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*ANOIA I?AAI A IE?A TH?EAeE*ANEEO ssAEAIEE

O /aeiaaea, ia ciaeiiiai n oiieinoyie th?eni?oaeaioeee, au?aaeaiea
“/anoiia i?aai” iiaeao aucaaoue ii iaiueoae ia?a iaaeioiaiea e,
iiaeaeoe, aeaaea iai?eyoea.

A naiii aeaea, i?aai – i?aaenoaaeyao niaie einoeooo ioeoeeaeueiie,
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie iauanoaa. E i?aai a yoii ioiioaiee eiaao
ioaee/iue oa?aeoa?. Oi anoue iii enoiaeeo io anaai iauanoaa, io
ainoaea?noaa a oeaeii, i?eciaaony iauanoaii e ainoaea?noaii a ea/anoaa
aaconeiaii iaycaoaeueiiai, eiia?aoeaiiai a aeecie iauanoaa e eaaeaeiai
a?aaeaeaieia. A ooo, aeaeeoa ee, “/anoiia”, aea aua e “i?aai”. E a eaeie
ia?a oianoii caeanue aiai?eoue a niiinoaaeaiee n “/anoiui” aua e i
iaeiai “ioaee/iii i?aaa”, eiaaea a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ana i?aai, i?aai a
oeaeii, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie yaeaiea ioaee/iiai ii?yaeea?

Aeiaaaei nthaea oneeaiii ianaaeaeaaiia a oneiaeyo niaaoneiai iauanoaa
iaoa iaaeiaa?/eaia e aeaaea i?ac?eoaeueiia ioiioaiea ei anyeiio
“/anoiiio” – iii?euo yenieoaoaoi?ia, niaeoeyioia, eonoa?ae,
aaeeiiee/ieeia e ie?iaaeia-eoeaeia. .E eiaaea ?a/ue caoiaeeo i “/anoiii
i?aaa”, iiaeao aicieeiooue i?aaeiieiaeaiea: ia caeioeee ee yoi iaoae
aeecie, oaeae “oaiaaeeia” e ia?eiaeaeueoeia? E ia iaeanoue ee yoi aeey
i?iaeaeie anyeiai ?iaea iai?ioenouo e iaaeuo “?aoi?iaoi?ia”, eioi?ua
aiciaia?eeenue oaia?ue “i?eaaoece?iaaoue” oaeaea e caeii, eneiiiue
einoeooo ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie?

Caeanue aicieeatho aii?inu e n noaoai th?eaee/aneie, i?aeoe/aneie
noi?iiu. Aaaeue anai ecaanoii, /oi i?aai oie eee eiie no?aiu, a oii
/enea ?inneeneia, iiae?acaeaeyaony ia io?anee: oaieiaiia, a?aaeaeaineia,
aaeieieno?aoeaiia, o?oaeiaia, naiaeiia e o. ae. Eaaeaeay ec yoeo
io?aneae eiaao naie iniaue “i?aaeiao”, ioee/aaony th?eaee/aneei
naiaia?aceai (/oiau oaaaeeoueny a yoii, aeinoaoi/ii, iai?eia?,
niiinoaaeoue oaieiaiia e naiaeiia i?aai); iniiaiua ii?iu eaaeaeie
io?anee cae?aieaiu, eae i?aaeei, a iniaii caeiiiaeaoaeueiii aeieoiaioa –
eiaeaena. A i?aeoe/aneii ioiioaiee aeey ?aoaiey th?eaee/aneeo aii?inia
ie/aai ae?oaiai, eaaeaony, e ia ioaeii. E, iiaeao auoue, aiieia
ii?aaaeaiii, /oi ia oae aeaaii a niaaoneii iauanoaa aeaeaiea i?aaa ia
ioaee/iia e /anoiia aiiaua io?eoeaeinue?

Iaaeaeo oai aeaeaiea i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia iieo/eei a ie?iaie
th?eni?oaeaioeee oe?ieia i?eciaiea. Iii ?anniao?eaaaony aieueoeinoaii
i?aaiaaaeia a ea/anoaa i/aaeaeiiai e ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai.

E aeey yoiai eiathony na?ueaciua iniiaaiey a naiii no?iaiee i?aaa,
oa?aeoa?iua aeey iaoeeiiaeueiuo th?eaee/aneeo nenoai. Iniaaiii iaaeyaeii
iie au?aaeaiu a i?aaa no?ai eiioeiaioaeueiie Aa?iiu, aaea i?e anae
neiaeiinoe e aeaaea ecaanoiie “ia?aiaoaiiinoe” ioaee/ii-i?aaiauo e
/anoiii?aaiauo ii?i aeiaieueii /aoei iiaeii auaeaeeoue ioaee/iia e
/anoiia i?aai, ii?ie i?yii ii aeaeai caeiiia, eiaeaenia (iai?eia?.
Oaieiaiue eiaeaen – ioaee/iia i?aai. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen – /anoiia
i?aai). Ii e a i?aoeaaeaioii aiaeinaeniineii i?aaa anaaaea oa eee eiua
i?aoeaaeaiou, oa eee eiua enoi/ieee iiaoo ioiineoueny eeai e ioaee/iiio
i?aao (iai?eia?, i?aoeaaeaiou e iaueiiaaiey a aeayoaeueiinoe
ia?eaiaioa), eeai e /anoiiio i?aao (i?aoeaaeaiou a iaeanoe aeiaiai?ia;
aeiionoei, ii ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ea/anoai i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a).

I aeaeaiee i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia aiai?eee aua oeeiniou
aioe/iinoe. Ii neiaai A?enoioaey, ioaee/iia i?aai caueuaao oi, /oi
a?aaeeo iauanoao, a /anoiia i?aai – oi, /oi a?aaeeo ioaeaeueiui eeoeai.
Yoi aeaeaiea aeiaieueii no?iai auei caoeene?iaaii ae?aaia?eineeie
th?enoaie. Ciaiaieoue th?eno Ae?aaiaai ?eia Oeueieai (II a. i.y.),
i?enooiay e eceiaeaieth th?eaee/aneeo aii?inia, ia/eiae oae: “Eco/aiea
i?aaa ?aniaaeaaony ia aeaa /anoe: ioaee/iia e /anoiia…” Oa?aeoa?ii,
/oi aunieoth iauai?eciaiioth ioeaieo -ioeaieo eae iai?aacieaeaiiiai
oaaeaa?a i?aaiaie eoeueoo?u – iieo/eei ia ana i?aai Ae?aaiaai ?eia, a
eiaiii /anoiia i?aai. Niiaeaeaeiee Ia?ena, aai nioiaa?eu Yiaaeuen ienae
n iaeioi?ui na?eaciii i ae?aaia?eineeo th?enoao eae i oaeie
?aciiaeaeiinoe eaeaieiaia, eioi?ua ?ac?aaaouaaee “ai anth oe?ue naia
ecethaeaiiia /anoiia i?aai”.

Aeaeaiea i?aaa ia “ioaee/iia” e “/anoiia” a nia?aiaiiie th?eni?oaeaioeee
yaeyaony naiaai ?iaea enoiaeiui ioieoii e iauei ianoii – oaeoii, eioi?ue
oioy e ioaeaeaaony a iauyniaiee, ii nai ii naaa i/aaeaeai. A oi aea
a?aiy ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi ia ecaanoiuo
yoaiao enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey (a oneiaeyo n?aaeiaaaeiauey, a niaaoneii
iauanoaa) oeacaiiia aeaeaiea eae au ooiaeeei a oaiue, a ii?ie e i?yii
io?eoeaeinue.

Ethaiiuoii a yoie nayce, /oi a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia XVI – XVII aa.
iio?aaiinoue a ?acaeoee /anoiiai i?aaa, ioaa/athuaai iio?aaiinoyi
ia?iaeaeathuaainy eaieoaeecia, aueeeanue a ii?aceoaeueiue enoi?e/aneee
oaiiiai – a aic?iaeaeaiea eee a aini?eyoea (?aoeaioeeth) ?eineiai
/anoiiai i?aaa, eioi?ia a Aa?iaiee iicaeiaai n?aaeiaaaeiauey eae au
aiciaiiaeei naia aeaenoaea. Iii oae e iacuaaeinue – “nia?aiaiiia ?eineia
i?aai” (heutiges romisches Recht). E aua aieaa ciaiaiaoaeueii, /oi a
yiioo I?inaauaiey, Aaeeeie o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee eiaiii /anoiia i?aai
– /a?ac a?aaeaeaineea caeiiu – ?acei aicauneeinue, noaei iaeiei ec
?aoathueo oaeoi?ia noaiiaeaiey naiaiaeiiai a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa.

Oaeie iiaeoiae e i?aao, eiaaea a iai auaeaeythony ioaee/iia e /anoiia
i?aai, aeaenoaeoaeueii aaaeai ai iiiaeo ioiioaieyo. Iai?eia?, ii aaaeai
aeey eeanneoeeaoeee i?aaiauo yaeaiee, aeey eo oe?oiiaiiie a?oiie?iaee.

Caeanue ioaeii oieueei n?aco aea aianoe ii?aaeaeaiiinoue ii aeaoi
ioieoai.

Ai-ia?auo, oioy i?aai a oeaeii eiaao ioeoeeaeueiue, ainoaea?noaaiiue e a
yoii ioiioaiee ioaee/iue oa?aeoa?, iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iiiyoea
“ioaee/iia” iiaeao oiio?aaeyoueny e aeaenoaeoaeueii oiio?aaeyaony a
th?eni?oaeaioeee, a ae?oaeo aoiaieoa?iuo iaoeao oaeaea e a aieaa oceii
cia/aiee. A oaeii aieaa oceii cia/aiee iiiyoea “ioaee/iia” ioiineony
oieueei e oie /anoe i?aaa, eioi?ay eanaaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii
aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa. A oi aea naiia a?aiy i?eciae
“ainoaea?noaaiiinoe” (e a yoii niunea – ioaee/iinoe, ii oaea a
ianeieueei eiii, ?aiaa oeacaiiii oe?ieii niunea) nio?aiyaony e aeey anao
ae?oaeo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaiaie nenoaiu, a oii /enea e aeey /anoiiai
i?aaa.

E ai-aoi?uo, ioaee/iia e /anoiia i?aai – yoi ia io?anee, a oeaeua noa?u,
ciiu i?aaa. Eiiaaea aiai?yo – noia?io?anee. Iie ii nia?aiaiiui iao/iui
i?aaenoaaeaieyi ioaaouaatho (iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii) ii?aaeaeaiiua
a?oiiu io?aneae. E ioaee/iiio i?aao ioiinyony aaeieieno?aoeaiia,
oaieiaiia, oeiainiaia i?aai, i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai, caiaeueiia i?aai,
?yae ae?oaeo iiae?acaeaeaiee. E /anoiiio -a?aaeaeaineia i?aai, a oaeaea
– oioy e ia anaoeaei – iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iiae?acaeaeaiey. A
th?eaee/aneie iaoea a yoie nayce aiai?yo i oeaeie nenoaia /anoiiai
i?aaa. Ii iiaieth aeaeiiai ?inneeneiai i?aaiaaaea A.A. Nooaiiaa, a yoo
nenoaio, ia?yaeo n e?oiiuie /anoyie a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa (“iauae
/anoueth”, aauiui i?aaii, iaycaoaeuenoaaiiui i?aaii, eneeth/eoaeueiuie
i?aaaie — “eioaeeaeooaeueiie” e “i?iiuoeaiiie” nianoaaiiinoueth,
ianeaaenoaaiiui i?aaii), aeeth/athony oaeaea naiaeiia i?aai, oi?aiaia
(eiiia?/aneia) i?aai, iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai Ni.: Nooaiia A.A.
Nenoaia /anoiiai i?aaa // Aanoiee IAO. Na?ey II: I?aai. 1994. ?4. N.
26-30. N oi/ee c?aiey O.A. Eaoaieiie, a ninoaa /anoiiai i?aaa aoiaeeo
naiue iiae?acaeaeaiee: a?aaeaeaineia i?aai, ianeaaenoaaiiia i?aai,
naiaeiia i?aai, aaoi?neea i?aai, ecia?aoaoaeueneia (iaoaioiia) i?aai,
o?oaeiaia i?aai, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai n aai “yae?ii” –
ei?ii?aoeaiui i?aaii (Eaoaieia O.A. Ei?ii?aoeaiia i?aai // I?aai
oicyenoaaiiuo oiaa?euanoa e iauanoa. I., 1999. N. 36-41)

.

Caeanue i?e iiiiue ?anniao?eaaaiiai aeaeaiey ieacuaaaony aiciiaeiui
i?aaenoaaeoue iauoth ea?oeio anae i?aaiaie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, aa iauea
i/a?oaiey, oaeaeaoue oe?oiiaiioth a?oiie?iaeo oao “/anoae”, ec eioi?uo
neeaaeuaaaony i?aaiaay nenoaia aeaiiie no?aiu, i?aai a oeaeii.

Nouanoaotho e aanueia ii?aaeaeaiiua e?eoa?ee aeey ?aca?aie/aiey
i?aaiaiai iaoa?eaea ii aeaoi oeacaiiui oe?oiiaiiui ?oa?eeai.

I ieo a iauai aeaea aiai?ee oaea oiiiyiooue ?aiaa ae?aaia-?eineee th?eno
Oeueieai. Ii aai neiaai, ioaee/iia i?aai anoue oi, “eioi?ia ioiineony e
iieiaeaieth ?eineiai ainoaea?noaa”, /anoiia i?aai – oi, “eioi?ia
ioiineony e iieueca ioaeaeueiuo eeoe” (publicum jus est quod ad statum
rei romanae spectat, privatum quod ad singulorum utilitatem).

A nia?aiaiiie th?eaee/aneie iaoea au?aaioaiu e aieaa no?iaea e?eoa?ee
aeey ?aca?aie/aiey ioaee/iiai e /anoiiai i?aaa. Oi?iaeueiua e?eoa?ee
iaaeaeo a?aieoeaie yoeo aeaoo i?aaiauo noa? – ii?ie a i?aeoe/aneie
th?eni?oaeaioeee aanueia cuaeeie, iiaeaeaeiuie, noa?ouie ?aaeueiie
aeeciueth, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e th?eaee/aneie i?aeoeeie – ia?eniaaiu
iaeiie ec io?aneae th?eaee/aneeo ciaiee – aiaeeoe/aneie
th?eni?oaeaioeeae – aeiaieueii iniiaaoaeueii e oaaaeeoaeueii . Iaci?
eeoa?aoo?u e ?ac?aaioeo i?iaeai ioaee/iiai e /anoiiai i?aaa ni.:
*a?aiaie A.A. E aii?ino i /anoiii e ioaee/iii i?aaa. E?eoone, 1926. A
1994 a. yoa ?aaioa ia?aecaeaia Enneaaeiaaoaeueneei oeaio?ii /anoiiai
i?aaa (ni.: *a?aiaoei A.A. E aii?ino i /anoiii e ioaee/iii i?aaa. I.:
Aea-th?a, 1994).

Ec oaeeo e?eoa?eaa iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea eiatho neaaeothuea
aeaa.

Ia?aue: aeey ioaee/iiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?iu ioiioaiey “aeanoue —
iiae/eiaiea”, aeey /anoiiai i?aaa — ioiioaiey th?eaee/aneiai ?aaainoaa
noauaeoia.

Aoi?ie: ioaee/iia i?aai iino?iaii ia i?eioeeia noai?aeeiaoeee, /anoiia
i?aai – ia i?eioeeia eii?aeeiaoeee aiee e eioa?ania o/anoieeia
ioiioaiee.

Yoe e?eoa?ee iieo/eee iiae?iaioth ?ac?aaioeo ai iiiaeo o?oaeao e
ca?oaaaeiuo aaoi?ia, e ioa/anoaaiiuo i?aaiaaaeia. N?aaee ?onneeo
i?aaiaaaeia ioaeii ioiaoeoue E.A. Iie?ianeiai, aeaaoaai oa?aeoa?enoeeo
ioaee/iiai e /anoiiai i?aaa a o?oaea “Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa” (1917 a.), a oaeaea I.I. Aaa?eiaa e A.A. *a?aiaoeia. Ioiaoea
iniaaiiinoe eioa?ania noauaeoia a oie e ae?oaie noa?a, A.A. *a?aiaoei
ieoao, /oi a iniiao ?acaeaeaiey i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia aeieaeai
auoue iieiaeai ana aea oi?iaeueiue e?eoa?ee, e iiae/a?eeaaao a yoie
nayce: “… /anoiii?aaiaia ioiioaiea iino?iaii ia eii?aeeiaoeee
noauaeoia, /anoiia i?aai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio
aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeeciaiiuo ioiioaiee”. *a?aiaoei
A.A. E aii?ino i /anoiii e ioaee/iii i?aaa. I„ 1994. N. 35.

Aianoa n oai, oeacaa ia i?eaaaeaiiua e?eoa?ee, ioaeii aeaeaoue e oi, /oi
naia yoa eeanneoeeaoeey — aeaeaiea i?aaa ia “ioaee/iia” e “/anoiia” –
eiaao a iniiaiii, oae neacaoue, iauaa, i?eioeeieaeueiia th?eaee/aneia
cia/aiea.

Aeaei a oii, /oi a i?aeoe/aneie aeecie, iniaaiii ia iuiaoieo yoaiao
?acaeoey iauanoaa, ioaee/iia e /anoiia i?aai ai iiiaeo neo/ayo
ieacuaathony “ia?aiaoaiiuie”: a aeeciaiiuo ioiioaieyo aeiaieueii /anoi
iaee/anoaotho ?aciii?ioeaeueiua yeaiaiou, iaeie ec eioi?uo ioiinyony e
/anoiiio i?aao, ae?oaea – e ioaee/iiio (iai?eia?, oae iacuaaaiua
ioaee/iua aeiaiai?u a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa – aeiaiai?u ?icie/iie
oi?aiaee, iauanoaaiiiai o?ainii?oa, nayce e ae?oaea, aaea anoue
ioaee/ii-i?aaiaua yeaiaiou).

Neeaaeuaathony aeaaea oeaeua i?aaiaua iiae?acaeaeaiey, eiiieaeniua
ia?aciaaiey, a eioi?uo a ?aciuo i?iii?oeeyo i?enoonoaoao iaeiia?aiaiii e
oi e ae?oaia. Oaeiau, iai?eia?, ii?neia i?aai, aaieianeia i?aai,
oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai, ei?ii?aoeaiia i?aai ‘
Ec iao/iuo ?aaio iineaaeiaai a?aiaie ni.: Eaooeia O.A. Ei?ii?aoeaiia
i?aai.

. E oioy a eaaeaeii neo/aa aiciiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeea ec oaeiai ?iaea
yeaiaioia ioiinyony e ioaee/iiio i?aao, a eaeea – e /anoiiio, e aeaaea
ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeea ec ieo yaeythony iniiaiuie, aaciauie (e oi e ae?oaia
a aunoae noaiaie aaaeii ii oai?aoe/aneei e i?aeoe/aneei niia?aaeaieyi),
ana aea i?aaeaeueii no?iaie eeanneoeeaoeee, eiaaea aanue i?aaiaie
iaoa?eae iieiinoueth, en/a?iuaathuei ia?acii ?ani?aaeaeyaony ii “naiei”
iiei/eai, aeinoeaiooue caeanue iaaiciiaeii.

A yoie nayce i?aaenoaaeyaony nouanoaaiiui neacaoue i oii, /oi aeaeaiea
i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia ia oieueei e, iiaeaeoe, aeaaea ia noieueei
eeanneoeeaoeeiiiia. Yoi – aeaeaiea eiioeaiooaeueiiai ii?yaeea. Iii
eanaaony naieo iniia i?aaa, aai ianoa e ?iee a aeecie ethaeae, aai
ii?aaeaeythueo oeaiiinoae.

Aicueiai a ea/anoaa i?eia?a aeaa neo/ay. Ia?aue neo/ae – iaeiaiaua
ioiioaiey e eo th?eaee/aneia ?aaoee?iaaiea. Oieaoa iaeiaia yaeyaony
aaconeiaiie iaycaiiinoueth a?aaeaeai, eiathueo aeioiaeu, iaeaaeathueo
eiouanoaii. Iaycaiiinoue oieaou, ?acia?u e ii?yaeie aianaiey iaeiaia
onoaiaaeeaathony caeiiii. E oieueei caeiiii. Ioiioaiey ii oieaoa iaeiaia
eiatho eiia?aoeaiue oa?aeoa?: aeaeaao – ia aeaeaao iaeiaiieaoaeueuee
oiea/eaaoue iaeiae, aeaeaao — ia aeaeaao iaeiaiaay einiaeoeey aeaoue
eaeea-oi iineaaeaiey ii iaeiaai oai eee eiui eeoeai – ana yoi
th?eaee/aneiai cia/aiey ia eiaao; nouanoaoao o aeaiiiai eeoea eiouanoai,
iieo/aiu aeioiaeu naa?o iaiaeaaaaiiai ieieioia – iaycaiiinoue ii oieaoa
iaeiaia ana ?aaii aicieeaao aaoiiaoe/anee, i?yii “ii caeiio”. I?e yoii
iaeiaiieaoaeueueee, a?aaeaeaia e i?aaiecaoeee, eaeei-oi ia?acii
iiaeeyoue ia oneiaey oieaou iaeiaia ia iiaoo, ia ai?aaa (iai?ioea,
niaeaoaiea ia yoio n/ao n ?aaioieeaie iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee – aeo
i?ioeaii?aaiue, aeaeouee th?eaee/aneoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue aeey aeiiaiuo).
Iie iiaoo ainiieueciaaoueny eaeeie-oi oaeiaiuie aeey ieo oneiaeyie
(iai?eia?, oiea/eaaoue noiio iaeiaa ia n?aco, a a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai
n?iea), eee aeaaea iiaoo auoue inaiaiaeaeaiu io oieaou iaeiaia, eee
oiea/eaaoue iaeiae a eueaioiii ii?yaeea, ii iiyoue-oaee eeoue ii
iniiaaieyi, onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiii, e – iethn e oiio – i?e iniaii aeey
eaaeaeiai iaeiaiieaoaeueueea ?aoaiee ii yoei aii?inai, i?eieiaaiui
eiiiaoaioiui aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee.

Aoi?ie neo/ae – iieoiea eaa?oe?u a?aaeaeaieiii. Aeiionoei – o
i?aaei?eyoey, iaoiaeyuaainy a aaaeaiee ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaiia ai?iaea.
Oi anoue e a aeaiiii neo/aa o/anoieeii neeaaeuaathueony ioiioaiee eae
aoaeoi yaeyaony ainoaea?noai. E caeanue oaeaea anoue caeiiu,
onoaiaaeeaathuea ecaanoiua oneiaey e ii?yaeee iaycaoaeuenoa, naycaiiuo n
iieoieie eaa?oe? e aiiaua iaaeaeaeeiinoe, eniieiaieai iaycaoaeuenoa. E
ana aea th?eaee/aneea ioiioaiey a yoii neo/aa i?eioeeieaeueii eiua,
iaaeaee ioiioaiey a iaeanoe iaeiaia, eai, oioy iaeiie noi?iiie i?e
eoiea-i?iaeaaea eaa?oe?u a aeaiiii neo/aa yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiay
(ioieoeeiaeueiay) i?aaiecaoeey, iineaaeiyy aunooiaao a ea/anoaa
“th?eaee/aneiai eeoea” – oae neacaoue, /anoiiai noauaeoa, ia
iaeaaeathuaai ieeaeeie i?aeiouanoaaie ii n?aaiaieth n ioaeaeueiuie
a?aaeaeaiaie. A iioiio ioiioaiey ii i?iaeaaea “caaycuaathony”, oae
neacaoue, “ia ?aaiuo” e ii aeia?ie aiea – oieueei ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii
e, cia/eo, – oaeaea ii aiea iieoiaoaey, a?aaeaeaieia. Aieaa oiai,
i?iaeaaaoe eaa?oe?u e a?aaeaeaiei — e oieueei iie- naie (naie!) ii
acaeiiiio niaeaneth ii?aaeaeytho oneiaey iaycaoaeuenoaa, aeeth/ay oeaio,
ii?yaeie ieaoaaeae, naieoeee i?e iaiaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee e o. ae.

A oi aea a?aiy – i/aiue nouanoaaiiue iiiaio! – caeeth/aiiue a
niioaaonoaee n aieae e eioa?anaie noi?ii aeiaiai? ni anaie oneiaeyie,
eioi?ua naiinoiyoaeueii ii?aaeaeaiu iieoiaoaeai e i?iaeaaoeii,
noaiiaeony th?eaee/anee iaycaoaeueiui aeieoiaioii. Ianoieueei
th?eaee/anee iaycaoaeueiui, /oi ii – ia oionoei ec iiey c?aiey! – a
i?eioeeia ia onooiaao caeiio.

Neaaeai, a A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena a no. 556 onoaiaaeeaaaony ii?ia,
niaeanii eioi?ie “iaycaoaeuenoai i?iaeaaoea ia?aaeaoue iaaeaeaeeiinoue
iieoiaoaeth n/eoaaony eniieiaiiui iinea a?o/aiey yoiai eiouanoaa
iieoiaoaeth e iiaeienaiey noi?iiaie niioaaonoaothuaai aeieoiaioa i
ia?aaea/a”. Ii ooo aea, a yoie aea noaouea, ii?aaeaeaii: “Anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii…”. E cia/eo, caeanue oeacaiiay
ii?ia (oaeea ii?iu iacuaathony aeeniiceoeaiuie) aeaenoaoao e i?eiaiyaony
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea ii aeaiiiio aii?ino o noi?ii iao “naiae
aeiaiai?aiiinoe”. E anee aeaaea caeiiii ii oiio eee eiiio aii?ino –
aeiionoei, ii aii?ino i eiee/anoaa eaa?oe? o iaeiiai eeoea a aeaiiii
ianaeaiiii ioieoa – aaiaeeony a iineaaeothuai aaconeiaii iaycaoaeueiay
ii?ia (oaeea ii?iu iacuaathony eiia?aoeaiuie), oi e iia niaeanii no. 422
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia i?aaeea ii ?aiaa
caeeth/aiiiio aeiaiai?o, iineieueeo ia nae n/ao a caeiia iao
niaoeeaeueiiai oeacaiey. Oi anoue aeiaiai? /anoiuo eeoe ieacuaaaony a
/ai-oi aeaaea “neeueiaa” caeiia.

*oi aea iieo/aaony, anee aieiaoaeueii i?eaeyaeaoueny e yoei aeaoi
neo/ayi?

A iieo/aaony, /oi ia?aae iaie iiae iaeiie e oie aea ?oa?eeie -“i?aai” –
aeaa ?aciuo th?eaee/aneeo ie?a, anee oaiaeii, aeaa ?aciua th?eaee/aneea
aaeaeoeee, e eae ?ac iaeia ec ieo iacuaaaony “ioaee/iia i?aai”, a
ae?oaay – “/anoiia i?aai”.

Ioaee/iia i?aai (iaiiiith: “ioaee/iia” – a niaoeeaeueiii th?eaee/aneii
cia/aiee) – yoi oaeay i?aaiaay noa?a, a iniiaa eioi?ie –
ainoaea?noaaiiua eioa?anu, “ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea”, o. a. naii
ono?ienoai e aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaa eae ioaee/iie aeanoe,
?aaeaiaioaoeey aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa, aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe, ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau, oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea
i?aaiia?ooeoaeae, oaieiaiay e aaeieieno?aoeaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue e
o.ae.,— neiaii, einoeooou, iino?iaiiua a “aa?oeeaeueiie” ieineinoe, ia
ia/aeao aeanoe e iiae/eiaiey, ia i?eioeeiao niiiae/eiaiiinoe,
noai?aeeiaoeee. Niia?acii yoiio aeey ioaee/iiai i?aaa i?enou iaeei -e
oieueei iaeei – iauaainoaea?noaaiiue th?eaee/aneee “oeaio?”, oa?aeoa?iu
eiia?aoeaiua i?aaeienaiey e cai?aou, ia?auaiiua e iiae/eiaiiui,
iiaeaeanoiui eeoeai; aeicaieaiey aea, eiathuea eiia?aoeaiue oa?aeoa?, –
i?a?iaaoeaa aeanoaothueo noauaeoia.

Aio iiyoiio aeey ioaee/iiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?ai niaoeeoe/aneee
th?eaee/aneee ii?yaeie – iaiauaiii aiai?y, ii?yaeie “aeanoe –
iiae/eiaiey”, – ii?yaeie, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui eeoea, iaeaaeathuea
aeanoueth, ai?aaa iaeiinoi?iiia e iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a i?eioeeia aac
eaeeo-eeai aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?aoaiee eiuo einoaioeee, ii?aaeaeyoue
iiaaaeaiea ae?oaeo eeoe (iiaeaeanoiuo, iiaeaeaiiuo), e niia?acii yoiio
any nenoaia aeanoii-i?eioaeeoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee iaycaia neeie
i?eioaeaeaiey iaania/eaaoue iieioth e oi/ioth ?aaeecaoeeth i?eeacia e
eiiaiae aeanoe, a “ana ae?oaea” eeoea – aaconeiaii ei iiae/eiyoueny.
Ionthaea auoaeatho e ana ae?oaea i?eioeeiu ioaee/iiai i?aaa: ?acee/ea,
?aciiii?yaeeiainoue i?aaiaiai noaoona eeoe, ea?a?oe/iinoue iieiaeaiey e
?aciue iauai aeanoiuo i?aaiii/ee o aeanoaothueo eeoe, iaee/ea naiae,
“aaaeiinoaaiiie” th?enaeeeoeee, ionoonoaea i?eaioaoeee ia ?aoaiea
nii?iuo aii?inia iacaaeneiui noaeii. Ii ia?a ?acaeoey aeaiie?aoee, eae
oaea aiai?eeinue ?aiaa, yoe i?eioeeiu iaiaauathony einoeoooaie aunieiai
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ii?yaeea (aa?aioeyie aeey a?aaeaeai, aeaiie?aoe/aneeie
i?ioeaaeo?aie e ae?.), noaiiayony niaianoeiuie ni anaie ae?oaeie
iiae?acaeaeaieyie aoiaienoe/aneiai i?aaa, ii yoi ia iaiyao naiie nooe,
naiie i?e?iaeu ioaee/ii-i?aaiauo ia/ae.

*anoiia i?aai (iiyoue-oaee a oii niunea, a eioi?ii yoi i?eiyoi n/eoaoue
a th?eaee/aneie iaoea e i?aeoeea) au?aaeaao ia/aea aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee,
naiaiaeu ioaeaeueiuo noauaeoia. Caeanue aiciiaeiinoue ?aoaiey oie eee
eiie aeeciaiiie neooaoeee ia oieueei a eaeie-oi ia?a ca?aiaa
cai?ia?aiie?iaaia a th?eaee/aneeo ii?iao, ii e i?aaeinoaaeaia naiei
o/anoieeai ioiioaiee, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeytho ?aoaiea neooaoeee naie,
aaoiiiiii, naiae aieae e a naieo eioa?anao (i?aeiouanoaaiii iooai
aeiaiai?ia). Eaio ienae, /oi /anoiia i?aai – yoi oaeia i?aai, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui iaycaiiinoue e i?eioaeaeaiea iniiauaathony ia
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia caeiia, a ia ni?aaaaeeeainoe e ia naiaiaea /aeiaaea
auoue nianoaaiiui ainiiaeeiii ‘ Ni.: Eaio E. Ni/. O. 4. I„ 1965. N. 231.

.

Iiyoiio a /anoiii i?aaa, a ioee/ea io ioaee/iiai (ai anyeii neo/aa, ii
enoi?e/anee enoiaeiui iiiaioai), ainiiaenoaotho “ai?eciioaeueiua”
ioiioaiey, iniiaaiiua ia th?eaee/aneii ?aaainoaa noauaeoia,
eii?aeeiaoeee eo aiee e eioa?ania. I?aeiouanoaaiiia iieiaeaiea a iai
caieiatho ia eiia?aoeaiua i?aaeienaiey, ia cai?aou, a th?eaee/aneea
aeicaieaiey. A th?eaee/aneea ii?iu ai iiiaeo neo/ayo eiatho
aeeniiceoeaiue oa?aeoa?, o. a. aeaenoaotho ii i?eioeeio “anee eiia ia
onoaiiaeaii aeiaiai?ii” – aeaenoaotho eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea ii aeaiiiio
aii?ino noi?iiu ia aeiaiai?eeenue iaaeaeo niaie (iiyoiio aeeniiceoeaiua
ii?iu iacuaatho aua “ainiieieoaeueiuie”: iie ainiieiytho oi, i /ai eeoea
naie ia aeiaiai?eeenue, /aai ia ?aoeee naie).

Oaeei ia?acii, a noa?a /anoiiai i?aaa, ia?yaeo a aaeeiui iaua
ainoaea?noaaiiui th?eaee/aneei “oeaio?ii”, aeoeaii, a i?eioeeia ia
o?iaia caeiia, aeaenoaoao iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo th?eaee/aneeo “oeaio?ia”.
Aea i?eoii oae, /oi eaaeaeue o/anoiee ioiioaiee a a?aaeaeaineii
iauanoaa, eaaeaeue noauaeo i?aaa – yoi e anoue iniaue e aunieicia/eiue
th?eaee/aneee “oeaio?”. Eae ioia/aao E.A. Iie?ianeee, “a?aaeaeaineia
i?aai eae nenoaia th?eaee/aneie aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee ii naiie naiae
no?oeoo?a iieieony ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee iiiaeanoaa iaeaiueeeo oeaio?ia,
aaoiiiiiuo ono?ieoaeae aeecie a oao iaeanoyo, eioi?ua ioaaouaathony
a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii” Iie?ianeee E.A. Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa. N. 107..

Oaeei ia?acii, aeaeaiea i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia ia i?inoi
eeanneoeeaoeeiiiia iiae?acaeaeaiea, iicaieythuaa ?ani?aaeaeeoue
th?eaee/aneea ii?iu e i?aaiioiioaiey ii iaeaieaa e?oiiui ?oa?eeai.
Ioaee/iia e /anoiia i?aai – ea/anoaaiii ?aciua iaeanoe i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey, aeaa ?aciuo, eae oaea ioia/aeinue, “eiioeiaioa” eee aeaa
“th?eaee/aneea aaeaeoeee”.

N ia?auo noaaeee oeeaeeecaoeee i?aai (?acoiaaony, ni iiiaeie ?acee/eyie
a ?aciuo no?aiao) oae e ?acaeaaaony a ninoaaa aeaoo ioiineoaeueii
naiinoiyoaeueiuo noa?, ii aeaoi ?oneai – ioaee/iiai e /anoiiai i?aaa. E
iineieueeo a ethaii iauanoaa (iiiyoii, a ?acee/iii niioiioaiee, a ?aciuo
i?iii?oeeyo) nouanoaotho ainoaea?noaaiiua e /anoiua eioa?anu, oi aieaa
eee iaiaa ?acaeoia i?aai oieueei e iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue e ?acaeaaoueny
i?e iaee/ee aeaoo niioaaonoaothueo noa? – ioaee/iiai /anoiiai i?aaa. I?e
yoii o?iaaiue “?acaeoinoe” i?aaa a oeaeii, aai “ea/anoai” ai iiiaii
iaoneiaeaiu oai, ianeieueei iieo/eea ?acaeoea eaaeaeay ec oeacaiiuo
noa?, /oi ?aoathuei ia?acii aeeyao e ia iiieiaiea i?aaa a oeaeii, e ia
ninoiyiea i?aeoe/aneie th?eni?oaeaioeee. Iaaeinoaoee a yoii ioiioaiee e
oai aieaa oiaeaiea iaeiie ec noa? (iai?eia?, /anoiiai i?aaa) i?eaiaeyo,
iiieii anaai ae?oaiai, e aeaoi?iaoeee anae i?aaiaie nenoaiu no?aiu, e aa
iaeiiaieinoe, oua?aiinoe.

Ioaee/iia i?aai n oi/ee c?aiey th?eaee/aneie niaoeeoeee ia i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie /aai-oi naiaia?aciiai a ioee/ea io iaueo i?aaenoaaeaiee i i?aaa.
Oi, /oi a yoie eieaa ?aiaa aiai?eeinue aiiaua i i?aaa (a aiai?eeinue,
i?eiiiiei, eae ?ac i?aaeaea anaai e aeaaiui ia?acii iiae oaeii c?aiey
iaycaiiinoae, ioaaonoaaiiinoe), a iieiie ia?a ?ani?ino?aiyaony e ia
ioaee/iia i?aai.

I?e yoii ioaeii iinoiyiii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ioaee/iia i?aai -noa?a
noieue aea cia/eiay, neieue e i?aai a oeaeii (aeeth/ay /anoiia i?aai),
ai anyeii neo/aa, iinoieueeo, iineieueeo “naia” aeanoue ia yaeyaony
oe?aie/aneie, aaoi?eoa?iie. Ii naiae nooe ioaee/iia i?aai i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie i?iaeieaeaiea oaeaea aunieicia/eiiai nioeeaeueiiai oaiiiaia –
ainoaea?noaa, ioaee/iie aeanoe ni anaie aa iiceoeaiuie e iaaaoeaiuie
iioaioeeyie, oaeaea iaoiaeyueie au?aaeaiea a aeinoieinoaao i?aaa, oioy e
eiiai “ea/anoaa” – ioaee/iiai. Yoe aeinoieinoaa a ?acoeueoaoa
aeaiie?aoecaoeee iauanoaa ?aaeecothony a i?eioeeiao iiae/eiaiiinoe
aeanoe caeiio, th?eaee/aneeo i?ioeaaeo?ao aa inouanoaeaiey, a a aieaa
oe?ieii ieaia – a i?eioeeiao ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae, ?anioaeeeaineie oi?ia
i?aaeaiey e, iaeiiaoe, a ainoaea?noaaiiii, ioaee/iii iaania/aiee i?aa
/aeiaaea. Ii ia?a oaeoaeaiey aeaiie?aoee ioaee/iia i?aai a
?anniao?eaaaiii cia/aiee ana a aieueoae noaiaie aeeth/aao ii?iu,
ia?aie/eaathuea i?iecaie aeanoe, io?aiythuea i?aaa /aeiaaea, –
i?ienoiaeeo iaiaauaiea iaoa?ee ioaee/iiai i?aaa, ianuuaiea aa
i?eioeeiaie e einoeoooaie aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ii?yaeea. Iniiaa yoiai
i?ioeanna – ?acaeoea, ia/eiay n eiioea XVIII a., eiinoeoooeeiiiiai i?aaa
a no?aiao Caiaaea.

Ii i?e anai i?e oii iiauoaiiia aieiaiea ana aea aeieaeii auoue oaeaeaii
/anoiiio i?aao, eai eiaiii iii (ia?yaeo e a ni/aoaiee n i?aaaie
/aeiaaea) au?aaeaao iniiaiua i?ioeannu, naycaiiua ni noaiiaeaieai
nenoaiu noauaeoeaiuo i?aa, ioe?uaathueo aa?aioe?iaaiiue i?inoi? aeey
nianoaaiiie aeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, eo oai?/anoaa, eieoeeaoeau,
aea?caiee, i?aaei?eei/eaiai aeaea. E ionthaea eiaiii /anoiia i?aai
ieacaeinue oai caaiii a neiaeiie “iaoa?ee i?aaa”, eioi?ia, aicieeioa a
yiioo ae?aaiaai ie?a, oaea a nia?aiaiii? enoi?ee, ia/eiay n yiioe
I?inaauaiey, Aaeeeie o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee, e ana aieaa eiaiii a iaoa
a?aiy ?ane?uaaao aeoaieoth i?e?iaeo i?aaa (i iae a ia?aie aeaaa neacaii
auei eeoue a caeeth/eoaeueiuo iieiaeaieyo, ia?auaiiuo e nia?aiaiiie
yiioa). E ?ane?uaaao aai, i?aaa, enoi?e/aneia i?aaeiacia/aiea. I?aaa a
naiii aunieii /aeiaa/aneii niunea – eae nioeeaeueiiai einoeoooa, eioi?ue
au; i?eoaioiaeai Enoi?eae aeey iiaiai a?aiaie – a?aiaie eeaa?aeueiuo
oeeaeeecaoeee. *anoiia i?aai i?aaenoaao a aeaea io?aaioaiiuo
th?eaee/aneeo oi?i, a ?aieao eioi?uo ?aaeecothony naiaiaea /aeiaaea
auoue “naiiio naaa ainiiaeeiii”, yeiiiie/aneay naiaiaea,
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e ?aaainoai ethaeae, a yeiiiieea —
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae, e eioi?ua iiaoo th?eaee/anee iaania/eaaoue noaoon
naiaiaeiuo noauaeoia iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue nianoaaiieeia, i?aaa o/anoieeia

iai?ioa, ia?aaeaeaoue eo io aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa, io aai
i?iecaiea Ciaiaiaoaeueii i?e yoii, /oi aeeceea ii oa?aeoa?o i?ioeannu,
eae iu aeaeaee, i?ienoiaeyo e y ioaee/iii i?aaa. Oaeei iooai oi?iu e
einoeooou ec ae?oaie “th?eaee/aneie aaeaeoeee” eae au aoyaeaathony a
aaeeioth th?eaee/aneoth nenoaio aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iauanoaa, noaiiayony
niaianoeiuie n /anoiui i?aaii e ia/eiatho aunooiaoue a iai a ea/anoaa
iaeiiii?yaeeiauo e acaeiiaeaenoaothueo iiaenenoai.

.

Aoaeai oieueei o/eouaaoue oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi /anoiia e ioaee/iia
i?aai i?aaenoaaeytho niaie /anoe aaeeiie th?eaee/aneie nenoaiu no?aiu e
aeaenoaotho a aaeeinoaa, ai acaeiiaeaenoaee, iiae/an i?e ?aaoee?iaaiee
oao eee eiuo ioiioaiee, aeaenoaotho a eiiieaena. A a?aaeaeaineeo caeiiao
anoue yeaiaiou, ii?iu e einoeooou, ioiinyueany ai iiiaii e ioaee/iiio
i?aao. Caeiiu ioaee/ii-i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a (oaeea, eae iaeiaiaua.
Oaieiaiue eiaeaen) eae au nii?iaiaeaeatho a?aaeaeaineea caeiiu, ia?aaeei
aanueia na?ueacii aeeytho ia eo ?acoeueoaoeaiinoue, i?eiaiaiea. Aea e
aiiaua /anoiia i?aai, eae au iu ie aeaeaee oaea?aiea ia neiaa “/anoiia”,
iaeciaiii inoaaony i?aaii – nioeeaeueiui einoeoooii ioeoeeaeueiie,
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie, aaea aeieaeiu auoue oaa?aeuie e ia?ooeiuie
iaiaoiaeeiua a iauanoaa ii?yaeie e aeenoeeieeia, aeieaeiu
?aaeeciauaaoueny o?aaiaaiey no?iaie caeiiiinoe.

Ia?aoeiny oaia?ue e aieaa iiae?iaiie oa?aeoa?enoeea th?eaee/aneeo
iniaaiiinoae /anoiiai i?aaa, iniiaiuo aao aai noaiiaeaiey, ?acaeoey.

*ANOIIA I?AAI: NOUIINOUe, AAOE ?ACAEOEss, IENNEss

Ii naiae nouiinoe /anoiia i?aai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia noieueei
ecaanoioth, aanueia iaoe?ioth /anoue th?eaee/aneie nenoaiu no?aiu (oioy
oaeoth “/anoue” aiciiaeii e iaiaoiaeeii iainiaeyoue) e aeaaea ia
noieueei “ciio i?aaa”, i eioi?ie aiai?eeinue ?aiaa, neieueei
nouanoaiaaiea e aeaenoaea ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaiauo ia/ae e a yoii niunea –
aeooa i?aaa.

*anoiia i?aai – yoi ia/aea, ooaa?aeaeathuea aeey ioaeaeueiuo eeoe
th?eaee/anee cia/eiua naiaiaeo, iacaaeneiinoue, naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. Oi
anoue yoi oaeia i?aaiaia ninoiyiea ioaeaeueiuo eeoe, eiaaea iie naie,
noaa?aiii, aac aiaoaoaeuenoaa ecaia, naiae aieae e a naiai eioa?ana
?aoatho naie aeaea e eiaaea, aiai?y neiaaie Eaioa, o noauaeoia anoue
“naiaiaea auoue nianoaaiiui ainiiaeeiii”.

Iiaeii neacaoue aeaaea oae: /anoiia i?aai – yoi noaa?aiiay oa??eoi?ey
naiaiaeu ia iniiaa i?aaa. Oaeay “oa??eoi?ey naiaiaeu”, aaea “aa?oiaiui
i?aaeoaeai” yaeyaony “/anoiia eeoei” – ioaeaeueiue /aeiaae, a?oiia
a?aaeaeai, i?aaiecaoeey, – aunooiathuaa a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea,
e, cia/eo, caeanue, ii aeaiiiio e?oao aii?inia, eeoea /anoiiai.

Eiaiii a iaeanoe /anoiiai i?aaa naiaiaea ioaeaeueiiai, aaoiiiiiiai eeoea
?ane?uaaaony a /enoii aeaea e enoeiiii cia/aiee. Yoi -ia aeice?iaaiiua
“eoni/ee naiinoiyoaeueiinoe”, ia eioi?ua aeaao ?ac?aoaiea /eiiaiee
(oaeea aeice?iaaiiua “eoni/ee” anoue e o iiaeiaaieueiiai eiaeeaeaea –
?aaa, e?aiinoiiai). E yoi – ia aieueieoea, ia iii?eua anaaeicaieaiiinoe,
oae eae ia?aae iaie ana aea iaeanoue i?aaa, aaea aeaenoaotho iauee
i?aaiii?yaeie, o?aaiaaiey caeiiiinoe e aaea i?e aaeaeaaoiii e
io?aaioaiiii th?eaee/aneii eino?oiaioa?ee (ia yoii -aeaeueoa)
ii?aaeaeythony a?aieoeu naiaiaeu, ia aeiioneathony ceioiio?aaeaiey ath e
aeaenoaotho th?eaee/aneea iaoaieciu aa oeeaeeeciaaiiiai inouanoaeaiey.
Naiaiaea a iaeanoe /anoiiai i?aaa — yoi iieiay e noaa?aiiay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ioaeaeueiiai eeoea, au?aaeaiiay a aai aaoiiiiiii e
caueuaiiii noaoona noauaeoa i?aaa e a iaeaaeaiee ei caueuaiiuie
noauaeoeaiuie i?aaaie (i?aai nianoaaiiinoe, i?aai anooiaoue a ethaua
aeiaiai?u, i?aai ia iaeiouanoaaiiua aeaaa e o. ae.).

I?e yoii e oi e ae?oaia (e noaoon noauaeoa i?aaa, e noauaeoeaiua i?aaa)
eiatho oa?aeoa? i?aaiauo yaeaiee ii naiae iniiaa aaniethoiiai ii?yaeea,
o. a. iie ioe?uaatho i?inoi? aeey nianoaaiiiai, ii oniio?aieth,
iiaaaeaiey e a yoie nayce a i?eioeeia eneeth/atho, ia aeiioneatho
aiaoaoaeuenoaa eiai-eeai a yoo nianoaaiioth “noa?o naiaiaeu” (anee,
iiiyoii, oaeia aiaoaoaeuenoai ia i?ienoiaeeo ii i?yiiio onoaiiaeaieth
caeiia, iai?eia? i?e ?anneaaeiaaiee i?anooieaiey ii aicaoaeaeaiiiio
oaieiaiiio aeaeo).

Caeanue, a yoie eieaa, a ioiioaiee nouiinoe /anoiiai i?aaa oieueei /oi
i?eaaaeaiu iaeioi?ua iauea, aano?aeoiua ?annoaeaeaiey, eai
i?aaenoaaeyaony a aunoae noaiaie aaaeiui ia oieueei eae iiaeii aieaa
ianoiyoaeueii ?anneacaoue ia iniaaiiinoyo th?eaee/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a
aeaiiie iaeanoe, ii e n iiiiuueth iaueo eaoaai?ee iiiuoaoueny
?anneacaoue oae, /oiau /eoaoaeue iieiae aeoo /anoiiai i?aaa, oeiaee aai
aeoaieea iniiau. I?aaaea, ii iiaieth E.A. Iie?ianeiai, naia-oi
th?eni?oaeaioeey “einoeieoeaii /oanoaoao” a ?acee/ee ioaee/iiai e
/anoiiai i?aaa ia/oi “aeoaiei i?eioeeieaeueiia; iia niooii oeaaeeaaao
aeoaieoth ?acieoeo a naiii aeooa i?aaa ioaee/iiai e /anoiiai…”
Iie?ianeee E.A. Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. N. 38.

. Ii ia?yaeo ni niooiui, “einoeieoeaiui /oanoaiaaieai”, oa?aeoa?iui aeey
th?eni?oaeaioeee, ioaeii, /oiau e i?aaiaaae, e /aeiaae, ia naaaeouee a
i?aioae?inoyo th?eni?oaeaioeee, iinoea “oiii” naiaia?acea yoie a /ai-oi
oaeeaeoaeueiie noa?u i?aaa – oaa?aei ciae, /oi a aeaiiie noa?a iu eiaai
aeaei n aaeeeeie /aeiaa/aneeie, eoeueoo?iuie oeaiiinoyie,
iniiaiiieaaathueie onoiyie aeecie ethaeae.

Naiaia?acea /anoiiai i?aaa io/aoeeai i?iyaeyaony, eae iu aeaeaee, i?e
aai niiinoaaeaiee n ioaee/iui i?aaii (aniiiiei: ia?aiio i?enoue
“th?eaee/aneia ?aaainoai” e “eii?aeeiaoeey”, aoi?iio-“aeanoue –
iiae/eiaiea”, “noai?aeeiaoeey”). Anee aea ia?aoeoueny e niiinoaaeaieth
/anoiiai i?aaa n oeaio?aeueiie eaoaai?eae ioaee/iiai i?aaa – n
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoueth, oi iaia?oaeeaathony yaeaiey iienoeia
ia?aaeienaeueiiai ii?yaeea.

Aaaeue /anoiia i?aai i?aaeinoaaeyao ethaeyi – ioaeaeueiui a?aaeaeaiai,
eo iauaaeeiaieyi, i?aaiecaoeeyi, aunooiathuei a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe, – aiciiaeiinoue a ii?aaeaeaiiii e?oaa ioiioaiee auoue “nianoaaiiui
ainiiaeeiii” – naiaiaeii iinooiaoue niia?acii naiei eioa?anai, naiae
aiea, naiinoiyoaeueii ii?aaeaeyoue oneiaey naiaai iiaaaeaiey. I?e yoii
i?aaeiieaaaaony eee i?yii aeaeea?e?oaony, /oi i?eiaieoaeueii e
ioiioaieyi oaeiai ?iaea ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue eae au inoaaony a
noi?iia, iia ia ai?aaa i?iecaieueii aiaoeaaoueny a /anoiii?aaiaua
ioiioaiey. Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue, ii naiae i?e?iaea “iano?iaiiay” ia
oi, /oiau aiaoeaaoueny a ie?oaeathuea aa ioiioaiey, iooi?aaaony (neaaeai
a?oaaa – ecaiiyaony) ec iaeoaee ainiiaenoaa /anoiuo aieue e /anoiuo
eioa?ania.

A oi aea a?aiy niaa?oaaiua a yoie noa?a aeaenoaey noauaeoia eae /anoiuo
eeoe — aeiaiai?u, iaeiinoi?iiiea aeou nianoaaiieea e o. ae. –
i?eia?aoatho “naiia ianoiyuaa”, “iieiie?iaiia” th?eaee/aneia cia/aiea.
Ainoaea?noai, eioi?ia ecia/aeueii “ecaiaii” ec aeaiiiai e?oaa ioiioaiee,
oaia?ue iaycaii – ia ia?aaeien ee? – i?eciaaaoue /anoiii?aaiaua
ioiioaiey, caueuaoue eo anaie caeiiiuie niiniaaie e ?aaeeciauaaoue i?e
iiiiue anae nenoaiu naieo i?eioaeeoaeueiuo i?aaiia e n?aaenoa.

Naiaiaea e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue noauaeoia, oa?aeoa?iua aeey /anoiiai
i?aaa (eo a th?eni?oaeaioeee ia?aaeei iacuaatho aeeniiceoeaiinoueth),
iiaoo – eae a nia?aiaiiii A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena ?innee – i?yii
iaicia/aoueny a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii oaenoa. A eiaeaena aiai?eony ia
“aaoiiiiee aiee” noauaeoia, i oii, /oi iie i?eia?aoatho e inouanoaeytho
i?aaa naiae aieae e a naieo eioa?anao. Ii yoiai iiaeao e ia auoue. Caoi
ai anao caeiiao, iinayuaiiuo /anoiiio i?aao, iai?aiaiii nouanoaoao
aaeaeaaoiue, e i?eoii iaoe?iue, oaoieei-th?eaee/aneee eino?oiaioa?ee,
iai?aaeaiiue ia oi, /oiau ?aaeueii, a aeecie, ooaa?aeeoue ia/aea
aeeniiceoeaiinoe, i?eioeeiu /anoiiai i?aaa.

E yoi aiieia iauynieii. TH?eaee/aneea iaycaiiinoe e th?eaee/aneay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii aieueoae /anoe i?yii auoaeatho ec ae?oaeo oi?i
?aaoeyoeee iiaaaeaiey ethaeae (a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue – ec o?aaiaaiee
ii?aee) e ioaeaeathony aeaaiui ia?acii a naiaai ?iaea ainoaea?noaaiiii
iiaee?aieaiee, ecaanoiie eiie?aoecaoeee n o/aoii ?acee/iuo aeeciaiiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa – iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e o. ae.

A aio naiaiaea e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ethaeae oioy e eiatho anoanoaaiiua
i?aaeiinueee, oai ia iaiaa naie ii naaa a ea/anoaa “?aaoeyoi?ia”
oeeaeeeciaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ia aeaenoaotho. Aeey oiai /oiau aunooieoue ia
a aeaea aieueieoeu e anaaeicaieaiiinoe, a a ii?iaeueiii oeeaeeeciaaiiii
aeaea, iie ecia/aeueii o?aaotho nouanoaiaaiey io?aaioaiiiai e
aeaenoaaiiiai eino?oiaioa?ey, eioi?ue ooaa?aeaeae au eo a aeecie ethaeae
e iaania/eaae i?aoai?aiea ia i?aeoeea ia/ae /anoiiai i?aaa – naiaiaeu,
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe, iacaaeneiinoe o/anoieeia iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a
iaeanoe nianoaaiiinoe, iai?ioa eiouanoaa, naeaeie, ia?aaea/e i?aa,
ianeaaeiaaiey e o. ae. Eeth/aaia cia/aiea a yoii th?eaee/aneii
eino?oiaioa?ee eiatho i?aaiaua einoeooou a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa,
iaoeaeaiiua ia iaania/aiea noaoona o/anoieeia ioiioaiee a ea/anoaa
noauaeoia i?aaa. I?aaeaea anaai – ioaeaeueiuo eiaeeaeaeia a ea/anoaa
iieiii?aaiuo a?aaeaeai (ionthaea e iacaaiea iniiaiie io?anee a noa?a
/anoiiai i?aaa – a?aaeaeaineia i?aai, eee – n eniieueciaaieai ?eineie
oa?ieiieiaee-jus civile (eao.) – oeeaeeenoeea).

Eiaiii caeanue, a iaeanoe /anoiiai i?aaa (oeeaeeenoeee), neiaeeeenue e
i?eia?aee iiauoaiiia cia/aiea ae?oaea th?eaee/aneea n?aaenoaa e
iaoaieciu, aaeaeaaoiua ia/aeai /anoiiai i?aaa. A oii /enea –
iaiaoiaeeiinoue no?iaie ii?aaeaeaiiinoe noauaeoeaiuo i?aa, a a yoie
nayce e ii?aaeaeaiiinoe th?eaee/aneeo iaycaiiinoae.

E aio ooo – e ia oieueei a ioiioaiee /anoiiai i?aaa (ii ana aea a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a ioiioaiee yoie noa?u i?aa) – iaaei neacaoue ia
ii?aaaeaiiie neiaeiinoe “th?eaee/aneie iaoa?ee”. Oie neiaeiinoe, eioi?ay
iiae/an, ii ?ani?ino?aiaiiui noa?aioeiai iaoaai i?aainiciaiey, ana yoi
i?aaenoaaeyao /ooue ee ia eae nieioioth eaioeaey?ueio, oi?iaeenoeeo,
aoiaae e eino?oeoeee, canei?oceua oi?ioeu e iaeiiiiyoiua oa?ieiu –
naeaeee, ?anoeoooeee, ?aaeno?aoeee, eioa?i?aoaoeee.

Ii aeaei-oi a oii, /oi oaeiai ?iaea “th?eaee/aneay iaoa?ey”, eacaeinue
au aeaeaeay io aeeaie aeecie, eaioeaey?nee cae?o/aiiay, iiyaeeanue ia
naao e nouanoaoao aeey oiai, /oiau au?aceoue e ?aaeeciaaoue aeinoieinoaa
i?aaa. E ai iiiaii – eae ?ac aeey oiai, /oiau au?aceoue e ?aaeeciaaoue
“niiniaiinoue” i?aaa iaania/eaaoue aunieoth ii?aaeaeaiiinoue
th?eaee/aneeo onoaiiaeaiee a noa?a /anoiiai i?aaa.

Aaaeue aiana ia neo/aeii, /oi i?aai a ainoaea?noaa aunooiaao a aeaea
caeiiia, ae?oaeo ioeoeeaeueiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia, iiaeii neacaoue,
aeeaao a yoeo aeieoiaioao (iaaea?ii a th?eni?oaeaioeee oaeiai ?iaea
aeieoiaiou: caeiiu, oeacu, ii?iaoeaiua iinoaiiaeaiey aeanoe, eiaiotho
“enoi/ieeaie i?aaa”). I?aai eae no?iai th?eaee/aneia yaeaiea – yoi
ienaiia i?aai. E eiaiii “ienueii” – ciaeiaua nenoaiu ?a/e, au?aaioaiiua
/aeiaa/anoaii ca naith iiiaiouny/aeaoithth enoi?eth, – e oieueei iii,
“ienueii”, iicaieyao iaeneiaeueii oi/ii oeene?iaaoue e a iaeciaiiii
aeaea nio?aiyoue iuneue e aieth, i?aaeea iiaaaeaiey, a oii /enea e oa,
eioi?ua au?aaeaiu a th?eaee/aneeo ii?iao. E noaei auoue, ia oae oaea
ieioi, iai?ioea – a i?eioeeia caia/aoaeueii, /oi aeey i?aaa oa?aeoa?ia
ia i?inoi “ii?aaeaeaiiinoue”, a oi?iaeueiay ii?aaeaeaiiinoue.

E oiio aea iaaei ciaoue, /oi th?eaee/aneea neiaeiinoe – enoaoe,
oa?aeoa?iua aeey anao iaeanoae /aeiaa/aneeo ciaiee (e ii?ie – oae aea,
eae aacaea, – aeaenoaeoaeueii aeiaiaeeiua, oau, aei e?aeiinoe, /oi a
yaeyaony i?aaeiinueeie eo iaaeia?ie neaau) – ii naiae nooe
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie nieaa iiuoa e oia, eneonnoaa e eioaeeaeoa.

Aeaaea a iaei/ao. Oi/iaa – eiaiii a iaei/ao. Iioiio-oi th?eaee/aneea
oaenou eae oaenou “th?eaee/aneea” ioee/athony ne?oioeaciie. aeioioiie
oi/iinoueth, aa?iaa – o?aaotho aa. A naiuo iaeeeo a?aiiaoe/aneeo
aeaoaeyo. Neaaeai, a oiio?aaeaiee nithcia “e” – “eee”. Iai?eia?, a
iaeiii ec caeiiia i caeiaa, iuia oaea ia aeaenoaothuai, auei neacaii a
ioiioaiee iaeiiai ec i?aaee, /oi eneeth/aiea ec iaai aeiioneaaony, anee
iii aoaeao onoaiiaeaii “caeiiii e aeiaiai?ii”. A aeaenoaothueo aea
caeiiiiieiaeaieyo aiai?eony – “caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii”. Iaei/ue?
I?inoeoa, eaeay aea yoi a i?aeoe/aneie aeecie “iaei/ue”, eiaaea a iaeiii
neo/aa o?aaoaony, /oiau aeaiiue aii?in iaeiia?aiaiii e iaeeiaeiai aue
?aoai eae caeiiii, oae e aeiaiai?ii, a a ae?oaii – aeinoaoi/ii eeoue
iaeiiai ec oaeeo iniiaaiee?!

Ia iaania/aiea no?iaie ii?aaeaeaiiinoe a ?aoaiee aeeciaiiu’ aeae
iai?aaeaia e niaoeeaeueiay th?eaee/aneay oa?ieiieiaey. Aua ?ac neaaeo:
oaeay oa?ieiieiaey ia auaeoiea ath?ie?aoia, ia eaioeaey?neea
oi?iaeenoe/aneea aue?ooanu. TH?eni?oaeaioeey – neiaeiay iaeanoue ciaiee
e i?aeoeee, aaea o?aaoaony – eae e a ae?oaeo neiaeiuo io?aneyo
/aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (oaoieea, iaaeeoeeia e o.ae.)— iniaay
oa?ieiieiaey. E caeanue yoa iniaay oa?ieiieiaey ai iiiaeo neo/ayo
neiaeeeanue e n oniaoii oiio?aaeyaony eae ?ac aeey oiai, /oiau a iaoeo
aeeciaiiuo aeaeao auee aeinoeaioou iaiaoiaeeiua ii?aaeaeaiiinoue e
oi/iinoue i?e ?aoaiee neiaeiuo th?eaee/aneeo aii?inia, a oii /enea -e,
iiaeaeoe, i?aaeaea anaai – th?eaee/aneeo aii?inia, naycaiiuo n
noauaeoeaiuie i?aaaie a iaeanoe /anoiiai i?aaa.

A yoie nayce e aeey yoiai (no?iaie ii?aaeaeaiiinoe, oi/iinoe)
ooaa?aeeeny e noae ninoaaiie /anoueth eoeueoo?u iniaue th?eaee/aneee
ycue, ioee/athueeny naeaouie oi?ioee?iaeaie, eaeiie/iuie oa?ieiaie,
eiaaea a iaeiii neiaa e?iaony aiaaoia e i?aaeaeueii oi/iia niaea?aeaiea.
Aeinoaoi/ii, iai?eia?, th?enoo neacaoue “eiinainoaeueiue aeiaiai?”, eae
aeey iiaeaioiaeaiiiai a i?aaiaii ioiioaiee niaoeeaeenoa ynii, /oi,
iai?eia?, a?aiaeiue aeiaiai? ia/eiaao aeaenoaiaaoue, ii?iaeaeay
iiiaiia?aciua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, oaea n iiiaioa aai caeeth/aiey (a ia
n iiiaioa ia?aaea/e a?aiaeaoi?o aaue, eae yoi oa?aeoa?ii aeey ^?aaeueiuo
aeiaiai?ia”, oaeeo, eae aeiaiai? caeia).

Ia?yaeo n iniaie th?eaee/aneie oa?ieiieiaeae – aua iaeei nouanoaaiiue
iiiaio. Aeey oiai /oiau i?aai auei niiniaiui iaania/eaaoue no?iaoth
ii?aaeaeaiiinoue iaoeo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, a ionthaea e naieo
aeeciaiiuo ioiioaiee, a iai au?aaaouaathony ?acee/iua th?eaee/aneea
eiino?oeoeee, o. a. oeiiaua iiaeaee, io?aaioaiiua “eiino?oeoeaiua”
iino?iaiey i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, ca?aiaa ?ann/eoaiiua ia naiua
?aciiia?aciua aeeciaiiua neooaoeee, ia iaania/aiea ?acee/iuo eioa?ania e
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie io?aaioaiiue nieaa iiuoa e oia. ?acee/iua aeaeu
aeiaiai?ia — eoiey-i?iaeaaea, iaia, caai, a?aiaea, no?aoiaaiea — ana yoi
naiaia?aciua th?eaee/aneea eiino?oeoeee.

Aeiionoei, /aeiaaeo i?e/eiaii oaa/uea a aaoio?ainii?oiii i?ienoanoaee. E
aio aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey eioa?ania iioa?iaaoaai, aeey aiciauaiey
i?e/eiaiiiai aio a?aaea a ?acaeoie th?eaee/aneie nenoaia iaoiaeyony
iaaioiaa e iiaoo “ca?aaioaoue” oaeea th?eaee/aneea eiino?oeoeee:
aiciauaiea a?aaea a ii?yaeea nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey, einoeooo
aeia?iaieueiiai no?aoiaaiey, a?aaeaeaineay ioaaonoaaiiinoue aeaaeaeueoea
aaoiiaoeiu ca i?e/eiaiiue a?aae, i?e/ai aiciauaiea a?aaea a iineaaeiai
neo/aa iiaeao inouanoaeoueny a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai enea a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna, e o. ae.

E, ia oaeoaeyynue a ae?oaea neiaeiinoe “th?eaee/aneie iaoa?ee”, ia?auo
aieiaiea ia oi, /oi niaa?oaiii ii?aaaeuaaao a i?aaiaie iaoea e i?aeoeea
yoe neiaeiinoe, – iniaoth th?eaee/aneoth oa?ieiieiaeth, th?eaee/aneea
eiino?oeoeee, naiaia?aciua i?eaiu eceiaeaiey ii?i, io?aaioaiiinoue
aeiaiai?iiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e iiiaia ae?oaia oaeiai aea ii?yaeea, /oi
eiaioaony th?eaee/aneie oaoieeie – oaoieeie a naiii aunieii cia/aiee
yoiai neiaa – iaeanoueth ciaiee, iiuoa e eneonnoaa, i?e iin?aaenoaa
eioi?ie aeinoeaaaony niaa?oainoai -a aeaiiii neo/aa i?aaa. Aio ii/aio i
i?aaa no?ai, aaea aunieiai O?iaiy aeinoeaaee th?eaee/aneay iaoea e
i?aeoeea, a a yoie nayce e th?eaee/aneay oaoieea, iiyoue-oaee aiieia
iainiiaaiii aiai?eoue eae i th?eaee/aneie nenoaia aunieiai oaoie/aneiai
(th?eaeeei-oaoie/aneiai) niaa?oainoaa – iieacaoaea ?acaeoie
ainoaea?noaaiiie e aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u iauanoaa.

E aio ia/aeueiua “ee?ie/eee” th?eaee/aneie oaoieee e iaeaieaa ?acaeoie,
io?aaioaiiue oaoieei-th?eaee/aneee eino?oiaioa?ee ai iiiaii (oioy,
iiiyoii, ia eneeth/eoaeueii e aeaeaei ia ai anai iauaia) noi?ie?iaaeenue
a iniiaiie iaeoaee /anoiiai i?aaa – a i?aaa a?aaeaeaineii, a
oeeaeeenoeea. A iniiaiii – ia aaca ?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa. Iai?eia?,
oaeea, eacaeinue au, “iauea” eaoaai?ee, au?aaeathuea aeinoeaeaiey
eoeueoo?u ?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa, eae “i?aainiiniaiinoue” aea e
eaoaai?ey “noauaeoeaiia i?aai”, n o?oaeii ?ani?ino?aiythony ia iaoa?eae
ioaee/ii-i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a (eeoue a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey, aea e oi
a nayce n ?anoe?aieai nioeeaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa, ia/aee
oi?ioee?iaaoueny, i?aaaea, ia anaie th?enoaie ?acaeaeyaiua, iieiaeaiey i
ioaee/iuo noauaeoeaiuo i?aaao).

Enoi?ey /anoiiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieaa /ai aeaooouny/aeaoiei
?acaeoeai, a oiaea eioi?iai oei niaa?oainoaiaaiea, oaeoaeaiea
/anoiii?aaiauo ia/ae e iaeiia?aiaiii niaa?oaeanue o?oaeiay ?aaioa ii
ia?aiea, oeeoiaea oi?i eo au?aaeaiey a iauaeoeaiii i?aaa, a
a?aaeaeaineii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oioy – caia/o – ia iiaeao ia aucaaoue
oaeeaeaiea e ia iaaanoe ia iniiaaoaeueiua ?aciuoeaiey oi
ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi /anoiia i?aai, a nouiinoe, n?aco, ii enoi?e/aneei
ia?eai “a e?aoeee iea”, anaai eeoue ca ianeieueei aaeia ae?aaia?eineie
enoi?ee, aoeaaeueii ai?aaeinue a naiai aeiaieueii ?acaeoii,
eeanne/aneii, /ooue ee ia aioiaii aeaea a aioe/ioth eoeueoo?o –
eoeueoo?o /aeiaa/anoaa aanueia aunieiai o?iaiy (ianoiyoaeuenoai, a
ioiioaiee eioi?iai a eiioea aeaau aoaeao auneacaia aaoi?neay aeiioaca).A
enoi?ee /anoiiai i?aaa iiaeii auaeaeeoue /aou?a iniiaiua aaoe. O?e ec
ieo /aeiaa/aneia iauanoai oaea i?ioei, a a /aoaa?ooth a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
anooiaao eee, auoue iiaeao, oaea anooieei.

Ia?aay aaoa. Yoi – oi?ie?iaaiea /anoiiai (a?aaeaeaineiai) i?aaa eae
oeaeinoiiai nenoaiiiai ii?iaoeaiiai ia?aciaaiey. Oaeia “aicieeiiaaiea”
ninoiyeinue, eae oaea oiiiyiooi, a aeaea aanueia niaa?oaiiie n
th?eaee/aneie noi?iiu /anoiii?aaiaie nenoaiu, ooaa?aeeaoaeny a Ae?aaiai
?eia ia ia?aaaea yiio – aeio?enoeaineiai a?aiaie e o?enoeaineie y?u
(?anoeaao – “cieioie” ia?eiae -1-111 aa. i.y.).

?eineia /anoiia i?aai e a enoi?e/anee aeaeaeia a?aiy naiaai ?anoeaaoa, e
a iaoe aeie i?aaenoaao eae enoeiiue oaaeaa? eoeueoo?u, aunieia oai?aiea
?acoia, ?aaoeyoeaiiai eneonnoaa. A iai, eiia/ii, iaiaei oiai, /oi
io?aaeaao naiaia?acea oiaaeaoiae yiioe – yiioe ia?aianuuaiiie ?ineioe e
?aaia, iiycee e aeaaeeaoi?ia, ooii/aiiiai aeona e a?oauo ooao, ii?ie,
iniaaiii ii e?eoa?eyi naaiaeiyoiaai aeiy, eciu?aiiiai oeeieciaIaeei ec
aeaeiuo ae?aaia?eineeo th?enoia. Aae, a ea/anoaa o/aaiiai ia?acoea
oi?ioee?iaae oaeea ?annoaeaeaiey: “Anee y ia?aaeai oaaa aeaaeeaoi?ia
iiae oneiaeai, /oi ca eo ?aaioo y iieo/o ii 20 aeeia?ia, a ca oao, eoi
aoaeao oaeo, – ii 1000 aeeia?ia, oi, ni?aoeaaaony, caeeth/aia ee
eoiey-i?iaeaaea eee iaai. Aieueoeinoai (th?enoia) ?aoeei, /oi i oao, eoi
auoae iaa?aaeeiui, caeeth/ai, ii-aeaeeiiio, iaai, a ia oaeouo e
ecoaa/aiiuo – eoiey-i?iaeaaea”.

. E iaeiia?aiaiii ?eineia /anoiia i?aai aeaei ie?o ii?aceoaeueiia ii
io?aaioaiiinoe, niaa?oainoao, ecyuanoao nia?aiea th?eaee/aneeo
eiino?oeoeee, iiaeaeae, oi?ioe, iooi/aiiie eaeneee. Ii aieueoae /anoe –
oaoieei-th?eaee/aneiai ii?yaeea. E ana aea aeaaiia caeanue – yoi,
iiaeaeoe, aeaaea ia noieueei naie ii naaa /aoeinoue, aacoi?a/iay
eiae/iinoue, yniinoue e i?inoioa niaea?aeaueony a ?eineii i?aaa oi?ioe e
iieiaeaiee, neieueei oi, /oi iie oaea a oi a?aiy ianee a naaa aaeeeea
ia/aea /anoiiai i?aaa (“aeooa” i?aaa, eae iacaae yoe ia/aea ciaiaieoue
iaiaoeeee th?eno ?oaeieueo Ea?eia): th?eaee/aneia ?aaainoai noauaeoia,
eo th?eaee/aneoth aaoiiiieth, naiaiaeo aeiaiai?ia, aeeniiceoeaiinoue.
Ionthaea e au?aaioaiiua ?eineeie i?aaiaaaeaie oi?ioeu aieueoiai
aeooiaiiai niunea – iai?eia?, “i?aai – yoi eneonnoai aeia?a e
ni?aaaaeeeainoe”.

Ia?aaeei aeinoieinoaa ?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa naycuaathony n oiaea
ii?aceoaeueiui ienueiaiiui aeieoiaioii aioe/iinoe – n Eiaeaenii (eee
Nia?aieai caeiiia) aecaioeeneiai eiia?aoi?a THnoeieaia (529 – 534 aa.
i.y.). Yoi – aa?ii. Ii – aa?ii ia a oii niunea, a eaeii nae/an
iiieiaaony cia/aiea “eiaeaena” eae iaiauathuaai nenoaiiiai ii?iaoeaiiai
aeoa. Yoio aeieoiaio eeoue a iaeie naiae /anoe aeeth/aao iinoaiiaeaiey
?eineeo e aecaioeeneeo eiia?aoi?ia, a oii /enea naiiai THnoeieaia.
Aeaaiua aea aai /anoe – Aeeaanou (50 eiea) e Einoeoooeee (ae?aaia?eineee
o/aaiee ii i?aao Aay, II a. i.y.) – i?aaenoaaeyee niaie nia?aiiua
aiaaeeii ecaea/aiey ec ni/eiaiee ae?aaia?ei-neeo th?enoia (oaeeo
aeaeiaeoeo, eae Oeueieai, Iaaae, Iiaeanoei e ae?.), auneacaiiua a ii?o
?anoeaaoa ?eineie th?eni?oaeaioeee. E eiaiii yoi eae ?ac i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie aaee/aeooth oeaiiinoue – oeaiiinoue eioaeeaeooaeueioth, eiaaea a
?annoaeaeaieyo e naioaioeeyo ae?aaia?eineeo th?enoia ana aieaa e aieaa
?ane?uaaeenue ia/aea, “aeoo” /anoiiai i?aaa. Eai naia ii naaa iaoa?ey
ae?aaia?eineiai i?aaa a naieo ia?ae/iuo oi?iao eiaao i?aoeaaeaioiue
oa?aeoa? (ia?aiia/aeueii iia ai iiiaii neeaaeuaaeanue ec iinoaiiaeaiee
i?aoi?ia, ae?oaeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe ii eiie?aoiui aeeciaiiui
neooaoeeyi) I. Oiaiaea? iieaaaao aeaaea, /oi “…aioe/iia i?aai – io
ia/aea aei eiioea i?aai iianaaeiaaiinoe, aeaaea iaiiaaiey. Ii naiae
eaeaa iii nicaeaaony a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa e ia aeaiiue neo/ae”
(Oiaiaea? I. Caeao Aa?iiu: I/a?ee ieoieiaee ie?iaie enoi?ee. O. 2. I.:
Iuneue, 1998. N. 53).

. Eeoue caoai a ?acoeueoaoa aeayoaeueiinoe aaeeeeo ?eineeo th?enoia
ca?aaioaee iuneue, ?acoi, eiaaea ia oieueei io?aaaouaaeenue n
oaoieei-th?eaee/aneie noi?iiu ii?iaoeaiua iaiauaiey, i?eioeeiu,
th?eaee/aneea eiino?oeoeee, ii e n aieueoae ii?aaeaeaiiinoueth,
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoueth au?aaeaeenue a ieo ia/aea /anoiiai i?aaa. Aio
oaeiai ?iaea “aeaiiua ?acoia” iieo/eee caoai eiioeaio?e?iaaiiia
au?aaeaiea a eiiieeyoeeyo THnoeieaia.

Aoi?ay aaoa- yoi io?aaioea iieiaeaiee /anoiiai i?aaa, eo niaaeeiaiea a
“i?aaa oieaa?neoaoia” – oiaea oaeeaeoaeueiia niauoea, i?ienoaaeoaa a
n?aaeiea aaea a n?aaeiaaaeiauo oieaa?neoaoao, ia/eiay n Aieiineiai, a
?acoeueoaoa o?oaea aeinnaoi?ia (n?aaeiaaaeiauo oieeiaaoaeae iieiaeaiee
?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa).

I?e yoii ?a/ue caeanue eaeao ia ia ioia/aiiii ?aiaa ii?aceoaeueiii
oaiiiaia, eiaaea ae?aaiaa ?eineia i?aai, “ia?anei/ea” /a?ac aaea, a
nouiinoe ouny/aeaoea, noaei ?aaoeyoi?ii ?acaeaathueony
oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee. A aeaiiii neo/aa eiaaony a aeaeo ae?oaia.
Ia iniiaa oaenoia ae?aaia?eineiai i?aaa (a iniiaiii — Eiaeaena
THnoeieaia) a n?aaeiaaaeiauo oieaa?neoaoao — nia/aea, a XI a., a
Aieiiuea, a caoai a Ieca, Ia?eaea, ae?oaeo ai?iaeao – aeinnaoi?u e
eiiiaioaoi?u (iinoaeinnaoi?u) iiaeaa?aee aeaeueiaeoae iao/iie io?aaioea
eae oao-ieei-ae?aaia?eineea th?eaee/aneea eiino?oeoeee e oi?ioeu, oae e
niaea?aeaueany a ieo ia/aea /anoiiai i?aaa. Nicaeaaaaiia oaeei iooai
“i?aai oieaa?neoaoia” noaei iiaie nooiaiueth ?acaeoey eaeae /anoiiai
i?aaa, i?e/ai oaeiai ?acaeoey, eioi?ia a eaeie-oi ia?a ieacaeinue
ni?eaioe?iaaiiui ia iio?aaiinoue e o?iaaiue aeooiaiiai ?acaeoey Iiaiai
a?aiaie, i?eaeeaeathuaainy e enoi?e/aneiio ?oaaaeo, n eioi?iai ia/aeny
ia?aoiae /aeiaa/anoaa e eeaa?aeueiui oeeaeeecaoeeyi.

O?aouey (e ?aoathuay aeey nia?aiaiiie yiioe) aaoa- yoi ia i?inoi iiaue,
e i?eoii ea/anoaaiiue, aceao /anoiiai i?aaa, ii e, ii nooe aeaea,
oi?ie?iaaiea /anoiiai i?aaa nia?aiaiiiai a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa, eiaaea
iii a neeo o?aaiaaiee oi?ie?othuaainy a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa
aiieioeeinue a aeaea io?aaioaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo iaiauaiee iaiin?aaenoaaiii
a caeiiao iineaaeiaaoaeueii eeaa?aeueiiai niaea?aeaiey. I?aaeaea anaai –
a oaeeo, eae iaiieaiiianeee A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen, Aa?iaineia
a?aaeaeaineia oeiaeaiea, a a?aaeaeaineeo caeiiao ae?oaeo no?ai, eioi?ua
noaee ia iooue nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey. Eiaiii caeanue, a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo iieiaeaieyo a?aaeaeaineeo caeiiia, aeaenoaothueo e
iiiuia, ieacuaaaony aiciiaeiui ooaa?aeaeaoue eiaiii i ia/aeao /anoiiai
i?aaa, eioi?ua iaoee au?aaeaiea a th?eaee/aneeo oi?ioeao i i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe, aai aaniethoiii oa?aeoa?a, naiaiaea aeiaiai?a,
ainnoaiiaeaiee ia?ooaiiuo a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa, eo noaeaaiie caueoa.

I /aoaa?oie aaoa ?acaeoey /anoiiai i?aaa aeiionoeii, iiaeaeoe, aiai?eoue
oieueei a ii?yaeea iinoaiiaee aii?ina. I?e/ai -oieueei eae i ia/aaoainy
enoi?e/aneii i?ioeanna, eiaaea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XX e ia ii?iaa XXI a.
au?aaaouaathony e aoiaeyo a aeeciue a?aaeaeaineea caeiiu iiaiai
iieieaiey, au?aaeathuea aeoaieia aaeeinoai /anoiiai i?aaa e nia?aiaiiiai
anoanoaaiiiai i?aaa, iaiouaieaiuo i?aa /aeiaaea, oaeea, eae
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen Ieaea?eaiaeia, eaiaaeneie i?iaeioeee Eaaaae. E eo
/eneo i?eiaaeeaaeeo e A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?innee.

Iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua /a?ou nia?aiaiiie noaaeee ?acaeoey /anoiiai i?aaa
(a eioi?oth /aeiaa/anoai anooiaao, a auoue iiaeao, e oaea anooieei) –
yoi ia oieueei oaiaeaioeey niaa?oainoaiaaiey, iiaea?iecaoeee
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo einoeoooia, naycaiiay n i?eioeeieaeueii iiauie
yaeaieyie e oaeoaie iinoeiaeono?eaeueiie yeiiiieee, ae?oaeie
aeiaaeueiuie i?ioeannaie nia?aiaiiinoe (yeieiae/aneeie, a oaoiieiaee
oi?aaeaiey e eioi?iaoeee e ae?.), ii e iniiaaoaeueiua i?ioeannu a
“naiii” /anoiii i?aaa. Nooue yoeo i?ioeannia – a oaiaeaioeee
ooaa?aeaeaiey /anoiii?aaiauo ia/ae a eneiiiii, i?aaeaeueii “/enoii”
aeaea. E iaeiia?aiaiii, a yoie nayce, – a aeoaieii aaeeiaiee /anoiiai
i?aaa e nia?aiaiiiai anoanoaaiiiai i?aaa, aai “eoeueieiaoeeiiiiai
au?aaeaiey” a iuiaoithth yiioo — i?aaie/aneiai aaeeinoaa n iaiouaieaiuie
i?aaaie /aeiaaea.

Oa?aeoa?ecoy ooieoeee /anoiiai i?aaa a enoi?ee e ia nia?aiaiiie noaaeee
aai ?acaeoey, aai ianoi a iauanoaa, a aeecie ethaeae, ii-aeaeeiiio,
iaaeinoaoi/ii ia?aie/eoueny i?eau/iuie neiaaie “?ieue”, “cia/aiea”.
Caeanue aiieia oianoii aiai?eoue i iennee /anoiiai i?aaa, iniaaiii
cia/eiie eiaiii nae/an, a iaoa a?aiy.

Iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea iennee /anoiiai i?aaa
eiatho neaaeothuea aeaa iiiaioa.

Ia?aia (e caeanue ii?a noiie?iaaoue ?aiaa neacaiiia). *anoiia i?aai
yaeyaony iineoaeai oeeaeeeciaaiiie naiaiaeu, anee oaiaeii, aa eneiiiie,
ia?ai?iaeiie iaeoaeueth, ia eiathuae a ?yaea iaeanoae aeecie iauanoaa
aeueoa?iaoeau.

Caeanue neaaeoao aua ?ac neacaoue i oii, /oi /anoiia i?aai – yoi eiaiii
i?aai. Iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeii ec aunoeo aeinoeaeaiee eoeueoo?u,
iiuiue nioeeaeueii-i?aaiaie einoeooo, eioi?ue niiniaa. ooaa?aeeoue a
?aaeueiie aeecie, i?aaeaea anaai a yeiiiieea, ia/aea ia i?eeiniiaaiiinoe
nianoaaiiinoe, th?eaee/aneiai ?aaainoaa, naiaiae) aeiaiai?a e ionthaea
ia aeaea aeaoue ethaeyi aeinoaoi/ioth iaeanoue aa?aioe?iaaiiie
caueuaiiie yeiiiie/aneie naiaiaeu, i?e/ai oae, /oi ethaee naie, eae
iineoaee “naiaiaeu auoue naiei nianoaaiiui ainiiaeeiii”, naiae aieae e a
naiai eioa?ana naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoatho naie aeaea a aeciana,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, nianoaaiiinoe, eiiia?/aneeo naeaeeao, a ae?oaeo
aeaeao a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa, e yoe ?aoaiey i?e ia?aoatho iieiiaaniia
th?eaee/aneia cia/aiea.

Eiaiii caeanue iaeei ec oceiauo ioieoia /aeiaa/aneiai i?ia?anna
Ciaiaiaoaeueii, /oi eae ?ac yoo ienneth /anoiiai i?aaa ioiaoeee ?onneea
i?aaiaaaeu. I?aa I.I. Aaa?eia, eiaaea ii ia?aoee aieiaiea ia oi, /oi
a?yae ee iauanoai aoaeao ?acaeaaoueny ii i?ia?anneaiiio iooe anee
“ee/iinoue ia aoaeao yaeyoueny noauaeoii oeaeaiieaaaiey” ‘ Aaa?eia I.I.
Oeaiiinoue /anoiiai i?aaa//I?aaiaaaeaiea. 1992. ?2. N. 41.

. Ciaiaiaoaeueii e oi, /oi a eeoa?aoo?a caaeieai aei aiaeiae/iie
iinoaiiaee a iauaoai?aoe/aneeo e oeeinioneeo enneaaeiaaieyo naia eaeay
oeaiiinoe i?aaa auea iinoaaeaia (a ?aaioao E.A. Iie?ianeiai, I.I.
Aaa?eiaa) n eniieueciaaieai aaeaeaaoiiai iiiyoeeiiai aiia?aoa e eaeneee
a ioiioaiee eiaiii /anoiiai i?aaa.

E ionoue a yoie nayce ia iieaaeaony i?aoaaee/aieai ooaa?aeaeaiea i oii,
/oi aac ?acaeoiai /anoiiai i?aaa oeeaeeeciaaiiay ?uii/iay yeiiiieea aea
e aiiaua noaiiaeaiea e ooieoeeiie?iaaiea nia?aiaiiiai a?aaeaeaineiai
iauanoaa iaaiciiaeiu a i?eioeeia, ii ii?aaeaeaieth.

Aoi?ia (aiciiaeii, iineaaeothuea iieiaeaiey ieaaeoony iaiaeeaeaiiuie
aeey /eoaoaey). Anoue aanueia cia/eoaeueiua iniiaaiey ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi
eiaiii /anoiia i?aai yaeyaony iaeaieaa iiuiui n?aaenoaii aeey
oi?ie?iaaiey aaeeiie, iai?ioeai?a/eaie iniiau aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, a
ionthaea – aeey eioaa?aoeee, aeey iauaaeeiaiey ethaeae, oa??eoi?ee,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?aciaaiee.

I?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi ?aaeueiui “iauaaeeieoaeueiui eino?oiaioii” e a
i?ioeii, e a ianoiyuai yaeythony aiaiiay neea, aeayoaeueiinoue aeanoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, e?ooua aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia?u. Eaaeiiu a ?eineie eiia?ee.
Iai?aeeiiiue eaioeea? a Aa?iaiee eiioea XIX a. Aeayoaeueiinoue eiiennee
e Aa?iia?eaiaioa a nia?aiaiiie iauaaeeiaiiie Caiaaeiie Aa?iia. *oi ae, e
oi, e ae?oaia, e o?aouea e ai?yiue cia/eoaeueiay, ii?ie ?aoathuay neea.
E ana aea y niath ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi iiuiui e i?eoii iinoiyiiui,
anoanoaaiiui aeey /aeiaaea, aic?anoathuei ii ?acoeueoaoeaiinoe
eioaa?e?othuei oaeoi?ii, iniaaiii a iaoa a?aiy, yaeyaony ae?oaia –
i?aai, e /oi iaeaieaa nouanoaaiii – /anoiia i?aai.

Aea, eiaiii /anoiia i?aai! Oae eae a ioee/ea io ioaee/iiai i?aaa,
eioi?ia ieioii “i?eaycaii” e ainoaea?noao, e ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ?acii?a/eaui eioa?anai ainiiaenoaothueo iieeoe/aneeo
nee, aeiieie?othueo yeeo, caeanue, a noa?a /anoiiai i?aaa, ia iiaoo ia
ainiiaenoaiaaoue iauacia/eiua eioa?anu ioaeaeueiuo ethaeae, /anoiiai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aeaea e ?uiea e ionthaea – a i?eioeeia ecia/aeueii
iaeiioeiiua oi?iu ?aaoeyoeee iiaaaeaiey. Ianoiyoaeuenoai, eioi?ia e
iicaieyao /anoiiio i?aao auoue a i?eioeeia iaeii?iaeiui, iauacia/eiui,
oieaa?naeueiui eino?oiaioii ?aaoeyoeee aeey ?acee/iuo no?ai, ?aaeiiia,
oa??eoi?ee.

Oae auei a ae?aaiai ie?a. Eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho enoi?e/aneea aeaiiua,
iaoe?iua ii ianooaaai aioe/iinoe oa??eoi?ee ?eia niaaeeieee a aaeeioth
eiia?eth ia oieueei aunieii?aaieciaaiiua a?iaeneea eaaeiiu, ii a ia
iaiueoae noaiaie – ?eineia /anoiia i?aai, eioi?ia e neiaeeeinue, e
aeaenoaiaaei ia noieueei a ea/anoaa no?iai “?eineiai”, neieueei a
ea/anoaa i?aaa oieaa?naeueiiai. Oae auei a Aa?iia-ea n?aaeiaaaeiauea
iiae iie?iaii eaoiee/aneie oea?eae, e a aieaa aeeceoth e iai
enoi?e/aneoth ii?o. A Aa?iaiee ?ac?iciaiiua iaiaoeeea eiyaeanoaa e caiee
oaeaea auee naycaiu a oeaeinoiia ainoaea?noaaiiia aaeeinoai i?e anae
cia/eiinoe aeanoiuo aeoeee i?aaeoaeae (a eiioea XIX a. – Aenia?ea)
aaeeiuie ii?iaie “aic?iaeaeaiiiai” ?eineiai i?aaa e a iniaaiiinoe
Aa?iaineiai a?aaeaeaineiai oeiaeaiey. Aea e eioaa?e?othuae neeie
nia?aiaiiie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu noaee ia noieueei aaeieieno?aoeaiua e
aeaaea ia aaeeiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey iauaaeeiythueony
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai (eae ia?aaeei n/eoatho), neieueei “iauaaeeiaiiia”
aa?iiaeneia /anoiia i?aai, iniiaaiiia ia ?eineii aeiaiai?a 1960 a. e
aeayoaeueiinoe Aa?iiaeneiai Noaea. E eiaiii iii, “iauaaeeiaiiia”
aa?iiaeneia /anoiia i?aai (aiciiaeiia a nayce n iaeiioeiiinoueth
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa aa?iiaeneeo no?ai). eiaao cia/aiea iniiau e
noa?aeiy ia oieueei “iauaai ?uiea”, ii e anaai aa?iiaeneiai aaeeinoaa,
i?eaeeaeathuaainy ii naiaio o?iaith e oeio oaaea?aoeaiiai iauaaeeiaiey.

Oaeou naeaeaoaeuenoaotho: “i?aaiaua ocu”, aace?othueany ia
/anoiii?aaiauo ia/aeao, yaeythony anoanoaaiiuie aeey /aeiaaea eae
?acoiiiai e naiaiaeiiai nouanoaa e iioiio iaeaieaa e?aieie e iaaeaaeiie
oeaiaioe?othuae n?aaeie, iicaieythuae iauaaeeiyoue aeayoaeueiinoue
ethaeae. E i?ienoiaeeo yoi iioiio, /oi naie-oi yoe “ocu” ia yaeythony
eino?oiaioii aiaoiaai ainiiaenoaa e iaaycuaaiey aiaoiae aiee, a
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?aaiaua oi?iu naiiaeayoaeueiinoe e aeoeaiinoe,
oii?yaei/aiey e niaeaniaaiey eioa?ania naieo o/anoieeia iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee, o. a. i?aaiaua oi?iu, aeaenoaothuea “ecioo?e”, /a?ac ?acoi e
naiaiaeo naieo noauaeoia.

A caeeth/aiee – aeiioaca.

Nooue aa aio a /ai. Ia iie acaeyae, a iaoea ia ia?auaii aeieaeiiai
aieiaiey ia oi i/aaeaeiia ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi oi?ie?iaaiea anaeaineiai
oaaeaa?a eoeueoo?u – ?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa a aai iaeaieaa ?acaeouo
oi?iao (111-11 aa. aei i.y. —1-111 aa. i.y.) e iiyaeaiea aaeeeeo
O?enoiauo ioe?iaaiee-caiiaaaeae, iieiaeeaoeo ia/aei o?enoeaineie
eoeueoo?u e ii?aee, – niauoey enoi?e/anee iaeiiiiiaioiua.

E iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi aeaei caeanue ia i?inoi a enoi?e/aneeo
niaiaaeaieyo. E aeaaea ia a oaeeo eaaeaueo ia iiaa?oiinoe iauyniaieyo
enoi?e/aneie iaeiiiiiaioiinoe niauoee i?ioeiai, eae iauiinoue
aeinoeaeaiee eoeueoo?u aioe/iinoe. Aeey iaeiia?aiaiiiai (ii ia?eai
iniiaiuo enoi?e/aneeo i?ioeannia) oi?ie?iaaiey — i?e/ai /ooue ee ia
n?aco, eacaeinue au, “aae?oa” – aeiaieueii ?acaeoie nenoaiu /anoiiai
i?aaa e iiyaeaiey aeooiaiuo ia/ae o?enoeaineie eoeueoo?u e ii?aee
eiathony, aiciiaeii, aeoaieea iniiaaiey, ioiinyueany e ooaa?aeaeaieth
naieo iniia /aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee.

Aaaeue naiaiaea /aeiaaea a ia/aeueiua ia?eiaeu /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee,
ia?yaeo n ii?aceoaeueiuie naa?oaieyie oia e oai?/anoaa, iaa?ioeanue a
iaiaeie noaiaie ceii – i?iecaieii, oi?aeanoaii yaienoe/aneeo
ono?aieaiee, naiaaieeai a iii?aiee yeaiaioa?iuo iniia
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae. Aea e aeanoue, eioi?ay eae aoaeoi au
aeieaeia auea i?eaeaoue iaiaoiaeeioth i?aaieciaaiiinoue aeecie
/aeiaa/aneiai niiauanoaa, ?ane?ueanue ai iiiaii i?aaaie e eoeueoii
ianeeey, naiaaieey, aeiieie?iaaieai a?oauo, ieciaiiuo ooao. Oaea e oiio
a?aiaie, n eioi?iai ia/aeinue iiaia eaoin/eneaiea, aeeciue ethaeae,
noaaoeo ia iooue oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiai ?acaeoey, ana aieaa e aieaa
i?iaeaeaaeanue e aacauoiaeiiio ooieeo, e aania?niaeoeaiiio oeiaeo,
eioi?ue e iiaeaae /a?oo naiiai nouanoaiaaiey ?yaea aeio?enoeaineeo
oeeaeeecaoeee oie ii?u.

E iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a oaeia eoeueieiaoeeiiiia, e?eoe/aneia
aeey /aeiaa/aneiai ?iaea a?aiy i?e?iaea n oie noi?iiu, a ioiioaiee
eioi?ie iiaeii aiai?eoue i aa “caiunea” eee “?acoiiinoe” (eee Aiaa, eee
I?iaeaeaiey – nooue a aeaiiii neo/aa iaeia), aeeth/eea a aeeciue ethaeae
aeaa aeaaiua neeu, niiniaiua oii?yaei/eoue, ioeeaeeeciaaoue naiaiaeo a
i?aeoe/aneie aeecie n iiiiuueth oeaiiinoae eoeueoo?u, aeooiaiuo ia/ae.

Oaeeie neeaie, eae iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, e noaee /anoiia i?aai, o. a.
i?aai, “ioiinyuaany” e naiaiaea ethaeae e aeinoeaoaa aunieiai o?iaiy
?acaeoey (aeaaiui ia?acii a iaeanoe aiaoieo, i?aeoe/aneeo ioiioaiee
ethaeae), e o?enoeaineay ?aeeaey eee iaeiiii?yaeeiaua ii ii?aeueiiio
niaea?aeaieth ?aeeaeiciua nenoaiu (aeaaiui ia?acii a ioiioaiee
aeooiaii-ii?aeueiuo ia/ae aeecie /aeiaaea, aai aioo?aiiaai aeooiaiiai
ie?a).

Anee oaeiai ?iaea aeiioaca iaeaeao iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea, oi, ia iie acaeyae,
au?aaeaiiue a iae iiaeoiae ioe?iao aanueia eiino?oeoeaioth,
iiiaiiaauathuoth ia?niaeoeao iinoeaeaiey naieo iniia aeooiaiuo
oeaiiinoae, eo – anee iiaeii oae neacaoue – aaeeiiai ei?iy, ooiaeyuaai a
naioth nooue ?acoia, naiaiaeu, ii?aee. Yoio iiaeoiae iiaeao noaoue
i?aaeiinueeie aeey iiieiaiey e ae?oaeo nouanoaaiiuo noi?ii e ia?niaeoea
?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u, acaeiinayce aa ?acee/iuo, eacaeinue au,
ioaeaeaiiuo ae?oa io ae?oaa iaeanoae, a oii /enea i?aaa e ?aeeaee.

Ai?i/ai, yoa acaeiinaycue oaea nae/an iiaeao auoue iiaeoaa?aeaeaia
iaeioi?uie enoi?e/aneeie oaeoaie, oaeeie, a /anoiinoe, eae iiiaaoea a
iiea c?aiey o/aiuo acaeiinayce a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u, eiaaea oi?ioeu
O?enoiauo ioe?iaaiee-caiiaaaeae neeaaeuaaeenue iiae aeeyieai
aeinoeaeaiee th?eaee/aneie eoeueoo?u (anaiauaai oa?aeoa?a th?eaee/aneeo
onoaiiaeaiee, ee/iinoiiai oa?aeoa?a noauaeoia i?aaa e ae?., aeaaea aeooa
e i?eioeeiia i?aaiauo aeinoeaeaiee aeio?enoeaineie yiioe, au?aaeaiiuo a
onoaiiaeaieyo Eiaeaena Oaiio?aie).

I?e oaeoaeaiiii aiaeeca iiaoo auoue, aiciiaeii, iaeaeaiu ecaanoiua
annioeeaoeee eee naiaai ?iaea ia?aeee/ea iaaeaeo ii?aeueiuie caiiaaaeyie
O?enoa e ia?aaeiauie, ia iie acaeyae, iai?aacieaeaiiuie i?aaiauie
eaoaai?eyie, a nia?aiaiioth ii?o – ?ac?aaioeaie ii aii?inai i?aaa
caia/aoaeueiiai oeeinioa Eiiaioeea Eaioa, aai ii?aaeaeaieai i?aaa a
ea/anoaa “naiiai nayoiai ec oiai, /oi anoue o Aiaa ia caiea”. I?e/ai –
aeaaea ni noi?iiu niuneiauo ia?acia e eaeneee, Anee a O?enoiauo
ioe?iaaieyo iainiiaaiea aunieeo ii?aeueiuo ia/ae ai iiiaii
?aaeeciaaeinue /a?ac ooaeiaeanoaaiii i?aiiaeaiiua ia?acu, oi
oeaio?aeueiua eaeae ii aii?inai i?aaa a o?aeoiaea Eaioa -/a?ac
eaene/aneee ia?ac, aaiaoe/anee naycaiiue n ?aeeaeiciuie
i?aaenoaaeaieyie, – /a?ac ia?ac “naiiai nayoiai” ia caiea.

Ae?AIAOE*ANEAss NOAeUeAA

*anoiia i?aai eae nenoaia i?aaiauo ia/ae, yeaiaio oeeaeeecaoeee e
eoeueoo?u – yaeaiea, anee iiaeii oae neacaoue, “aa/iia”, iaoie/oiaeeiia.
Iii — iai?aiaiiay “ninoaaeythuay” ethaie, aieaa eee iaiaa ?acaeoie
th?eaee/aneie nenoaiu. Oaeay ninoaaeythuay, io eioi?ie ai iiiaii caaeneo
e ninoiyiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaa aeaiiie no?aiu a oeaeii, e i?ia?ann
(eee ?aa?ann) iauanoaa, oniaoe (eee i?iaaeu, iaoaea/e) aai
yeiiiie/aneiai, aeaiie?aoe/aneiai e aeooiaiiai ?acaeoey.

Iiyoiio /anoiia i?aai iai?a?uaiie iieinie i?ioiaeeo /a?ac anth
/aeiaa/aneoth enoi?eth. I nouanoaiaaiee /anoiiai i?aaa iiaeii aiai?eoue
a ioiioaiee anao th?eaee/aneeo nenoai i?ioeiai e ianoiyuaai.

A oi aea a?aiy aeey /anoiiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?iu ?acee/iua, ii?ie iiey?iua
ninoiyiey – ninoiyiey ianiaa?oaiiuo, i?eieoeaiuo th?eaee/aneeo oi?i e
noaaeee ii?aceoaeueiiai niaa?oainoaa, aeieaea aaea noaaiaoeee,
“caia?caiey” e no?aieoaeueiiai aceaoa. Oaeea ia?aiaaeu, aceaou e
iaaeaiey ?aoathuei ia?acii caaenyo io enoi?e/aneie yiioe, neiaeeaoaainy
a no?aia yeiiiie/aneiai, iieeoe/aneiai e aeooiaiiai no?iy, iaueo
oaiaeaioeee enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey. Oioy – aicueiai ia caiaoeo –
noaeueaa /anoiiai i?aaa a iaiaeie noaiaie iaoneiaeaia oaeaea ia?ie
ainiiaenoaa a aeaiiii iauanoaa iunee, oie ?ieueth, eioi?oth ea?atho a
iauanoaa aeooiaiua ianou?e, a iniaaiiinoe oiaaea, eiaaea aeinoieiia
ianoi n?aaee ieo caieiatho oeeiniou e i?aaiaaaeu.

Aeey /anoiiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?iu aeieaea aaea “aanneaaiie noaeueau”,
oaiaiai nouanoaiaaiey a ia?acaeouo, i?eieoeaiuo oi?iao. Ii aieueoae
/anoe – a aeaea eacoenoe/aneeo ii?i, noaeaaiuo i?aoeaaeaioia, iau/aaa,
ia?aaeei naycaiiuo n ?aeeaeiciuie aeiaiaie, ?eooaeaie. Io/anoe –
caeiiia, niaea?aeaueo iiyoue-oaee eiie?aoece?iaaiiua eiia?aoeau ii
ioaeaeueiui aeeciaiiui neooaoeeyi.

Yoi, iiiyoii, — ia?aua oacu enoi?ee i?aaa aiiaua. Oaeie, iai?eia?,
auaeathueeny iaiyoiee ae?aaiaai ie?a, eae Caeiiu Oaiio?aie (XVIII a. aei
i.y.), i?aaeoniao?eaae e aeiaiai?ioth oi?io, e ii?yaeie aiciauaiey ca
a?aae, e aeaaea ?ani?aaeaeaiea ?enea ia ia/aeao i?eioeeieaeueiiai
?aaainoaa noauaeoia. Ii e yoe caeiiu ia oee aeaeueoa oiai, /oiau
aaiaeeoue eacoenoe/aneea i?aaeea. Neaaeai, neaaeothuaa: “Anee /aeiaae
ioaeano naia iiea caieaaeaeueoeo ca a?aiaeioth ieaoo e iieo/eo
a?aiaeioth ieaoo ca naia iiea, a iioii Aaeao caoiieo iiea eee
iaaiaeiaiea oianao aeaoao, oi oauoie iaaeao oieueei ia
caieaaeaaeaeueoea”.

I?e aiaeeca yoiai i?aaeea iao?oaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi iii no?ieony
ia i?eciaiee ?aaainoaa noi?ii: iniiaie acaeiiioiioaiee yaeyaony
aeiaiai?, i?iaiaeeony i?eioeei “?aaiiaaniinoe” ianaiey oyaio io
neo/aeiie aeaaee aaue. E a nayce n yoei aeiionoeii aiai?eoue i
“/anoiii”, eee “a?aaeaeaineii”, i?aaa ae?aaiaai Aaaeeiia. Iaeiaei
i?eaaaeaiiua e aiaeiae/iua i?aaeea “ia?aiaoaiu” n ii?iaie ioaee/iiai
ii?yaeea, naie eiatho oa?aeoa? eiia?aoeaiuo onoaiiaeaiee, a aeaaiia-
aeaaea au/eaiaiiua e ?anniao?eaaaiua a aaeeinoaa, iie iiaoo auoue
ioa?aeoa?eciaaiu a ea/anoaa oaeeo, eioi?ua iino?iaiu ia iaeeo
/anoiii?aaiauo ia/aeao eeoue iooai ioaea/aiiuo oiicaeeth/aiee (e oiio
aea iniiaaiiuo ia nia?aiaiiii i?aaiiiieiaiee).

Iiaeii auneacaoue niia?aaeaiea e aieaa iauaai oa?aeoa?a. Ai anao no?aiao
ae?aaiaai ie?a e n?aaeiaaaeiauey, a iniaaiiinoe oaie?aoe/aneeo
iiia?oeyo, i?e ?aaeeiao aceaonei-oe?aie/aneiai oeia, /anoiii?aaiaua
oi?iu inoaaaeenue aeieaea aaea ia?acaeouie, i?eieoeaiuie, caieiaee
aanueia ne?iiiia, iiaeaeoe, aeaaea oaiaia ianoi a
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaie aeecie iauanoaa, a nenoaia th?eaee/aneiai
?aaoee?iaaiey.

A nayce n yoei iaaei caiaoeoue, /oi iaoa iiauoaiiia aieiaiea e /anoiiio
i?aao Ae?aaiaai ?eia iaoneiaeaii ia oieueei oai, /oi a iai neiaeeeenue
eiae/anee no?ieiua, th?eaee/anee niaa?oaiiua a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua
eiino?oeoeee e eaoaai?ee, ii a ia iaiueoae ia?a e oai, /oi einoeooou
/anoiiai i?aaa caiyee aeinoieiia, aunieia ianoi a aeecie anaai iauanoaa
(iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai yoiio iiaeao neoaeeoue oioy au nai oaeo au?aaioee
ecaanoiie oi?ioeu – “Ionoue naa?oeony i?aainoaeea, aeaaea anee iiaeaiao
ie?”). E oioy auei au iaii?aaaeaiiui a yoie nayce ?anniao?eaaoue
ae?aaia?eineia iauanoai “i?aaiaui”, ii oi, /oi caeanue a niaoeeoe/aneeo
oneiaeyo aioe/iinoe aue naeaeai e?oiiue oaa a oeacaiiii iai?aaeaiee, –
oaeo, eioi?ue iiaeao iieo/eoue aeinoaoi/iia iainiiaaiea.

A oi aea a?aiy aio eaeia ianoiyoaeuenoai ia neaaeoao oioneaoue ec iiey
c?aiey. Eaeia au ne?iiiia, oaiaia ianoi ie caieiaee /anoiii?aaiaua oi?iu
a aieueoeinoaa no?ai ae?aaiaai ie?a e n?aaeiaaaeiauey (a oii /enea a
“aa?aa?neeo” ainoaea?noaao, ooaa?aeeaoeony ia oa??eoi?ee aueie ?eineie
eiia?ee), iie, yoe /anoiii?aaiaua oi?iu, aeaiiino?e?otho ana aea
iaiaeieeiinoue, “aa/iinoue” /anoiiai i?aaa. Aeaaea i?e naiuo
oe?aie/aneeo ?aaeeiao oaie?aoe/aneiai oeia e ?acaieie/ueeo ia?aciaaieyo
ii?iaiineeo iauiinoae ia ii/aa oi?aiaee, oicyenoaaiiiai e iaaenaiaeiiai
(iaae?iaeiaiai), eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iauaiey e auoa niiioaiii, a neeo
o?aaiaaiee naiie aeecie, neeaaeuaaeenue – ionoue e i?eieoeaiua (ii
anaaaea iaeiioeiiua) – th?eaee/aneea oi?iu, au?aaeathuea e
iiin?aaenoaothuea /anoiii?aaiaua ioiioaiey.

Aeey enoi?ee i?aaa oa?aeoa?iu ia oieueei aeieaea ia?eiaeu ieceie
/anoiii?aaiaie eoeueoo?u, canoieiiai ninoiyiey, ii e a?aiy
no?aieoaeueiiai, “ac?uaiiai” ?acaeoey, iienoeia aceaoa /anoiiai i?aaa.

E naiia i?eia/aoaeueiia caeanue oi, /oi oaeiai ?iaea aceaou neio?iiii
niioaaonoaotho e?oiiui enoi?e/aneei ia?aeiiai a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa,
oeeaeeecaoeee, a oii /enea a ?acaeoee anae aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u, a
ecaanoiii niunea – ooaa?aeaeaiee a aeecie ethaeae naaoeie ia?niaeoeau,
?acoia, iaaeaaeaeu. Aaaeue oa iniiaiua aaoe a ?acaeoee /anoiiai i?aaa, i
eioi?uo aiai?eeinue ?aiaa (iaiiiith, oaeeo aao auei iacaaii o?e e aua
iaeia, /aoaa?oay, a iaoe aeie oieueei ii?aaeaeythuayny), – yoi a
eaaeaeii neo/aa e?oiiua enoi?e/aneea iiai?iou a /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee,
?oaaaee oeaeuo enoi?e/aneeo yiio, ainoiaeyuaai ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee.

?anoeaaoo ?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa, eae iu aeaeaee, niioaaonoaoao oio
i?i?ua a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa, eioi?ui iciaiaiiaaii “ia/aei”
o?enoeaineie eoeueoo?u, o?enoeaineie oeeaeeecaoeee. E oi
ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi “cieioie” ia?eiae ?eineiai /anoiiai i?aaa auiae ia
1 – III aa. i.y., aiciiaeii, iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aeiioaco i aeoaieie
aioo?aiiae nayce O?enoiauo ioe?iaaiee a iaeanoe i?aaa e ?anoeaaoa i?aaa
(e, auoue iiaeao, i?eaeaao ecaanoioth cia/eiinoue oiio iiaeia/aiiiio
enoi?eeaie ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u oaeoo, /oi e?oiiaeoea
i?aaiaaaeu-eeanneee Ae?aaiaai ?eia oai?eee ai II a. e auee ii
i?aeiouanoao auoiaeoeaie ec ia?iaeiinoae, aeeceeo e o?enoeainoao’ Ii
iiaieth I. Oiaiaea?a, “eeanne/aneea th?enou (160 – 200) Ieieieai,
Oeueieai e Iaaae auee a?aiayie; Oeueieai n ai?aeinoueth iacuaae naay
oeieeeeoeai ec Oe?a…” (Oiaiai? I. Caeao Aa?iiu: I/a?ee ieoieiaee
ie?iaie enoi?ee. O. 2. N. 73). Iaeiaei ec yoiai enoi?e/aneiai oaeoa
auoaeaao aiana ia oi, /oi iieaaaao aaoi? (ii aai iiaieth, a aeioaaeoai
aei ian “?eineii i?aaa” iaei ?eineiai, a aieueoa oiai, /oi au?aaeaii a
eoaeaeneie, o?enoeaineie eoeueoo?a, ia?neaeneie eeoa?aeo?a). Caeanue,
iaaei iieaaaoue, – iaeii ec naeaeaoaeuenoa aeoaieie aioo?aiiae nayce
iaaeaeo iniiaaoaeueiuie oeaiiinoyie i?aaa e o?enoeainoaa.

).

Ae?oaay aaoa a ?acaeoee /anoiiai i?aaa – “i?aai oieaa?neoaoia” a
n?aaeiea aaea – a?aiy Aic?iaeaeaiey, ananoi?iiiaai ?acaeoey i?aaeiniiau
eeaa?aeueiuo oeeaeeecaoeee – aic?iaeaeai/aneie eoeueoo?u.

Neaaeothuay aaoa – a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai yiioe, ioe?uoie
I?inaauaieai, Aaeeeie o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeeae (i?aaeaea anaai –
iaiieaiiianeee A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen), – aiiaua, auoue iiaeao, iaeaieaa
e?oiiue ia?aeii a noaeueaa /aeiaa/anoaa, au?aaeathuee ia?aoiae io
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo e eeaa?aeueiui oeeaeeecaoeeyi.

Iaeiiaoe, oioaeinue au i?eaea/ue aieiaiea e oiio, /oi nia?aiaiiay
noaaeey ?acaeoey a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, noaaeey
iiaea?iecaoeee e oaeoaeaiey au?aaeaiiuo a iai eneiiiuo, ia?ai?iaeiuo
/anoii-i?aaiauo ia/ae (e, neaaeo aua ?ac, aeoaieiai aaeeiaiey
iiaea?iece?oaiiai /anoiiai i?aaa e nia?aiaiiiai anoanoaaiiiai i?aaa), –
i?aaeaanoiee, a aiciiaeii, oaea e au?aaeaiea iiaie yiioe ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/anoaa. Yiioe, eiaaea a ianoaiiaea ooaa?aeaeaiey eeaa?aeueiuo
oeeaeeecaoeee e a o?oaeiuo, i?ioeai?a/eauo i?ioeannao iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeoey oaa ca oaaii i?ienoiaeeo ?aaeecaoeey “caiunea i?e?iaeu” –
ooaa?aeaeaiea a aeecie ethaeae oao caaeaoeia, eioi?ua iniiaaiu ia ?acoia
e aunieeo ii?aeueiuo, aeooiaiuo i?eioeeiao, i?eioeeiao nieeaea?iinoe.

?anniao?eaay noaeueao /anoiiai i?aaa, aai ninoiyiea e ?ieue a
nia?aiaiioth yiioo, aaaeii aiiaue ia?aoeoueny e iaeiie ec ino?uo i?iaeai
iuiaoiaai a?aiaie – e i?iaeaia a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa e “?uiea”.

E niaeaeaieth, ?yaeii niaoeeaeenoia i?ia?anneaiia aeaiie?aoe/aneia
?acaeoea nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa ia?aaeei naycuaaaony i?inoi n “?uieii”.
Iaaeaeo oai “i?inoi ?uiie” — yaeaiea, oa?aeoa?iia aeey anao yiio e a
i?eioeeia aeey ethauo “aa?eaioia” yeiiiieee (aeaaea aeey ieaiiaie
nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee, aaea nouanoaiaaee naiaia?aciua, o?iaeeeaua,
ii ana aea eiaiii ?uii/iua ioiioaiey). “I?inoi ?uiie” iiaeao noaoue e
iii?euai aeeeeo ii?yaeeia, ?acaieie/ueeo i?aaia, a eoiaa – iauanoaaiiiai
oiaaeea, ?aceiaeaiey.

Eae iieacuaatho i?ioeannu, naycaiiua n ?acaeoeai iauanoaaiiuo acaeyaeia
a na?aaeeia XX a., naii iiiyoea “?uii/iay yeiiiieea” eae ia/oi
ia?aaeiaia auei auaeaeiooi a i?ioeaiaan ieaiiaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie
yeiiiieea, aie?oa eioi?ie a 1930-o aa. aiciee i?aie eae aoaeoi
iainiiaaiiiai i?aainoiaenoaa ii n?aaiaieth ni noeoeae eaieoaeenoe/aneiai
yenieoaoaoi?neiai iauanoaa. E aaeaa ee iiaeii i?eciaoue ii?aaaeaiiui
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aieaoeany i?aaenoaaeaiey i oii, /oi aoaeoi au eiaiii
“?uii/iay yeiiiieea” eae oaeiaay ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XX a> i?eaaea e
yeiiiie/aneiio e iio?aaeoaeueneiio i?ioeaaoaieth a ?yaea no?ai Caiaaea,
iciaiaiiaaea iiaaaeo eaieoaeecia iaae nioeeaeeciii a noa?ao yeiiiieee e
iio?aaeaiey.

A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ia?aaeiaoth yeiiiie/aneoth e nioeeaeueioth
cia/eiinoue eiaao ia “i?inoi ?uiie”, a ?uiie, ?acaeaathueeny ia iniiaa
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, a oneiaeyo ooaa?aeaeathuaainy
a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa e iioiio iaeaai?iaeaiiue /anoiui i?aaii, eiaaea
– eae iu aeaeaee – ei??aeoiaa aiai?eoue ia i “?uii/iie yeiiiieea”, a i
/anoiii?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.

*oi eanaaony oiai ii?aaeathuaai yooaeoa, eioi?ue aoaeoi au aeae
caiaaeiui aeaiie?aoe/aneei no?aiai “?uiie”, oi ioaeii aeaeaoue, /oi yoio
yooaeo ia naiii aeaea ianooiee a ?acoeueoaoa ?yaea aioo?aiia naycaiiuo
oaeoi?ia iiaie yiioe. A n?aaee yoeo oaeoi?ia, ia?yaeo n ioaeiieythuei
iao/ii-oaoie/aneei i?ia?annii, no?aieoaeueiui ?acaeoeai eioaeeaeoa,
eioi?iaoeeiiiuo iaoaieciia, auaeathuaany cia/aiea i?eia?aei /anoiia
i?aai ia iuiaoiae noaaeee aai ?acaeoey. Oi anoue /anoiia i?aai ?acaeoiai
a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa, a eioi?ii iii iiaea?iece?oaony e iaeiia?aiaiii
aicauoaaony a aaeeiaiee n iniiaiie eaoaai?eae anoanoaaiiiai i?aaa a
nia?aiaiioth yiioo – iaiouaieaiuie i?aaaie /aeiaaea. Oaeia i?aai, i?e
eioi?ii yeiiiie/aneay naiaiaea (naiaiaea caueuaiiie, oaa?aiiie,
i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia i?aai ee/iinoe) ia nineaeuecuaaao a
aaca?ii-?acaieie/ueth aieueieoeo, a ia?aaiaeeony a niceaeaoaeueioth
aeoeaiinoue, yeiiiie/aneee ?ene e oai?/anoai, niaaeeiaiiua n
ia?niiaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ca ?acoeueoaou nianoaaiiiai aeaea. A
eoiaa – ii?aceoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou /anoiii?aaiaie yeiiiieee
aeaiie?aoe/anee ?acaeouo no?ai ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XX a. – yoi yooaeo ia
i?inoi “?uiea”, a ?acoeueoao ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?uii/iie yeiiiieee eae
ninoaaiie /anoe nia?aiaiiiai i?aaiaiai a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa.

Noaei auoue, eiaiii ia n/ao nia?aiaiiiai /anoiiai i?aaa,
ooieoeeiie?othuaai a aaeeinoaa e acaeiiaeaenoaee n ioaee/iui i?aaii,
ioaeii ai iiiaii ioianoe aeinoieinoaa iinoeiaeono?eaeueiie yeiiiieee,
eiaaea a yeiiiie/aneie aeecie ionaeathony iiiaea “iaaaoeau” i?inoi
?uii/iuo ioiioaiee e a iieiie ia?a ia/eiaao ?aaioaoue eo iioaioeeae – ii
naiae iniiaa iioaioeeae “ioeeaeeeciaaiiie” /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e
eiieo?aioiiai ninoycaiey, ?ane?uaathueo naie aeinoieinoaa /a?ac /anoiia
i?aai iiaie, nia?aiaiiie yiioe a /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee.

Noaeueao /anoiiai i?aaa iiaeii iacaaoue n/anoeeaie. Ii yoa noaeueaa
iaeiia?aiaiii (eae /anoi auaaao a aeecie) oaeaea eniieiaia enoeiiie
ae?aiu.

E ae?aia /anoiiai i?aaa ia a oii, /oi a aai ?acaeoee a?aiy ?anoeaaoa e
aceaoia niaiyeinue aeieaeie ia?eiaeaie oiaaeea, i?eieoeaiuo, ia?acaeouo
th?eaee/aneeo oi?i (oaeea ia?aiaaeu oa?aeoa?iu aeey ?acaeoey anae
/aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee).

Aaaeue e “eeanne/aneea” caeiiu /anoiiai i?aaa — o?aioeocneee eiaeaen e
Aa?iaineia a?aaeaeaineia oeiaeaiea ?ane?uee naith enoeiii enoi?e/aneoth
ienneth (oaaaeaiioth Iaiieaiiii) nionoy aeieaea aeanyoeeaoey iinea
naiaai i?eiyoey – eeoue iinea oiai, eae /a?ac naia ?ooeiiia niaea?aeaiea
aiieioeeenue a ?aaeueioth i?aeoeeo, a ia?ac aeecie ethaeae. Aea e iie
“n?aaioaee” a iieiie ia?a eeoue ai aoi?ie iieiaeia iuiaoiaai aaea, ia
iniiaa eoeueoo?u i?aa /aeiaaea.

A aio enoeiiay ae?aia /anoiiai i?aaa – yoi oio /oaeiaeuiue n?ua, eioi?ue
i?iecioae n /anoiui i?aaii o ian, a ?innee.

Yoio n?ua iniaaiii ae?aiaoe/ai e aieaciai iioiio, /oi, ianiio?y ia ana
iaaaoeaiua ?inneeneea i?aaeiinueee a iaeanoe i?aaa (iaueiii-niai?iia
ie?iiuouaiea e i?aau, eiia?neea ii?yaeee, /eiiaie/uea caneeuea,
eaeaieiaey iicaeiaai i?aaineaaey), a ?innee eiaiii a eiioea XIX — ia/aea
XX a., i?yii-oaee e ieoya?ueneiio ia?aai?ioo (?aaiethoeee) 1917 a.,
ii?aaeaeeeny ii iiiaei aeaiiui “iiai?io” e i?aao. E i?aao aunieiai
o?iaiy – oaeiio, eioi?iai, ii anai aeaiiui, e o?aaoao nia?aiaiiia
a?aaeaeaineia iauanoai. E naeaeaoaeuenoaaie yoiai noaee ia oieueei iauaa
aieiaiea e th?eaee/aneei aii?inai, noae i?enyaeiuo, i?anoeaeiay
aaeaieaoneay aeayoaeueiinoue, ii a ia iaiueoae ia?a – iiaeuai
oeeaeeenoeee, iiaeaioiaea ia?aaeiaiai ii niaea?aeaieth A?aaeaeaineiai
oeiaeaiey, aia/aoeythuea, iaaiiythuea a?aiy iao/iua ?ac?aaioee ?onneeo
i?aaiaaaeia-oeeaeeenoia (iniaaiii y?eay ec ieo – eieaa i?ioanni?a Eineoa
Aeaenaaae/a Iie?ianeiai “Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa”,
auaea?aeee ec eioi?ie oaea ia ?ac i?eaiaeeeenue a yoii ecaeaiee ?aiaa
oaea ioia/aeinue, /oi ia oae aeaaii ecaeaoaeuenoai “Noaooo” ia?aecaeaei
yoo eieao. Ia niiiaaathnue, /eoaoaeue, ia?aoeaoenue e yoie
caia/aoaeueiie eieaa, aoaeao ii?aaeai e, aa?th, ia?aaeiaai aeoaeiie
iunee ?onneiai o/aiiai, ianoiyoaeueiinoueth aai iao/iuo ?acaeoiee,
eioi?ua ii ?yaeo i?iaeai e aeey nia?aiaiiiai i?aaiaaaeaiey, e aeey
iaoaai i?aainiciaiey yaeythony, iiaeaeoe, enoeiiuie ioe?iaaieyie.).

E aio n?aco aea iinea ieoya?ueneiai ia?aai?ioa 1917 a. a ?innee
ia/aeinue iieina oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiai, oii?iiai ecie/oiaeaiey /anoiiai
i?aaa. Eiaiii — ecie/oiaeaiey. E eiaiii – /anoiiai i?aaa, oae eae
th?eaee/aneea onoaiiaeaiey ioaee/iiai oa?aeoa?a – ?aaiethoeeiiiua
aeae?aou, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua iinoaiiaeaiey e o. ae.- aianth
eniieueciaaeenue aeey i?iaaaeaiey a eiia?aoeaiii ii?yaeea
aieueoaaenoneie iieeoeee e i?iiaaaiaeu.

*anoiia aea i?aai, niia?acii eiiioienoe/aneei aeiaiai, aeieaeii auei
?acaeaeeoue noaeueao /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, anae /anoiii?aaiaie
i?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, aieaa oiai, – e a yoii aanue oaean
oaeiai ?iaea iieeoe/aneie eeiee, aeioiea iaaeaeaiiie a ie?a, – i?eaanoe
e oiio, /oi “/anoiia” a aeecie /aeiaaea aoaeao naaaeaii e oceiio e?oao
iio?aaeoaeueneeo i?aaeiaoia. Ii?aceoaeueii, ii iiaeiaiua i?aaenoaaeaiey
a eaeie-oi ia?a ?acaeaeye e aeaeiue aei?aaiethoeeiiiue oai?aoee i?aaa
A.A. Eenoyeianeee, o/aiue a iauai eeaa?aeueiie i?eaioaoeee, iieaaathuee,
iaeiaei, a ianoaiiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oaa?a oiai a?aiaie, /oi oioy
nioeeaeeci e ia io?eoeaao /anoiiai i?aaa, iaeiaei “/anoiia” aoaeao
ninoiyoue a aa?aioe?iaaiee eaaeaeiio “naiae ?oaaoee, naiaai nth?ooea,
naiae eiiiaou” ‘ Eenoyeianeee A.A. Nioeeaeueiua iaoee e i?aai. I„ 1916.
N. 579. A yoie aea eieaa, ianeieueei ?aiueoa, ii e i?yii ooaa?aeaeaao:
“Ana oa aeaeu eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie e iauanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua a
nia?aiaiiii i?aaiaii ainoaea?noaa ninoaaeytho iaeanoue /anoiii?aaiauo
ioiioaiee, i?aa?aoyony a nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaa a iaeanoue
ioaee/ii-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, ?aaoee?oaiuo ainoaea?noaii e
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoueth” (oai aea. N. 444 – 445). E.A. Iie?ianeee
ni?aaaaeeeai ienae a ioiioaiee yoiai iiaiey naiaai eieeaae: “Eiia/ii,
ieeoi ia noaiao io?eoeaoue, /oi a nioeeaeenoe/aneii no?ia eaaeaeiio
aoaeao aa?aioe?iaaia “naiy” ?oaaoea e o. ae., ii neeoeii iiniaoii
aeaeaoue ionthaea auaiae, aoaeoi yoi e anoue /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue”
(Iie?ianeee E.A. Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. N. 46,
i?eia/.). E caeanue aea aeaeae auaiae aieaa iauaai ii?yaeea: “… aaeaa
ee iiaeao iiaeeaaeaoue inia?eaaieth, /oi eiaiii i?eioeeieaeueii
yeiiiie/aneay oeaio?aeecaoeey io?eoeaao e aeieaeia io?eoeaoue /anoioth
nianoaaiiinoue, /anoiue iai?io, /anoiia iaeiieaiea e /anoiia
ianeaaeiaaiea” (oai aea).

.

E ana aea enoeiiay ae?aia /anoiiai i?aaa i?iecioea a nioeeaeenoe/aneie
?innee ia a aiaeu i?yiiai, iacaaoaee?iaaiiiai io?eoeaiey “/anoiiai” e
i?yiiai ainiiaenoaa ?aaiethoeeiiiiai i?aainiciaiey (oaea e 1920 – 1921
aa. iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiiay ?inneeneay yeiiiieea iioa?iaea iieiaeoee e?ao),
a ianeieueei iicaea, eiaaea aue a ii?yaeea a?aiaiiiai ionooieaiey io
eiiioiecia iauyaeai iyi e – eae yoi ie ia?aaeienaeueii – i?eiyo ia?aue a
?inneeneie enoi?ee th?eaee/aneee aeieoiaio, iacaaiiue A?aaeaeaineei
eiaeaenii ?NON?.

Eacaeinue au, aio caia/aoaeueiia naa?oaiea! Iaeiiaoe-oi e a ?innee, eae
ai O?aioeee, a Aa?iaiee, a ae?oaeo aeaiie?aoe/aneeo no?aiao, i?eiyo
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen! Oai aieaa, /oi ii a iniiaiii ninoaaeai ii aanueia
io?aaioaiiui iaoa?eaeai i?iaeoa ?inneeneiai A?aaeaeaineiai oeiaeaiey,
iiaeaioiaeaiiiai a aei?aaiethoeeiiiia a?aiy.

Ii nooue aeaea (e nooue oeacaiiie enoeiiie ae?aiu) caeeth/aaony eae ?ac
a oii, /oi a ?inneeneii nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa noaei aeaenoaiaaoue
a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, eioi?ia, iaeiaei, aii?aee anyeie
nioeeaeueiie e th?eaee/aneie eiaeea ia auei /anoiui i?aaii a no?iaii e
iieiii cia/aiee yoiai iiiyoey.

Eae yoi i?iecioei? A aio eae. I?e au?aaioea a ia/aea 1922 a. i?iaeoa
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?NON? aiaeaeue Eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee Eaiei a
nae?aoiii (nae?aoiii!) ienueia e oiaaeaoiaio ia?eiithnoo Eo?neiio ienae,
/oi ioaeii au?aaioaoue “iiaia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai, iiaia ioiioaiea e
“/anoiui” aeiaiai?ai e o. i.”. E aeaeueoa neaaeiaaee neiaa, eioi?ua
noaee eaeaieiae/aneie onoaiiaeie aeey iieiiai io?eoeaiey a niaaoneie
eaeaieiaee /anoiiai i?aaa aiiaua: “Iu ie/aai “/anoiiai” ia i?eciaai,
aeey ian ana a iaeanoe oicyenoaa anoue ioaee/ii-i?aaiaia, a ia /anoiia”.
“Ionthaea, – i?iaeieaeae Eaiei, – ?anoe?eoue i?eiaiaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a “/anoiii?aaiaua” ioiioaiey,
?anoe?eoue i?aai ioiaiyoue “/anoiua” aeiaiai?u, i?eiaiyoue ia corpus
juris romani-e “a?aaeaeaineei i?aaiioiioaieyi”, a iaoa ?aaiethoeeiiiia
i?aainiciaiea”.

Ia?aoei aieiaiea – eae noa?aoaeueii Aeaaeeie? Eeuee/ noaaeo a eaau/ee
neiaa “/anoiia”, “/anoiua” aeiaiai?u e aeaaea “a?aaeaeaineea
i?aaiioiioaiey”. E oaeay aua iiiaicia/eoaeueiay aeaoaeue. Eaiei ana yoe
oeueo?a?aaiethoeeiiiua onoaiiaee i?ee?uaaao caaanie nae?aoiinoe (aio
eiaaea ia/aeanue any iieeoeea ioe?iaaiiie eaee a niaaoneii i?aaa!); ii
i?yii ieoao i oii, /oi oaeno aeaiiiai ienueia aeiionoeii oieueei
“iieacuaaoue iiae ?anieneo”, aunooiaoue eiio-eeai ii aeaiiiio aii?ino
iaaei iiae naiae iiaeienueth, ii, oiane Aiaea, ia “oiiieiay eiaie”
aaoi?a ienueia.

*ai ana yoi iiaeii iauynieoue? A oai, /oi Eaiei eae th?eno iiieiae:
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen, nicaeaiiue n onoaiiaeie “iu ie/aai /anoiiai ia
i?eciaai”, – yoi a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, eeoaiiia naiae aeooe.
Oi anoue a oneiaeyo iyia aaiaeeony a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai,
eioi?ia ia anoue /anoiia i?aai. E iaaei auei, /oiau anai, eoi i?eiye ca
/enooth iiiaoo ioeoeeaeueiua eicoiae i “no?ia oeeaeeeciaaiiuo
eiiia?aoi?ia”, i “naiaiaea oi?aiaee”, i iyia eae iieeoeea “ana?ueac e
iaaeieai”, auei iaaaaeiii, /oi ana yoi – eeoue a?aiaiiue iaiaa? e /oi ia
aeaea aoaeao oi?aeanoaiaaoue “ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai”, “iaoa
?aaiethoeeiiiia i?aainiciaiea”, “ea?a IETHnoa” aieioue aei “?anno?aea”
(anoue e oaeay onoaiiaea a ienueia e Eo?neiio).

Oaeei ia?acii, iieo/aaony, /oi i?eiyoue a 1922 a. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen
?NON?, auiieiyy oceoth ioi?ieoaeueneoth ooieoeeth -ooieoeeth ii
th?eaee/aneiio oii?yaei/aieth eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a oneiaeyo iyia,
ia iia e ii ia?oeeiui onoaiiaeai ia aeieaeai aue ?aaeeciaaoue naia
eneiiiia enoi?e/aneia i?aaeiacia/aiea — auoue eino?oiaioii oi?ie?iaaiey
naiaiaeiiai a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa. Iai?ioea, ii i?ecaai aue eaeei-oi
ia?acii eaaaeeciaaoue e i?eaeaoue th?eaee/anee ii?aaaeaiiue aeae “iaoaio
?aaiethoeeiiiiio i?aainiciaieth”, oe?ieiio “ainoaea?noaaiiiio
aiaoaoaeuenoao” a a?aaeaeaineea i?aaiioiioaiey.

Eiia/ii, ecaeaiea A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena a oneiaeyo niaaoneiai iauanoaa
eiaei e i?ia?anneaiia cia/aiea. Eiaeaen — ionoue e a aeaoi?ie?iaaiiii
aeaea — ana aea ?aaeueii, a naiie aoua aeecie i?aaenoaaeye
aei?aaiethoeeiiioth i?aaiaoth eoeueoo?o. A naio i?aeoeeo i?eiaiaiey
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo ei th?eaee/aneeo n?aaenoa e iaoaieciia (iino?iaiiuo ia
/anoiii?aaiauo ia/aeao) ii ana aea aiinee eaeea-oi yeaiaiou /anoiiai
i?aaa. E eiia/ii aea, ii aeaaea a iaeiiaa?ii neiaeiuo ?inneeneeo
oneiaeyo oiai a?aiaie iineoaeee i?aaeiinueeie aeey ?acaeoey
oeeaeeenoe/aneie iaoee, aeey aeayoaeueiinoe oaeeo auaeathueony
o/aiuo-oeeaeeenoia, eae I.I. Aaa?eia, N.E. Aneiacee, N.I. A?aoonue, A.A.
Aaiaaeeeoia, A.I. Aeiaaa?, Ae.I. Aaieei, I.N. Eiooa, E.A. Iiaeoeeee, A.
E. ?aeoa?, A.E. Na-?aa?ianeee, A.A. Oeaeoeoe, ?.I. Oaeoeia, A.A.
*a?aiaoei, e iiiaeo ae?oaeo. Aeey nicaeaiey eie, eo nio?oaeieeaie,
o/aieeaie caia/aoaeueiuo o?oaeia ii i?iaeaiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa (e
yoi ciaiaiaoaeueii, iai?eia?, /oi ?aaioa A.A. *a?aiaoeia i /anoiii e
ioaee/iii i?aaa auoea a naao a 1926 a., eiaaea oaea i?icao/aea a?iciay
onoaiiaea – ionoue e iaiioaeeeiaaiiay – ian/ao oiai, /oi “iu ie/aai
/anoiiai ia i?eciaai”; ai?i/ai, anei?a, a ia/aea 1930-o aa., Ai?en
Ai?eniae/ aue iono?aiai io iao/iie e iaaeaaiae/aneie ?aaiou…).

Oai ia iaiaa neaaeoao ioaeaaaoue yniue io/ao a oii, /oi niaaoneia
a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iino?iaiiia ia ii?iaoeaiii iaoa?eaea
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?NON? 1922 a., ioee/aeinue – eae yoi ie
ia?aaeienaeueii – ai iiiaii iioaee/aiiui oa?aeoa?ii e ?aaeueii eiaei a
aeecie iauanoaa ia?aie/aiiia cia/aiea.

Niaaoneia a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia oieueei auei
“iaacia?aaeaii” ia?oeeiuie aee?aeoeaaie e oo?aoeei naia cia/aiea eae
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai /anoiiai i?aaa, ii e n i?aaiaie noi?iiu ?aaeueii
aeaenoaiaaei aeaaiui ia?acii a ea/anoaa iiaeniaiiai, “ioi?ieoaeueneiai”,
oaoieei-th?eaee/aneiai n?aaenoaa noaoai i?aeoe/aneiai ii?yaeea (e a
iniiaiii i?iyaeyei naith /anoiii?aaiaoth i?e?iaeo /a?ac th?eaee/aneea
eiino?oeoeee e eaoaai?ee e ianeieueei iieiaa – a oceie noa?a,
i?aeiouanoaaiii a auoiauo ioiioaieyo). A oneiaeyo eiiioienoe/aneiai
no?iy a?aaeaeaineea caeiiu e ia iiaee ?aaeeciaaoue naia iniiaiia
enoi?e/aneia i?aaeiacia/aiea – noaoue ?aoathuei oaeoi?ii oi?ie?iaaiey
nia?aiaiiiai a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa. E niaeaeaieth, iie aeaaea
auiieiyee eaeaieiae/aneoth ooieoeeth ii “i?ee?uoeth” oioaeeoa?iiai
?ai?anneaiiai ?aaeeia, eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiie yeiiiieee.

Neooaoeey a i?eioeeia ia eciaieeanue a iineaaeothuaa a?aiy, a 1930 –
1980 aa. Aieaa oiai, ecaeaiiue iinea nia?oe Noaeeia e ono?aiaiey
“e?aeiinoae” aai ?aaeeia A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen 1964 a. oioy e aiieiuae
ii?aaeaeaiiua oaoieei-th?eaee/aneea aeinoeaeaiey oeeaeeenoeee (a aai
iiaeaioiaea o/anoaiaaee iiiaea aeaeiua niaaoneea oeeaeeenou), ii oaea
iai?yioth eiae eaeaieiaece?iaaiiue oa?aeoa?, i?yii, oaenooaeueii
naycuaae niaaoneia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai n eaeayie eiiioiecia,
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nenoaiie, a a i?aaiaii ioiioaiee, ii-i?aaeiaio
eaaaeecoy aiaoaoaeuenoai aeanoe a a?aaeaeaineea ioiioaiey, iai?yioth
i?iaiaeee ?yae noaoai nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ia/ae – i?ei?eoao
ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe, aa?oiaainoai “ieaia” iaae aeiaiai?ii,
i?eioeei “?aaeueiiai” eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa e ae?.

Auaiaeii ioee/aaony io eiaeaenia 1922 e 1964 aa. Caeii, iacaaiiue
“Iniiaaie a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa” e i?eiyoue oaea a oneiaeyo
ia?ano?ieee a 1991 a. A yoii iauanithciii eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiii aeoa ii
a?aaeaeaineiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao aia?aua auee ono?aiaiu oeacaiiua auoa
eaeaieiae/aneea yeaiaiou e iinooeaou, aeeth/ai ?yae nia?aiaiiuo
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo einoeoooia e eiino?oeoeee (a oii /enea ii aii?inai
nianoaaiiinoe, aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa e ae?.). Ii e yoio aeieoiaio a
iieiie ia?a ia io?acee nia?aiaiiuo aeinoeaeaiee eoeueoo?u nia?aiaiiiai
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, anaai nia?aiaiiiai oeeaeeenoe/aneiai i?aaiaiai
eino?oiaioa?ey, a aeaaiia – ia noae aua Eiaeaenii /anoiiai i?aaa,
au?aaeaieai e eino?oiaioii ?aaeecaoeee iniiaiiieaaathueo /anoiii?aaiauo
ia/ae.

Aio oaeiaa enoeiiay ae?aia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, iniaaiii a
oie aai /anoe, eioi?ay no?ieeanue ii eiino?oeoeeyi AE 1922 a.,
aini?eiyaoei /a?ac aei?aaiethoeeiiiua i?iaeou aeinoeaeaiey ie?iaie
/anoiii?aaiaie eoeueoo?u. Iii iaoiaeeeinue a iai?aiaeieeiii i?ioeai?a/ee
(ianoie/eai naeaaeeaaaiii niaaoneeie oeeaeeenoaie) n “ieaiii”,
“i?ei?eoaoii ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe” e ae?oaeie oi?aaeai/aneeie,
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie th?eaee/aneeie ?aaeeyie niaaoneiai a?aiaie, oii?ii
aaiaeeiuie ioeoeeaeueiie aeiaiie a niaea?aeaiea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa eae
io?anee nioeeaeenoe/aneie i?aaiaie nenoaiu.

Ionthaea e oua?aiinoue anae th?eaee/aneie nenoaiu, nouanoaiaaaoae a
niaaoneii iauanoaa. Yoa oua?aiinoue ninoiyea ia oieueei a aa
caeaeaieiaece?iaaiiii e ?ai?anneaiii oa?aeoa?a, ii aua e a oii, /oi a
iae niia?acii eiiioii-aieueoaaenoneie aeiaia nouanoaiaaea iaoeaeaiiinoue
ia ecie/oiaeaiea, iieiia enei?aiaiea /anoiiai i?aaa a iniiaiuo iaeanoyo
iauanoaaiiie aeecie (iaiiiith eaieineea neiaa — “iu ie/aai /anoiiai a
oicyenoaa ia i?eciaai”). Aeaaiaea?y yoiio niaaoneia i?aai i?eia?aei
iaeiiaiei ioaee/iua niaea?aeaiea e iai?aaeaiiinoue, e yoi noaei
oa?aeoa?iui aeaaea aeey oaeie, eacaeinue au, eneiiiie iaeoaee /anoiiai
i?aaa, eae a?aaeaeaineia i?aai, oeeaeeenoeea.

Ae?aia /anoiiai i?aaa a ?innee, ia?yaeo ni anaie eiuie iaaaoeaiuie
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie, eiaao aua iaeio iaaeaaii?eyoioth noi?iio, auoue
iiaeao, iaeaieaa aeaaeueioth aeey iaoaai Ioa/anoaa, aai aoaeouaai.

Iieeoeea ia ecie/oiaeaiea /anoiiai i?aaa a niaaoneii iauanoaa ai iiiaii
a ?aaeueiie aeecie oaai/aeanue oniaoii. Iii oaeoe/anee auei ecaiaii ec
iniiaiuo noa? aeecie iauanoaa. Ioiioaiey a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa ii
aieueoae /anoe ?aaoee?iaaeenue i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie iinoaiiaeaieyie e
aaaeiinoaaiiuie aeoaie (“eino?oeoeeyie”). A a?aeo?aaeiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo
eeoue ec?aaeea, a neo/aa eaeeo-oi caeiau?enouo eaconia, aeaeaeenue
nnueee ia A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen. Ii nooe aeaea, aeaenoaea A?aaeaeaineiai
eiaeaena eae oaeiaiai nio?aieeinue a niaaoneeo oneiaeyo, ia/eiay n
1930-o aa., aeaaiui ia?acii a iaeanoe auoiauo ioiioaiee aea ai
aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeeyo.

Ii caeanue aeae ciaoue i naaa iaeee oaa?aeue, iaoiieeiue caeii
/aeiaa/aneiai auoey. Noieue aea aeanoeee, eae e iaiaoiaeeiinoue /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe aeey /aeiaaea. Aeaaea a naiii /oi ie ia anoue oioaeeoa?iii
iauanoaa (e?iia, e oi, iiaeaeoe, n iaiaeuie aeiioneaie, oaie?aoe/aneeo
iiia?oee, aaea eaaeaeay /aeiaa/aneay iniaue -“aaniethoiue ?aa”).
Iineieueeo a iaoai ie?a ia iii?eua ?aaeueiiai auoey auoae ioaeaeueiue,
aaoiiiiiue /aeiaae, oi naii aai nouanoaiaaiea eae naiinoiyoaeueiiai
eiaeeaeaeooia iaaiciiaeii a

i?eioeeia, anee ii ia eiaao iii?u a “aauao” (noaei auoue, a naiae,
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe) e iii?u a i?aaa, i?eoii eiaiii a /anoiii i?aaa.

Iioiio-oi /anoiia i?aai – iineieueeo nio?aiyaony nouanoaiaaiea /aeiaaea
eae naiinoiyoaeueiiai eiaeeaeaeooia – yaeyaony iaoie/oiaeeiui, “aa/iui”.

E eiaaea /anoiia i?aai oeaeaiai?aaeaiii e oii?ii ecaiiyaony ec
ioeoeeaeueiie, “aeaeeiie” aeecie iauanoaa, oi oiaaea iii ooiaeeo a
“oaiue”, ei?aiiui ia?acii oa?yy i?e yoii naith oeeaeeecaoeeiiioth nooue.
Iioiio /oi “oaiue” – yoi ia /oi eiia, eae e?eieiae, i?anooiiue ie?. Eee,
ai anyeii neo/aa, ia/oi oaeiia, ne?uoia io aeac, iaoiaeyuaany ia cuaeie
a?aie n e?eieiaeii. E ethaeyi, ciaeiiui n “yeiiiieeie nioeeaeecia”,
ecaanoii, /oi aa ?aaeueiay aeeciue a aieueoie, ia?aaeei iiaeaaeythuae
/anoe i?ioiaeeea ca eoeenaie ioeoeeaeueiuo ieaiia e ieaiiauo aeiaiai?ia
/a?ac ?oee iai?ioenouo niaaaeaioeaa e caaneeaaeaie, i?eoii ii oaa?aeui,
ii i?eieoeaiui e?eoa?eyi a iauai-oi /anoii-i?aaiaiai ii?yaeea (“ou iia –
y oaaa”, “ii aeiaiai?aiiinoe”, “oaaaeue”, “y i?inoee – ou i?inoe” e o.
ae.). Oaeei i?aaeeai, eioi?ua a ianoaiiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneie oioaeueiie
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe iaecaaaeii ioaaouaaee oaeaea e aiia?ao, ia?oeeiia e
niaaoneia /eiiaie/anoai, eiaaea ioaeii “ioaeaaiaea?eoue”,
“iiaeaeeoueny”.

A ii?aaeaeaiiuo aea (aeioiaeiuo, “aee?iuo”) naeoi?ao oicyenoaaiiie
aeecie, eiaaea iiyaeythony aieueoea aeaiueae, i?e nioeeaeecia
?anoeaaoaao e e?eieiae a naiai ioe?iaaiiii, iaiaaeaiiii iaee/uea. N
iiaeeoiii, ei??oioeeae e iiaeeiaii. E oai ooaa?aeaeaaony aieia,
iai?ee?uoia “i?aai neeueiiai” – aeeeoao iaoaia e ai?a “a caeiia”, ?acaoe
iiae eo e?ueuoeii “oanoa?ie”, e?eieiaeueiua ?acai?ee, caeiiu iauaaa,
“naie noae” e “naie i?eaiai?u” aac aiaeeyoeee e iaaeaeiaaiee, n
“caeaciui” eniieiaieai i?eaiai?ia.

E iaaei aeaeaoue, /oi iuiaoiea aaaeu a ?innee nii?yaeaiu ia oieueei n
oai, /oi “ea?aeeiaeueiue ia?aoiae e ?uieo” iiae e?ueii anaiiaouae aeanoe
ia/ae inouanoaeyoueny i?e ionoonoaee naiae oeeaeeecaoeeiiiie iniiau –
/anoiiai i?aaa, nia?aiaiiiai a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii e ii
ae?oaie, a /ai-oi ia?aoiie i?e/eia – iaeia “i?aai” eae ?ac auei. Ii yoi
auei, e ai iiiaii inoaaony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, i?aai, ainoaea?noaaiiiai,
/eiiaie/ueaai anaaeanoey, a n ae?oaie – “/anoiia ?acaieie/uea i?aai”
e?eieiaeueiiai ie?a.

Aio e i?eoee iu nae/an e aeeeiio, iieoe?eieiaeueiiio iieo?uieo n
iaiiaaaeeiie ei??oioeeae e ii-i?aaeiaio ananeeueiui /eiiaie/anoaii.

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