Iineianeay iaaeeoeeineay aeaaeaiey ei. E.I.
Na/aiiaa
Eaoaae?a aiaiiie e yeno?aiaeueiie iaaeeoeeiu.
Caaeeaaoaeueiua niane,
ninoaa, n?aaenoaa i?eiaiaiey e
aeinoaaee,
aucuaaaiua iia?aaeaeaiey,
iaoiaeu ea/aiey e caueou.
Eniieieoaeue: nooaeaioea 4 eo?na,
ea/aaiiai oaeoeueoaoa, 45 a?oiiu
I?ioeue E.A.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue: iiaeiieeiaiee
iaaeeoeeineie neoaeau
Aaaiia A.E.
Iineaa
1998 aiae
Iaeaaeaiea.
Enoi?ey i?eiaiaiey caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae
………………………………………….3
Ioaeaeueiua aauanoaa, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa caaeeaaoaeueiuo
nianae…………4
-oa?ieo………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………4
-“yeaeo?ii”…………………………………………………….
………………………………………….4
-iaiaei………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………..5
-ie?iaaeue……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………..6
-aaeue
oinoi?…………………………………………………………
…………………………………6
Iaeiaiaay aieaciue i?e ii?aaeaiee caaeeaaoaeueiuie
n?aaenoaaie……………6
Iaoiaaiaoe/aneea iaoaieciu ?acaeoey iaeiaiaiai oiea i?e iaeiaao
iaiaeiii……………………………………………………….
……………………………………………8
Ea/aiea iaeiaia, aucaaiiuo caaeeaaoaeueiuie
nianyie…………………………….11
N?aaenoaa aeinoaaee caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae e ii?aaeaaiui
oeaeyi………….13
N?aaenoaa caueou io caaeeaaoaeueiuo
nianae………………………………………….14
?enoiee………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………15
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie
eeoa?aoo?u……………………………………………………..
…….16
Enoi?ey i?eiaiaiey caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae.
Caaeeaaoaeueiua niane eniieueciaaee n aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe.
Nouanoaotho oiiieiaiey i iaeiai “a?a/aneii iaia”, ninoiyuai,
aa?iyoii, ec niieu, na?u, naeeo?u, ai?th/eo ianae e ae?oaeo
aauanoa. Ieaiy a?a/aneiai iaiy ia aaneeinue aiaeie.
Enoi?e/aneea oaeou iiaeoaa?aeaeatho i?eiaiaiea a?a/aneiai iaiy
a?aeaie, eioi?ua iieo/eee nae?ao aai ecaioiaeaiey io a?aaia,
aeaaeaaoeo ie?ioaoie/aneeie n?aaenoaaie oiai a?aiaie; a?aau, a
naith i/a?aaeue, caeinoaiaaee aai o eeoaeoeaa, iiaeiaiua niane
auee ?ani?ino?aiaiu ia Ainoiea. A?a/aneee iaiiue eniieueciaaee a
e?aiinoiie, a caoai e a ii?neie aieia. Aeey iiaeaeeaaiey
aea?aayiiuo ei?aaeae ia iino e ai?oao noaeia onoaiaaeeaaeenue
iaaeiua o?oau, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo aua?anuaaee caaeeaaoaeueioth
nianue (i?iia?ac nia?aiaiiuo a?oeeea?eeneeo i?oaeee). Oaeei
niiniaii a 673 aiaeo i?e inaaea Eiinoaioeiiiiey a aeoaa i?e
Eaceea aue oie/oiaeai a?aaneee oeio. A Eaa?aioueaaneie eaoiiene
oiiieiaaony i iaoaiee iaiy o?oaaie ai a?aiy iioiaea eiycy Eai?y
ia Oea?uea?aae a 941 aiaeo. A?a/aneee iaiiue i?eiaiyeny a
aiaiiuo aeaenoaeyo aei 15 aaea. Iicaeiaa oe?iei i?eiaiyeenue
a?aiaea?u – noaea, iaa?oaeaiiua caaeeaaoaeueiuie, ai?th/eie e
ac?ua/aouie aauanoaaie; a?aiaea?u iiaeaeeaaee e ioneaee ii
oa/aieth ia iai?eyoaeueneea ei?aaee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eaea?aeeaathony neaaeothuae
eeanneoeeaoeee caaeeaaoaeueiuo n?aaenoa:
1. Caaeeaaoaeueiua niane, ecaioiaeaiiua ia iniiaa iaoaeeia:
oa?ieo, “yeaeo?ii”.
2. Aaeue e aeaeoue oinoi?.
3. Ayceea caaeeaaoaeueiua niane: iaiaei.
4. Iaoaeeece?iaaiiua ayceea caaeeaaoaeueiua niane: ie?iaaeue.
5. Caaeeaaoaeueiua aeeaeeinoe.
Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee caaeeaaoaeueiua aauanoaa ai
a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ( 1914 – 1918 aa ), a oaeaea a
1939 – 1945 aa. Eie nia?yaeaee aaeaaiiau, a?oeeea?eeneea nia?yaeu,
ieiu, iaiaiaou e o.i..
Ia?aay yoaeiie?iaaiiay aiiaa?aee?iaea ( caaeeaaoaeueiuie
n?aaenoaaie ) auea i?iaaaeaia naiieaoaie ?onneie aaeaoeee a
iiya?a 1914 aiaea i?e inaaea aano?eeneie e?aiinoe Ia?aiuoeue. I?e
iaeaoa ia aaco iaiaoeeie aaeaoeee ia ica?a Aiaa?i aeec ?eae
auei na?ioaii 72 caaeeaaoaeueiua aiiau. Iicaeiaa auee aei?aaioaiu
oa?ieoiua e yeaeo?iiiua ninoaau, naiieaou noaee iniauaoueny
niaoeeaeueiuie aiiaina?anuaaoaeyie ).
A 1941 aiaeo caaeeaaoaeueiua aiiau na?anuaaeenue iaioeaie ia
Eaieia?aae.
Iaiaei iiyaeeny a 1942 a. e i?eiaiyeny ai 2 ie?iaie aieia
e iicaeiaa (Ei?ay,
Auaoiai), a iniiaiii – aieneaie NOA. Aia?aua iaiaei aue
eniieueciaai aia?eeaioeaie a 1942 aiaeo ia oa??eoi?ee ssiiiee,
aaea aia?eeaioeu na?ineee 750 000 aaeaoeeiiiuo iaiaeiiauo aiia.
A oaa?aea 1945 aiaea aia?eeaineea aiiaa?aee?iaueee na?ineee
3,4 eeeioiiiu caaeeaaoaeueiuo aiia ia Ae?acaeai, nicaeaaay oeaae
iaiy, eioi?ue oaee ii i?eaeeceoaeueiui iiaen/aoai 50,000 –
100,000 ethaeae.
A ia?oa 1945 aiaea aia?eeaioeaie auee na?ioaiu 2
eeeioiiiu caaeeaaoaeueiuo
aiia ia Oieei, oie/oiaeea 15,8 eaaae?aoiuo ieeue caiee e
100,000 ethaeae
( iia?aaeaeaiey, niaianoeiua n aeeciueth, auee o
1,000,000 ethaeae ). I?eaaaeai
naeaeaoaeuenoai i/aaeaeoea:
“Aia?eeaioeu a?inaee caaeeaaoaeueiua aiiau ii iniaie
nenoaia, nicaeaaay eieueoea
iiaea?ia. Eoaea au yiiioeu ia oaaaaee, anthaeo eo
ano?a/aea noaia iaiy. *oiau
i?ieiaeeoue oooue aaaouei oieiai, auee iineaiu oaiee. Iie
noaee i?ieaiuaaoue
aei?iao n?aaee ai?yueo aeiieeia, ii oiaea auee caoaa/aiu
iiaea?ii. Caeeiaea aiaea a
aiaeiaiao, e ethaee caaeuoaeenue…”.
A 1951-53 aiaeao aia?eeaioeu eniieueciaaee iaiaei a
Ei?aa, caoai ai Auaoiaia.
Oaeaea iie eniieueciaaee a THaeiii Auaoiaia aaeue oinoi?.
A 1967 aiaeo iaiaei i?eiaiye Ec?aeeue a a?aai-ec?aeeueneii
eiioeeeoa. Oaeaea eniieueciaaeenue aooueee n caaeeaaoaeueiuie
nianyie.
Aio oaea aieaa 20 eao Aiaiii-ii?neie Oeio NOA o?aieo
34100 iaiaeiiauo
aiia a Oieea?oea (Fallbrook). A iauae neiaeiinoe iie
niaea?aeao 11 eeeioiii
iaiaeia. Anee yoe, oaea eiathuea oa/ue aiiau aci?aoony,
yeiiiie/aneee oua?a aoaeao
n?aaiei n i?iecaaaeaiiui aoiiiie aiiaie a Oe?ineia. Yoi oaeaea
iiaeao i?eaanoe e aua?ino ia?iiiiai iaeaea yaeiaeoiai aaca
(aaiciea), yoi oa?iaeaao aeeoaeyi Nai Aeeaai, ?eaa?aaie e
Aiaeueneiiauo Ie?oaao, oae eae aaicie yaeyaony eaioea?iaaiii, /oi
aeieacaii. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yeieiae iaaniieiaiu iinoiyiiie
ooa/eie yaeiaeouo aauanoa n aiaiiuo neeaaeia, ia iaeii
aeanyoeeaoea ianoaeaeaaony aii?in i eeeaeaeaoeee
yoeo neeaaeia.
Ioaeaeueiua aauanoaa, eniieuecoaiua a ninoaaa caaeeaaoaeueiuo
nianae.
Oa?ieo – iauaa iacaaiea nianae, niaea?aeaueo ieenue aeaeaca
e caiaeueiua ninoaau. Ia i?aeoeea /aua ae?oaeo i?eiaiyaony
aeaeaci – aethieieaaue oa?ieo – io ninoieo ec niane ii?ioea ieene
aeaeaca (Fe2O3) – 75 % e aethieieaaie ioae?u. Ecaioiaeaiea aai
naiaeeony e iieo/aieth aethieieaaiai ii?ioea, iaaeeao e
eciaeue/aieth aeaeaciie ieaeeiu e niaoeaaieth ii?ioeia. Ianuiiie
aan niane – 1,8 – 2,0 a/ni3. Ieioiinoue ni?anniaaiiiai oa?ieoa –
3,0 – 3,4 a/ni3. I?e ai?aiee oa?ieoa ?acaeaaaony oaiia?aoo?a aei
2500-3000 a?aaeonia N, /oi /oi aucuaaao ainieaiaiaiea
ie?oaeathueo iaoa?eaeia, ?anieaaeaiea e i?iaeeaaiea iaoaeee/aneeo
iie?uoee. Ainieaiaiaiea oa?ieoa i?ienoiaeeo i?e oaiia?aoo?a 1000
a?aaeonia. Aeey nicaeaiey oaeie oaiia?aoo?u e oa?ieoo aeiaaaeytho
?acee/iua ainieaiaiythuea ninoaau (iai?eia?, niaea?aeauea iaaiee e
ia?aeenue aa?ey eee aeaoieenue ia?aaioea, aa?oieaoiao nieue,
aethieieaaue ii?ioie e na?o). Ai?aiea oa?ieoa aneaaenoaea
ionoonoaey aaciia?aciuo i?iaeoeoia i?ioaeaao ii/oe aac
ia?aciaaiey ieaiaie. A?aiy nai?aiey, a caaeneiinoe io naeeaaaiiai
eiee/anoaa oa?ieoa, eieaaeaony io ianeieueeeo naeoiae aei
ianeieueeeo ieioo. Ana auaeaeythuaany i?e ai?aiee oaiei
aeeoioee?oaony a eiiaeaine?iaaiiie oaca; ia?acothuaany iaoaeee/aneia
aeaeaci e ieenue aethieiey iaoiaeeony i?e yoii a iaiaiii –
aeeaeeii ninoiyiee.
Oa?ieoii nia?yaeathony ieiu, aaeaaiiau, caaeeaaoaeueiua e
a?iiaaieii- caaeeaaoaeueiua nia?yaeu iaaieueoiai eaeea?a ( 2-5 ea ),
?o/iua a?aiaou. Ii i?eiaiyaony, eiaaea iaaei iiaeaea/ue
o?oaeiiainieaiaiyaiua iaoa?eaeu.
Iaeuecy oooeoue oa?ieo iaeui eiee/anoaii aiaeu, o.e. io
?aceaaaao aiaeo, ia?acoy i?e yoii neeueiiac?ua/aooth nianue
aiaei?iaea e eenei?iaea – a?aio/ee aac.
Oa?ieo i?eiaiyaony ia oieueei a aiaiiuo oeaeyo – yoi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaao oeaiiinoue ciaiee i iai eae iao/iuo aeaiiuo, e,
n ae?oaie noi?iiu iiaeao neoaeeoue i?e/eiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
o?aai, iaeiaia. Oa?ieo eniieuecoaony a iaoaeeo?aee aeey iieo/aiey
aacoaea?iaeenouo iaoaeeia ( ia?aaioea, o?iia ) e oa??inieaaia.
Oaeaea i?eiaiyaony oa?ieoiay naa?ea ( ?aeuenia o?aiaaeiuo iooae
e e?oiiuo aeaoaeae – aaeia, coa/aouo eiean, o?oa, oaeaoiiiuo
i?iaiaeia ).
“Yeaeo?ii” – iauaa iacaaiea a?oiiu nieaaia ia iniiaa iaaiey,
niaea?aeaueo, e?iia iaai, 2,5 – 11 % aethieiey, aei 2 % oeeiea,
aei 0,5 % ia?aaioea e aeaeaca. Oaeaeueiue aan nieaaa 1,85 a/ni3.
Aeey ainieaiaiaiey yeaeo?iia o?aaoaony iiuiue oaieiaie eiioeuen
a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie. I?e iaa?aaaiee aei 625 – 650
a?aaeonia N yeaeo?ii ieaaeony e caai?aaony. “Yeaeo?ii” ai?eo
ineaieoaeueii y?eei, aieoaiaaoi-aaeui ieaiaiai, ?acaeaay
oaiia?aoo?o aei 2500 – 3000 a?aaeonia N. A ciia aea
nii?eeiniiaaiey n iiaeaeeaaaiui iaoa?eaeii oaiia?aoo?a cia/eoaeueii
ieaea ( 1300 – 1400 ).
A i?ioeii ii i?eiaiyeny aeey ecaioiaeaiey ei?iona oa?ieoiuo
aiia aanii 2-10 ea.
Oa?ieoiua e yeaeo?iiiua caaeeaaoaeueiua aiiau eaaei oooaony
iooai na?anuaaie eeauaie e eiiaoaie n e?uo caeaiee ia caieth,
iioneaieai a ai/eo n aiaeie eee canuiaieai ianeii.
Iaiaei – ecia/aeueii yoei oa?ieiii iacuaaee “caaonoeoaeue
aeey iaiaiaoiuo e caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae”. Nae/an yoi iiiyoea
oe?a, iii iaicia/aao naio nianue –
naouaiiia ai?th/aa, ninoiyuaa ec aaiceia eee ea?ineia e
aethieieaaiai iuea ( 3-5 %). Aethieieaaia iuei auiieiyao ?ieue
caaonoeoaey e i?aa?auaao aaicei a aeaeaia?acioth ianno ( naouaiea
iaiaeia eia/a iacuaatho aeaeaoeiecaoeeae ). Caaonoeoaee i?eaeatho
iaiaaui nianyi aieueooth noaaeeueiinoue ( oaeea niane ia
?anneaeaathony ), i?e iaiaiaoaiee iiaeii aeinoe/ue aieueoae
aeaeueiinoe, iie iaiueoa aieouaathony ii/aie.
Aethieieaaia iuei – yoi niee aunoeo aee?iuo eeneio (noaa?eiiaay,
iaeueieoeiiaay, ieaeiiaay ). Ionthaea “iaiaei” – nie?auaiea io neia
“iaooaiiaay” e “iaeueieoeiiaay”. Aeey naiiainieaiaiaiey eiiaaea
aeiaaaeytho oinoi?. I?ioeaioiia niioiioaiea aauanoa neaaeouaa: 92
– 96 % aaoiiiaeeueiiai aaiceia, 4 – 8 %, niioaaonoaaiii,
caaonoeoaee, iaiieieoaee e i?.
Aeey iiauoaiey ayceinoe e eeaeeinoe iaiaeia e iaio
aeiaaaeytho eaoaeecaoi? – iaioeci?, a ninoaa eioi?iai aoiaeyo
e?acie e nie?o. Iaiaei i?aaenoaaeyao ec naay aeaeaia?acioth
ianno, oeaaoii io ?iciaiai aei oaiii-ei?e/iaaiai. Ii ieaaaao ia
aiaea
( p= 0,7 – 0,05 ).
Iaiaei ai?eo aieueoei eiioyuei ieaiaiai, eae aaicei, ia?acoaony
iaeaei /a?iiai oaeooeeaiai aeuia, ?acae?aaeathuaai aeuoaoaeueiua
iooe, /oi ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeo e io?aaeaieyi. Oaiia?aoo?a ieaiaie
– aei 1600 a?aaeonia N. Aeey oaaee/aiey oaiia?aoo?u ai?aiey
iaiaeia e iaio aeiaaaeytho iaaiee. Aeeeoaeueiinoue ai?aiey iaeiie
eaiee – 30 ieioo. I?e nai?aiee ia?acoaony aieueoia eiee/anoai
oiene/aneeo aauanoa, a oii /enea oaeaeeneue aac. Iaeiae io
iaiaeia /anoi nii?iaiaeaeathony oa?ie/aneeie iaeiaaie io
aicai?aiey iaeaaeaeu. Aunieay eaoaeueiinoue i?e iaiaeiiauo
iaeiaao iaoneiaeaia iaoiaeui eniieueciaaieai n?aaenoa caueou io
iaiaeia, a oaeaea /anouie ineiaeiaieyie ( oyaeaeui oieii, iioa?ae
niciaiey, anoeeneae, oienaieae ). Iioa?y niciaiey i?e ae?oaeo
oa?ie/aneeo iaeiaao auaaao ?aaeei, oieueei i?e i/aiue aeoaieeo e
iaoe?iuo ii?aaeaieyo; i?e iaiaeiiauo iaeiaao iioa?y niciaiey
aicieeaao oaea i?e ii?aaeaiee 10% iiaa?oiinoe oaea.
Iaiaeiii nia?yaeatho oa?eieoiua aaeaoeeiiiua aiiau
iaiiaaiiiai eee caiaaeeaiiiai aeaenoaey, a oaeaea aaee. Iaiei/ea
oaeie aiiau ecaioaaeeaaaony ec iaoaeea eee ieanoiannu. Aieinoue
e?oiiuo ?aca?aoa?ia – 100 – 600 e, iaeeeo – 5 – 50 e.
I?e iaaeaiee iaiaeiiaay aiiaa ?ac?uaaaony ( ?acaeaaaony ), iaiaei
caai?aaony io ainieaiaieoaeueiiai ca?yaea, i?ienoiaeeo
?aca?anuaaiea caaeeaaoaeueiuo ninoaaia, i?eeeiaiea eo e
ie?oaeathuei i?aaeiaoai e ainieaiaiaiea. Eiaaea iaiaei aniuoeaaao,
oi ieaiy iiaeieiaaony, eae i?e ac?uaa, e eiaao e?aniue oeaao.
I?e iiiaaeaiee iaiaeia ia iaeaaeaeo eee iiaa?oiinoue oaea
iaiaoiaeeii iaeaaeaeo na?ineoue, naeoue ieaiy ianeii, aiaeie eee
i?eaeaoeai e caiea. Iaoaie/anee oaeaeyoue iaiaei iaeuecy – yoi
niinianoaoao oneeaieth ai?aiey. I?eiaiaiea neeueiie no?oe aiaeu
oaeaea iaoeaeaniia?acii – yoi i?eaiaeeo e ?aca?ucaeaaieth iaiaeia.
Eo/oa iia?oceoue a aiaeo ii?aaeaiioth /anoue oaea, anee yoi
aiciiaeii.
Iae?ioece?iaaiiua oeaie i?e ii?aaeaiee iaiaeiii ei?e/iaai-na?iai
oeaaoa, eo ie?oaeaao ciia aeia?aiee, a eioi?ie ia?acothony
iocu?e n e?iayienoie aeeaeeinoueth. Oeaie ioaeatho, anee
ii?aaeaii eeoei, aaee ioaeatho ianoieueei, /oi /aeiaae oa?yao
niiniaiinoue aeaeaoue. Iaiaeiiaua iaeiae /anoi nii?iaiaeaeathony
iaaiiaieai, /oi oneeeaaao aieue, aucuaaao iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u,
o/auaiea ioeuena, oooaeoaiea iauaai ninoiyiey, iioa?th aiiaoeoa,
iaeie?iaea, eaeeioeeoic. Iooi?aeaiea iae?ioe/aneex oeaiae
i?ienoiaeeo i/aiue iaaeeaiii, n ia?aciaaieai iaacia?aaeeaathueo
a?oauo ?oaoeia, ia?ooaieai ooieoeee ii?aaeaiiuo eiia/iinoae.
Ie?iaaeue – naouaiiue aaicei n aeiaaaeaieai iaaieaauo
niaaeeiaiee e anoaeueoa ( eee niieu ), ai?eo eae iaiaei, ii
aeaao aieaa aunieea oaiia?aoo?u. Oooeoue aai o?oaeii – ie?iaaeue
i?eeeiaao e noaiai e iioieeo, iaeaaeaea e eiaea.
Aaeue oinoi? – i?eiaiyaony a ea/anoaa aeuiiia?acothuaai e
caaeeaaoaeueiiai aauanoaa, yia?ae/ii ieeneyaony i?e nii?eeiniiaaiee
n aicaeooii e naiiainieaiaiyaony ia aicaeooa. I?e ai?aiee
ia?acoaony oinoi?iue aiaeae?eo ( P2O5 ), eioi?ue n aeaaie
aicaeooa ia?acoao aaeue aeui ec iaeue/aeoeo eaiaeae oinoi?iuo
eeneio. I?e ai?aiee aaeiai oinoi?a ?acaeaaaony oaiia?aoo?a ieiei
100 a?aaeonia N. Ieioiinoue aaeiai oinoi?a 1,828 a/ni3,
oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey – 44,14 a?aaeonia N.
Eniieuecoaony a a?oeeea?eeneeo nia?yaeao e aiiaao eee a
nianyo.
I?e ?aca?ucaeaaiee ?anoai?a, ninoiyuaai ec 20 aaniauo /anoae
oinoi?a e 1 aaniaie /anoe na?ioaea?iaea, iineaaeiee auno?i
enia?yaony, a inoathueeny a iaeei?acae?iaeaiiii ninoiyiee oinoi?
caai?aaony e iiaeaeeaaao ana ai?th/ea i?aaeiaou, ia eioi?ua ii
iiiae.
Oa?aeoa?iue i?eciae oinoi?iuo iaeiaia – naiaia?aciue /anii/iue
caiao, naa/aiea a oaiiioa, i?e ia?ooaiee ei?ee ?aia ia/eiaao
aeuieoue (naaoyueany e aeuiyuea ?aiu). Aaeue oinoi? ananuaaaony
a e?iaue, ieacuaay ?aci?aoeaiia aeaenoaea ( a eaaeeo neo/ayo
eeeie/anee yoi neaainoue, aieiaie?oaeaiea, aieiaiay aieue,
a?aaeeea?aeey, oioiioa, a oyaeaeuo – ia?ooaiey oeaio?aeueiie
ia?aiie nenoaiu, na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu, ia/aie – aiee,
aeaeoooa, aaiaoiiaaaeey, aeae/iua ieaiaiou a ii/a, oi/a/iua
e?iaieceeyiey ia eiaea, aaiaoo?ey, neaaue a?eoie/iue ioeuen,
aeiioiiey, ?aceia ia?aiia aicaoaeaeaiea n ia?aoiaeii a eiiaoiciia
ninoiyiea). Iaiaoiaeeii i?ae?aoeoue ai?aiea – iaeeaaiea aiaeie,
iie?ay iiaycea; iiaeii eniieueciaaoue oeie/aneea aaneoaee :
2 % iaaeiue eoii?in, 5 % ia?iaiaaiao eaeey, 3 % ia?aeenue
aiaei?iaea a ianuuaiiii ?anoai?a aeaooaeaeeneie niaeu. Ia?acoaony
ieioiay ei?ea, ia i?iioneathuay aicaeooa.
Iia?aoeee ii oaeaeaieth n iiaa?oiinoe eiaee oinoi?a
i?iecaiaeyo a oaiiie eiiiaoa, anee ii?aaeaiu eiia/iinoe, eo
iia?oaeatho a aiaeo ( oaiia?aoo?a 45-50 a?aaeonia N ), /anoue
oinoi?a ieaaeony e noaeaao, inoaeueioth oaeaeytho iiae aiaeie
ia?eae e ieioeaoii. Anee ii?aaeaii ooeiaeua, oi iaeiaiaoth
iiaa?oiinoue iie?uaatho naeoaoeie a 2 % aeea?aiiaoa iao?ey e
oaeaeytho ei?ee ieioeaoaie e naeoaoeaie. Aeey iineaaeothuaai
ea/aiey iaeuecy eniieueciaaoue iacaaua iiaycee, o.e. oinoi?
?anoai?yaony a eeieaeao e eo/oa ananuaaaony. Aeey ai?ueau n
?aci?aoeaiui aeaenoaeai aioo?eaaiii aaiaeeony aetheica 40 % ii
20-40 ie n aeiaaaeaieai 5-10 AAe einoeeia, ia?aeeaaiea e?iae,
aaiaeyo aeoaieiu ( N – 200-300 ia/noo, A1 – aei 30 ia/noo),
na?aea/iua n?aaenoaa – ii iieacaieyi, aeeaoa – eae i?e
caaieaaaieyo ia/aie.
Aeaaiue iio?aaeoaeue oinoi?a – naeueneia oicyenoai ( oinoi?iua
oaeia?aiey ); ii i?eiaiyaony a nie/a/iii i?iecaiaenoaa,
iaoaeeo?aee ( ?aneeneeoaeue e eiiiiiaio iaeioi?uo nieaaia), a
i?aaie/aneii neioaca e ae?.
Iaeiaiaay aieaciue i?e ii?aaeaiee caaeeaaoaeueiuie nianyie.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue ?acieoeo iaaeaeo iaeiaaie, aucaaiiuie
caaeeaaoaeueiuie nianyie, e iaeiaaie ethaie ae?oaie yoeieiaee –
aeey aicieeiiaaiey iaeiaiaie aieacie iaiaoiaeeii cia/eoaeueii
iaiueoaa ii?aaeaiea iiaa?oiinoe oaea, a ea/aiee aea oaeeo
iaeiaia ia?iiiia cia/aiea ea?aao ia?ae/iue oie ( aieaaie ) e
naycaiiua n iei eciaiaiey, eeeie/aneay ea?oeia ?acee/aaony
iacia/eoaeueii, oa/aiea aieaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueii, ?oaoeu ia?acothony
a?oaua, o?iaeothuea, i?eaiaeyuea e eiaaeeaeecaoeee.
?anniio?ei iiae?iaiaa iaoiaaiac iaeiaiaie aieacie i?e ii?aaeaiee
caaeeaaoaeueiuie nianyie.
Iaeiaiaay aieaciue aicieeaao, eiaaea iaeiae 1 noaiaie
iie?uaatho ia iaiaa iieiaeiu iiaa?oiinoe oaea, aeey iaeiaia 2-3
noaiaie – yoi 10%, 4 coaiaie – 5%. Aeoaieea iaeiae,
iie?uaathuea ia iaiaa 20% iiaa?oiinoe oaea iau/ii ianiaianoeiu n
aeeciueth; i?e ieo a ei?ioeea n?iee ?acaeaathony iaia?aoeiua
eciaiaiey ai aioo?aiieo i?aaiao ( o eaaeaeiai 2-3 aieueiiai –
cia/eoaeueii au?aaeaiiua eciaiaiey).
A iaoiaaiaca iaeiaiaie aieacie ea?atho ?ieue ia?ooaiea
ooieoeee eiaeiiai iie?iaa, ia?ooaiea iae?iaoii?aeueiie ?aaoeyoeee,
ia?ae/iue aieaaie oie, ieacii??ay (ionthaea – yeaeo?ieeoiua
eciaiaiey, aaiieec y?eo?ioeeoia), eioieneeaoeey i?iaeoeoaie
?aniaaea ii?aaeaiiuo oeaiae, a oaeaea eioieneeaoeey oieneiaie i?e
aoi?e/iii i?eniaaeeiaiee iee?iaiie eioaeoeee.
?acee/atho neaaeothuea oyaeaeua ineiaeiaiey i?e iaeiaao:
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue – /anoue neaaue ioeuen,
oeeaiic, ?aceia iaaeaiea AAe, aieue a na?aeoea, a?eoiey,
ia?ooaiey i?iaiaeeiinoe, a oyaeaeuo neo/ayo – aeano?oeoeey
ea?aeeiieioeeoia, eioa?eou. Iaaethaeaaony oaaee/aiea ia/aie, ioaee,
aaiiciue canoie a eaaeeo;
ii?aaeaiea aeuoaoaeueiie nenoaiu – ia?ae/iia ii?aaeaiea
aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae, a oaeaea aoi?e/iua iaeiaiaua iiaaiiiee (
oaea a ia?aua aeie iinea iaeiaa). Ii?aaeaiey aicieeatho io
aeaenoaey ia?a eee ai?y/aai aicaeooa; oa?aeoa?iu neaaeu iaeiaa
ia eeoea, io?eieinoue. ?acee/atho iaeia neecenoie, o?aoaia?iioeo
e ia?ae/ioth iaeiaiaoth iiaaiiieth. Aeoaieea
oea?eiicii-iae?ioe/aneea o?aoaia?iioeou e iaeiaiaua iiaaiiiee
i?ioaeatho i/aiue oyaeaei: auno?i ia?anoaao iaeuoea, io/eoaeueiue
eaoaeue,nia/aea nooie, caoai n auaeaeaieai aiieiie iie?iou,
i?eaiaeeo e ino?ie aeuoaoaeueiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe a oyaeaeuo
neo/ayo (o?aaoao o?aoaioiiee). Aoi?e/iua iineaiaeiaiaua iiaaiiiee
aicieeatho aac i?yiiai oa?ie/aneiai ii?aaeaiey eaaeeo,
?acaeaathony ai aoi?e/iii ia?eiaea, i?iyaeythony aieyie a
a?oaeiie eeaoea, iaeuoeie, eaoeai n iie?ioie, iiauoaieai
oaiia?aoo?u oaea. Ineiaeiaieyie eo yaeythony aanoeannu,
yennoaeaoeeiiiua ieaa?eou. Iiaaiiiee ?acaeaathony o 35-40%
aieueiuo, a i?e aeoaieeo iaoe?iuo iaeiaao – o 80-90%
iaiaeaeaiiuo, i?e/eiie eo /aua anaai yaeyaony aooieioaeoeey,
iaoaieciu aicieeiiaaiey – anie?aoeeiiiue, aoaeaeoaoe/aneee,
aeiinoaoe/aneee e naioe/anei-yiaiee/aneee. ?acaeaathony o?iiaicu e
aaiii?aaee a eaaeeo, a a ia?eiae oienaiee e iaeiaiaie eioaeoeee
– yiaieee e iaaiiaiey, aeuoaoaeueiay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue aaaeao e
aeiienee aeeciaiii aaaeiuo i?aaiia.
Aaeuoaiea neeueii iaa?aoiai aicaeooa iiaeao i?eaanoe e ?acaeoeth
iaeiaa neecenoie aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae, ioaeo ai?oaie;
ii?aaeaiea ii/aauaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu – ino?ay ii/a/iay
iaaeinoaoi/iinoue i?ioaeaao n ieeai-, aio?eae, n ?acaeoeai
i?ioaeio?ee, aaiiaeiaeio?ee, acioaiee, e yaeyaony iaeiie ec
aeaaiuo i?e/ei aunieie eaoaeueiinoe o iaiaeaeaiiuo. I?iaiic
noaiiaeony iaaeaaii?eyoiui i?e noieeie aio?ee e ia?anoathuae
acioaiee. Oyaeaeiaieueiua auaeaeytho a /an 5-10 ie ii/e aianoi
30-70 ie a ii?ia. I?ienoiaeeo ii?aaeaiea ia?aioeiu ii/ae
aaiiaeiaeiii, ia?acothueiny i?e aaiieeca y?eo?ioeeoia. Ii/a
noaiiaeony oaiii-ao?ie eee /a?iie ec-ca aaiiaeiaeia.
A 2-3 ia?eiaeao iaeiaiaie aieacie i?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u e
eioieneeaoeee /anoi iaaethaeaaony eeoi?aaei/iay aeueaoieio?ey
(eioaeoeeiiii-oiene/aneee iao?ic).
Iiaeao oaeaea ?acaeony aeeooociue aeiia?oeiiao?eo, i?ioaeathuee
n ioaeaie e aac iiauoaiey aeaaeaiey. A iicaeiea n?iee iaeiaiaie
aieacie ia?acothony eaiie a ii/eao, a naioe/aneii ia?eiaea
aicieeatho aiieiua ineiaeiaiey ( aiieiue iao?eo, ieaeiiao?eo);
ii?aaeaiea ieuaaa?eoaeueiie nenoaiu – iiieaeaiea aiiaoeoa, oioiioa,
?aioa a ia?aua aeie iinea iaeiaa. Iiaeao ?acaeoueny ino?ay
ycaa aeaeoaeea, aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoee n ianneaiuie,
eaoaeueiuie e?iaioa/aieyie e ia?oi?aoeeyie, iaaethaeathony
au?aaeaiiua ia?ooaiey a ino?ii ia?eiaea (nianoe/aneea caii?u,
ia?acu eeoa/ieea, ino?ay aeeeyoaoeey aeaeoaeea). I?e ii?aaeaiee
ia/aie iaaethaeaaony aeaeoooa, o?iaeeeio?ey, iaanoeaa/eaaiea eaea,
iieiaeeoaeueiua ia/aii/iua aeioeie/aneea i?iau.
Eiiaaea ?acaeaaaony oiene/aneee aaiaoeo. *ai iaoe?iaa iaeiae, oai
/aua ii?aaeaaony ia/aiue. Ii?aaeaiea ia/aie /aua anaai ae?oniie
yoeieiaee (cia/aiea eioaeoeee n aaiio?ainooceyie).
Eciaiaiey ni noi?iiu aeae/iiai iocu?y caeeth/athony a
oieaoeenoeoao, aiieiuo a oii /enea.
Iiaeaeaeoaei/iay aeaeaca ioaeaao, iae?ioece?oaony. A ioaeaeaiiua
n?iee iinea iaeiaia eiiaaea ?acaeaaaony naoa?iue aeeaaao;
ii?aaeaiea nenoaiu e?iae – a ia?aue aeaiue iaaethaeaaony
iaeo?ioeeueiue eaeeioeeoic, oiene/aneay ca?ienoinoue iaeo?ioeeia,
naeaea eaeeioeeoa?iie oi?ioeu aeaai aei ieaeioeeoia, yiceiiiaiey,
oaaee/aiea NIY.
Aaiieec nii?iaiaeaeaaony y?eo?ioeeoiiaieae aei 1*10 a oanoie
noaiaie a 1 iee, iiauoaieai aaiiaeiaeia aei 110-120 a/e
aneaaenoaea naouaiey e?iae, iaoneiaeaiiiai ieaciiiioa?ae. A
aeaeueiaeoai auyaeyaony aiaiey, eae neaaenoaea aaiieeca,
e?iaioa/aiey ec iaeiaiauo iiaa?oiinoae, yca e y?icee
aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa, oiene/aneiai oaiaoaiey einoiiai
iicaa.
Aaiii?aae/aneee neiae?ii a aeaea e?iaioa/aiee e e?iaieceeyiee
naycai n ia?ooaieyie a nenoaia naa?ouaaiey e?iae;
ia?ooaiea iaiaia aauanoa – aeia?aeeeaiey, a e?iae oaeaea
ii?aaeaeythony eaoiiiaua oaea (aoeaoii, aoeaoioenoniay eeneioa,
aaoa-iene-ianeyiay eeneioa). ?aii ?acaeaaaony aoeeaeic.
Oiaiueoaaony iauaa eiee/anoai aaeea a ieacia, oiaiueoaiea
niaea?aeaiey aeueaoieiia, oaaee/aiea – aeiaoeeiia, ia?ooaaony
auaeaeaiea inoaoi/iiai acioa, no?aaeaao iaiai aeoaieiia. Ana
auoaoeacaiiia i?eaiaeeo e iaeiaiaiio enoiuaieth.
Aai neiioiiaie yaeythony aaco/anoea, ioeac io ieue, eaoaeney,
i?ieaaeie, ooaiiiaeaeaeiinoue a nonoaaao.
I?e ai?aiee caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae oiaiueoaaony
niaea?aeaiea a aicaeooa eenei?iaea, oaaee/eaathony eiioeaio?aoeee
oaa?iiai e oaeaeeneiai aacia, /oi i?eaiaeeo e io?aaeaieyi. I?e
eiioeaio?aoeee oaeaeeneiai aaca a aicaeooa, ?aaiie 10% /aeiaae
aiaaeaao a aanniciaoaeueiia ninoiyiea e ianooiaao nia?oue.
Oiaiueoaiea niaea?aeaiey eenei?iaea a e?iae ia 1/3 aucuaaao
neiioiiu eenei?iaeiiai aieiaeaiey (aieiaiay aieue, iuoa/iay
neaainoue, iaeuoea, ia?ooaiea na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe), yoi
ineiaeiyao iiiiuue iaiaeaeaiiui.
Iaoiaaiaoe/aneea iaoaieciu ?acaeoey oiea i?e iaeiaao iaiaeiii.
Iaiaeiiaua iaeiae ianeieueei ioee/athony io iaeiaia i?i/eie
caaeeaaoaeueiuie nianyie, iiyoiio oeaeaniia?acii ?anniio?aoue eo
ioaeaeueii.
Ii aeaiiui ca?oaaaeiuo aaoi?ia, i?eiaiaiea iaiaeia a eieaeueiuo
aieiao i?eaiaeeei e iiyaeaieth aei 13 % ii?aaeaiiuo io iauaai
i?ioeaioa naieoa?iuo iioa?ue.
Iaiaei iaeaaeaao au?aaeaiiuie aaeaaceaiuie naienoaaie, oi?ioi
ai?eo a oeaiyo, aeaaea a neo/aa iiiaaeaiey iaeeeo a?uca. N?aaee
ii?aaeaiee, aucuaaaiuo iaiaeiii iaeaieaa /anoi ano?a/athony
iaeiae 3-4 noaiaie, i?e/ai n ii?aaeaieai aieaa 25 % eiaee,
i?aeiouanoaaiii iacaueuaiiuo ioaeaeia ooeiaeua, eeoea e aieiau. O
25-75 % iino?aaeaaoeo auyaeythony oyaeaeua aeano?oeoeaiua eciaiaiey
eiaee e iiaeeaaeaueo oeaiae, aieioue aei iaoaeeaaiey einoae.
E?iia oiai, iaeiae iaiaiiii ni/aoathony n ii?aaeaieai aa?oieo
aeuoaoaeueiuo iooae, iauei ia?aa?aaaieai i?aaiecia e io?aaeaieai
oiene/aneeie i?iaeoeoaie ai?aiey.
Aeiieie?othuei a no?oeoo?a eaoaeueiinoe i?e ii?aaeaiee
iaiaeiii yaeyaony iaeiaiaue oie, ?acaeaathueeny o aieueoeinoaa
ii?aaeaiiuo e aucuaathuee nia?oue io iaia?aoeiuo eciaiaiee o
35-71 % iino?aaeaaoeo. O ii?aaeaiiuo iaiaeiii i?aiaeaaeaao
ia?ae/iue oie ( 74,9 %), naycaiiue n /?acia?ii neeueiui aieaaui
?acae?aaeaieai. Aoi?e/iue oie aucuaathueeny, eae i?aaeei,
oiene/aneeie i?iaeoeoaie, i?aiaeaaeaao i?e iaeiaao ae?oaie
yoeieiaee. Yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi i?iaeaia ?acaeoey ia?ae/iiai
oiea i?e ii?aaeaiee iaiaeiii i?eia?aoaao iniaia cia/aiea, o.e.
aai iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue i?e ea/aiee. A ?acaeoee oiea i?e
ii?aaeaiee iaiaeiii aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho neaaeothuea oaeoi?u:
1. ?acaeoea oiea iaoiaeeony a i?yiie caaeneiinoe io ieiuaaee
ii?aaeaiey:
/anoioa oiea %
ieiuaaeue ii?aaeaiey %
10,4
6-10
53,1
11-20
89,1
21-40
100
100
– aicieeiiaaiea oiea aiciiaeii i?e aeano?oeoeee oeaiae, ianna
eioi?uo cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa, /ai i?e oa?ie/aneeo iaeiaao ae?oaie
yoeieiaee, aaea aaaio, aucuaathuee iaeia, auno?i inouaaao ( ia
iaiaa 20% oeaiae aeieaeii auoue ii?aaeaii aeey aicieeiiaaiey
oiea).
2. Ia/aeueiua ia?eiaeu aicieeiiaaiey iaeiaiaie o?aaiu
oa?aeoa?ecothony ?acaeoeai eiaaoeyoeeiiiiai iae?ica, o?iiaicii
ninoaeia e ?aceei ia?ooaieai iee?ioee?eoeyoeee. Iaeneiaeueii yoio
yooaeo iaaethaeaaony a ciia iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey
iaiaeia.Iaeiaei a nayce n ?ani?ino?aiaieai oaieiaie yia?aee ai
a?aiy ai?aiey iaiaeia ia ie?oaeathuea oeaie aie?oa ciiu
eiaaoeyoeeiiiiai iae?ica ia?acothony o/anoee n oaiia?aoo?ie
i?ia?aaaiey oeaiae aei 45-60 a?aaeonia N. Yoi aucuaaao
aeaiaoo?aoeeth aaeea, ia?aciaaiea cia/eoaeueiiai eiee/anoaa
i?iaeoeoia ?aniaaea, a aicieeathuea ia?ooaiey iee?ioee?eoeyoeee a
aeaiiie ciia nii?iaiaeaeathony ia?ooaieyie aioo?eeeaoi/iiai iaiaia
e aeiiieieoaeueiie aeaaeueth eeaoie (“aoi?e/iue iae?ic”).
Oeacaiiua i?ioeannu iaoneaaeeaatho iiyaeaiea aieueoiai eiee/anoaa
aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo aauanoa, neoaeaueo aeiiieieoaeueiuie
oaeoi?aie ?acae?aaeaiey aooa?aioiuo ia?aia. A yoeo oneiaeyo
i?ienoiaeyo ianoieueei aeoaieea ?anno?ienoaa iee?ioee?eoeyoeee, /oi
a ?acoeueoaoa ia?ooaiey e?iaioiea a ciia ii?aaeaiey ?acei
ia?aie/aaaaony ?aci?aoeey oeaiaauo oieneiia e yaeiaeouo i?iaeoeoia
?aniaaea. Iineaaeiaa ianoiyoaeuenoai oiaiueoaao eo ?ieue a
?acaeoee oiea a ia?aua /anu iaeiaiaie o?aaiu.
3. ss?ei au?aaeaiiue yiioeeiiaeueiue no?ann n oa?aeoa?iui aeey
yoiai ninoiyiey e?aoeia?aiaiiui inaiaiaeaeaieai cia/eoaeueiiai
eiee/anoaa yiaei?oeiia, oaiaoathueo aieaaoth /oanoaeoaeueiinoue.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, a iiiaio iiiaaeaiey ai?yuaai aaey iaiaeia
ia eiaeo aiee ia iuouaaony, ii ii ia?a ai?aiey oeaiae
aeaeaiea e aieue oneeeaaaony. *a?ac ianeieueei aeanyoeia naeoiae
aieue noaiiaeony ianoa?ieiie. Yoi naycaii n ia?ae/iui /?acau/aeii
neeueiui ?acae?aaeaieai aieaauo ?aoeaioi?ia a ciia ?ac?ooaiey
eiaeiiai iie?iaa e aeoaaeaeaaeaueo oeaiae, a oaeaea a ciia
?acaeoey “ia?aiae?ica”.
?acaeaaaony ianoieueei neeueiia aicaoaeaeaiea e iai?yaeaiea
OeIN, a aeaeueiaeoai ianooiaao aeeneii?aeeiaoeey aa aeayoaeueiinoe
e ?acaeoea oiea. I?ioeannu iia?aaeaeaiey i?e yoii i?ioaeatho
noaaeeeii.
Iaee/ea iiuiuo iioieia aooa?aioiie eiioeuenaoeee i?eaiaeyo e
oeie/iui aeey oyaeaeiai no?anna aeoeaaoeee aae?aia?ae/aneie
nenoaiu e ia?ooaieth yiaeie?eiiie ?aaoeyoeee, /oi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, aeeth/aao 2 iniiaiuo iaoaiecia ?aaoeyoeee :
neiiaoiaae?aiaeiaoth e aetheiei?oeeieaeioth nae?aoeeth. A
?acoeueoaoa ia?ae/iiai aicaoaeaeaiey neiiaoiaae?aiaeiaie nenoaiu
oaaee/eaaaony auaeaeaiea eaoaoieaieiia n auno?ui iaeiieaieai eo a
e?iae e oeaiyo. Aicaoaeaeay ?aoeaioi?u a oeaiyo, eaoaoieaieiu
iiauoatho iaiaiiua i?ioeannu, i?ienoiaeyuea n eniieueciaaieai
eenei?iaea. Ia?aiia/aeueii yoi eiiiaine?oaony aicaoaeaeaieai
aeaaeeeo iuooe aai e oaaee/aieai aeaaeaiey a iieuo aaiao. A
iiaeeiaeiie aee?iaie eeao/aoea, neaeaoiie ioneoeaoo?a, io/anoe a
eeoa/ieea oiaiueoaaony e?iaioie.
Aicaoaeaeaiea aeueoa-aae?aii?aoeaioi?ia i?eaiaeeo e niacio
ninoaeia e ia?aie/aieth iauaiiiai e?iaioiea. Ia yoii oiia
caiaaeeyaony aaiiciue e?iaioie aieioue aei iiyaeaiey
iayoieeiia?aciuo aeaeaeaiee e?iae.
Aicieeaao oa?aeoa?iue aeey iaeiaia iaiaeiii eeeie/aneee neiioii
– cia/eoaeueiia oaaee/aiea iauaai ia?aoe?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey e
aeeeoaeueiia, io ianeieueeeo /ania aei 1-2 nooie, iiauoaiea
e?iayiiai aeaaeaiey. Yoa ea?oeia ni/aoaaony n ?acaeoeai y?ei
au?aaeaiiie e n?aaieoaeueii aeeeoaeueii i?ioaeathuae (aei 1-2 nooie)
y?aeoeeueiie oacu oiea.
Iineieueeo aicaoaeaeaiea eeiae/aneiai eiiieaena e
neiiaoiaae?aiaeiaie nenoaiu i?e iaeiaao iaiaeiii nii?iaiaeaeaaony
aeeeoaeueiui iioi?iui aicaoaeaeaieai iino?aaeaaoeo, oi ia oiia
iaaeinoaoi/iiai e?iaiia?auaiey yoi i?eaiaeeo e n?aaieoaeueii
auno?iio iaeiieaieth iaaeiieeneaiiuo i?iaeoeoia ia?aiia/aeueii a
neaeaoiie ioneoeaoo?a, ai aioo?aiieo i?aaiao, a iioii a e?iae.
A ?acoeueoaoa iiauoaaony i?iieoeaaiinoue, oaaee/eaaaony aieinoue
iee?ioee?eoeyoi?iiai ?onea, aicieeaao iaoieiae/aneia aeaiiie?iaaiea
e?iae e ?acaeaaaony aeiiaieaiey.
Eeeie/aneea aeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi y?aeoeeueay
noaaeey oiea i?e iaeiaao iaiaeiii i?iaeieaeaaony iau/ii aeieai e
/oi i?ioeann iia?aaeaeaiey eeaoie aeeciaiiiaaaeiuo i?aaiia e
iinoaiaiiia aeaiiie?iaaiea e?iae ?acaeaaaony iaaeeaiiaa, /ai i?e
iau/iuo oa?ie/aneeo iaeiaao. Iineaaeiaa iiaeii naycaoue n oai,
/oi aicaoaeaeaiea neiiaoiaae?aiaeiaie nenoaiu i?eaiaeeo e
iiauoaieth nae?aoeee eaoaoieaieiia e aetheiei?oeeieaeia.
I?e iaeiaao iaiaeiii aunieee o?iaaiue aetheiei?oeeieaeia a
e?iae ia?anoaao aeiaieueii auno?i, e eo i?ioaeoeaiia aeaenoaea
ioee/aaony cia/eoaeueiie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth. Iineaaeiaa
iaania/eaaao aeeeoaeueiia iiaeaea?aeaiea aunieiai o?iaiy nenoaiiiai
e?iayiiai aeaaeaiey e iuoa/iie ?aaiou na?aeoea.
Iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao i?ioaeoeaiia aeaenoaea
aetheiei?oeeieaeea ia iiiaea oeaie e i?aaiu. Iie noaaeeece?otho
iaia?aiu oo/iuo eeaoie e aacioeeia e oaiaoatho oai naiui
nae?aoeeth eie aaciaeoeaiuo noanoaioeee – aenoaieia, na?ioiieia.
A oi aea a?aiy, iiae aicaeaenoaeai aetheiei?oeeieaeia
aeoeaece?oaony aenoaieiaca e iiauoathony aenoaieiiiaioe/aneea
naienoaa e?iae. Ia?aeeaeueii ai?iiiu eece?otho
ei?oeei/oanoaeoaeueiua eeioioeeou e oaaee/eaatho niaea?aeaiea
aioeoae, aaiia-aeiaoeeiia e aieiieeneio a e?iae.
Aetheiei?oeeieaeu niaianoii n eaoaoieaieiaie niinianoaotho
aeoeaaoeee ai?iiii-caaeneiie eeiacu, iiaeeecotho
iayoa?eoeoee?iaaiiua aee?iua eeneiou ec aee?iauo aeaii e
aucuaatho aeia?eeieaeaieth. A yoeo oneiaeyo neaeaoiay e io/anoe
aeaaeeay ioneoeaoo?a i?eia?aoaao niiniaiinoue ooeeece?iaaoue
i?aeiouanoaaiii aee?iua eeneiou, /oi ia?aie/eaaao iio?aaeaiea
aetheicu e aeoeaece?oao ooeeecaoeeth oaeaaiaeia.
Oa?iaeiaeeiaie/aneia aeaenoaea aetheiei?oeeieaeia i?e iaeiaao
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia aeineioac aaeeia-oa?iaioia a eeaoeao, caiaoii
iiauoay eo ?acenoaioiinoue e aeaenoaeth iaoiaaiiuo aaaioia. Ana,
aianoa acyoia, aiai?eo i oii, /oi i?e iaeiaao iaiaeiii no?ann
i?ioaeaao ia?aiia/aeueii a ?acoeueoaoa i?aeiouanoaaiiiai
aicaoaeaeaiey aooa?aioiuo i?eai?ia a ciia ii?aaeaiey. Ii ea?aao
ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a iiaeaea?aeaiee y?aeoeeueiie oacu oiea a
oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai n?iea.
Eeeie/aneay i?aeoeea iiaeoaa?aeaeaao, /oi a ia?aua /anu
ii?aaeaiey iaiaeiii, eiaaea i?aiaeaaeathuae yaeyaony y?aeoeeueiay
noaaeey oiea, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiie oa?aieae n/eoaaony i?eiaiaiea
aiaeueaaoeeia, naaeaoeaiuo n?aaenoa e oeaio?aeueiuo neiiaoieeoeeia,
/oi niiniaii a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aaeioa?aoeoue ?acaeoea
oyaeaeie
aeiiaieaiee n iineaaeothuei aicieeiiaaieai oi?ieaeiie noaaeee
oiea. O ii?aaeaiiuo iaiaeiii yoa noaaeey ianooiaao cia/eoaeueii
iicaea, /ai i?e iau/iuo oa?ie/aneeo iaeiaao. Ii anee iia
ianooieea, oi aeey iaa oa?aeoa?ii i/aiue auno?ia ?acaeoea e
ia?aoiae a oa?ieiaeueioth noaaeeth.
Iaoiaaiac oi?ieaeiie noaaeee oiea i?e iaeiaao iau/ii
?anniao?eaatho n oi/ee c?aiey aaaeouae aeiee ananuaaiey
oiene/aneeo i?iaeoeoia ?aniaaea ec ciiu iia?aaeaeaiey. Iaeiaei
i?e ii?aaeaiee iaiaeiii yoio oaeoi? iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue a
ea/anoaa aaaeouaai, iioiio /oi a ciia ii?aaeaiey ooieoeey
iee?ioee?eoeyoi?iiai ?onea ia ainnoaiaaeeaaaony a ia?eiae
y?aeoeeueiie noaaeee oiea e a yoie ciia ia ioia/aaony, eae
i?e iaeiaao ae?oaie yoeieiaee, yaeaiee ainiaeaiey. I?e ionoonoaee
aea yaeaiee a?oa?eaeueiie e aaiiciie aeia?aiee e ioaea
iaaiciiaeii ananuaaiea cia/eoaeueiiai iauaia i?iaeoeoia ?aniaaea
ec ciiu ii?aaeaiey.
I?aaeiieaaatho, /oi auno?ia ?acaeoea oi?ieaeiie e oa?ieiaeueiie
oac oiea ianooiaao a ?acoeueoaoa “n?uaa” caueoiuo iaoaieciia,
aeeth/athueo aeaenoaea ?yaea oaeoi?ia. Aaaeouei ec ieo yaeyaony
i?ia?anne?othuaa ia?anoaiea ia?ooaiee ?aaeiia?iie aaiiaeeiaieee a
“oie-i?aaiao”. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai naycaii ni cia/eoaeueiui
oaaee/aieai i?iieoeaaiinoe yiaeioaeey eaieeey?ia.
Ianneaiia iinooieaiea aeeaeeie /anoe e?iae a iaaeeeaoi/iia
i?ino?ainoai ec iee?ioee?eoeyoi?iiai ?onea aia ciiu ii?aaeaiey
iaiaeiii cia/eoaeueii eciaiyao ?aieiae/aneea naienoaa e?iae,
ia?ooaao niioiioaiea aaeeiauo o?aeoeee, iiauoaao ayceinoue,
i?eaiaeeo e aa?aaaoeee oi?iaiiuo yeaiaioia, /oi a naith
i/a?aaeue iioaioee?oao ?anno?ienoaa iee?ioee?eoeyoeee. A
?acoeueoaoa ia?acothony “iiaeieoeu” iaaeaeo iinoaaeie eenei?iaea
oeaiyi oieii e?iae e aai ecauoi/iie ooeeecaoeeae a eeaoeao. Yoi
onoaoaeyao aeiieneth e iaoaaiee/aneee aoeeaeic. A eoiaa
?acaeaaaony i?ia?anne?othuee aeaoeoeeo iauaia oee?eoee?othuae
e?iae. A naith i/a?aaeue, aeiiaieaiey iaoneaaeeaaao oiaiueoaiea
aaiiciiai aica?aoa, e aicieeaao ii?i/iue e?oa – oiaiueoaiea
oaea?iiai e ieiooiiai iauaiia e?iaiia?auaiey.
A yoio ia?eiae ?acaeoey oiea cia/eoaeueii iaaeaao aeoeaiinoue
oa?iaioiuo nenoai ec-ca i?ia?anne?othuae aeieaaeu
noeueoaeae?eeueiuo a?oii aaeeia, aoiaeyueo a eo ninoaa, a oaeaea
oeeoiieaciaoe/aneeo ?aoeaioi?ia e ae?.
Iaeuecy eneeth/eoue e oio oaeo, /oi ?acaeoeth oi?ieaeiie
noaaeee oiea, eae e i?e oeie/iuo oa?ie/aneeo iaeiaao,
niioonoaoao i?iaeoeoeey ieiea?aeeiaeai?anneaiiai oaeoi?a. A yoeo
oneiaeyo ?aciauaaony acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo yeaeo?e/aneie
aeoeaiinoueth oeeoiieaciaoe/aneie iaia?aiu e nie?aoeoaeueiui
aiia?aoii ea?aeeiieioeeoia, cia/eoaeueii ineaaeyaony ianiniay
ooieoeey na?aeoea, ia?ooaaony aeeanoiee/aneia ?anneaaeaiea e, eae
neaaenoaea yoiai, ?acaeaaaony i?ia?anne?othuay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue
na?aea/iiai aua?ina.
Ni/aoaiea oiaiueoaiey na?aea/iiai aua?ina ni niaciii
?acenoeaiuo ninoaeia i?eaiaeeo e au?aaeaiiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe
e?iaiia?auaiey e ianneaiiio iaeiieaieth iaaeiieeneaiiuo i?iaeoeoia
a oeaiyo. Iiyoiio a ia?eiae oi?ieaeiie noaaeee oiea, aucaaiiiai
iaiaeiii, eae e i?e iaeiaao ae?oaie yoeieiaee, iiaoo
?acaeaaoueny oyaeaeua ia?ooaiey ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo
i?ioeannia, naycaiiua n iia?aaeaeaieai ieoioiiae?ee, eecinii,
y?aanoiieaciu e aeaaea yae?a. Ia yoii oiia neeueii no?aaeaao
ooieoeey “oie-i?aaiia”. Ia/aiue oo?a/eaaao niiniaiinoue
neioace?iaaoue aeeeiaai. A ?acoeueoaoa iia?aaeaeaiey nenoai
oa?iaioia aeeeiaaiieeca i?ae?auaaony ooeeecaoeey aeeeiaaia,
ianiio?y ia oi, /oi aeaaea i?e oyaeaeie oi?ieaeiie noaaeee oiea
aeeeiaaiiaua caianu aaiaoioeeoia ninoaaeytho aei 30% io
enoiaeiuo.
I?ia?anne?othuay aeoeaaoeey ia?aeeniiai ieeneaiey, en/aciiaaiea
iae?iy?aia, oaiaoaiea ooieoeee E- Na+ – ianina, ianneaiua
iia?aaeaeaiey iaia?ai i?eaiaeyo e iae?ico eeaoie ia/aie, eo
aooieeco e iiyaeaieth aeiiieieoaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia ?aniaaea.
Aueeth/aiea aioeoiene/aneie, neioaoe/aneie, ?aaoeyoi?iie ooieoeee
ia/aie ?acei iioaioee?otho iaiaiiua ia?ooaiey, yoi i?eaiaeeo e
auno?iio iaeiieaieth aiieaea, aieiiiai acioa e ae?oaeo oiene/aneeo
i?iaeoeoia. A yoio ia?eiae ?acaeaathony cia/eoaeueiua ia?ooaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe ii/ae. Aicieeaao oaiaoaiea i?ioeannia oeeueo?aoeee
a eeoai/eao e nae?aoeee a eaiaeueoeaaii aiia?aoa.
A oi?ieaeioth oaco oiea ia?ooaiey noaiiayony ianoieueei
aeoaieeie, /oi ?acaeaathony yaeaiey ino?ie ii/a/iie
iaaeinoaoi/iinoe n oa?aeoa?iui aeey yoiai ninoiyiey ?aceei
oiaiueoaieai eee?aina, o?aieae, aueeth/aieai ii/a/iiai iaoaiecia
?aaoeyoeee eeneioii-iniiaiiai ninoiyiey, i?ioeannia aeacaieie?iaaiey
aieiieeneio, i?iaeoeoeee aaciaeoeaiuo noanoaioeee.
Ii iiaeiaiiio aea iaoaiecio ?acaeaathony ia?ooaiey
oee?eoeyoeee e?iae a eaaeeo. Oeaio?aeecaoeey e?iaioiea i?eaiaeeo e
oiaiueoaieth aeuoaoaeueiie iiaa?oiinoe eaaeeo, iaaeinoaoi/iinoe
ieneaaiaoeee e?iae, cia/eoaeueiia iaaeaiea aa eeneioiie aieinoe.
Ia?ooaiey oee?eoeyoeee e iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia i?e iaeiaao
iaiaeiii iaaethaeaaony e a ae?oaeo i?aaiao.
Ea/aiea iaeiaia.
Ea/aiea iaeiaia ethaie yoeieiaee caeeth/aaony a ieacaiee
ia?aie iiiiue ia ianoa i?ienoanoaey, a ai?ueaa n ineiaeiaieyie (
oie e ae?. ), ia?ae/iie ia?aaioea iaeiaiaie iiaa?oiinoe, ianoiii
e iauai ea/aiee. Caeanue aoaeoo ?anniio?aiu iauea iieiaeaiey, a
/anoiua iniaaiiinoe auee oeacaiu auoa, a /anoe “Ioaeaeueiua
aauanoaa, eniieuecoaiua a ninoaaa caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae”.
Ia?aay iiiiuue aeieaeia iaania/eoue i?ae?auaiea aeaenoaey
o?aaie?othuaai aaaioa, i?ioeeaeoeeo oiea, eioeoee?iaaiey iaeiaiaie
iiaa?oiinoe e yaaeoaoeeth iino?aaeaaoaai a ea/aaiia o/?aaeaeaiea.
Iinea i?ae?auaiey aicaeaenoaey aunieie oaiia?aoo?u ( auiin ec
iaiy, oaeaeaiea /anoae caaeeaaoaeueiie niane, ai?yueo i?aaeiaoia e
ae?. ) n iino?aaeaaoeo o/anoeia oaea aieueiiai nieiatho eee, /oi
iaiaa o?aaiaoe/ii, n?acatho iaeaaeaeo e ia iaiaeaeaiiua
iiaa?oiinoe iaeeaaeuaatho anaioe/aneoth iiayceo. I?e neeueiuo
aieyo iiae eiaeo e aioo?eaaiii aaiaeyo 2 ie 1 % ?anoai?a
ii?oeia eee iiiiiiia, iinea /aai aieueiiai iaiaaeeaiii iai?aaeytho
a ea/aaiia o/?aaeaeaiea.
A noaoeeiia?a i?eieiatho n?i/iua ia?u ii eeeaeaeaoeee oiea,
aaiaeyo i?ioeainoieaiy/ioth nuai?ioeo e i?iecaiaeyo ia?ae/ioth
ia?aaioeo iiaa?oiinoe iaeiaa. Iaeei ec niiniaia aa caeeth/aaony
a oii, /oi a oaieie ( oaiia?aoo?a 25 a?aaeonia N ) iia?aoeeiiiie
eee /enoie ia?aayci/iie i?e iaacaieeaaiee ( ia?eic eee ianoiay
aianoacey ) noa?eeueiuie ia?eaauie oa?eeaie, nii/aiiuie yoe?ii eee
0,5 % ?anoai?ii iaoaou?iiai nie?oa, ouaoaeueii iaiuaatho
ii?aaeaiioth iiaa?oiinoue e ie?oaeathuoth eiaeo; ioneiaiiue
yieaea?ien e eii?iaeiua oaea iieiinoueth oaeaeytho. Iiaa?oiinoue
iaeiaa aunooeaatho noa?eeueiuie naeoaoeaie e i?ioe?atho nie?oii,
iinea /aai iaeeaaeuaatho noa?eeueioth iiayceo n neioiieoeeiiaie
yioeueneae, noa?eeueiui aacaeeiiaui ianeii ( eneeth/aii i?e
oinoi?iuo iaeiaao ) ni nie?oii, ?anoai?ii oo?aoeeeeia eee
iiiauatho aieueiiai iiae ea?ean ec noa?eeueiuo i?inouiae i?e
ioe?uoii iaoiaea ea/aiey.
Ana iiiaiia?aciua iaoiaeu ianoiiai ea/aiey iaeiaia iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia /aou?a a?oiiu: 1) cae?uoua, 2) ioe?uoua, 3) niaoaiiua,
4) iia?aoeaiua. Auai? iaoiaea ea/aiey ii?aaeaeyaony oyaeanoueth
iaeiaa, a?aiaiai, i?ioaaeoei n iiiaioa o?aaiu, oa?aeoa?ii
ia?ae/iie ia?aaioee e ianoaiiaeie, a eioi?ie aoaeao i?iaiaeeoueny
ea/aiea.
I?e cae?uoii iaoiaea ea/aiey ia iiaa?oiinoue iaeiaa
iaeeaaeuaatho iiaycee n ?acee/iuie aauanoaaie ( i?ioeaiiaeiaiaay
iacue, yioeueney neioiieoeeia, aeeieneaeeiiaay iacue e ae?. ).
A iineaaeiea aiaeu noaee i?eiaiyoue neaaeothuee iaoiae:
ia?aaioaiioth iiaa?oiinoue iaeiaia cae?uaatho oea?eiiauie eee
ieanoianniauie ieaieaie, caueuathueie ?aiaaoth iiaa?oiinoue, e
iiae ieaiee aaiaeyo aioeaeioeee, i?aiyonoaothuea ?acaeoeth
eioaeoeee. I?aeiouanoaa yoiai iaoiaea neaaeothuea: oiaiueoaiea
iianiinoe eioeoee?iaaiey iaeiaa, aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey a ethauo
oneiaeyo ( iieeeeeieea, noaoeeiia?, aiaiii-iieaaua o/?aaeaeaiey e
ae?. ), iiaeaeaeiinoue aieueiiai, iaeaa/athuay ai?ueao n
ineiaeiaieyie ni noi?iiu na?aeoea, eaaeeo, n eiio?aeoo?aie
nonoaaia, aiciiaeiinoue o?ainii?oe?iaee. Iaaeinoaoeaie aai yaeythony
cao?oaeiaiea i?e iaaethaeaiee ca ?aiaaie iiaa?oiinoueth,
aieaciaiiinoue ia?aaycie e ?ac?ooaiea i?e ieo /anoe a?aioeyoeee e
yieoaeey.
Ioe?uoue iaoiae ea/aiey i?eiaiytho a aeaoo aeaeao: a) aac
ia?aaioee iiaa?oiinoe iaeiaa aeoayueie aauanoaaie e a) n
nicaeaieai ia iiaa?oiinoe iaeiaa ei?i/ee
( no?oia ) iooai ia?aaioee eiaaoee?othueie i?aia?aoaie. I?e
ioe?uoii iaoiaea ea/aiey aac ia?aaioee aeoayueie i?aia?aoaie
aieueiiai iinea ia?ae/iie ia?aaioee iaeiaiaie iiaa?oiinoe
oeeaaeuaatho ia e?iaaoue, cai?aaeaiioth noa?eeueiie i?inouiae, e
iiiauatho iiae ea?ean ec noa?eeueiuo i?inouiae. N iiiiuueth
yeaeo?e/aneeo eaiii/ae iiaeaea?aeeaatho oaiia?aoo?o 23 – 25 °N.
?aiaaay iiaa?oiinoue iiaenooeaaaony e iie?uaaaony ei?i/eie, iiae
eioi?ie e i?ienoiaeeo caaeeaeaiea. I?e ?acaeoee iaaiiaiey ei?i/eo
nieiatho e ia?aoiaeyo ia cae?uoue iaoiae ea/aiey.
Ioe?uoue iaoiae, n ia?aaioeie aeoayueie aauanoaaie i?eiaiytho
i?e cia/eoaeueiie ieaciiiioa?a e iianiinoe eioeoee?iaaiey iaeiaia.
I?e yoii iiaa?oiinoue iaeiaa ia?aaaouaatho aeoayueie,
i?eaeeaathueie i?aia?aoaie ( 2-3 % ?anoai? ia?iaiaaiaoa eaeey, 10 %
?anoai? ieo?aoa na?aa?a ). Iinea oaeie ia?aaioee iiaa?oiinoue
iaeiaa iie?uaaaony ieioiie yeanoeeiie ei?i/eie, eioi?ay e caueuaao
?aio io eioaeoeee. Iiae oaeie ei?eie, anee ia ?acaeaaaony
iaaiiaiea, ianooiaao caaeeaeaiea iaeiaiaie iiaa?oiinoe. I?e
?acaeoee eioaeoeee iinea oaeaeaiey ei?i/ee ia?aoiaeyo ia cae?uoue
iaoiae ea/aiey.
Niaoaiiue iaoiae caeeth/aaony a i?eiaiaiee ioe?uoiai e
cae?uoiai iaoiaeia ea/aiey. ?acaeoea iaaiiaiey iaeiaiaie
iiaa?oiinoe canoaaeyao ia?aoiaeeoue io ioe?uoiai e cae?uoiio
iaoiaeo e i?eiaiaieth iiaycie n ?acee/iuie i?aia?aoaie. ?yae
aieueiuo, ea/eaoeony cae?uoui iaoiaeii, ia?aaiaeyo ia ioe?uoue
iaoiae n oeaeueth iiaenooeaaiey ia?aciaaaoaeny ei?i/ee e iieiiai
caaeeaeaiey iaaieueoeo ?aiaauo iiaa?oiinoae.
I?e aeoaieeo, ii ia?aie/aiiuo ii ieiuaaee iaeiaao ( aei 10
% iiaa?oiinoe oaea ) e oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiii iauai ninoiyiee
ii?aaeaiiuo iieacaiu iia?aoeaiua iaoiaeu – ?aiiyy iae?yeoiiey (
4-e aeaiue iinea iaeiaa ) e ia?ae/iay eiaeiay aooiieanoeea.
Aiiiieanoe/aneea ia?anaaeee eiaee i?iecaiaeyo aeey a?aiaiiiai
cae?uoey iaoe?iuo aeaoaeoia i?e oyaeaeii ninoiyiee iino?aaeaaoeo.
I?e iaoe?iuo iaeiaao eiiaaea ia?acothony aieueoea ayei
a?aioee?othuea ?aiu, eioi?ua iaaeeaiii yieoaeece?othony e
caaeeaatho. A yoeo neo/ayo iieacaia naiaiaeiay ia?anaaeea eiaee.
Iauaa ea/aiea ii?aaeaeyaony aiciiaeiuie ineiaeiaieyie,
ia?ooaieyie ooieoeee i?aaiia e nenoai. N?aco iinea iaeiaa
i?eieiatho ia?u i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e ea/aiey oiea: nia?aaaiea,
iieie, iiaieaeiiaay aeieaaea e ae?oaea ia?u ai?ueau n aieueth,
aaaaeaiea a?iieaeia, ia?aeeaaiea e?iae eee ieaciu,
e?iaacaiaieoaeae. I?e iaeiaiaii oiea ?acei ia?ooaii ananuaaiea
aeeaeeinoe ec oeaiae a ninoaeenoia ?onei, a nayce n yoei
na?aea/iua e aieaooieythuea n?aaenoaa aaiaeyo a aaio.
A iineaaeothuea aeie aaaeaony ai?ueaa n aeiii?ioaeiaieae,
naouaieai e?iae e eioieneeaoeeae: aaiaeyo aieueoea aeicu nuai?ioee,
ieaciu ( 1,0-1,5 e a aeaiue ), ecioiie/aneee ?anoai? oei?eaea
iao?ey ( aei 2 e ), 40 % ?anoai? aetheicu ( ii 60-100 ie), 10 %
?anoai? oei?eaea iao?ey ( ii 40-50 ie ), e?iaacaiaieoaee,
aaeeiaua aeae?ieecaou e ae?. A yoie oaca oa/aiey iaeiaia
iieacaia eioaineaiay eiooceiiiay oa?aiey, iaeeueiia ieouea ( 2-3
eeo?a e aieueoa ), 200-300 a/aaeea/noo n ieuae, aeoaieiu.
I?ioeeaeoeeo eioaeoeee e ai?ueao n iae ia/eiatho n ia?auo
aeiae. Iiieii ianoiiai i?eiaiaiey aioeaeioeeia a aeaea ?anoai?ia,
yioeuenee e iacae, iaycaoaeueii eo aaaaeaiea aioo?ue eee
aioo?eiuoa/ii a aieueoeo aeicao ( iaieoeeeeei ii 500 000 AAe 6-8
?ac, no?aioiieoeei 1 a/noo e ae?. ). A aeaeueiaeoai aeae e
aeico aioeaeioeea ii?aaeaeytho ii ?acoeueoaoai enneaaeiaaiey oei?u
iaeiaiaie iiaa?oiinoe ia /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e aioeaeioeeai.
A nayce n aieueoeie iioa?yie aaeea aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao
aeoniia, aunieieaei?eeiia, aiaaoia aaeeaie e aeoaieiaie ieoaiea. O
aieueiiai n iaeiaaie anaaaea aicieeaao ia?ooaiea aeoaieiiiai
aaeaina, iiyoiio iieacaii aaaaeaiea anei?aeiiaie eeneiou ,
aeoaieiia a?oiiu A, aeoaieiia A, ??, A e ae?.
Iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea ieacuaatho iiaoi?iua ia?aeeaaiey e?iae,
ieaciu. I?e ia?aie/aiiuo iaeiaao III noaiaie iieacaii ?aiiaa
enna/aiea eo n iaeiaeaieai ia?ae/iiai oaa ia ?aio eee ni
naiaiaeiie ieanoeeie eiaee.
I?iaiic i?e iaeiaao ii?aaeaeyaony iiiaeie oaeoi?aie: aeoaeia e
iaoe?iinoue ii?aaeaiey, aic?ano e ninoiyiea iino?aaeaaoaai,
oa?aeoa? o?aaie?othuaai aaaioa
( ieaiy, eeiyoie e ae?. ), iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea niioonoaothueo
o?aai, caaieaaaiee e ae?. I?e caaeeaeaiee iaoe?iuo e aeoaieeo
iaeiaia iiaoo ?acaeoueny a?oaua ?oaoeu, i?eaiaeyuea e eiio?aeoo?ai
nonoaaia.
Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie nia?oe i?e iaeiaao yaeythony oie, oienaiey,
eioaeoeey e yiaieey.
Iaeiae iaiaa 10 % iiaa?oiinoe oaea ?aaeei i?eaiaeyo e nia?oe;
n?aaee aieueiuo n ii?aaeaieai 50 % iiaa?oiinoe oaea e aieueoa
i?ioeaio eaoaeueiinoe aieueoie.
N?aaenoaa aeey aeinoaaee caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae e ii?aaeaaiie
oeaee.
Aeey oa?ieoa yoi oa?ieoiay aiiaa, ninoiyuay ec ei?iona (1),
oa?ieoa i?anniaaiiiai (2), ia?aoiaeiiai ninoaaa (3), ainieaiaiythuae
oaoee (4), aieiaiie /anoe (5), oeyiee ac?uaaoaey (6), i?oaeeiee
(7), oaea?ieea (8), eainthey – ainieaiaieoaey (9), aaciioaiaeyueo
ioaa?noee (10), noaaeeecaoi?a (11) – ni. ?en 1; eee oa?ieoiay
eannaoa – ei?ion (1), oa?ieo ( eee yeaeo?ii) (2), aaoiay
i?ieeaaeea (3), iaoaeee/aneay i?ieeaaeea (4) – ni. ?en. 2.
Eniieuecotho yeaeo?iiii-oa?ieoiua aiiau: oa?ieo(1), ei?ion ec
yeaeo?iia (2), ainieaiaiythuay oaoea (3), aaciioaiaeyuea ioaa?noey
(4), ioaa?noea iiae ac?uaaoaeue (5), noaaeeecaoi? (6) – ni. ?en. 3.
Inoaeueiua niiniau i?eiaiaiey iienaiu auoa.
Caaeeaaoaeueiua nia?yaeu iaeaaeatho neeueiui
ii?aaeathuei aeaenoaeai e aieueoei ineoieiae/aneei
yooaeoii.
N?aaenoaa caueou io caaeeaaoaeueiuo aiia.
Niaoeeoe/aneeo n?aaenoa ia ?ac?aaioaii, i?eiaiythony noaiaea?oiua
oe?uoey, oaaaeeua, anoanoaaiiua oe?uoey ( caeaiey e o.i. ).
Caueoiie iaeaaeaeu, eae oaeiaie, oaeaea ia ?ac?aaioaii,
anaanoiaue einothi, i?eiaiythueeny i?e oaiia?aoo?ao 500 – 1000
a?aaeonia niaianoii n eciee?othuei i?ioeaiaacii n aiieaeeoiaui
iao?iiii, i?e i?eiaiaiee oaeeo aauanoa, eae iaiaei, ie?iaaeue –
iaaeaenoaaiiai, e, a ethaii neo/aa, aeey caueou ie?iiai ianaeaiey
ianouanoaaiiai ec-ca yeiiiie/aneeo i?e/ei, iiyoiio iniiaiui
n?aaenoaii caueou, eae oaea oiiieiaeinue, yaeythony oe?uoey.
* * *
Ia ia?aue acaeyae i?iaeaia ii?aaeaiee caaeeaaoaeueiuie
aauanoaaie ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aeooaeueiie, ii e?aeiae ia?a a
ie?iia a?aiy. Ii auoaoeacaiiua aauanoaa oe?iei i?eiaiythony a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneii oicyenoaa, iiyoiio ii?aaeaiey, aucaaiiua
eie oaeaea eiatho ianoi.
Iaeuecy oaeaea caauaaoue i i?eiaiaiee caaeeaaoaeueiuo nianae
i?e aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiuo iieeoe/aneeo eiioeeeoao, i?e
oa??i?enoe/aneeo aeoao.
N?aaee iineaaeieo a 90-o aiaeao eiaee ianoi i?eiaiaiea eieoaeey
Iieioiaa e eaeiaeaeea.
Oae eae a “aeiiaoieo” oneiaeyo i?eaioiaeaiea iaiaeia, e
i?eia?o, iaaiciiaeii, iineaaeiea n?aaenoaa iniaaiii oe?iei
i?eiaiythony ec-ca i?inoiou ecaioiaeaiey.
Eaeiaeaee ecaioaaeeaaaony iaoiaeii oeie/aneiai yeno?aae?iaaiey anae
aeiee eenei?iaea, niaea?aeauaeny a aooeeiaii nie?oa, i?e
iineaaeothuae aai caiaia ia iaoaeee/aneee iuoueye. Oi?ioea nie?oa
– N4I50, oi?ioea eaeiaeaeea N4I5AR. Iinea noieeiiaaiey a?ioaiiie
aooueee n eaeiaeaeeii n oaa?aeie iiaa?oiinoueth iia ac?uaaaony n
auaeaeaieai aonoiai aaeiai aeuia. Yoi iuoueye, nia?oaeueiue yae.
Aai aaeuoaiea aucuaaao nia?oue a oa/aiee ianeieueeeo ieioo.
Eieoaeeue Iieioiaa – caaeeaaoaeueiay aiiaa, aucuaathuay
ainieaiaiaiea iauaeoa. Aooueea caiieiyaony ia 2/3 aaiceiii e ia
iaeio o?aoue ianeii, oeoeeue aeaeatho ec iaoa?ee. ?acaeaaynue i
oaa?aeua i?aaeiaou, iia iiaeaeeaaao iauaeou. Ia?acothuaany ieaiy
iaaiciiaeii iiaaneoue aiaeie. Aooueee n ai?th/ae aeeaeeinoueth
eniieueciaaeenue n ?acee/iie yooaeoeaiinoueth ia oa??eoi?ee
Aaia?ee a 1956 aiaeo ai a?aiy iyoaaea i?ioea
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai no?iy. Iie n oniaoii i?eiaiyeenue i?ioea
oaieia. Eniieueciaaeenue iie ai a?aiy aiei a Eaiaiaeaea e
Auaoiaia, ai a?aiy Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie Aieiu. Nooaeaiou THaeiie
Ei?ae e Eiaeiiacee ii nae aeaiue eniieuecotho aooueee n
eieoaeeai Iieioiaa ai a?aiy nooaeai/aneeo aieiaiee ( i?ioea
iieeoe/aneiai no?iy, i?ioea i?eoaniaiey nooaeaioia).
Oaeei ia?acii iaeiae, aucaaiiua caaeeaaoaeueiuie n?aaenoaaie,
iiaoo ni/aoaoueny eae n ?aciiia?aciuie o?aaiaie, oae e n
io?aaeaieyie, e iiaoo eiaoue ianoi a ie?iia a?aiy.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
Iaoiaaiaoe/aneea iaoaieciu ?acaeoey oiea i?e iaeiaao iaiaeiii.
A.A. Ieoaeeia, A.A. ?icaiia. Aiaiii-iaaeeoeeineee aeo?iae, 1985
aiae, ? 1. Ecaeaoaeuenoai “E?aniay caacaea”, Iineaa.
Iaoieiaey, eeeieea e oa?aiey i?e ii?aaeaieyo IA e ?A. E.A.
Aiaaeaiia e ae?. 1964 a.,
Ecaeaoaeuenoai “Iaaeeoeeia”, Eaieia?aae.
Aiaiiay oieneeieiaey e caueoa io i?oaeey ianniaiai ii?aaeaiey,
1968 aiae, Ecaeaoaeuenoai “Iaaeeoeeia”, Oaa?ue.
Aiaiii-iaaeeoeeineay iiaeaioiaea, Ae.Ae. Eoaoeineee, 1978 a,
Ecaeaoaeuenoai “Iaaeeoeeia”, Iineaa.
Aieueoay Niaaoneay Yioeeeeiiaaeey. Ae. ?aaeaeoi?: A.A.
Aaaaeaineee.,51 oii, 1957a., Ecaeaoaeuenoai AYN, Iineaa.
Niaaoneee Yioeeeeiiaaee/a/eee Neiaa?ue. Ae. ?aaeaeoi?:
A.I.I?ioi?ia,1988a., Ecaeaoaeuenoai NY, Iineaa.
Iiaa?aiiay eieaa aia?oenoa, O. Iaoyee, 1995 a., Ecaeaoaeuenoai
“?onneee ?a?eoao”, Iineaa.
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