaiee. Yoa oi?ioee?iaea
i?eaaea a iineaaenoaee e iaeioi?ie iaii?aaeae?iiinoe a i?ioeanna
i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie.
?ac?aoeoue neiaeeaoothny i?iaeaio auei i?ecaaii iinoaiiaeaiea
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O “I ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie” io 28.11.91 a., i?aaeienuaathuaa inouanoaeaiea
?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie nia/aea a ianoiuo
i?aaiao aeanoe, a caoai e a oiieiiii/aiiii i?aaia. ?acoiaaony, /oi anee
au ia iiiaio i?eiyoey Caeiia caeiiiaeaoaeue /?oei i?aaenoaaeye naaa,
eaeei aeieaeii auoue ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, e eae yoi ?aaoee?iaaiea aeieaeii niioiineoueny n
?aaeaiaioaoeeae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee
?innee, oi, aiciiaeii oeacaiiiai iaaeinoaoea iiaeii auei au ecaaaeaoue.

A-o?aoueeo – Caeii eeoue oieueei eanaaony aii?inia, naycaiiuo n
o/?aaeaeaieai e aeayoaeueiinoueth oeeeaeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa
eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, i?eia?aoaieai oeaiiuo aoiaa,
caeeth/aieai eiioeanneiiiuo aeiaiai?ia e o.ae. A oi aea a?aiy, eaaeaeay
ec ia?a/eneaiiuo oi?i i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe o?aaoao iiae?iaiie ?aaeaiaioaoeee, eee oioy au
niioaaonoaey n ?aiaa i?eiyouie a yoie noa?a ioiioaiee ii?iaoeaiuie
aeoaie.

Ca i?aaeaeaie ?aaoee?iaaiey Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo”
inoathony iaeioi?ua aanueia ?ani?ino?ai?iiua oi?iu inouanoaeaiey
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, oaeea, eae aeiaiai? oeaeaaiai aeieain?i/iiai
caeia, aii?inu, naycaiiua n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai oae iacuaaaiuo
aeiaiai?iuo oi?i niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee (contractual joint ventures),
niaeaoaiee i ?acaeaea i?iaeoeoeee (production sharing contracts) e o.ae.
Yoe i?aaiaua oi?iu ia ?anniao?eaathony a Caeiia, oioy ec ia?a/iy
aeaeia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, niaea?aeauaainy a caeiia, iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae i aiciiaeiii iiae/eiaiee eo aeaenoaeth ?anniao?eaaaiiai
caeiia.

E?iia oiai, i/aaeaeii, /oi caeii ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo iiaeao
aeaenoaiaaoue oieueei a iaeaoa n ae?oaeie caeiiaie, i?aaeaea anaai i
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth, i i?eaaoecaoeee, aaie?ionoaa,
aaethoiii ?aaoee?iaaiee, iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee. Aianoa iie aeieaeiu
oi?ie?iaaoue aaeeioth ainoaea?noaaiioth eiaanoeoeeiiioth iieeoeeo.

I?e ?aaioa iaae niaa?oainoaiaaieai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee i?aaenoaaeyaony oeaeaniia?aciui o/eouaaoue aanue
iiuo ?acaeoey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo, ia/eiay n
ia?eiaea, eiaaea caeiiu ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo aia?aua iiyaeeenue a
?acaeaathueony no?aiao, /oiau ecaaaeaoue ioeaie i?ioeiai yoaia ?acaeoey
ii?iaoeaiie aacu.

Iniiauaaynue ia iiuoa i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeouo no?ai a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo, neaaeoao
iiiuoaoueny ?aoeoue iaeioi?ua eiioeaiooaeueiua i?iaeaiu a
?anniao?eaaaiie iaeanoe. Iaeiie ec oaeeo i?iaeai a eiiniaeoa ?acaeoey
ioa/anoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo yaeyaony
aii?in i i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey eiaanoeoeeiiiiai i?aaa.

Ii?aaeaeaiea eaoaai?ee “eiino?aiiay eiaanoeoeey” yaeyaony
eeth/aaui aii?inii aeey caeiiiaeaoaey, iineieueeo oaeei ia?acii
ii?aaeaeyaony e?oa i?aaiioiioaiee, iiiaaeathueo iiae ?aaoee?iaaiea
aeaiiiai caeiia. I?eciaaay oi eee eiia eeoei eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ii,
ainoaea?noai oai naiui i?ecia?o aai i?aai ia eueaiou e aa?aioee,
i?iaicaeaoaiiua a caeiia.

Noaouey 2 Caeiia ?O iiae eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie iiieiaao “ana
aeaeu eiouanoaaiiuo e eioaeeaeooaeueiuo oeaiiinoae, aeeaaeuaaaiua
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie a iauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie e ae?oaeo
aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe a oeaeyo iieo/aiey i?eauee (aeioiaea).”

Iaiauay yoi ii?aaeaeaiea iiaeii neacaoue, /oi eiino?aiiua
eiaanoeoeee yaeythony eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii – nianoaaiiinoueth a
?acee/iuo aeaeao e oi?iao, auaacaiiui ec iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa e
aeiaeaiiui a i?aaei?eyoea (eee aeaei) ia oa??eoi?ee ae?oaiai
ainoaea?noaa.

Aeathueeny a caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao
ia?a/aiue aeaeia (oi?i) eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee iau/ii yaeyaony
i?eia?iui, a ia en/a?iuaathuei, iineieueeo iiiyoea eiaanoeoeee
ioaaouaaao ana aeaeu eiouanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae, eioi?ua eiino?aiiue
eiaanoi? aeeaaeuaaao ia oa??eoi?ee i?eieiathuae no?aiu.

A yoio ia?a/aiue aoiaeyo: iaaeaeaeeiia e aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai
(caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey, iai?oaeiaaiea e ae?oaea iaoa?eaeueiua oeaiiinoe)
e niioaaonoaothuea eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa, aeeth/ay i?aai caeiaa;
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa; aeoeee, aeeaaeu, iaeeaaoeee eee ethaua ae?oaea
oi?iu o/anoey a oiaa?euanoaao, i?aaei?eyoeyo, a oii /enea e a
niaianoiuo; i?aai o?aaiaaiey ii aeaiaaeiui n?aaenoaai, eioi?ua
aeeaaeuaathony aeey nicaeaiey yeiiiie/aneeo oeaiiinoae, eee oneoaai,
eiathuei yeiiiie/aneoth oeaiiinoue; i?aaa ia inouanoaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua ia iniiaa caeiia eee aeiaiai?a,
aeeth/ay, a /anoiinoe, i?aaa ia ?acaaaeeo e yenieoaoaoeeth i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia; i?aaa ia ?acoeueoaou eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, /anoi
ii?aaeaeyaiua eae i?aaa ia eioaeeaeooaeueioth ( a oii /enea
i?iiuoeaiioth ) nianoaaiiinoue. Iiae eioaeeaeooaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoueth neaaeoao iiieiaoue aaoi?neea i?aaa, i?aaa ia
ecia?aoaiey, i?iiuoeaiiua ia?acoeu, iieaciua iiaeaee, oiaa?iua ciaee eee
ciaee ianeoaeeaaiey, a oaeaea “good will” (yoi iiiyoea icia/aao
?aiooaoeeth i?aaei?eyoey, ninoaa, noieiinoue aai aeaeiauo naycae). A
yoo aea a?oiio aeeth/athony i?aaa ia oaoiieiaeth, eioi?iaoeeth
e “iio-oao”.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey ?ani?ino?aiythony eae ia
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey, oae e ia aeioiaeu, iieo/aaiua a ?acoeueoaoa
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, a /anoiinoe, a ea/anoaa i?eauee eee aeiee i?eauee,
aeeaeaeaiaeia, i?ioeaioia, eeoeaiceiiiuo e eiuo aiciaa?aaeaeaiee,
ieaoaaeae ca oaoie/aneoth iiiiuue e oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea, a oaeaea
ae?oaeo aiciaa?aaeaeaiee.

Oi/iia ii?aaeaeaiea iiiyoey “eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee” eiaao aaaeiia
cia/aiea ia oieueei a oeaeyo aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii
oaeaea e aeey o/anoey ?innee a ?acee/iuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeeyo ii
eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi. Yoi aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue ia oieueei
niaa?oainoaiaaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii e
iieiaeeoaeueii iiaeeyao ia i?ioeann eioaa?aoeee ?innee a aeaenoaothuea
iaoaieciu iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee.

?anniao?eaay aii?inu caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee, iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue, /oi a ianoiyuee iiiaio noaea
aeooaeueiie iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey nenoaiu aeiionea eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea, eioi?ay iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony oniaoiie i?aeoeeie ?aaoee?iaaiey
yoie noa?u ioiioaiee a no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.

Caeii “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O” i?aaeoniao?eaaao
inouanoaeaiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee “ioo?i aeieaaiai o/anoey a
i?aaei?eyoeyo, nicaeaaaaiuo niaianoii n th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e
a?aaeaeaiaie ?O …; nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee, iieiinoueth i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai, a oaeaea oeeeaeia eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe; i?eia?aoaiey i?aaei?eyoee, eiouanoaaiiuo eiiieaenia, caeaiee e
nii?oaeaiee, aeieae o/anoey a i?aaei?eyoeyo, ia?a, aeoeee, iaeeaaoeee e
ae?oaeo oeaiiuo aoiaa, a oaeaea eiiai eiouanoaa, eioi?ia a niioaaonoaee
n aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee ?O caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iiaeao
i?eiaaeeaaeaoue eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai; i?eia?aoaiey i?aa iieueciaaiey
caie?e e ae?oaeie i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie; i?eia?aoaiey ae?oaeo
eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa; eiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii inouanoaeaieth eiaanoeoeee,
ia cai?au?iiie aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee ?O caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii,
aeeth/ay i?aaeinoaaeaiea caeiia, e?aaeeoia, eiouanoaa e eiouanoaaiiuo
i?aa”.(no.3).

Caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aiu ?acee/iua oi?iu nio?oaeie/anoaa n
eiino?aiiuie ia?oia?aie e i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo ?ano?nia, ii, a oi
aea a?aiy, ana ?aaoee?iaaiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee auei i?aeoe/anee
naaaeaii e onoaiiaeaieth ii?yaeea ?aaeno?aoeee NI. Yoi nouanoaaiii
noceei noa?o i?eiaiaiey caeiia e, a eiia/iii eoiaa, iooieeioei
cia/eoaeueiia /enei iioaioeeaeueiuo eiaanoi?ia. Iineaaeothuaa iiyaeaiea
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaiauo aeoia ( Iai?eia?, ?anii?yaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 7.10.93., i?aaeoniao?eaathuaa i?eaea/aiea ia iniiaa
e?aaeeoiiai niaeaoaiey n Aeie/a Aaieii eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee aeey
?acaeoey Othiaineie iaeanoe, Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O io 22.12.93. “I
aii?inao niaeaoaiee i ?acaeaea i?iaeoeoeee i?e iieueciaaiee iaae?aie” ,
i?aeoeea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, inouanoaeythueo ?aaeno?aoeeth
i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, a /anoiinoe ?inneeneiai
Aaaionoaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa e ?acaeoey (?AIN), ?aiaa
inouanoaeyaoaai ia oieueei ?aaeno?aoeeth aiiaue o/?aaeaeaaiuo
i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, ii e neo/ae i?eia?aoaiey eie
aeoeee ?inneeneeo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa.) naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi a
?innee nouanoaoao iauaeoeaiay iio?aaiinoue a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii
?aaoee?iaaiee ia oieueei aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, ii
oaeaea e ae?oaeo i?aaiauo oi?i inouanoaeaiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

Ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a i?eaea/aiee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee ea?aao
nicaeaiea eiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee ni 100-i?ioeaioiui eiino?aiiui
o/anoeai. Na?ueaciuo caiaaeiuo eiaanoi?ia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eioa?anoao
ia noieueei ia?oia?noai n ?inneeneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, neieueei
i?eia?aoaiea iaaeaaeiuo yeaiaioia eiio?iey ca i?iecaiaenoaii. Aeey
?inneeneie yeiiiieee aanueia iieaciu n?aaeiea e iaeeea i?aaei?eyoey,
i?eiaaeeaaeauea eiino?aiiiio eaieoaeo, a io?aneyo , ia eiathueo
no?aoaae/aneiai cia/aiey. Ii a ?yaea io?aneae, eiathueo eeth/aaia
cia/aiea aeey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, nicaeaiea oaeeo i?aaiecaoeee, oai
aieaa e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, niiniaiuo acyoue a naie ?oee aieueooth
/anoue ?inneeneiai ?uiea, neaaeoao eeoeaice?iaaoue ( Iinoaiiaeaieai
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O N 1418 io 24.12.94 a. a ?yaea io?aneae aaaaeaia
eeoeaiceiiiay nenoaia ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
eioi?ay ?ani?ino?aiyaony e ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia). A oneiaeyo
oaaee/aiey iauaiia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a ?innee aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue oneeaiey aioeiiiiiieueiiai eiio?iey a yoie noa?a,
i?aaeaea anaai ca oa?aeoa?ii neeyiee e iiaeiuaiee. Caeii ?O “I aianaiee
eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a caeii “I eiieo?aioeee e ia?aie/aiee
iiiiiieenoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oiaa?iuo ?uieao” io 25.05.95 a.
?ani?ino?aiyao naia aeaenoaea ia ana oicyenoaothuea noauaeou,
neaaeiaaoaeueii e ia iia?aoeee eiino?aiiuo oe?i.

Eiaanoeoeeiiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?yii i?aaeoniao?eaaao
aiciiaeiinoue o/anoey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia a i?eaaoecaoeee (no.37
Caeiia). I?eia?aoay iaeaou aeoeee i?eaaoece?oaiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ainoaea?noao, ia eiaanoeoeeiiiuo eiieo?nao (oi?aao),
eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u caeeth/atho aeiaiai?u eoiee-i?iaeaaee n
niioaaonoaothueie oiiaeaie eiouanoaa, a eioi?ua aeeth/athony
ii?aaeaeaiiua aa?aioee eiaanoi?ia, a oii /enea ii nio?aiaieth ia?niiaea
yoeo i?aaei?eyoee, ii a aieueoeinoaa ia iaiaa?eaathony naieoeee
?inneeneie noi?iiu i?e iaauiieiaiee eiaanoi?aie aeaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.

“I?aaeinoaaeaiea eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai i?aa ia ?ac?aaioeo e
inaiaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia e i?iaaaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
naycaiiie n eniieueciaaieai iauaeoia, iaoiaeyueony a ainoaea?noaaiiie
nianoaaiiinoe, ii ia ia?aaeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyi, o/?aaeaeaieyi,
i?aaiecaoeeyi a iieiia oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea eee iia?aoeaiia
oi?aaeaiea, inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa eiioeanneiiiuo aeiaiai?ia” (no.40
Caeiia «Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?NON?»). Eiioeanneiia? iieo/aao
eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai ia ?acaaaeeo e aeiau/o i?e?iaeiiai ?ano?na ia
naie ?ene e ca naie n/ao ia auaeaeaiiie aio oa??eoi?ee. Ii aeaaeaao
i?iaeoeoeeae e iiaeao naiaiaeii i?iaeaaaoue aa iinea iaycaoaeueiuo
iinoaaie ia ianoiue ?uiie, ?acia? eioi?uo iaiai?ai a niaeaoaiee. A
niioaaonoaee n ?inneeneei Caeiiii «I iaae?ao» eiioeannee aeieaeiu
i?aaeinoaaeyoueny ia eiieo?niie iniiaa, o.a. iooai i?iaaaeaiey
oaiaea?ia. Oaiaea?u a ?innee iieo/eee aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea e oaeaea
i?iaiaeeeenue a oiaea ?aaeecaoeee i?ia?aiiu i?eaaoecaoeee oaaea?aeueiuie
e ?aaeiiaeueiuie oiiaeaie eiouanoaa, e /a?ac niaoeeaeueii nicaeaaaaiua
oaiaea?iua eiiennee i?e i?iaaaeaiee oi?aia ii iniai e?oiiui i?iaeoai.

Niaeaoaiey i ?acaeaea i?iaeoeoeee ai iiiaii iaiiieiatho
eiioeanneiiiua aeiaiai?u. ?acee/ea ninoieo a oii, /oi eiino?aiiay oe?ia,
aa?ouay ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa inaaeaaoue ?ac?aaioeo ii?aaeaeaiiiai
i?e?iaeiiai ?ano?na, ?aniea/eaaaony n i?eieiathuae noi?iiie /anoueth
aeiauoie i?iaeoeoeee (inouanoaeyaony “?acaeae i?iaeoeoeee”). A nayce n
yoei eniieuecoaony iniaue iaeiaiaue ?aaeei, i?aaeoniao?eaathuee caiaio
iaeiaia, iioeei e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae ?ani?aaeaeaieai
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee iaaeaeo eiaanoi?ii e ?O, noauaeoaie ?O.
?anniio?aiiua ioiioaiey ?aaoee?othony i?eiyoui a aeaeaa?a 1995 a.
Caeiia ?O “I niaeaoaieyo i ?acaeaea i?iaeoeoeee”, eioi?ue ,iaeiaei, ia
niioaaonoaoao Caeiio “I iaae?ao” ii aanueia nouanoaaiiui aii?inai:

1) i i?e?iaea aicieeathueo i?aa (eiio?aeo eee ?ac?aoaiea);

ieaou ca iieueciaaiea iaae?aie;

i?ae?auaiey aeaenoaey niaeaoaiee e eeoeaicee e iiiaii ae?oaii.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aeoeea nio?oaeie/anoaa n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoi?aie ciaao e oaeoth oi?io, eae nicaeaiea eiio?aeoiuo niaianoiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, i?e yoii ?inneeneee e eiino?aiiue ia?oia? ia nicaeatho
iiaiai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea.

Eae eiaanoe?iaaiea eaieoaea iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny e caeeth/aiea
aeiaiai?a i niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe (contractual joint ventures), e
i?aaeinoaaeaiea oeaeaauo aeieain?i/iuo caeiia (international loan), e
caeeth/aiea oaeeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie eae niaeaoaiey i ia?aaea/a
oaoiieiaee, iio-oao, eeoeaiceiiiua, eeceiaiaua niaeaoaiey e o.ae. A
/anoiinoe, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Aa?iiaeneiai iauaai ?uiea i?eiaiyao
iniaua e?eoa?ee ioeaiie aiaoiaoi?aiauo niaeaoaiee ia ia?aaea/o
oaoiieiaee, niaeaoaiee, naycaiiuo ni niaoeeaeecaoeeae e eiiia?e?iaaieai
i?iecaiaenoaa, niaeaoaiee oeia joint ventures. I?eiaiaiea e
aiaoiaoi?aiaui iia?aoeeyi ioeaiie, naycaiiuo n ii?aaeaeaieai oiai,
yaeyaony ee oeaeueth caeeth/aiey niaeaoaiey ia?aoiae i?aaa eiio?iey ca
aeayoaeueiinoueth eeoea – o/anoieea naeaeee , aai eiio?aaaioo,
icia/aao eniieueciaaiea e?eoa?ey eiio?iey n oeaeueth i?eiyoey ?aoaiey i
aeiionea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea. (Oaeay i?ioeaaeo?a i?aaeoniio?aia, e
i?eia?o caeiiii ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a Eaiaaea).

Iaoaieci ?aaoee?iaaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo aeieaeai auoue iaoeaeai ia ioeaieo aeeaaea, aiineiiai
eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ii, e aiciiaeiiai aeeyiey eiaanoeoeee ia ninoiyiea
?uii/iuo ioiioaiee. Eae iieacuaaao iiuo i?eiyoey caeiiia ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo a i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao, aeinoeaeaiea yoeo oeaeae e
iaania/eaaaony n iiiiuueth nenoaiu aeiionea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea.

I?e ?aaeecaoeee nenoaiu aeiionea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea
oeaeaniia?aciui i?aaenoaaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea ii?yaeea ?aaeno?aoeee
eiaanoeoeee, ia th?eaee/aneiai eeoea – eiino?aiiiai eiaanoi?a, n aai
noauaeoeaiuie i?aaaie, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii naieo eiaanoeoeee. Yoi iiaeao
aeeth/aoue a naay ?aaeno?aoeeth oaeoa aianaiey aeeaaea a eiouanoai
aiiaue nicaeaaaaiiai eee oaea nouanoaothuaai i?aaei?eyoey, ?aaeno?aoeeth
iieoiee aeoeee, ?aaeno?aoeeth aiaoiaoi?aiaie naeaeee ii eiii?oo
iai?oaeiaaiey, i?aaeiacia/aiiiai auoue aeeaaeii a i?aaei?eyoea n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, eeoeaiceiiiiai niaeaoaiey e o.ae..
?aaeno?aoeey th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia, naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i iinooieaieyo
ec-ca ?oaaaea iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo noaoue
eaieoaeii, o.a. i?eiineoue i?eaueue, yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiui
?aaoee?iaaieai eiaanoeoeee, a e?eoa?ee, niaeanii eioi?ui
niioaaonoaothuee eiiiaoaioiue i?aai ainoaea?noaa aoaeao i?eieiaoue
?aoaiey i aeiionea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea aeieaeiu auoue /?oei cae?aieaiu
a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo.

Iaeiei ec niiniaia inouanoaeaiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee

niaeanii no.3 Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O” yaeyaony
“nicaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee, iieiinoueth i?eiaaeeaaeaueo eiino?aiiui
eiaanoi?ai, a oaeaea oeeeaeia eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe”. Caeii ?O
iiae/eiyao ii?yaeie ioe?uoey oeeeaeia i?ioeaaeo?a, onoaiiaeaiiie aeey
neo/aaa nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie.

Ii?aaeaeythueie, n oi/ee c?aiey aii?inia noaoona oeeeaeia
eiino?aiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, neaaeoao n/eoaoue no.12, 16, 17 e 24 Caeiia.
No. 12 Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O”, eiathuay caaieiaie
“I?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaua oi?iu e aeaeu i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie”, niaea?aeeo aeaa aacaoea, ia?aue ec eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyao
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaua oi?iu i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie, (a ianoiyuee iiiaio yoio ioieo neaaeoao o?aeoiaaoue
enoiaey ec iieiaeaiee A?aaeaeaineiai Eiaeaena ?O. *anoe ia?aie.) a ai
aoi?ii aacaoea ia?a/eneythony aeaeu i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyi. I?e yoii, ia iacuaay iai?yioth ia?a/aiue i?aaiauo
eaoaai?ee a aeaaa “Aeaeu i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie”,
caeiiiaeaoaeue a iaeei ?yae noaaeo eae “i?aaei?eyoey n aeieaaui
o/anoeai eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee (NI), “i?aaei?eyoey, iieiinoueth
i?eiaaeeaaeauea eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai”, oae e eo oeeeaeu, aeeth/ay
oeeeaeu eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.

Eanaynue aii?inia ?aaeno?aoeee oeeeaeia niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee e
oeeeaeia eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, no.16 Caeiia onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi
” Ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aaeno?aoeey i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie inouanoaeyaony … aeey oeeeaeia i?aaei?eyoee n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie e oeeeaeia eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe i?e
iaee/ee neaaeothueo aeieoiaioia …(ia?a/aiue).” Niaeanii no.17 Caeiia,
i?aaei?eyoea n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie “i?eia?aoaao i?aai
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea n iiiaioa ?aaeno?aoeee”. Caeanue iieiaeaiey Caeiia
anooiatho a i?ioeai?a/ea n aeaenoaothuei a?aaeaeaineei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, iaaeaeyy oeeeaeu i?aaiii/eyie e noaoonii
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea n iaycaoaeueiie ?aaeno?aoeeae eae iniiaaieai
aicieeiiaaiey i?aainoauaeoiinoe yoeo ia?aciaaiee. Oeacaiiue iiaeoiae
inoaeny a i?aaioai?/aneie i?aeoeea ni a?ai?i ?aaoee?iaaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe NI a auaoai NNN?, eiaaea oeeeaeu NI iaaeaeyeenue noaoonii
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Oaeei ia?acii, Caeii “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo
a ?O”, i?iaicaeaoay iaoeeiiaeueiue ?aaeei aeey i?aaei?eyoee n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, an? aea nio?aiyao yoio iaaeinoaoie. E anee
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi oeeeaeu i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie
iaaeaeythony i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea e o/?aaeaeathony a oi?ia
aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, iauanoa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth e o.ae.,
oi nai niaie iai?aoeaaaony aii?in i oii, eaeay ?acieoea nouanoaoao a
i?aaiaii iieiaeaiee yoeo i?aaei?eyoee e eo oeeeaeia.

Canoaaeyao ia?aoeoue ia naay aieiaiea e i?aeoe/aneee aniaeo
ioe?uoey oeeeaeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie. A ?O i?iaeieaeaao aeaenoaiaaoue Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea
ioe?uoey e aeayoaeueiinoe a NNN? eiino?aiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa
Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?

N1074 (Nia?aiea Iinoaiiaeaiee Niaieia NNN? N1.1991 aiae.), eioi?ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi eiioe?iu iiaoo ioe?uaaoue naie i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa
n iniaiai ?ac?aoaiey oiieiiii/aiiiai i?aaia. I?e yoii oeacuaaaony, /oi
?ac?aoaiey iiaoo auaeaaaoueny eiioe?iai, a nio?oaeie/anoaa n eioi?uie
caeioa?aniaaiu niaaoneea i?aaiecaoeee, a /anoiinoe, “n ecaanoiuie o naay
a no?aia e ia ie?iaii ?uiea”, “iieiaeeoaeueii ca?aeiiaiaeiaaaoeo naay a
ea/anoaa ia?oi??ia niaaoneeo i?aaiecaoeee”, n “caeeth/eaoeie n
niioaaonoaothueie niaaoneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie e?oiiiianooaaiua naeaeee”,
n “eiathueie aieueoie oiaa?iiai?io n niaaoneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie”.
I?eaaae?iiue ia?a/aiue eiioe?i, eioi?ui, niaeanii Iinoaiiaeaieth N1074,
auaea?ony ?ac?aoaiea ia ioe?uoea i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, yaeyaony i?eia?ii
ia?a/iy e?eoa?eaa, eioi?uie iau/ii ?oeiaiaenoaoaony ?aaoee?othuee
i?aai ainoaea?noaa i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiey i aeiionea eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea a no?aio, o.a. ioeaieaathony aiciiaeiinoe eiino?aiiie oe?iu e
iio?aaiinoe a eiino?aiiii eaieoaea a aeaiiie noa?a aai i?eeiaeaiey.

Anee Caeii “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O” oioy au eanaeny
i?ioeaaeo?u ioe?uoey oeeeaeia i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie,
oi a ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa oaeie ii?iaoeaiue aeo ionoonoaoao, e
ia i?aeoeea ianoiua i?aaiu aeanoe naie noaee inouanoaeyoue
aee?aaeeoaoeeth e ?aaeno?aoeeth i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa eiino?aiiuo
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a o./. e iaeiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.

O?aaiaaiea ?aaeno?aoeee ioe?uoey oeeeaea eee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa
anooiaao a i?ioeai?a/ea n aeaenoaothuei a?aaeaeaineei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, niaeanii eioi?iio oeeeaeu e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, a
oii /enea e eiino?aiiuo oe?i, iiaoo inouanoaeyoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue
a niioaaonoaee n iieiiii/eyie, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuie ei th?eaee/aneeie
eeoeaie, no?oeoo?iuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie eioi?uo iie yaeythony. Oaeie
iiaeoiae a i?eioeeia iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony aeaenoaothueie aaaeiinoaaiiuie
ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie a iaeanoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e aaethoiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey, a oaeaea ?yaeii aeaonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee ia ecaaaeaiee
aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.

I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue aeiaiai? iaaeaeo ?inneae e NOA “Ia
ecaaaeaiee aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e i?aaeioa?auaiey oeeiiaiey i
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey a ioiioaiee iaeiaia ia aeioiaeu e eaieoae” io
17.06.93a., no 5. E /eneo aaaeiinoaaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, i?eiyouo a
?acaeoea Caeiia “Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu ?O” ioiineony eino?oeoeey
AIN N20 io 3 ethiy 1993 aiaea “I iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?eauee e aeioiaeia
eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe” ( ?inneeneea Aanoe 1993 aiae. N5.),
eioi?ay i?ecia?o a ea/anoaa ieaoaeueueeia iaeiaia ia i?eaueue ethaua
eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea, aeaenoaothuea ia oa??eoi?ee ?O /a?ac
iinoiyiiia i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai, i?e yoii iiae i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaii
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea iiieiaaony ath?i, eiioi?a, aaaionoai, ethaia
ae?oaia iinoiyiiia ianoi inouanoaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe. Eino?oeoeey
?aca?aie/eaaao iiiyoey i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa e i?aaei?eyoey n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie. “Anee eiino?aiiia th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
yaeythuaany o/anoieeii i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie …
inouanoaeyao oaeaea ae?oaoth aeayoaeueiinoue a ?O io naiaai eiaie …

/a?ac iinoiyiiia ianoi aeayoaeueiinoe, iii oaeaea iiaeeaaeeo iaeiaai ia
i?eaueue” i.10. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi a niioaaonoaee n yoie
eino?oeoeeae aeey oeaeae iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey oaeo ?aaeno?aoeee
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiioe?iu cia/aiey ia eiaao.

Ec auoai?eaaae?iiuo iieiaeaiee iaeiaiaie eino?oeoeee neaaeoao, /oi
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiino?aiiuo oe?i iiaoo auiieiyoue naie ooieoeee
ia ia?aiaiyy naay caaioaie i ?aaeno?aoeee, /oi niioaaonoaoao o?aaiaaieyi
nia?aiaiiiai aeaeiaiai iai?ioa, eioa?anai Athaeaeaoa ?innee e
niia?aaeaieyi cae?aaiai niunea.

Ioe?uoea oeeeaea eee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiino?aiiiai
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea a i?eioeeia ia iiaeao naii ii naaa ?anniao?eaaoueny
eae eiaanoe?iaaiea eaieoaea e ia aeieaeii, oaeei ia?acii, iiaeiaaeaoue
iiae aeaenoaea Caeiia ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo. Aeaei a oii, /oi
eiaaea ?a/ue eae?o ia eiaanoe?iaaiee, i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi eeoei –
eiaanoi? – i?aaeinoaaeyao iaeioi?ia eiouanoai, eioi?ui ii aeaaeaao ia
caeiiiii iniiaaiee, n oeaeueth iineaaeothuaai ecaea/aiey i?eauee.
O/?aaeaeaiea aea oeeeaea eee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiino?aiiie oe?iu
yaeyaony iaeiie ec oi?i inouanoaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e
iiaeao auoue ia naycaii n eaieoaeiaeiaeaieyie, a eiaoue oeaeueth
iaeaa/aiea caeeth/aiey aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie n ?inneeneeie ia?oi??aie.

Aieaa nia?aiaiiie n oi/ee c?aiey aeaeiaiai iai?ioa e nicaeaiey
aeaaii?eyoiiai eiaanoeoeeiiiiai eeeiaoa i?e nio?aiaiee ainoaea?noaaiiiai
eiio?iey yaeyaony i?ioeaaeo?a aee?aaeeoaoeee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa
eiino?aiiuo oe?i.

Aee?aaeeoaoeey ia aea/?o ca niaie nicaeaiey iiaiai th?eaee/aneiai
eeoea, e aeey inouanoaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe oe?ia
aeinoaoi/ii iacia/eoue naiaai i?aaenoaaeoaey, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue
eca?ai ec /enea ?inneeneeo a?aaeaeai eee th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. Aeey
caeeth/aiey naeaeie e inouanoaeaiey ae?oaeo iieiiii/ee i?aaenoaaeoaeth
auaea?ony aeiaa?aiiinoue.

Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue aee?aaeeoaoeeth i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa
inouanoaeyao Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiay Iaeaoa ?O eee ?aaeno?aoeeiiiay Iaeaoa
i?e Ieienoa?noaa Yeiiiieee ?innee. Aeey aee?aaeeoaoeee
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiino?aiiie oe?iu iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeinoaaeoue
neaaeothuea aeieoiaiou : onoaa eiiiaiee, aeieoiaio, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuee
oaeo ?aaeno?aoeee eiiiaiee, ?aoaiea ia ioe?uoee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa,
aeiaa?aiiinoue, auaeaiiay eiiiaieae naiaio i?aaenoaaeoaeth (oece/aneiio
eee th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo), ni?aaea ec aaiea, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuay
ieao?aeaniiniaiinoue eiiiaiee e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee oe?i – ?inneeneeo
ia?oi??ia eiiiaiee. N?ie ?anniio?aiey aeieoiaioia aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiey
– ia aieaa aeaoo ianyoeaa.

A neo/aa ioe?uoey oeeeaea eee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiino?aiiiai
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea caaea/a ainoaea?noaa caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau
iaania/eoue noaaeeueiinoue oi?aiaiai iai?ioa ioo?i caueou eioa?ania
aeia?iniaanoiuo aai o/anoieeia. N yoie oeaeueth e aeieaeiu auoue i?eiyou
iiaua ii?iaoeaiua aeou ?aaeaiaioe?othuea ii?yaeie ioe?uoey oeeeaeia e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa.

Nouanoaiaaiea i?ioeaaeo?u aee?aaeeoaoeee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa
iaeaieueoei ia?acii niioaaonoaoao iiiyoeth aeiionea eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a no?aio, iia neoaeeo oeaee ia aeiionoeoue ioe?uoea oeeeaea
eee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa oaea iaaie?ioeaoaeny eee ianouanoaothuae oe?iu.
Ainoaea?noai n iiiiuueth i?ioeaaeo?u aee?aaeeoaoeee eae au oeene?oao
iieiaeaiea aauae ia ii?aaeae?iiue iiiaio a?aiaie, oaeei ia?acii
oaeinoiaa?yy, /oi eiino?aiiia th?eaee/aneia eeoei a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe nouanoaoao, e aai oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea
caneoaeeaaao aeiaa?ey. I?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e iinea i?ioeaaeo?u
aee?aaeeoaoeee, eae i?aaeei i?iaeieaeatho inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue ca
aeayoaeueiinoueth eiino?aiiiai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, aaaeue aeey
?inneeneeo o/anoieeia oi?aiaiai iai?ioa iiaoo i?ieoe iacaia/aiiuie
eciaiaiey oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey eiino?aiiiai eiio?aaaioa, e aeaaea nai
oaeo aai eeeaeaeaoeee ii oai eee eiui iniiaaieyi. Noiie?oy
auoaneacaiiia, au? ?ac iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi i?ioeaaeo?o
aee?aaeeoaoeee neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae oaeo i?eciaiey eiino?aiiie
oe?iu, caneoaeeaathuae aeiaa?ey e ?aeiiaiaeoaiie ainoaea?noaii a eeoea
oiieiiii/aiiuo i?aaiia ?inneeneei i?aaiecaoeeyi a ea/anoaa iaae?aeiiai
aeaeiaiai ia?oi??a.

IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUA NIAEAOAIEss I CAUEOA EIINO?AIIUO EIAANOEOeEE.

Niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi a ianoiyuee iiiaio neooaoeey a noa?a
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee oaeiaa, /oi iaaiciiaeii
eaii?e?iaaoue oneeaiea aieiaiey e iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaiio aniaeoo
yoie i?iaeaiu. Eiinoeoooeey ?O cae?aieea iieiaeaiea i oii, /oi
i?eioeeiu e ii?iu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u
?innee yaeythony iaiouaieaiie /anoueth a? i?aaiaie nenoaiu, eiatho
i?yiia aeaenoaea e iiaeeaaeao i?eiaiaieth ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie.
Caeii “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?NON?” cae?aieyao i?ei?eoao
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa a ?O. A noaouea 5 aiai?eoueny, /oi “anee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii, aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee ?NON?,
onoaiiaeaiu eiua i?aaeea, /ai oa, eioi?ua niaea?aeaony a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao ?NON?, i?eiaiythony i?aaeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
aeiaiai?a”.

Iiiaea iaaeinoaoee ?inneeneiai Caeiia ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo
iiaoo auoue eiiiaine?iaaiu ca n/?o iieiaeaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aeiaiai?ia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia iiiu?aiea e caueoo eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.
?inney o/anoaoao aieaa /ai a aeanyoe oaeeo niaeaoaieyo eae i?aaii?aaiiee
NNN? . Niaoeeaeueii a ioiioaiee niaeaoaiee i caueoa eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee IEAe ?O a aeaeaa?a 1991 aiaea iiaeienae iioo, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie ?inney i?eieiaao ia naay i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ai, caeeth/?iiui NNN? ( ni. I?eeiaeaiea ?1 ).

A ioiioaiee eiaanoi?ia ec no?ai, n eioi?uie caeeth/aiu
aeaonoi?iiiea aeiaiai?u i acaeiiie caueoa eiaanoeoeee, aoaeoo
i?eiaiyoueny iieiaeaiey i ?aaeeia eiaanoeoeee onoaiiaeaiiua yoeie
niaeaoaieyie.

Aa?aioe?oy i?aaeinoaaeaiea eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai aeaaii?eyoiiai
?aaeeia, ainoaea?noai iaycoaony iaania/eaaoue a ioiioaiee eo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee e naycaiiie n ieie aeayoaeueiinoe ni?aaaaeeeaue e
?aaiii?aaiue ?aaeei. A niioaaonoaothuae ii?ia niaeaoaiee au?aaeaaony
no?aieaiea ainoaea?noaa iiiu?youe eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee, a oaeaea
aeaaiaeaeaoaeueii e iaaeene?eieiaoeeiiii ioiineoueny e eiino?aiiui
eiaanoi?ai a /anoe eo i?aa ia aeaaeaiea, oi?aaeaiea, ?anii?yaeaiea e
eeeaeaeaoeeth eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee. Aeaiiia iaycaoaeuenoai niaea?aeeony a
oao iieiaeaieyo niaeaoaiee, aaea ?a/ue eaeao i i?aaeinoaaeaiee
eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai ?aaeeia iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey eee
iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?aaeeia.

I ?aaeeia iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey aiai?eoueny a
aieueoeinoaa niaeaoaiee (n Aaeeeia?eoaieae, O?A, Oaaeoea?eae,
Eniaieae, Eaiaaeie, O?aioeeae, Aaeueaeae, Ieaea?eaiaeaie, Eoaeeae,
Aano?eae, Oo?oeeae, Ei?aae, Eeoaai, Oeieyiaeeae).

A oi aea a?aiy Niaaoneee Nithc a ?yaea caeeth/aiiuo niaeaoaiee (n
O?aioeeae, Eaiaaeie, Eniaieae, Aaeueaeae, Ieaea?eaiaeaie e ae?.)
iaycaeny a aeiiieiaiea e ?aaeeio iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey
i?aaeinoaaeyoue eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai “ii ia?a aiciiaeiinoe” e a
niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii” oaeaea
iaoeeiiaeueiue ?aaeei.

I iaoeeiiaeueiii ?aaeeia i?yii aiai?eony a niaeaoaieyo n NOA e
Aaeeeia?eoaieae.

A niaeaoaiee n ?anioaeeeie Ei?aae noi?iiu acaeiii i?aaeinoaaeytho
eiaanoi?o aiciiaeiinoue auai?a oeacaiiuo auoa aeaoo ?aaeeiia, inoaaeytho
a oi aea a?aiy “ca niaie i?aai onoaiaaeeaaoue eee nio?aiyoue a
niioaaonoaee ni naiei aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ia?aie/aiiua
ecuyoey ec iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?aaeeia” (no.3 Niaeaoaiey io 14 aeaeaa?y 1990
a.)

Neiaeiaa oi?ioee?iaee ii yoiio aii?ino a Aeiaiai?a n NOA. A iai
iiae iaoeeiiaeueiui iiieiaaony ?aaeei, eioi?ue ii e?aeiae ia?a yaeyaony
oaeei aea aeaaii?eyoiui, eae eo/oee ec iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo ?aaeeiia,
i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo noi?iiie ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, ae?oaei
eiiiaieyi eee a?aaeaeaiai yoie noi?iiu a aiaeiae/iuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
(no.1). Aiaeece?oy Aeiaiai?, iiaeii i?eeoe e auaiaeo, /oi iaoeeiiaeueiue
?aaeei i?aaeinoaaeyaony acaeiii n ii?aaeaeaiiuie ecuyoeyie. E?iia oiai,
i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi ?inneeneei eiaanoeoeeyi aoaeao i?aaeinoaaeyoueny a
ethaii ooaoa NOA oaeie ?aaeei, eioi?ue i?aaeinoaaeyaony
eaieoaeiaeiaeaieyi a?aaeaeai NOA, i?iaeeaathuei a ae?oaeo ooaoao.

Aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeinoaaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?aaeeia ia eneeth/aao
aaaaeaiey ia?aie/aiee aeey eiino?aiiiai eiaanoi?a caieiaoueny
ii?aaeaeaiiuie aeaeaie aeayoaeueiinoe. E?iia oiai aeey iaeioi?uo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeai ?ac?aoeoaeueiue ii?yaeie. Ecuyoey
iiaoo aaiaeeoueny a oeaeyo iaania/aiey iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe,
iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea. A niioaaonoaee n iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeeie
inouanoaeaiea iaeioi?uo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeao iauyaeyoueny
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieeae e oiaaea eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u ia ai?aaa
aoaeoo eie caieiaoueny. A yoie nayce iiaeii i?eaanoe i?eia? ec
caeiiiaeaoaeue- iie i?aeoeee ?innee. Ai eniieiaiea Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?O
io 11 ethiy 1993 a. “I ainnoaiiaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ia
i?iecaiaenoai, o?aiaiea, iioiaoth e ?icie/ioth i?iaeaaeo aeeiaieueiie
i?iaeoeoeee” I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O i?eiyei 22 ai?aey 1994 a.
niioaaonoaothuaa iinoaiiaeaiea. A iai auei i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi
ainoaea?noaaiiay iiiiiieey aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny iin?aaenoaii nenoaiu
ia?, eioi?ua ?ani?ino?aiythony ia i?aaei?eyoey, inouanoaeythuea
niioaaonoaothuea aeaeu oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iacaaeneii io oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe e aaaeiinoaaiiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, aeeth/ay nicaeaiiua
ia oa??eoi?ee ?O i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie.

A oi aea a?aiy iaoeeiiaeueiue ?aaeei ia eneeth/aao nicaeaiea a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo eueaioiiai ?aaeeia, onoaiiaeaiea io?aneae e
aeaeia i?iecaiaenoaa, i?ei?eoaoiuo aeey i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea. A yoeo iaeanoyo eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u iiaoo iieo/aoue
aeiiieieoaeueiua eueaiou.

Iniaaiiinoueth niaeaoaiee i caueoa eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee yaeyaony
oi, /oi iie iaania/eaatho ?aaoee?iaaiea ia oieueei ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaaie – o/anoieeaie niaeaoaiey, ii oaeaea e ioiioaiee n
eiino?aiiui /anoiui eiaanoi?ii iaeiiai ec ainoaea?noa – noi?iiu a
niaeaoaiee a ?aieao iaoeeiiaeueiie nenoaiu i?aaa. Iaee/ea oaeiai
iaiaeii?iaeiiai noauaeoiiai ninoaaa iiaeao iineoaeeoue iniiaaieai aeey
oiai, /oiau i?e ?ac?aoaiee nii?a iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e /anoiui
eiaanoi?ii i?eiaiyeenue iauea i?eioeeiu e ii?iu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa.

Yoa iiceoeey iaoiaeeo iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea a oii, /oi ionueea e ii?iai
e i?eioeeiai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, eae i?aaeei, niaea?aeeony a oie
/anoe niaeaoaiee, eioi?ay eanaaony ii?yaeea ?ac?aoaiey eiaanoeoeeiiiuo
nii?ia. Caeanue i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ?anniio?aiea aeae a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii a?aeo?aaea, eioi?ue i?eieiaao ?aoaiey enoiaey eae ec
iieiaeaiee aeaonoi?iiiaai niaeaoaiey, oae e ?oeiaiaenoaoynue ii?iaie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa. A ianoiyuee iiiaio i?iaeaia i?eiaiaiey ii?i
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa a ?aieao iaoeeiiaeueiie nenoaiu i?aaa yaeyaony
i?aaeiaoii aeeneonnee, e iiyoiio a? eco/aiea o?aaoao ouaoaeueiiai
aiaeeca i?e o/anoee niaoeeaeenoia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa.

Ia iaiaa cia/eiui i?e ?anniio?aiee aii?ina ia o/anoee ?innee a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaieyo ii eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi yaeyaony
ii?aaeaeaiea iiiyoee “iaoeeiiaeecaoeey” e “yeni?ii?eaoeey”, eioi?ua a
oaeeo niaeaoaieyo iinyo niae?aoaeueiia cia/aiea, oae eae iiae yoeie
ia?aie iiae?acoiaaaaony ia oieueei nai aeo iaoeeiiaeecaoeee, ii oaeaea e
ethaua eiua aeou, ?acoeueoaoii eioi?uo yaeythony i?eioaeeoaeueiia
ecuyoea, io/oaeaeaiea eiaanoeoeee, a oaeaea aeaenoaey ainoaea?noaa,
eioi?ua iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny eae oaeoe/anee inouanoae?iiay
iaoeeiiaeecaoeey eee yeni?ii?eaoeey.( Iai?eia?, caii?aaeeaaiea n/aoia,
cai?ao ia?aaiaea eiaanoeoeee a eiino?aiiie aaethoa ca ?oaaae e o.ae.).
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey cai?auatho niaa?oaiea iiaeiaiuo aeaenoaee. A
niioaaonoaee n ieie iaoeeiiaeecaoeey eiaanoeoeee i?ecia?ony noi?iiaie
caeiiiie, oi anoue ia ?anniao?eaaaony eae ia?ooaiea ii?i e i?eioeeiia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, oieueei anee iia inouanoaeyaony a iauanoaaiiuo
eioa?anao, a niioaaonoaee n onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ii?yaeeii
e ia iaaeene?eieiaoeeiiiie iniiaa. Iineaaeiaa icia/aao, /oi a ea/anoaa
iniiaaiey aeey i?eiyoey ia?u e eiino?aiiiio eiaanoi?o ia
?anniao?eaaaony aai iaoeeiiaeueiinoue eee ainoaea?noaaiiay
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue, anee ?a/ue eae?o i th?eaee/aneii eeoea. I?e yoii
i?eciaiea aeoia iaoeeiiaeecaoeee caeiiiuie iiaeao eanaoueny eae aeoia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai aeaenoaey iaoeeiiaeecaoeey eiouanoaa eiie?aoiiai
eiaanoi?a, oae e aeoia, i?eiyouo a ii?yaeea ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee yeiiiieee,
– iaoeeiiaeecaoeey oeaeuo io?aneae yeiiiieee eee eaoaai?ee i?aaei?eyoee,
iai?eia?, aaieia.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey, a neo/aa i?iaaaeaiey oaeiai ?iaea
iaoeeiiaeecaoeee, iaycuaatho aeiaiaa?eaathuaany ainoaea?noai auieaoeoue
noiio eiiiainaoeee, i?e/ai naeaeaoue yoi auno?i e aaeaeaaoii. A
niaeaoaieyo oaeaea i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ii?yaeie auieaou e ii?yaeie
?an/?oa noiiu eiiiainaoeee.

Iaeiaei, ?anniio?aa caueoo eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a iaoae no?aia
ia ainoaea?noaaiiii, aeiaaeueiii o?iaia, iaeuecy ia ia?aoeoueny e
iau/iie i?aeoeea ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia, naycaiiuo n eiaanoe?iaaieai
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea.

Ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey e noaiiaeaiey, eae i?aaiaie nenoaiu
iiaie ?innee a oeaeii, oae e io?aneaaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a a iaoai
neo/aa yoi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo, ia?iiiia
cia/aiea eiaao eco/aiea i?aeoeee a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia, ?anniao?eaathueo
nii?u i?aaei?eyoee naycaiiuo n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie.

Eeaee?othuoth ?ieue a ?innee i?e ?ac?aoaiee iiaeiaiiai ?iaea
nii?ia ea?aao Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eiiia?/aneee a?aeo?aaeiue noae (IEAN)
i?e Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiie ieaoa ?O, eioi?ue ii eiee/anoao aeae,
iinooiathueo ia aai ?anniio?aiea, i?i/ii aoiaeeo a ?yae aaaeoueo
a?aeo?aaeiuo oeaio?ia a ie?a.

I?aaiaie iniiaie aeayoaeueiinoe IEAN neoaeeo Caeii ?O i
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea io 7 ethey 1993 aiaea, a 8
aeaeaa?y 1994 aiaea aue ooaa?aeae?i iiaue ?aaeaiaio IEAN ( n
I?eeiaeaieai ), eioi?ue anooiee a neeo n 1 iay 1995 aiaea.

Iniaaiiinoyie iiaiai ?aaeaiaioa yaeeenue aeaeinoue a?aeo?aaeiie
i?ioeaaeo?u e i?aaeinoaaeaiea noi?iiai oe?ieeo aiciiaeiinoae ii
naiinoiyoaeueiiio auai?o a?aeo?ia aeey ?ac?aoaiey nii?a. Noi?iiu
ai?aaa ecae?aoue a?aeo?aie ethauo eeoe, iaeaaeathueo iaiaoiaeeiie
eaaeeoeeaoeeae, a oii /enea e eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai. Ana oneeey
a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea aeieaeiu naiaeeoueny e iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe
a?aeo?aaeiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, iaaeiiouaieth iaiainiiaaiiiai
caoyaeaaiey aeaea e /?oeinoe i?e caueoa i?aa noi?ii, o/anoaothueo a
nii?a.

E?oa i?iaeai, aicieeathueo a oiaea ?anniio?aiey a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii
oiai eee eiiai aeaea, /?acau/aeii iiiaiia?acai, ii iiiuoaoueny
?anniio?aoue naiua ?ani?ino?ai?iiua ec ieo iaiaoiaeeii a oeaeyo
aeaeueiaeoaai niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?aaiaie aacu a noa?a ?aaoee?iaaiey
eiino?aiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee.

I/aiue /anoi ia ?anniio?aiea a?aeo?aaea iiiaaeatho nii?u,
eanathueany iau?ia a?aeo?aaeiie iaiai?ee.

Iieacaoaeueiui caeanue iiaeii n/eoaoue aeaei N248/1991 a.
O/?aaeeoaeue, auoaaeoee ec niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaeuyaee e
iineaaeiaio o?aaiaaiey ia oieaoa aeaiaaeiie eiiiainaoeee ca
aian?iiue aeeaae, a oaeaea i?e/eoathuaeny aeiee i?eauee. A iainiiaaiea
eiiiaoaioeee A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea enoaoe nnueaeny ia iieiaeaiee
o/?aaeeoaeueiiai aeiaiai?a i i?aaa eaaeaeiai ec o/?aaeeoaeae ia?aoeoueny
a aeaiiue i?aai ii ethaui nii?iui aii?inai, naycaiiui n yoei
aeiaiai?ii.

Ioaao/ee inia?eaae eiiiaoaioeeth a?aeo?aaea ii iioeao ionoonoaey a
o/?aaeeoaeueiuo eee eiuo aeieoiaioao niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey
i?aaeienaiee, iaiaa?eaathueo ia?aaea/o ia ?anniio?aiea a A?aeo?aaeiue
noae nii?ia iaaeaeo eaeei-eeai ec o/?aaeeoaeae e niaianoiui
i?aaei?eyoeai.

Enoaoe, a naith i/a?aaeue, iieaaae, /oi, iineieueeo aai o?aaiaaiea
aicieeei a nayce n ia?aaea/ae aai aeiee o/anoey a niaianoiii
i?aaei?eyoee o?aoueaio eeoeo, iii iaiin?aaenoaaiii ioiineony e
aii?inai, naycaiiui n o/?aaeeoaeueiui aeiaiai?ii, e iiiaaeaao iiae
eiiiaoaioeeth A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea.

A ?aoaiee a?aeo?aae, nineaaoenue ia naie ?aaeaiaio, oeacae, /oi
iaee/ea ienueiaiiiai niaeaoaiey i ia?aaea/a nii?ia ia ?ac?aoaiea
A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae iniiaaiea eiiiaoaioeee
noaea i?e oii oneiaee, /oi nii? aiciee iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, caeeth/eaoeie
oaeia niaeaoaiea. I?eaey e auaiaeo, /oi noi?iiaie a aeaiiii nii?a
yaeythony iaeei ec o/?aaeeoaeae e naii niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea,
a?aeo?u ioiaoeee, /oi i?eaaae?iiay auoa a?aeo?aaeiay iaiai?ea ioaaouaaao
eeoue nii?u o/?aaeeoaeae niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey iaaeaeo niaie e ia
eanaaony aii?ina i ?ac?aoaiee nii?ia iaaeaeo o/?aaeeoaeyie e niaianoiui
i?aaei?eyoeai. Oaeei ia?acii, a?aeo?aae i?eo?e e auaiaeo, /oi
aeaiiue nii? ia iiiaaeaao iiae aai eiiiaoaioeeth.

?aoaiey a?aeo?ia ii noiaeiiai ?iaea aeaeai iieacuaatho, /oi ia
i?aeoeea e?aeia aaaeiui yaeyaony /?oeia ii?aaeaeaiea a a?aeo?aaeiii
niaeaoaiee e?oaa eeoe, ia eioi?uo iii ?ani?ino?aiyaony, a oaeaea
iaee/ea niaeaney yoeo eeoe ia ia?aaea/o nii?ia a eiiia?/aneee a?aeo?aae,
a /anoiinoe niaeaney naiiai NI eae naiinoiyoaeueiiai noauaeoa i?aaa ia
?anniio?aiea a a?aeo?aaeiii ii?yaeea niioaaonoaothueo nii?ia iaaeaeo
iei e aai o/anoieeaie.

Aii?in i eiiiaoaioeee A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea, oioy e a
ianeieueei eiii ?aeo?na, aicieeae a aeaea N177/1993 a. Eiino?aiiay
oe?ia, n/eoay naay o/anoieeii niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaeuyaeea e
iineaaeiaio ene i aica?aoa aeaiaaeiie noiiu, ia?aaaae?iiie a ea/anoaa
aciina a aai onoaaiie oiiae.

A oiaea ?acae?aoaeuenoaa auei auyniaii, /oi enoaoe iaia?aaaeny
aieoe a niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea aianoi ae?oaie eiino?aiiie oe?iu.
Iaeiaei, i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii aeaenoaey, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey
ioi?ieaiey caiaiu o/anoieea niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey, a oii /enea
aianaiea eciaiaiee a o/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou e eo iineaaeothuay
?aaeno?aoeey a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea, ia inouanoaeyeenue.

Iineieueeo auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi enoaoe ia yaeyaony noi?iiie
o/?aaeeoaeueiiai aeiaiai?a, ii iiaieth a?aeo?ia, niaea?aeauayny a yoii
aeiaiai?a a?aeo?aaeiay iaiai?ea, i?aaeoniao?eaathuay th?enaeeeoeeth
A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea i?e Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiie iaeaoa NNN?, ia enooea ia
?ani?ino?aiyaony. A eoiaa a?aeo?aae i?eciae naay iaeiiiaoaioiui
?anniao?eaaoue aeaiiue nii?.

A aeaea N364/1993 a. aiciee aii?in i aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe naeaeee,
caeeth/?iiie niaianoiui i?aaei?eyoeai aei aai ?aaeno?aoeee. A?aeo?aae
onoaiiaee, /oi ia iiiaio caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu, ec-ca eioi?iai
aiciee nii?, niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea (a?aiaeaoi?) ca?aaeno?e?iaaii
ia auei e i?aaiii/eyie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ia iaeaaeaei. A?aeo?aaeiue
noae n/?e, /oi naeaeea auea niaa?oaia n ia?ooaieai o?aaiaaiee caeiia
e yaeyaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie. Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia
aeiioneaao aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey aei aai ?aaeno?aoeee, e aeaiiia
aeaei neoaeeo iaaeyaeiie eeethno?aoeeae aiciiaeiuo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
iineaaenoaee i?e ianiaethaeaiee cai?aoa ia aeayoaeueiinoue
iaca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.

A i?aeoeea IEAN i?e OII ?O aicieeae aii?in i oii, ai?aaa ee
auauaoee ec i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie o/anoiee
i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia aica?ao eiouanoaa, aian?iiiai ei a ea/anoaa aeeaaea
a onoaaiue oiiae, eeai aio iieaaaaony oieueei niioaaonoaothuay
aeaiaaeiay eiiiainaoeey ca iaai.

A aeaea ?351/1993a. enoaoe, auoaaeoee ec niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey,
o?aaiaae io iineaaeiaai, eae ioaao/eea, aica?aoa caeaiey, yaeyaoaainy
aciinii enooea a onoaaiue oiiae. A aic?aaeaieyo ioaao/eea oeacuaaeinue,
/oi ii noae nianoaaiieeii ia?aaeaiiiai eiouanoaa, eae yoi onoaiiaeaii
?inneeneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e onoaaii niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey.
Onoaa ia niaea?aeae iieiaeaiee i aica?aoa o/anoieeo eiouanoaa,
aian?iiiai a ea/anoaa aai aeiee a onoaaiue oiiae a iaoo?a, a
iaiaa?eaaeanue iaycaiiinoue auieaoeoue auauaathuaio o/anoieeo
aaeainiaoth noieiinoue eiouanoaa ia iiiaio auauoey. A ?aoaiee
aaeeiiee/iiai a?aeo?a ioia/aeinue, /oi niaeanii aeaenoaothuaio
?inneeneiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao th?eaee/aneea eeoea a niioaaonoaee n eo
onoaaaie yaeythony nianoaaiieeaie aian?iiiai eo o/anoieeaie eiouanoaa.
E oae eae aica?ao eiouanoaa a iaoo?a ia i?aaeoniio?ai, enooeo auei
ioeacaii a enea.

Oaeaea ia ?anniio?aiea a?aeo?aaea aeiaieueii /anoi iinooiatho
aeaea, naycaiiua n aeayoaeueiinoueth oeeeaeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa
eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. Oae, a aeaeao NN 185/1992,
243/1992a.a. anoaaae aii?in ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe niaianoiuo
i?aaei?eyoee (ioaao/eeia) ii naeaeeai, caeeth/aiiui eo oeeeaeaie e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaaie . A iaieo neo/ayo a?aeo?aae i?eciae oaeoth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue, iineieueeo ?a/ue oea i aeaenoaeyo, niaa?o?iiuo
no?oeoo?iuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie ioaao/eeia. Iineaaeiei ia oaeaeinue
aeieacaoue, /oi ?oeiaiaeeoaee yoeo iiae?acaeaeaiee auoee ca i?aaeaeu
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ei iieiiii/ee, /oi naiei i?aaei?eyoeyi ia auei ecaanoii
i oaeoa iiaeienaiey oaeeo aeiaiai?ia e oiaea eo auiieiaiey eee /oi eie
ia niaa?oaeenue aeaenoaey, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea ia iaeia?aiee oeacaiiuo
naeaeie.

?acoiaaony a yoii e?aoeii iaci?a a?aeo?aaeiie i?aeoeee iiaeii
eeoue i?eaeeceoaeueii i/a?oeoue e?oa aicieeathueo i?e ?anniio?aiee
oiai eee eiiai aeaea i?aaiauo i?iaeai, ii ciaeiinoai n
aeayoaeueiinoueth a?aeo?aaea a iaeanoe, cao?aaeaathuae aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee, naycaiiuo n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, yaeyaony iaeiie ec
aaaeiaeoeo ninoaaeythueo i?e eco/aiee aeaiiie oaiu.

I?IAEAIU NO?AOIAAIEss IAEIIIA?*ANEEO ?ENEIA EIINO?AIIUO EIAANOI?IA.

Neaaenoaeai iaaeinoaoeia ?inneeneiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo noaei oi, /oi eiino?aiiua
eiaanoi?u, a oaeaea ?inneeneea i?aaei?eieiaoaee, caeioa?aniaaiiua a
i?eaea/aiee eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea, iuoathony nicaeaoue nenoaio
aeiiieieoaeueiuo aa?aioee, caueuathueo eiaanoi?ia io oae iacuaaaiuo
iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia. Iiae yoei iiieiathony, aeaaiui ia?acii, ?enee
iieeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, auoaeathuea ec ianoaaeeueiinoe iieeoe/aneie
ianoaiiaee, a oaeaea naycaiiua n ?ai?anneaiuie ia?aie i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaa ii ioiioaieth e eeoeai, inouanoaeythuei eiino?aiiua
eiaanoeoeee.

A ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec yeaiaioia aeiiieieoaeueiuo aa?aioee i?aa
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia i?aaeeaaaaony nicaeaoue nenoaio no?aoiaaiey
iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia. Aunooiay n i?aaeeiaeaieyie ia o/?aaeaeaiee yoiai
einoeoooa a ?innee, ioa/anoaaiiua i?aaei?eieiaoaee aiieia ni?aaaaeeeai
iioeae?otho aaaaeaiea nenoaiu no?aoiaaiey eiaanoeoeee neaaeothueie
niia?aaeaieyie: aunieie noaiaiueth oaeiai ?iaea ?eneia, oaea?aeeaathueo
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia io iiiauaiey eaieoaea a yeiiiieeo ?O;
iio?aaiinoyie ?innee a aeiiieieoaeueiuo enoi/ieeao i?eaea/aiey eaieoaea.

Ai iiiaeo ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao no?aoiaaiea iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia inouanoaeytho ?acee/iua i?aaiecaoeee.
I?aaiecaoeee, aunooiathuea a ?iee no?aoiaueeia iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia
neaaeothuea a?oiiu:

a) iaainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee (iai?eia?, aiaeeeneay no?aoiaay
eiiiaiey “Lloyd’s”);

a) ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythuea no?aoiaaiea
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae,
aunooiathueo a ?iee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia ca ?oaaaeii (iai?e-

ia?, Overseas Private Investment Corporation – OPIC (IIEE) a NOA);

a) Iaaeainoaea?noaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey, inouanoaeythuay no?aoiaaiea
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia. (Multinational Investment Gua- rantee Agensy –
MIGA (IEAA).

O/anoea a aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey a ea/anoaa no?aoiaueea
i?aaiecaoeee, ioiinyueony e ?acee/iui ec ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa a?oii,
eiaao ?acee/iua i?aaiaua iineaaenoaey. Iiyoiio neaaeoao ?acee/aoue
no?aoiaaiea, inouanoaeyaiia: iaainoaea?noaaiiuie (/anoiuie)
i?aaiecaoeeyie, iaoeeiiaeueiuie ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aaiecaoeeae, o.a. no?aoiaaiea a nenoaia MIGA. I?e
yoii neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi ana o?e ?aciiaeaeiinoe no?aoiaaiey, eiay
?acee/ey a i?aaiauo iineaaenoaeyo, iiaoo inouanoaeyoueny ia?aeeaeueii,
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue ae?oa n ae?oaii e oai naiui iaania/eaaoue aieaa
aunieoth noaiaiue caueou eioa?ania eiaanoi?ia.

I?eiaieoaeueii e ?innee o?e aeaea no?aoiaaiey eiaanoeoeeiiiuo
?eneia iiaeao iiae?acoiaaaoue eae nicaeaiea iaainoaea?noaaiiie
i?aaiecaoeee n iainiaeaiiui eiouanoaii, i?eiaaeeaaeauai ae ia i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe (eee a?oiiu oaeeo i?aaiecaoeee), oae e o/?aaeaeaiea
?inneeneie ainoaea?noaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee ii no?aoiaaieth
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia. Iaeiiaoe, i?e cicaeaiee nenoaiu no?aoiaaiey
iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia iaeio ec aeaaiuo ?ieae
aoaeao ea?aoue aiciiaeiia anooieaiea ?innee a MIGA e ?aoaiea yoie
i?iaeaiu ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiii o?iaia.

*oiau yniaa i?aaenoaaeyoue naaa ia?niaeoeau nicaeaiey oaeie nenoaiu
a ?innee, iaiaoiaeeii aieaa iiae?iaii ?anniio?aoue ?acee/iua aa?eaiou
i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaaiey ?eneia eiaanoi?ia.

1) No?aoiaaiea, inouanoaeyaiia iaainoaea?noaaiiie (/anoiie)
eiiiaieae.

Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue aicieeea ino?ay iio?aaiinoue a o/?aaeaeaiee
/anoiie eiiia?/aneie no?aoiaie i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythuae
no?aoiaaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia i?e oi?ioae iiaeaea?aeea ni noi?iiu
ainoaea?noaa. Aaconeiaiui i?aeiouanoaii yoie oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee
no?aoiaaiey eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia yaeyaony a? aeaeinoue e oe?ieay
aiciiaeiinoue aeey iai?a?a, i?enouay /enoi eiiia?/aneiio no?aoiaaieth. E
iaaeinoaoeai, naea?aeeaathuei oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea oneoa /anoiuo no?aoiauo
eiiiaiee i?e no?aoiaaiee eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, neaaeoao ioianoe oio
oaeo, /oi a ?yaea neo/aaa iau?i eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, inouanoaeyaiuo
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie, iiaeao auoue aanueia cia/eoaeueiui, a noiia
no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey, auiea/eaaaiiai no?aoiaaoaeth, ieacuaaaony
neeoeii aieueoie aeaaea aeey e?oiiuo no?aoiauo eiiiaiee, /oi iaoaao
eiino?aiiiio eiaanoi?o nio?aieoue oaa?aiiinoue a niiniaiinoe
no?aoiaueea iie?uoue aai oauoee i?e ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay.

?aoaieai yoie i?iaeaiu iiaeao noaoue iauaaeeiaiea eaieoaeia
ianeieueeeo no?aoiauo eiiiaiee e nicaeaiea ia yoie iniiaa no?aoiaiai
ioea. No?aoiaie ioe ?aniieaaaao aieaa oe?ieeie aiciiaeiinoyie ii
no?aoiaaieth ?eneia e nie?auaao n?iee auiieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa
no?aoiaueeii. Oae eae ainoaea?noai i?eieiaao o/anoea a /anoe/iii
oeiaine?iaaiee yooaeoeaiuo eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia, iiaaaeeaoeo ia
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo eiieo?nao, iii iiaei au oaeaea o/anoaiaaoue a no?aoiaii
ioea e acyoue ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa ii /anoe/iiio aiciauaieth oua?aa.
Iiieii aiciiaeiiai o/anoey ainoaea?noaa a no?aoiaii ioea oaeaea iaeuecy
eneeth/aoue aa?eaio n i?eaea/aieai eaieoaea e?oiiaeoeo ca?oaaaeiuo
no?aoiauo eiiiaiee (oaeeo, iai?eia?, eae “Lloyd’s”,”GERMES” e o.ae.).

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aai no?aoiaaoaey e aa?aioa eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a ?O i?aaeinoaaeaii Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O N184 io 2
oaa?aey 1993 aiaea Ainoaea?noaaiiie eiaanoeoeeiiiie ei?ii?aoeee
(Aineiei?). Iaeiaei eiouanoai, ia?aaeaiiia Aineiei?o aeey auiieiaiey ei
ooieoeee no?aoiaie i?aaiecaoeee e oi?ie?iaaiey onoaaiiai oiiaea,
ia?aaeaii aio ia i?aaa iieiiai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey, e, niaeanii
onoaao, yoi eiouanoai iaoiaeeony a oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe
?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, Aineiei? ia yaeyaony
nianoaaiieeii e ia iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoue i?aaa aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e
?anii?yaeaiey aac ?ac?aoaiey oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe ?O. Iiyoiio ?inneeneea no?aoiaua eiiiaiee iiaoo i?eieiaoue ia
naay iaycaoaeuenoaa ii no?aoiaaieth eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea oieueei a oii
neo/aa, eiaaea iie iaaeaeaiu i?aaiii/eyie naiinoiyoaeueiiai
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea e iaeaaeatho eiouanoaii ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe.
Oieueei oiaaea eiouanoai iiaeao auoue naiaiaeii io/oaeaeaii a neo/aa
oieaou no?aoiaie noiiu.

Enoiaey ec cia/eoaeueiuo iau?iia no?aoiauo iaycaoaeuenoa ii
no?aoiaaieth eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia, ?aaeecoaiuo n o/anoeai
ainoaea?noaa, aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?ano?aoiaaiey /anoe
iaycaoaeuenoa no?aoiaiai ioea. ?a/ue eae?o ia i?aaiecaoeee
iaoeeiiaeueiie ia?ano?aoiai/iie eiiiaiee, aeooaeueiinoue nicaeaiey
eioi?ie i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony ia?acaeoinoueth oi?i e aeaeia no?aoiaaiey e
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, ionoonoaeai aeiaa?ey o eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia
e ?inneeneei no?aoiaui eiiiaieyi. A nayce n yoei, iiaeaea?aeea /anoiie
?inneeneie no?aoiaie eiiiaiee ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa aeieaeia
auoue iai?aaeaia ia oieueei ia i?aiaeieaiea oeiainiauo o?oaeiinoae, ii e
ia nicaeaiea aacoi?a/iie ?aiooaoeee eiiiaiee a eiiia?/aneeo e?oaao eae
aioo?e no?aiu, oae e ca

?oaaaeii.

2) O/anoea eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa a no?aoiaaiee iaeiiia?/aneeo
?eneia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia.

No?aiynue caueoeoue eioa?anu iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae,
eiaanoe?othueo eaieoae ca ?oaaae, eiino?aiiua ainoaea?noaa inouanoaeytho
no?aoiaaiea yenii?oa eaieoaea, o.a. o/anoaotho iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
no?aoiaaiee ca?oaaaeiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee iaoeeiiaeueiuo eiiiaiee.
I?eia?ii yoiio iiaeao neoaeeoue nenoaia no?aoiaaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a NOA i?e o/anoee IIEE.

Aiaeec ia?niaeoea e oi?i o/anoey iiaeiaiiai ?iaea ca?oaaaeiuo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee a noa?a no?aoiaaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a ?innee aeieaeai inouanoaeyoueny n o/?oii iniaaiiinoae
caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey no?aoiaaiey a ?acee/iuo i?aaiauo
nenoaiao e iaiaoiaeei ia oieueei aeey oeaeae eco/aiey aiciiaeiinoe eo
acaeiiaeaenoaey, ii e nicaeaiey naiae ?inneeneie iiaeaee no?aoiaaiey
eiino?aiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee i?iecaiaeeiuo ioa/anoaaiiuie eiiiaieyie.

3) No?aoiaaiea iaeiiia?/aneeo eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia i?e o/anoee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aaiecaoeee – MIGA.

Iiaeienaiea e ?aoeoeeaoeey a aeaeaa?a 1992a. iiiainoi?iiiae
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiiaaioeee i nicaeaiee MIGA (Iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiia
aaaionoai ii no?aoiaaieth eiaanoeoeee) yaeeinue ?aoaieai i?iaeaiu
o/anoey ainoaea?noaa a no?aoiaaiee iieeoe/aneeo e eiiia?/aneeo ?eneia
(?ene a?aaeaeaineie aieiu e yeni?ii?eaoeee, ianiaethaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaii i?eiyouo ia naay iaycaoaeuenoa ii ioiioaieth e
eiino?aiiiio eiaanoi?o). eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia. Aeaei a oii, /oi
ainoaea?noai, i?eieiay eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee, ia iiaeao inouanoaeyoue
no?aoiaaiea eo io iieeoe/aneeo ?eneia, oae eae yoi, ii nouanoao,
yaeyaony no?aoiaaieai io nianoaaiiuo aeaenoaee. Eiaaea ?a/ue eae?o i
iieeoe/aneeo ?eneao, ainoaea?noai iiaeao aa?aioe?iaaoue eiino?aiiui
eiaanoi?ai oieueei oi, /oi ii ioiioaieth e iei ia aoaeoo i?eieiaoueny
oaeea ia?u ?aaoee?iaaiey, eioi?ua aieaeoo a i?ioeai?a/ea n
eiouanoaaiiuie i?aaaie iineaaeieo. (Oaeiai ?iaea aa?aioee e auee
i?iaicaeaoaiu a ?inneeneii Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O”).
E, eae auei oeacaii auoa, yoa neooaoeey, aeiaieueii aeieai ia eiaaoay
naiaai i?aaiaiai ?ac?aoaiey, i?eaaea e oiio, /oi ainoaea?noaa –
yenii?o??u eaieoaea e ainoaea?noaa, i?eaeaeathuea eiino?aiiue eaieoae,
eniuouaay iaeeiaeiaoth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a oi?i/aiee caueou
eiaanoeoeee, iaoee iaeaieaa i?eaieaiue auoiae a o/?aaeaeaiee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iacaaeneiie no?aoiaie i?aaiecaoeee. Eiaanoi?, caeeth/ay
aeiaiai? n Aaaionoaii ia oneiaeyo aa?aioee aai eiaanoeoeee ( eiie?aoiua
oneiaey aeiaiai?a onoaiaaeeaathony Niaaoii aee?aeoi?ia Aaaionoaa ),
iieo/aao i?e ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay eiiiainaoeeth, e?iia oiai,
Aaaionoai aunooiaao a ea/anoaa enooea (ca eiaanoi?a) a a?aeo?aaeiii
noaea e eiuo noaeaaiuo einoaioeeyo. Aa?aioee Aaaionoai iaania/eaaao ca
n/?o ainoaea?noa, aeaeathueo aciinu, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yoi NOA – 20,5%
aeeaaeia e O?A – 5,1%, au? 40% i?eoiaeeony ia Aano?aeeth, Aano?eth,
Aaeueaeth, Eaiaaeo, Aeaieth, Oeieyiaeeth, O?aioeeth, Eneaiaeeth,
E?eaiaeeth, Eoaeeth, ssiiieth, Ethenaiao?a, Ieaea?eaiaeu, Iiaoth
Caeaiaeeth, Ii?aaaeth, THaeioth Ao?eeo, Oaaoeeth, Oaaeoea?eth,
Aaeeeia?eoaieth.

I?eieiay ai aieiaiea no?aieaiea ?innee niioaaonoaiaaoue
nia?aiaiiui o?aaiaaieyi iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee e
aunooiaoue a ?iee ?aaiii?aaiiai ia?oi??a n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie,
a? anooieaiea a MIGA noaei iaeiei ec eeth/aauo iiiaioia nicaeaiey
ioa/anoaaiiie nenoaiu no?aoiaaiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

Oaeei ia?acii, noaiiaeony i/aaeaeii, /oi aeey nicaeaiey a ?innee
nenoaiu i?aaiecaoeee, niiniaiuo inouanoaeyoue no?aoiaaiea
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia eae ca?oaaaeiuo, oae e ioa/anoaaiiuo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, nei?aa anaai, neaaeoao iieoe ia nicaeaiea:

a) *anoiie eiiia?/aneie no?aoiaie eiiiaiee – no?aoiaueea
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia.

a) ?inneeneie ainoaea?noaaiiie no?oeoo?u aeey caueou eioa?ania
?inneeneeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ca ?oaaaeii.

a) Oneiaee aeey o/anoey ?innee a nenoaia MIGA, a oaeaea
nio?oaeie/anoaa n ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie ae?oaeo no?ai,
inouanoaeythueie no?aoiaaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia a oii /enea e ioo?i
caeeth/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeaonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee i

acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee.

Inoa?ony caiaoeoue, /oi yoa ia?iiiay ?aaioa aeieaeia i?ioiaeeoue
eeoue i?e oneiaee aianaiey nouanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee (anee ia iieiiai
ia?aniio?a) a ioa/anoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo. Oaeaea, iaiaeiaaaeiui i?aaenoaaeyaony e aii?in i oi/iie
?aaeaiaioaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaia ainoaea?noaa, oiieiiii/aiiiai
i?aaenoaaeyoue eioa?anu ?O a i?aaiioiioaieyo, aicieeathueo a nayce n
inouanoaeaieai eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

Iniaaiiinoueth i?aaiioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a nayce n
eiaanoe?iaaieai eaieoaea, yaeyaony oi, /oi eo noauaeoii yaeyaony
eiino?aiiue eiaanoi?, eae i?aaeei, noauaeo /anoiiai i?aaa, o.a.
oece/aneia eee th?eaee/aneia eeoei, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e i?eieiathuaa
ainoaea?noai – n ae?oaie. O/eouaay niaoeeoeeo oaeiai ?iaea
i?aaiioiioaiee, i?aaenoaaeyaony aiieia i/aaeaeiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoue
eiino?aiiiai eiaanoi?a a oii, /oiau aano?aeoiia i?eieiathuaa
ainoaea?noai auei ia?niieoeoee?iaaii a eeoea ii?aaeae?iiiai caeiiii
oiieiiii/aiiiai i?aaia n caoeene?iaaiiui noaoonii, iieiiii/eyie e
eiiiaoaioeeae.

A Caeiia “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?O” niaea?aeeony eeoue
oeacaiea ia oi, /oi ?aaeno?aoeeth niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee inouanoaeyao
Ieienoa?noai Oeiainia ?innee eee eiie oiieiiii/aiiue i?aai.
Iio?aaiinoue a oaeiai ?iaea o/?aaeaeaiee i?eaaea e iiyaeaieth Oeaca
I?aceaeaioa ?O “I ?inneeneii aaaionoaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa
e ?acaeoey” io 14.08.92 (Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa.
1992 aiae). Iicaea, a niioaaonoaea n Oeacii I?aceaeaioa “I no?oeoo?a
oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe” (?inneeneay aacaoa.
11.04.94.) ?AINE? auei ia?aaeaii a aaaeaiea Ieienoa?noaa
Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae ?O n i?aia?aciaaieai a ainoaea?noaaiiia
o/?aaeaeaiea i?e yoii ieienoa?noaa.

I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi a oa/aiea iineaaeieo /aou??o eao a ?innee
i?aaei?eieiathony iiiuoee eiiiaine?iaaoue iaaeinoaoee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo o/?aaeaeaieai ?aciiia?aciuo i?aaiecaoeee,
oeaeueth eioi?uo yaeyaony niaeaenoaea i?eaea/aieth eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea, a oaeaea eii?aeeiaoeey ?aaio e yenia?oeca eiaanoeoeeiiiuo
i?iaeoia. E /eneo oaeiai ?iaea no?oeoo? iiaeii ioianoe Eiienneth
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio eiaanoeoeeiiiiio nio?oaeie/anoao,
o/?aaeae?iioth Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa io 20.08.92.,
Ainoaea?noaaiioth eiaanoeoeeiiioth ei?ii?aoeeth, ?inneeneoth oeiainiaoth
ei?ii?aoeeth, o/?aaeae?iiua Oeacaie I?aceaeaioa ?O io 02.02.93. e
15.03.93. niioaaonoaaiii e Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aaaionoai no?aoiaaiey
eiaanoeoeee io iaeiiia?/aneeo ?eneia, o/?aaeae?iiia Oeacii I?aceaeaioa
?O io 26.02.93.

Nai oaeo o/?aaeaeaiey oaeiai /enea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia ene?aiiai iaia?aiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa niinianoaiaaoue
i?eaea/aieth eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a ?inneth, ii ,e niaeaeaieth, noaoon
e ooieoeee nicaeaaaaiuo no?oeoo? ia ii?aaeae?iu aeinoaoi/ii /?oei, /oi
naii ii naaa niiniaii aaanoe a caaeoaeaeaiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia.

An? aea, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
?aaoee?iaaiea i?ioeanna i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee i?eia?aoaao
an? aieaa oii?yaei/aiiua oi?iu, e n oeaeueth oniaa?oainoaiaaiey
yoiai iaoaiecia i?e Ieienoa?noaa yeiiiieee ?innee nicaeai ?yae
i?aaiia:

1 Ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aaeno?aoeeiiiay iaeaoa, eioi?ay caieiaaony
?aaeno?aoeeae i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii e aee?aaeeoaoeeae
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa eiino?aiiuo eiiiaiee;

2 ?inneeneee oaaea?aeueiue oeaio? i?iaeoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey e
eiinoeueoaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneiai niaeaenoaey, eioi?ue auiieiyao
neaaeothuea ooieoeee:

inouanoaeyao yenia?oeco cayaie e i?aaeeiaeaiee a iaeanoe
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiaanoeoeeiiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, a oii /enea e ii
eniieueciaaieth e?aaeeoia, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo iiae aa?aioee
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee;

auiieiyao i?aaeuiaanoeoeeiiiua enneaaeiaaiey;

?ac?aaaouaaao noaiu oeiaine?iaaiey e inouanoaeyao
yenia?oii-eiinoeueoaoeeiiiia nii?iaiaeaeaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia.

Oeaio? yaeyaony i?aaenoaaeoaeai (aaaioii) I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ii
eii?aeeiaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiie ia ?aaeecaoeeth ieacuaaaiiai
?innee eiinoeueoaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneiai niaeaenoaey;

3 Ath?i ii eniieueciaaieth eiinoeueoaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneiai
niaeaenoaey Aa?iiaeneiai nithca;

4 ?inneeneee oeaio? niaeaenoaey eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi. Oeaio?
niaea?aeeo aaie aeaiiuo ii caeiiiaeaoaeueiie e ii?iaoeaiie aaca,
eiaanoeoeeiiiui i?iaeoai, ?uieai eaieoaeia eae a ?innee a oeaeii, oae e
a ?aaeiiao.

Eii?aeeiaoeey ?aaiou yoeo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo no?oeoo? aiceiaeaia ia
Ieienoa?noai yeiiiieee ?O e a aai ninoaaa ia Aeaia?oaiaio
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiaanoeoeeiiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa.

Ianiiiaiii, ia?aaea/a auoaoeacaiiuo iieiiii/ee Ieienoa?noao
yeiiiieee ?O yaeeanue oaaii aia??ae a oiaea noaiiaeaiey no?oeoo?u
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, i?aaenoaaeythueo ?inneth a ioiioaieyo n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie, ii oai ia iaiaa, a oeaeyo aeaeueiaeoae
noaaeeecaoeee yoeo ioiioaiee a aoaeouai caeiia ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo noaoon yoeo i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeai auoue cae?aie?i
ieii/aoaeueii.

IIEIAEAIEA EIINO?AIIUO EIAANOEOeEE A NAIAIAeIUO YEIIIIE*ANEEO CIIAO

Aii?ino eiaanoe?iaaiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea ia oa??eoi?eth
naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii (NYC) ?O iinayuaia caeeth/eoaeueiay,
naaeueiay aeaaa Caeiia «Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?NON?».
?aaeaiaioe?oy iniiaiua aii?inu ?aaeno?aoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoi?ia e i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, iia
onoaiaaeeaaao oeaeueth nicaeaiey oaeeo cii eiaiii i?eaea/aiea
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea, iiauo oaoiieiaee e ia?aaeiaiai iiuoa a
i?aaiecaoeee oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeyie. Aeey i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoi?ia a naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao onoaiaaeeaaaony eueaioiue
?aaeei aeayoaeueiinoe, /oi i?aaenoaaeyao niaie : oi?iu?iiue ii?yaeie
?aaeno?aoeee; eueaiou i?e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee (iaeiaei, ia iaiaa 50%
aeaenoaothueo a ?O noaaie aeey i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie);iiieaeaiiua noaaee ca iieueciaaiea caie?e e i?aai
aeieain?i/iie a?aiaeu (aei 70 eao) n i?aaii noaa?aiaeu; iniaue
oaiiaeaiiue ?aaeei e ae?.

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi e?iia aeaiiie aeaau a Caeiia «Ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo», nouanoaoao iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai ii?iaoeaiuo
aeoia, i?eiyouo a ?aciia a?aiy e ?aaoee?othueo iieiaeaiea eiino?aiiuo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a NYC, oaeeo eae : Iinoaiiaeaiey Niaieia ?NON?, Oeacu
I?aceaeaioa ?O, Iinoaiiaeaiey I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O e Oaaea?aeueiua caeiiu
?O. Oaeay iiiaeanoaaiiinoue ?aaoeyoeaiuo aeoia aucaaia oai, /oi aei
naaiaeiyoiaai a?aiaie iniiaiiieaaathuee caeii «I naiaiaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao a ?O» iaoiaeeony eeoue a noaaeee i?iaeoa,
aneaaenoaea /aai i?e ia?aciaaiee eaaeaeie iiaie NYC i?eoiaeeony
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii ?aaoee?iaaoue a? aeayoaeueiinoue, ecaeaaay ii?iaoeaiua
aeou anao o?iaiae. Aac anyeiai niiiaiey, eaaeaeay ec NYC eiaao naie
iniaaiiinoe (auaiaeiia oa??eoi?eaeueiia ?aniieiaeaiea, caianu i?e?iaeiuo
?ano?nia e o.ae.), /oi e yaeyaony ioi?aaiie oi/eie aeey a? nicaeaiey,
iaeiaei, i?aaenoaaeyaony oeaeaniia?aciui io?aaeaoue oaeea iniaaiiinoe ia
o?iaia Aaeieieno?aoeee NYC, iie?aynue ia aaciaue caeii.

?anniio?ei iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iue ii?iaoeaiue aeo, ?aaoee?othuee
aeayoaeueiinoue NYC, ia?aciaaiiie a Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe. Iia auea
nicaeaia a niioaaonoaee n Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii «Ia iniaie yeiiiie/aneie
ciia a Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe» io 22 yiaa?y 1996a., eioi?ue a oeaeii
niioaaonoaoao iieiaeaieyi, cae?aie?iiui a aeaaa 7 Caeiia «Ia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeeyo». Iiae?iaii ?anniao?eaathony aii?inu iieiiii/ee ianoiie
aaeieieno?aoeee e Aeoiu a ioiioaiee NYC, a oaeaea caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia
e niaeaoaiee aaeieieno?aoeeae ia ?acee/iuo o?iaiyo, i?e/?i, oioy e
aeaeea?e?oaony aiciiaeiinoue caeeth/aiey niaeaoaiee n
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuie ia?aciaaieyie eiino?aiiuo
ainoaea?noa, ii iiae/??eeaaaony, /oi iie ia ?anniao?eaathony eae
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u ?O. Oaeaea, aaeieieno?aoeey iaaeaeyaony
i?aaii i?iaaaeaiey oi?aia eee i?yiuo ia?aaiai?ia n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoi?aie aeey ?aaeecaoeee eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia e aaaeao ?aano?
caeeth/?iiuo aeiaiai?ia e niaeaoaiee.

Inoaeueiua iieiaeaiey caeiia, eioi?ua e i?aaenoaaeythony aaciauie
oaeea eae : oi?iu inouanoaeaiey eiaanoeoeee, aii?inu iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, aii?inu aeayoaeueiinoe
?inneeneeo e eiino?aiiuo aaieia, aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e aaethoiue
eiio?ieue a NYC e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ia?aie/eaathony oi?ioee?iaeie «…a
niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee».

Iniaiio ?anniio?aieth iiaeaa?aeenue iieiaeaiey i i?aaiaii e
oaiiaeaiiii ?aaeeia aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie. A ia?aii neo/aa iaiaa?eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey,
?aaeno?aoeee, aeayoaeueiinoe e eeeaeaeaoeee eiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee
ethaiai i?ioeey eae iieiinoueth, oae e /anoe/ii i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai, ?acoiaaony a ?aieao, iaiai?aiiuo a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oaeaea oeacuaaaony, /oi eeoeaice?iaaiea aeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe o?aaoaony eeoue eiaaea yoi onoaiiaeaii a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea, iieiiii/ey ii auaea/a oaeeo eeoeaicee iiaoo
auoue ia?aaeaiu Oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie Aaeieieno?aoeee ca
onoaiiaeaiiuie ecuyoeyie (iai?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, i?iecaiaenoai e
ia?aaea/a yeaeo?iyia?aee, NIE e ae?.). *oi eanaaony oaiiaeaiiiai
?aaeeia, oi ia oa??eoi?ee NYC onoaiaaeeaaaony ?aaeei naiaiaeiie
oaiiaeaiiie ciiu a ioiioaiee aaica e auaica oiaa?ia, oiaa?u,
i?iecaaae?iiua eee ia?a?aaioaiiua a NYC, a oii /enea e ia i?aaei?eyoeyo
n eiaanoe?iaaiiui eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii, inaiaiaeaeathony io oaiiaeaiiuo
iioeei e eiuo ieaoaaeae, aceiaaiuo i?e oaiiaeaiiii ioi?ieaiee (e?iia
oaiiaeaiiuo nai?ia). Oi, /oi oiaa? aue i?iecaaae?i a NYC
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony na?oeoeeaoii i aai i?ienoiaeaeaiee, ii?yaeie
ii?aaeaeaiey i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaoiaeeony a niaianoiii aaaeaiee ianoiie
aaeieieno?aoeee e Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai eiieoaoa ?O (AOE ?O).

Iineaaeiyy, 26 noaouey Caeiia iinayuaia eeeaeaeaoeee NYC, eioi?ay
aiciiaeia i?e iaauiieiaiee iinoaaeaiiuo a Caeiia oeaeae e caaea/, eeai
i?e ooieoeeiie?iaaiee NYC a oua?a aeeciaiii aaaeiui eioa?anai ?O, i?e/?i
a neo/aa oaeie eeeaeaeaoeee oicyenoaothuea noauaeou, a oii /enea e
eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u e i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie,
nicaeaiiua a ia?eiae aeaenoaey NYC, nio?aiytho a oa/aiea o??o eao
i?aaeiea oneiaey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

I?iaiaeece?iaaa aeaiiue, oeie/iue aeey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i NYC
Caeii, iiaeii naeaeaoue aeaa auaiaea :

Ai-ia?auo, a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea ia oa??eoi?ee NYC nicaeai
?aaeei iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi (ii
n?aaiaieth n iaoeeiiaeueiui ?aaeeiii ia inoaeueiie oa??eoi?ee no?aiu),
/oi au?aaeaaony, iai?eia? : a inaiaiaeaeaiee i?iecaaae?iiuo e
ia?a?aaioaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee NYC oiaa?ia io oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei,
iai?eiaiaiee e iei ia? ainoaea?noaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee; a
eueaioao i?e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee, aeeth/ay iaeia ia ia?aaiaeeioth ca
a?aieoeo i?eaueue; a aani?aiyonoaaiiii ia?aaiaea aeeaeaeaiaeia e
?aiao?eaoeee eaieoaea, a oaeaea a inaiaiaeaeaiee io iaycaoaeueiie
i?iaeaaee 50% iinooieaiee a eiino?aiiie aaethoa ia aioo?aiiai aaethoiii
?uiea ?O.

A oi aea a?aiy, a Caeiia i?ineaaeeaaaony niaethaeaiea e caueoa
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eioa?ania, /oi yanoaoao, iai?eia?, ec oiai, /oi «i?aai
caieaiieueciaaiey eiino?aiiui th?eaee/aneei e oece/aneei eeoeai,
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui i?aaiecaoeeyi n o/anoeai ?inneeneeo e eiino?aiiuo
oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ia oa??eoi?ee NYC i?aaeinoaaeyaony
eneeth/eoaeueii ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu (aac i?aaa aueoia)» no.5
Caeiia.

Ai-aoi?uo, aica?auaynue e oaia ianiaa?oainoaa nouanoaothuaai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue, /oi ai?acaei ?aoeeiiaeueiaa
auei au eniieueciaaoue iauee Caeii «I naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao»,
o/eouaay iniaaiiinoe eaaeaeie ioaeaeueiie nicaeaaaaiie NYC a niaeaoaiee,
caeeth/aaiii iaaeaeo I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O e Aaeieieno?aoeeae ?aaeiia, /oi
iicaieeei au ecaaaeaoue iaeiiia?aciiai aeaeea?e?iaaiey iaeieo e oao aea
aa?aioee e iinoiyiiuo nnueie ia ?aaoee?iaaiea a niioaaonoaee n
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O.

Ia ianoiyuee iiiaio ia oa??eoi?ee ?O nicaeaii e aeaenoaotho aieaa
10 naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii (ni. I?eeiaeaiea ?2). I?e/eiu eo
aicieeiiaaiey ?acee/iu, iaeiaei aaeeia oeaeue – aic?iaeaeaiea yeiiiieee
yoeo ?aaeiiia n iiiiuueth eiino?aiiuo e ioa/anoaaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee.
Ia aeoiath, /oi nae/an noieo iaaeayoueny ia iaoe?iua ioa/anoaaiiua
eiaanoeoeee, e niaeaeaieth, ?inneeneea i?aaei?eieiaoaee i?aaeii/eoatho
auaiceoue aeaiueae ec no?aiu, ii i?eaea/aiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia a
NYC – ?aaeueiinoue.

Naaiaeiy Niaao Aa?iiu aea?o iaoae no?aia ca niaea?aeaiea
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa – «4», a ca aai eniieiaiea – «1» ii iyoeaaeeueiie
oeaea. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aacu (e, ia a iineaaeithth
i/a?aaeue, i?eiyoea Caeiia «I naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao a ?O») e
iaoeinieoaeueiia niaethaeaiea e eniieiaiea caeiiia – aaeeinoaaiiay
aiciiaeiinoue i?eaea/aiey aieueoeo iau?iia eiino?aiiuo, e, aiciiaeii,
ioa/anoaaiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

CAEETH*AIEA

Eoae, ?anniio?aa a aeaiiie ?aaioa ii?aaeae?iiue e?oa i?iaeai,
naycaiiuo n neooaoeeae a noa?a i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a ?innee, iiaeii iiiuoaoueny naeaeaoue iaeioi?ua auaiaeu.

Iaeeoei i/aaeaeiay iio?aaiinoue a onei?aiee e caaa?oaiee ?aaiou
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo i?aaiia ii iiaeaioiaea iiaie caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aacu,
?aaoee?othuae i?ioeann eiaanoe?iaaiey a yeiiiieeo ?innee. Oi/aony
ioiaoeoue iaeioi?ua aaaeiua iieiaeaiey a i?iaeoa caeiia “I aianaiee
eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a caeii ?NON? “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a
?O”, eioi?ua iai?aaeaiu ia oeo/oaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiiai eeeiaoa aeey
ca?oaaaeiuo eiaanoi?ia. Iiieii cae?aieaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?aaeeia aeey
inouanoaeaiey eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ca ecuyoeyie, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue
aaaaeaiu oieueei oaaea?aeueiuie caeiiaie; aaiaeeony iyoeeaoiyy ion?i/ea
aeey i?eiaiaiey iieiaeaiee iiauo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo e i?aaiauo
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, oooaeoathueo oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee n
eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, eioi?ua aeaenoaotho a io?aneyo
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa (ni aeeaaeii ca?oaaaeiiai ia?oia?a ia
iaiaa 100 oun. aeiee. NOA e ia iaiaa 30% onoaaiiai eaieoaea).
Ii?aaeaeyaony eiie?aoiue oaaea?aeueiue i?aai eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ii
eii?aeeiaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii i?eaea/aieth, caueoa e
yooaeoeaiiio eniieueciaaieth eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, yaeythueeny, ii
nooe, aaeeiui i?aaiii a noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiaanoeoeeiiiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa. Aaiaeeony i?eiaiaiea iiiu?eoaeueiie oaiiaeaiiie
iioeeiu (50% io aeaenoaothuae noaaee aaiciie iioeeiu e ia n?ie aei 5
eao) i?e aaica oiaa?ia i?aaei?eyoeyie n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie a
neo/aa inouanoaeaiey eie eiaanoeoeeiiiiai i?iaeoa n eaieoaeueiuie
cao?aoaie, yeaeaaeaioiuie 100 iei. aeiee. NOA e auoa. I?iaeo Caeiia
niaea?aeeo e ae?oaea ia?niaeoeaiua iieiaeaiey, ii yoi anaai eeoue
i?iaeo, oai aieaa, /oi a i?ioeanna i?eiyoey caeiia aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiii?iiennia, iiene eioi?uo iaecaaaeii io?aaeaaony ia
oi?ioee?iaeao caeiia.

Eae iauaeo eiaanoeoeee ?inneeneay yeiiiieea iioaioeeaeueii
iaeaaeaao ?yaeii i?eaeaeaoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae aeey eiino?aiiuo
eiiiaiee e i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. N?aaee ieo – ?ieee ?uiie, aiaaoua caianu
i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, ioiineoaeueii eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiay e aeao?aay
?aai/ay neea, ia?iiiue aaaaae iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo ciaiee e iaee/ea
iaeniieuecoaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae (iai?eia?, auaoee AIE).

Iaeiaei, a oi aea a?aiy, ianoaaeeueiay yeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey,
naiaia?aciay ia?aiciinoue ia iieeoe/aneie a?aia; ianiio?y ia ana oneeey
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, an? aea i?ia?anne?othuay eioeyoeey, ia ioeaaeaiiue
aioo?aiiee iaoaieci oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, ioiineoaeueiay ia?acaeoinoue
eio?ano?oeoo?u nayce, auoiauo oneoa e o.ae. iaaaoeaii io?aaeathony ia
eiaanoeoeeiiiii eieaeaea ?innee.

Ii ioeaieai caiaaeiuo niaoeeaeenoia eiaanoeoeeiiiue eeeiao a ?innee
?anniao?eaaaony naaiaeiy eae iaaeaaii?eyoiue e i?aaenoieo naeaeaoue
i/aiue iiiaia, /oiau yoe ioeaiee iiiaiyeenue ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiua.
Aaaeue aeey iaoae no?aiu, eioi?ay anoaea ia iooue eioaa?aoeee a ie?iaia
oicyenoai e no?aieoueny nicaeaoue ioe?uooth yeiiiie/aneoth nenoaio,
o/anoea a i?ioeannao aeaeaeaiey eaieoaea e eae eiii?o??a, e eae
yenii?o??a yaeyaony aii?inii no?aoaae/anee aaaeiui. Naaiaeiy aea
o/anoea ?innee a yoeo i?ioeannao n o?oaeii iiaeii iacaaoue aeoeaiui, a
n oi/ee c?aiey i?eaea/aiey ca?oaaaeiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ae
i?aaenoieo eiieo?e?iaaoue ni no?aiaie, ?uiee eioi?uo ieacuaathony
nae/an aieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie aeey eiaanoi?ia, iniaaiii ni no?aiaie
Eaoeineie Aia?eee e aceaoneiai ?aaeiia.

A niioaaonoaee n iniiaiuie oeaeyie iaoeeiiaeueiie no?aoaaee
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee, ii?aaeaeeaoeieny a iineaaeiaa a?aiy,
i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe ia ?acee/iuo o?iaiyo ?ac?aaaouaaaony
eiiieaeniay i?ia?aiia i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.
Icaei?iaeaiea yeiiiieee iaoae no?aiu i?aaeaea anaai naycuaaaony ni
cia/eoaeueiuie aeeaaieyie iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo ?ano?nia ec-ca
?oaaaea. Iiyoiio oae aeooaeai e iaiaoiaeei a?aiioiue iiaeoiae e
?aaeaiaioaoeee, i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth i?ioeanna i?eaea/aiey
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.

Iaiauay i?aeoe/aneea i?aaeeiaeaiey ?aoaiee i?iaeai a yoie iaeanoe,
ia?yaeo n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth niaa?oainoaiaaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo, ioiaoei neaaeothuaa:

Oa yeiiiie/aneea e i?aaiaua oneiaey a eioi?uo aeaenoaotho
eiino?aiiua eiaanoi?u (iaoeeiiaeueiue ?aaeei) aeieaeiu auoue
?aaeeeaeueii oeo/oaiu, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iooai ea?aeeiaeueiiai
eciaiaiey iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, eiaaea niae?aaiinoue iaeiaia aeieaeia
aeinoeaaoueny ia ca n/ao iaiineeueiiai aeey oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaey
iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie, a ca n/ao onei?aiey yeiiiie/aneiai iai?ioa.

Iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaoue a ?innee onoie/eaoth nenoaio i?aaiecaoeee,
niiniaiuo inouanoaeyoue no?aoiaaiea eiaanoeoeeiiiuo ?eneia, ec:

a) /anoiuo eiiia?/aneeo no?aoiauo eiiiaiee – no?aoiaueeia eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoi?ia;

a) ?inneeneie ainoaea?noaaiiie no?oeoo?u aeey caueou eioa?ania
?inneeneeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ca ?oaaaeii;

a) iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiiiaiee ii no?aoiaaieth eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a
?innee.)

Iiieii oaeeo ianooaaiuo i?iaeai oi/aony ioiaoeoue e aieaa oceea,
ooieoeeiiaeueiua. I?e iiaeaioiaea aeaiiie ?aaiou ii?aaeaeaiiua
neiaeiinoe aicieeee n iiaeai?ii caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia,
?aaeaiaioe?othueo ?anniao?eaaaiua i?aaiioiioaiey. I?aaenoaaeyaony
oeaeaniia?aciie nenoaiaoecaoeey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e aieaa oe?ieia
inaauaiea yoiai aii?ina a ia/aoe.

Eiaanoeoeee, eae eiino?aiiua, oae e ioa/anoaaiiua, i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie cia/eoaeueioth /anoue a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneii i?aaa. Iaeiaei,
eco/aiea yoie iaeanoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa eiie?aoii a iaoai einoeoooa
aanueia ia?aie/aii. N/eoath iaiaoiaeeiui ono?aiaiea yoiai i?iaaea a
i?ia?aiia iao/aiey. Aaaeue, a nouiinoe, caeiaii ?aoaiey iiiaeo i?iaeai
yaeyaony i?ioanneiiaeueiue iiaeoiae e iei.

I?EEIAEAIEA ?1

Aeaonoi?iiiea aeiaiai?u i acaeiiie caueoa eiaanoeoeee

————————————————————————
——

A /enei iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeaonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee, o/anoieoeae
eioi?uo yaeyaony ?inney, aoiaeyo:

1)Niaeaoaiea i niaeaenoaee, inouanoaeaiee e acaeiiie caueoa
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n Aano?eae io 17 iay 1990 aiaea. ?aoeoeoee?iaaii 27
iay 1991 aiaea.

2) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
I?aaeoaeuenoaii Eaiaaeu io 20 iiya?y 1989 aiaea. Anooieei a neeo 27
ethiy 1991 aiaea.

3) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
I?aaeoaeuenoaii O?aioeocneie ?anioaeeee io 4 ethey 1989 aiaea. Anooieei
a neeo 17 ethey 1991 aiaea.

4) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeeie io 21 ethey 1991 aiaea. Anooieei a neeo
26 ethey 1991 aiaea.

5) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
Ei?ieaanoaii Ieaea?eaiaeia io 5 ieoya?y 1989 aiaea. Anooieei a neeo
20 ethey 1991 aiaea.

6) Niaeaoaiea i niaeaenoaee inouanoaeaieth e acaeiiie caueoa
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n i?aaeoaeuenoaii Oeieyiaeneie ?anioaeeee io 8
oaa?aey 1989 aiaea. Anooieei a neeo 15 aaaonoa 1991 aiaea.

7) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ni
Oaaeoea?neei Oaaea?aeueiui Niaaoii io 1 aeaeaa?y 1990 aiaea. Anooieei
a neeo 26 aaaonoa 1991 aiaea.

8) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
I?aaeoaeuenoaii Niaaeei?iiiai ei?ieaanoaa Aaeeeia?eoaiee e Naaa?iie
E?eaiaeee io 6 ai?aey 1989 aiaea. Anooieei a neeo 3 ethey 1991 aiaea.

9) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
I?aaeoaeuenoaii Eoaeueyineie ?anioaeeee io 30 iiya?y 1989 aiaea.
Anooieei a neeo 8 ethey 1991 aiaea.

10) Niaeaoaiea i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee n
I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?anioaeeee Ei?ay io 14 aeaeaa?y 1990 aiaea. Anooieei a
neeo 10 ethey 1991 aiaea.

I?EEIAEAIEA ?2

Aeaenoaothuea ii?iaoeaiua aeou ii naiaiaeiui yeiiiie/aneei ciiai.

————————————————————————
———-

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaieia ?NON? io 23.11.90a. ? 540 «I ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ao
ii ?acaeoeth naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu a ?aeiia a. Iaoiaeee (NYC
Iaoiaeea) I?eii?neiai e?ay» (?aae. io 26.02.92a.) aianoa n «Iieiaeaieai
i naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciia a ?aeiia a. Iaoiaeee I?eii?neiai e?ay».

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaieia ?NON? io 23.05.91a. ? 280 «I oi?ie?iaaiee
athaeaeaoa a naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciia a ?aeiia a. Iaoiaeee
I?eii?neiai e?ay».

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaieia ?NON? io 07.06.91a. ? 312 «I ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ao
ii ?acaeoeth naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu a Aa?aeneie Aaoiiiiiie
iaeanoe» (?aae. io 13.04.93a.) aianoa n «Iieiaeaieai i NYC a Aa?aeneie
Aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe «AAA»

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaieia ?NON? io 07.06.91a. ? 314 (?aae. io 13.04.93a.) «I
ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ao ii ?acaeoeth naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu
Aeoaeneiai e?ay (NYC «Aeoae») aianoa n «Iieiaeaieai i NYC «Aeoae»».

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaieia ?NON? io 26.06.91a. ? 359 ( ?aae. io 08.01.98a.)
«I ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ao ii ?acaeoeth naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu
«Naoaeei» (NYC «Naoaeei») aianoa n «Iieiaeaieai i NYC «Naoaeei».

«Iieiaeaiea i NYC a Eaia?ianeie iaeanoe (NYC «Eocaann»)» io 09.07.91a. ?
1588-1, ooa ?anii?yaeaieai I?aaenaaeaoaey AN ?NON?.

«Iieiaeaiea i NYC a Iiaai?iaeneie iaeanoe (NYC «Naaeei»)» io 09.07.91a.
? 1588-1, ooa ?anii?yaeaieai I?aaenaaeaoaey AN ?NON?

«Iieiaeaiea i NYC a a. Auai?aa Eaieia?aaeneie iaeanoe (NYC «Auai?a»)» io
09.07.91a. ? 1588-1, ooa ?anii?yaeaieai I?aaenaaeaoaey AN ?NON?

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaieia ?NON? io 25.09.91a. ? 497 «I ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ao
ii ?acaeoeth naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii a Eaeeieia?aaeneie e *eoeineeo
iaeanoyo» (?aae. io 13.10.95a.) aianoa n «Iieiaeaieai i NYC a
Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe (NYC «ssioa?ue») e «Iieiaeaieai i NYC a
*eoeineie iaeanoe (NYC «Aeao?ey»).

Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O io 04.06.92a. ? 548 ( ?aae. io 16.05.97a.) «I
iaeioi?uo ia?ao ii ?acaeoeth NYC ia oa??eoi?ee ?O»

Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O io 22.03.95a. ? 300 «I naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciia
«Eaaa?aeeii-Aaeea?ey».

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 08.09.94a. ? 1033 «I iaeioi?uo ia?ao
ii ?acaeoeth naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu «Iaoiaeea».

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 29. 09.97a. ? 1259 «I Oaaea?aeueiie
oeaeaaie i?ia?aiia ?acaeoey iniaie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu a Eaeeieia?aaeneie
iaeanoe ia 1998 – 2005 aiaeu».

Ienueii Ainiaeianeoaeau ?O io 29.06.93a. ? II-4-06\93i, Ieioeia ?O io
25.06.93a. ? 04-06-01 «I iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?aaei?eyoee, ?aniieiaeaiiuo
a naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao».

Ienueii Ainiaeianeoaeau ?O io 19.07.93a. ? THO-6-06\235 «I
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?aaei?eyoee a naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao».

NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U:

1) ioa.?aae. Anoaiiae/. “Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee a ?innee:
oaiaeaiaoeee e ia?niaeoeau. Aoi?ie aiaeeoe/aneee aeie eaae iacaaeneiuo
yenia?oia” Aaainoai “EIOIIA?O” 1995 aiae.

2) Aiaaou??a A.Ae. “Eiaanoeoeeiiiia i?aai” Iineaa.
?inneeneia i?aai 1992 aiae.

3) Aiaoneaaneee I.I. “I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a ?O” Iineaa. 1993 aiae. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
i?aai” Iineaa. ” Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey” 1994 aiae.

4) Aieoaiae/ A.Ae. “Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee a ?innee.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea” Iineaa. “A?AI” 1993 aiae.

5) Aei?iieia I.A. Naieethoeia I.A. “I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a ?innee e ca ?oaaaeii” Iineaa.

1993 aiae. “Iiiainoi?iiiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eiiaaioeee a iaeanoe
caueou eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee e ?inneeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai”
Ainoaea?noai e i?aai” 1992 aiae ?10.

6) Aei?iieia I.A. “Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee e nia?aiaiiia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?aai. I?iaeaiu ?aaoee?iaaiey eiaanoeoeee a NNN?”
Iineaa. “Aea-th?a”. 1991 aiae.

7) Ia?ouiia A.N. “?inney: no?aoaaey eiaanoe?iaaiey a e?eceniue
ia?eiae.” Iineaa. 1994 aiae.

8) Ii?aoiiaa A.E. Oaeaeia I.E. “Eiaanoeoeeiiiia e aaethoiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Oai?aoe/aneee eo?n” Iineaa. IYAO 1995

aiae.

9) ?oaaiia A.A. “Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?innee e ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaao auaoaai NNN?”
Iineaa. 1992 aiae.

10) ioa.?aae. Naaoeaiia. “I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee a ?innee” Einoeooo ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa. Iineaa. 1995
aiae.

11) ioa.?aae. Oiieineee I.I. “Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee a ?innee.
Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau”. Iineaa. 1995 aiae.

12) *aeoi Ie Eai “Eiaanoeoeeiiiay neooaoeey a ?innee e
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua ia?ii?eyoey ii a? oeo/oaieth” Oieaa?neoao NiA.
1996 aiae.

13) “?aaoee?iaaiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee. Nai?iee ii?iaoeaiuo
aeieoiaioia”. AEo?iae “?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa” Iineaa. 1995 aiae.

14) “Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee. Niaianoiua i?aaei?eyoey e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa”. Oaiaoe/aneee auione. Iineaa. “O?EAAeA” 1994
aiae.

15) AEo?iae “Eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee aeey i?ioanneiiaeia”
?11-12.1995 aiae.

16) Oaaea?aeueiue caeii «Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?NON?» io 4
ethey 1991a. ( a ?aaeaeoeee Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?O io 24.12.93a. ? 2288,
Oaaea?aeueiuo caeiiia io 19.06.95a. ? 89-OC, io 16.11.97a. ? 144-OC).

17) Oaaea?aeueiue caeii ?O «Ia iniaie yeiiiie/aneie ciia a
Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe» io 22 yiaa?y 1996a.

18) Oaaea?aeueiue caeii ?O «I ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee
aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe» io 13 ieoya?y 1995a.

19) Iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? «I ii?yaeea nicaeaiey ia
oa??eoi?ee NNN? e aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee NNN? e ae?oaeo no?ai –
/eaiia NYA» e «I ii?yaeea nicaeaiey ia oa??eoi?ee NNN? e aeayoaeueiinoe
niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee n o/anoeai niaaoneeo i?aaiecaoeee e oe?i ec
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo e ?acaeaathueony no?ai» io 13.01.87a. ?? 48,49.

20) Oeac I?aceaeaioa NNN? «Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a NNN?» io
26.10.90a.

21) Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O «I niaa?oainoaiaaiee ?aaiou n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie» io 27.09.93a. ? 1466.

22) Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 29.09.94a. ? 1108 «Ia
aeoeaecaoeee ?aaiou ii i?eaea/aieth eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a yeiiiieeo
?O».

1 Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue Caeii aeaenoaoao ni neaaeothueie iii?aaeaie:
io 24.12.93a. a ?aaeaeoeee Oeaca I?aceaeaioa; io 19.06.95a. ?89-OC; io
16.11.97a. ? 144-OC.

1 Nia?aiea Iinoaiiaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa NNN?, 1987a. ?8 no. 35, ?9
no.40.

1 Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea Ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia NNN? e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa
NNN?, 1990a. ?44.

Eniieueciaaiu iaoa?eaeu aeae, iioaeeeiaaiiuo a noaoueyo Eaaaoiaa A.A.
«Ec i?aeoeee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai Eiiia?/aneiai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea i?e OII
?O a ai?iaea Iineaa», aeo?iaeu «Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey» 1992a. ?9, «Oicyenoai
e i?aai» 1994a. ?3.

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