No?aieoea 16
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Aeooaeueiinoue
1. Oaieeeaoiio?ey (OEO) yaeyaony iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiie
aieiiaoeeaeiiaoeae. *anoioa OEO n?aaee iiai?iaeaeaiiuo ii aeaiiui
ianniaiai ne?eieiaa a ?acee/iuo no?aiao ninoaaeyao a n?aaeiai
1:10000, iaeiaei cia/eoaeueii aa?uee?oao a caaeneiinoe io iiioeyoeee: io
1:4560 a E?eaiaeee, aei 1:100.000 a ssiiiee. (ni. oaaeeoeo)
Oaae. Caaieaaaaiinoue OEO ii aeaiiui ianniaiai ne?eieiaa
Iineaa1:11765Aaei?onney 1:5578Oaaa?ianeee e?ae1:9708Aiaeey 1:14306O?A
1:6697E?eaiaeey 1:4560A?aoeey 1:18460Oioeaiaeey 1:8350NOA
1:15059Aano?aeey 1:11224Iaeneea 1:45610ssiiiey 1:100000*NO?
1:8122Iieueoa 1:9248
2. ?aaaiie n oaieeeaoiio?eae auaeyaeeo i?e ?iaeaeaiee caei?iaui.
Ionoaaaiea ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue iinoaiaiii e
noaoue i/aaeaeiui eeoue /a?ac ianeieueei ianyoeaa. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi
iaea/aiiue ?aaaiie oa?yao ieiei 50 aaeeia IQ e eiioeo ia?aiai aiaea
aeecie. Ionoaaaiea ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey iau/ii aeiaieueii au?aaeaii, e
aieueoeinoai aeaoae ioaeaeathony a nioeeaeueiie iiiiue.
3. A nayce n oyaeanoueth eeeie/aneeo i?iyaeaiee e aiciiaeiinoueth
i?ioeeaeoe/aneiai ea/aiey OEO ?aeiiaiaeiaaia aeey auyaeaiey n?aaee
iiai?iaeaeaiiuo. ?aiiyy aeeaaiinoeea iicaieyao naiaa?aiaiii ia/aoue
ea/aiea e i?aaeioa?aoeoue eiaaeeaeecaoeeth aieueiiai.
4. Ea/aiea e ?aaaeeeoaoeey aieueiuo OEO o?aaoao cia/eoaeueiuo
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneeo cao?ao. Yoi iaoneiaeaii aunieie naaanoieiinoueth
i?iaeoeoia ea/aaiiai ieoaiey, a oaeaea oneeeyie ii nioeeaeueiie
?aaaeeeoaoeee aieueiiai.
5. Iiieii yoiai, ia aeooaeueiinoe caaieaaaiey, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao
i?iaeaia iaoa?eineie OEO, eeoue iaaeaaii iiyaeaoayny a ?innee.
Iaaethaeaaony aunieay /anoioa oinoaaiiie ionoaeinoe n?aaee iioiinoaa
aeaiuei, no?aaeathueo OEO e ia iieo/athueo aeeaoo a c?aeii aic?anoa.
6. Neoaeiay eeeie/aneay ea?oeia a ?aiiai aic?anoa, iinoaiaiiia ?acaeoea
iaoieiae/aneeo eciaiaiee, i?eaiaeeo e na?ueaciui cao?oaeiaieyi a ?aiiae
aeeaaiinoeea yoiai caaieaaaiey. A oiaea a?aiy, aeeaoioa?aiey aieueiuo n
OEO aeieaeia iaoiaeeoueny iiae ouaoaeueiui aeeiaie/aneei eiio?ieai. A
ineoiiaa?ieiae/aneay ?aaaeeeoaoeey aieueiuo (iaaeeeaiaioiciay,
oeceiea/aiea, iaaeeei-iaaeaaiae/aneay) o?aaoao eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
iiaeoiaea. Iaaeeao?u, a /uee iaycaiiinoe aoiaeeo ?aaaeeeoaoeey aieueiuo
OEO, ano?a/athony n iae a iianaaeiaaiie i?aeoeea ia/anoi. Iiyoiio
iaiaoiaeeii iciaeiieoue a?a/ae n iniaaiiinoyie oa/aiey e ea/aieai OEO.
Yoeieiaey, iaoiaaiac
Ii Mc Kusick auaeaeyaony ianeieueei oeiia oaieeeaoiio?ee.
Oaieeeaoiio?ey I
Eeanne/aneay oaieeeaoiio?ey. Auea iienaia A. Folling a 1934 a.
Caaieaaaiea ianeaaeoaony aooiniiii-?aoeanneaii e aucaaii iooaoeeae aaia
OAA, eieaeecothuaainy a aeeeiiii iea/a 12 o?iiiniiu. A aaia OEO auyaeaii
12 ?acee/iuo aaieioeiia. I?e yoii 90% anao aaiia OEO annioeee?iaaii n
/aou?ueiy aaieioeiaie, ec ieo aaieioei 3 oa?aeoa?ecoao ieiei 38% anao
aaiia OAA, a aaieioei 2 – ieiei 20%.
A iniiaa aieacie eaaeeo aeaoeoeeo oa?iaioa oaieeaeaiei – 4 –
aeae?ieneeacu (OAA), iaania/eaathuae i?aa?auaiea oaieeaeaieia a oe?icei.
A ?acoeueoaoa iaoaaiee/aneiai aeiea i?ienoiaeeo cia/eoaeueiia iaeiieaiea
a oeaiyo e aeeaeeinoyo aieueiiai i?aaiecia oaieeaeaieia e oaeeo aai
i?iecaiaeiuo, eae oaieeie?iaeiia?aaeiay, oaieeiiei/iay, oaieeoenoniay
eeneiou, oaieeyoeeaiei, oaieeaoeaoeeaethoaiei e ae?.
Ii iiaieth ?acee/iuo aaoi?ia a iaoiaaiaca OEO eiatho cia/aiea
neaaeothuea ianoiyoaeuenoaa: i?yiia oiene/aneia aeaenoaea ia
oeaio?aeueioth ia?aioth nenoaio oaieeaeaieia e aai i?iecaiaeiuo,
ia?ooaiey a iaiaia aaeeia, eeii- e aeeeii?ioaeaeia, ?anno?ienoaa
o?ainii?oa aieiieeneio, ia?ooaiea iaoaaieecia ai?iiiia e ae?., a oaeaea
ia?eiaoaeueiua oaeoi?u. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy ana aieueoaa cia/aiea a
iaoiaaiaca OEO i?eaeaaony ia?ooaieyi iaiaia iiiiaieiiauo
iae?iiaaeeaoi?ia (eaoaoaeaieiia e na?ioiieia). Ecaanoia eneeth/eoaeueii
aaaeiay ?ieue yoeo iaaeeaoi?ia a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie
nenoaiu. Enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi o aieueiuo ?acei nieaeaii
niaea?aeaiea eiia/iuo i?iaeoeoia eo iaoaaieecia (aiiiaaieeeiiaie eeneiou
e 5-ieneeiaeieoenoniie eeneiou) a e?iae, ii/a e oea?aa?inieiaeueiie
aeeaeeinoe.
Ii?aaeaeaiiia cia/aiea a aaiaca oea?aa?aeueiuo ?anno?ienoa iiaoo ea?aoue
ia?ooaiey ooieoeee ia/aie. O aieueoeinoaa aieueiuo OEO i?e ianeaaeiaaiee
iaia?oaeeaathony ?acee/iua aeioeie/aneea e ii?oieiae/aneea eciaiaiey,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i caeioa?niaaiiinoe yoiai i?aaia a iaoieiae/aneii
i?ioeanna: aeeni?ioaeiaiey, aaia?aeeciaaiiay aeia?aieiaoeeaeaiey,
iiauoaiea iieacaoaey aeeoaieeaieiiaie ?aaeoeee, eiiiaine?iaaiiue
iaoaaiee/aneee aoeeaeic, i?eciaee aaeeiaie e aee?iaie aeeno?ioee ia/aie
n ia?ooaieai ieeneeoaeueiie e aaeieneioace?othuae ooieoeee eeaoi/iuo
i?aaiaee.
Oaieeeaoiio?ey II
Aia?aua aoeie/iay OEO auea iienaia I. Smith a 1974 a. S. Kaufman et al.
A 1975 a. iaia?oaeeee aeaoeoeeo aeeaeae?iioa?eaeei?aaeoeoacu i?e yoii
ninoiyiee.
Caaieaaaiea ianeaaeoaony aooiniiii-?aoeanneaii. Aaiiue aeaoaeo
eieaeecoaony a ei?ioeii iea/a 4 o?iiiniiu, o/anoea 4?15.3. A ?acoeueoaoa
iaaeinoaoi/iinoe aeeaeae?iioa?eaeei?aaeoeoacu ia?ooaaony ainnoaiiaeaiea
aeoeaiie oi?iu oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eia, o/anoaothuaai a ea/anoaa eioaeoi?a
a aeae?ieneee?iaaiee oaieeaeaieia, oe?iceia e o?eioioaia. Aneaaenoaea
yoiai ?acaeaathony iaoaaiee/aneea aeiee ia iooyo i?aa?auaiey
oaieeaeaieia a oe?icei, a oaeaea ia?aciaaiey i?aaeoanoaaiieeia
iae?iiaaeeaoi?ia eaoaoieaieiiaiai e na?ioiieiiaiai ?yaea L-aeiou e
5-ieneo?eioioaia, /oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony ?aceei nieaeaieai niaea?aeaiey a
oeaiyo e aeeaeeinoyo aieueiiai i?aaiecia (a oii /enea a iicaa e
oea?aa?inieiaeueiie aeeaeeinoe) eo eiia/iuo i?iaeoeoia – aiiiaaieeeiiaie
e 5-ieneiaeieoenoniie eeneio.
Nouanoaaiiui aeey iaoiaaiaca caaieaaaiey yaeyaony nieaeaiea o?iaiy
oieaoia a nuai?ioea e?iae, y?eo?ioeeoao e oea?aa?inieiaeueiie
aeeaeeinoe. Yoi iauyniyaony oaniie acaeiinaycueth iaiaia oieaoia e
aeiioa?eia, a /anoiinoe o/anoeai aeeaeae?iioa?ei?aaeoeoacu a iaoaaieecia
oao?aaeae?ioieeaaie eeneiou.
Oaieeeaoiio?ey III
Yoio aa?eaio aieacie aia?aua iienai S. Kaufman et al. a 1978 a.
Caaieaaaiea ianeaaeoaony aooiniiii-?aoeanneaii e naycaii n
iaaeinoaoi/iinoueth 6-ie?oaieeoao?aaeae?iioa?ei neioacu, o/anoaothuae a
i?ioeanna neioaca oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eia ec aeeaeae?iiaiioa?ei
o?eoinoaoa. Eeth/aaoth ?ieue a iaoiaaiaca ea?aao aeaoeoeeo
oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eia. ?acaeaathueany i?e yoii ?anno?ienoaa noiaeiu n
ia?ooaieyie, iaaethaeaaiuie i?e OEO II.
Ae?oaea aa?eaiou OEO
A iineaaeiea aiaeu noaee ecaanoiu ae?oaea oi?iu aoeie/iie OEO, naycaiiua
n aeaoeoeeoii oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eia.
Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue aoaiicei 5-o?eoinoao oeeeeiaeae?ieacu (S. Kaufman et
al., 1987) iienaia ii e?aeiae ia?a o iyoe aieueiuo. Yoio oa?iaio
eaoaeece?oao ia?aoth nooiaiue neioaca oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eia e i?e aai
aeaoeoeeoa a ii/a iaia?oaeeaaaony e?aeia ieceay eiioeaio?aoeey anao
ioa?eiia.
N. Blau e niaaoi?u (1989) niiaueee i iiaii aa?eaioa aoeie/iie OEO –
i?eiaioa?eio?ee – o aeaoo aeaoae n eaaeie aeia?oaieeaeaieiaieae.
Yiceiaoe/aneee aeaoaeo iiea ia ecaanoai. A ii/a iaia?oaeeaaaony a
aieueoeo eiee/anoaao i?iaeoeo eciia?ecaoeee aeiioa?eia-7 – eciaeiioa?ei
(i?eiaioa?ei) e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea aai i?iecaiaeiua. Niioiioaiea
iaiioa?ei/aeiioa?ei o aieueiuo cia/eoaeueii iiauoaii. Iaa?ocea
oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eiii ii?iaeecoao eiioeaio?aoeeth oaieeaeaieia a
nuai?ioea e o?iaaiue iaiioa?eia a ii/a, ?acei iiauoaao yene?aoeeth
aeiioa?eia e i?eiaioa?eia. Ioee/eai io ae?oaeo aoeie/iuo oi?i OEO
yaeyaony ii?iaeueiay eiioeaio?aoeey a oea?aa?inieiaeueiie aeeaeeinoe
iae?iiaaeeaoi?iuo iaoaaieeoia – aiiiaaieeeiiaie e 5-ieneeiaeieoenoniie
eeneio.
Iaoa?eineay OEO
A i?ioeanna eco/aiey OEO auei ia?auaii aieiaiea ia aunieoth /anoioo
oinoaaiiie ionoaeinoe n?aaee iioiinoaa aeaiuei, no?aaeathueo OEO e ia
iieo/athueo aeeaoo a c?aeii aic?anoa. Yoi ninoiyiea iieo/eei
iaeiaiiaaiea iaoa?eineie OEO. Iaoiaaiac iaoieiaee iaei eco/ai, iaeiaei
i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi ii noiaeai n iaoiaaiacii inoaeueiuo oi?i OEO.
Oyaeanoue ii?aaeaiey ieiaea ei??aee?oao n o?iaiai oaieeaeaieia a ieacia
iaoa?e. I?e/ai a nayce n iaeiieaieai yoie aieiieeneiou a ieaoeaioa, aa
niaea?aeaiea a i?aaiecia ieiaea ieacuaaaony auoa, /ai o iaoa?e. Oai ia
iaiaa i?yiia oiene/aneia aeaenoaea oaieeaeaieia oi/ii ia
iiaeoaa?aeaeaii. Iiyaeaiea i?eciaeia iaoieiaee o iioiinoaa ia caaeneo io
iaee/ey eee ionoonoaey oinoaaiiie ionoaeinoe o aeaiuei e ia naycaii n
?acaeoeai o aeaoae OEO. Anoue aeaiiua, /oi oyaeanoue caaieaaaiey o
aieueiuo OEO, ?iaeeaoeony io iaoa?ae, oaeaea no?aaeathueo yoie
aieaciueth, ia ioee/aaony io noaiaie ii?aaeaiey eo neania, ia
oianeaaeiaaaoeo OEO.
Noaia 1. Iooe iaiaia oaieeaeaieia e aai i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, e “oi/ee
i?eeiaeaiey” iaoaaiee/aneeo aeaoaeoia.
aoaiicei 5’ o?eoinoao
iiiiaioa?ei
aeeaeae?iiaiioa?ei
1
aeeaeae?iiaiioa?ei o?eoinoao
iaiioa?ei
2
6-ie?iaieeoao?aaeae?iioa?ei
3
oaieeaeaiei
oe?icei oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?ei
o?eioioai
4 4
5 ioa?ei
oe?icei
5-ieneo?eioioai aeeaeae?iaeiioa?ei
7,8-aeeaeae?iaeiioa?ei
aeioa
aeioaiei
aeiioa?ei
Iiyniaiea e noaia 1.
1. aoaiicei 5’ o?eoinoao oeeeeiaeae?ieaca
2. 6-ie?oaieeoao?aaeae?iioa?ei neioaca
3. naieaioa?ei ?aaeoeoaca
4. oaieeaeaiei-4-aeae?ieneeaca, oe?iceiaeae?ieneeaca,
o?eioioaiaeae?ieneeaca
5. aeeaeae?iioa?eaeei ?aaeoeoaca
Eeeie/aneay ea?oeia
Oaieeeaoiio?ey I
Iaieoanoaoeey OEO i?ienoiaeeo ia ia?aii aiaeo aeecie, iau/ii a aic?anoa
2-6 ian. Ia?auie i?iyaeaieyie aieacie neoaeao ayeinoue ?aaaiea,
ionoonoaea eioa?ana e ie?oaeathuaio, eiiaaea iiauoaiiay
?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, aaniieienoai, n?uaeaaiey, ia?ooaiea iuoa/iiai
oiiona (/aua iuoa/iay aeiioiiey), noaei?iae, i?eciaee aeea?ae/aneiai
aea?iaoeoa. Iiyaeyaony oa?aeoa?iue “iuoeiue” caiao. Io/aoeeai
oi?ie?oaony caaea?aeea noaoeeiiioi?iiai e ineoi?a/aaiai ?acaeoey. I?e
ionoonoaee ea/aiey oinoaaiiay ionoaeinoue aeinoeaaao, eae i?aaeei,
aeoaieie noaiaie.
?aiiei neiioiiii caaieaaaiey iiaeao noaoue ?aioa, eiiaaea ianoieueei
neeueiay, /oi aa ioeai/ii ?anoeaieaatho eae i?iyaeaiea ieei?inoaiica. A
aieaa noa?oai aic?anoa iaea/aiiua aeaoe noaiiayony aeia?aeoeaiuie,
inouanoaeytho aanoeaeueiua aeaeaeaiey, ?eoie/aneea iiea/eaaiey, o ieo
ii?aaeaeyaony aoaoic.
I?e oeceeaeueiii enneaaeiaaiee ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea oi, /oi ?aaaiie
auaeyaeeo aieaa aaeieo?ui, /ai aai caei?iaua neaeeiae: o iaai naaoeay
eiaea e aieoaua aeaca. O iaeioi?uo aieueiuo iiyaeyaony naai?aeiay eee
yecaiaoieaeiay eiaeiay nuiue, iau/ii oia?aiii au?aaeaiiay e en/acathuay
ii ia?a ?inoa ?aaaiea. Io ieo enoiaeeo iaiau/iue caiao oaieeoenoniie
eeneiou, eioi?ue oa?aeoa?ecotho eae caieaniaaaeue, iuoeiue eee aie/ee.
Ia ano?a/aaony oa?aeoa?iuo iaa?ieiae/aneeo eciaiaiee, iaeiaei o
aieueoeinoaa aeaoae ii?aaeaeythony aeia?oiion e iiauoaiea aeoaieeo
nooiaeeeueiuo ?aoeaenia. Ieiei 1/4 aeaoae no?aaeatho noaei?iaaie e aieaa
/ai o 50% iiyaeythony eciaiaiey ia YYA. *anoi o iaea/aiiuo aeaoae
ii?aaeaeytho iee?ioeaoaeeth, aunooiathuoth aa?oithth /aethnoue n oe?iei
?annoaaeaiiuie coaaie, aeiiieaceae yiaee, ionoaaaiea ?inoa. Eeeie/aneea
i?iyaeaiey eeanne/aneie oaieeeaoiio?ee ?aaeei ano?a/athony a no?aiao, a
eioi?uo yooaeoeaii aeaenoaoao i?ia?aiia iaiiaoaeueiiai ne?eieiaa ia yoi
caaieaaaiea.
Oaieeeaoiio?ey II
A eeeie/aneie ea?oeia OEO II i?aiaeaaeaao oyaeaeay oinoaaiiay
ionoaeinoue, noaei?iae, i?eciaee iiauoaiiie aicaoaeeiinoe, nooiaeeeueiay
aeia??aoeaeney, iuoa/iay aeenoiiey, nianoe/aneee oao?aia?ac. Oa/aiea
aieacie i?ia?anne?othuaa e ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeo e nia?oe a 2-C-eaoiai
aic?anoa. Aieueiua, eae i?aaeei, auyaeythony a ?acoeueoaoa ianniaiai
ne?eieiaa iiai?iaeaeaiiuo ia OEO. O?iaaiue oaieeaeaieia a e?iae o yoeo
aeaoae oaaee/ai, eiiaaea iiaeao i?aauoaoue 1200 ieiieue/e. Iiyaeaiea
eeeie/aneie neiioiiaoeee, eae i?aaeei ?acaeaaaony a ia/aea aoi?iai
iieoaiaeey aeecie, ianiio?y ia aeeaoioa?aieth.
Oaieeeaoiio?ey III
Eeeie/aneay ea?oeia aieacie iaiiieiaao OEO II e aeeth/aao oyaeaeoth
oinoaaiioth ionoaeinoue, iee?ioeaoaeeth, nianoe/aneee oao?aia?ac. Aeey
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey aeeaaiica o?aaoaony:
· enneaaeiaaiea aeiioa?eiia ii/e (iiauoaiiay yene?aoeey
aeeaeae?iiaiioa?ei o?eoinoaoa e i?iaeoeoa aai ?aniaaea – iaiioa?eia,
ieceee o?iaaiue aeiioa?eia, ?aceia oaaee/aiea niioiioaiey iaiioa
?ei/aeiioa?ei).
· ia?i?aeueiue iaa?oci/iue oano n oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?eiii (iaaeaiea
o?iaiy oaieeaeaieia n iaeiia?aiaiiui iiauoaieai eiioeaio?aoeee oe?iceia
a e?iae);
· yiceiaoe/aneia enneaaeiaaiea (aeaoeoeeo 6-ie?oaieeoao?aaeae?iioa?ei
neioacu a y?eo?ioeeoao eee aaiaoioeeoao i?e nio?aiiie aeoeaiinoe
oaieeaeaieiaeae?ieneeacu e oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?ei?aaeoeoacu). Iineaaeiaa
enneaaeiaaiea i?eaiaeii aeey auyaeaiey aaoa?iceaioiiai iineoaeuenoaa.
I?aiaoaeueiay aeeaaiinoeea OEO III oai?aoe/anee aiciiaeia ia iniiaaiee
ii?aaeaeaiey aeoeaiinoe eeth/aaiai oa?iaioa a y?eo?ioeeoao ieiaea eee
aiaeeca ioa?eiia e aieiieeneio a aiieioe/aneie aeeaeeinoe.
Aiciiaeiinoe aeeaaiinoeee
Aeeaaiinoeea iniiauaaaony ia niaieoiiinoe aaiaaeiae/aneeo aeaiiuo
(aiciiaeiu yiaeiaaiiue a?ae, aiaeiae/iay iaoieiaey o neania),
?acoeueoaoia eeeie/aneiai e aeioeie/aneiai ianeaaeiaaiey. O?iaaiue
oaieeaeaieia a e?iae o aieueiuo i?aauoaao 900-1200 ieiieue/e. A ii/a
i?enoonoaotho i?iaeoeou o?ainaieie?iaaiey e aeaea?aieneee?iaaiey
oaieeaeaieia, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, oaieeie?iaeiia?aaeiay eeneioa.
I?iaa Oaeeeiaa
Auyaeaiea oaieeie?oaaoa a ii/a i?e iiiiue oei?eaea 3-o aaeaioiiai
aeaeaca. Iaoiae iaaeinoaoi/ii oi/iue e iicaieyao aeeaaiinoe?iaaoue
caaieaaaiea oieueei ni 2-ai ianyoea aeecie.
Oano Aao?e
Iaoiaeeeo oanoa iienae ?iaa?o Aao?e a 1961 aiaeo. A aa iniiaa eaaeeo
aaeoa?eaeueiia eiaeae?iaaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo ooaiiia Bacillus cereus.
O?iiaoia?aoey
I?iaiaeeony oiieineieiay o?iiaoia?aoey aieiieeneio ieaciu e?iae e ii/e.
Oeoi?eiao?ey
N iiiiuueth nia?aiaiiuo aaoiiaoe/aneeo oeoi?eiao?ia, aiciiaeii
i?iaaaeaiea ianniaiai aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai ne?eieiaa.
Ii?aaeaeaiea aeoeaiinoe OAA eee oao?aaeae?iaeiioa?ei?aaeoeoacu
Cia/eoaeueiia nieaeaiea aeoeaiinoe oa?iaioia, iaia?oaeeaaaony o
aiiiceaio, a oia?aiiia (aei 70%) o aaoa?iceaio ii iooaioiiio aeeaeth
OEO.
Iiene iooaioiiai aaia
I?iaiaeeony i?yiie iiene iooaioiiai aaia n iiiiuueth neioaoe/aneeo
ieeaiioeeaioeaeiuo ciiaeia. Iiieii yoiai aiciiaeii i?yiia ii?aaeaeaiea
iooaoeee a aaia oaieeaeaieiaeae?ieneeacu eee einaaiiia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea
ianeaaeiaaiey iooaioiiai eieona OAA a iaeiie eee aeaoo eiieyo,
eaeaioeoeoee?oaiia ii IAe?O (iieeii?oeci aeeeiu ?ano?eeoeeiiiuo
o?aaiaioia) eee AIO? (aa?eaaaeueiua ii eiee/anoao oaiaeaiiua iiaoi?u) a
AeIE i?iaaiaea e aai ?iaeeoaeae.
Ne?eieia
Eeeie/aneee iieeii?oeci ioeeiiaiey io eeanne/aneie ea?oeiu,
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey yooaeoeaiiai ea/aiey i?e naiaa?aiaiiie
aeeaaiinoeea, aeeeooao iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey ne?eieiaa. Oeaeueth
ne?eieiaa yaeyaony ?aiiaa auyaeaiea caaieaaaiey e iacia/aiea
aeeaoe/aneiai ea/aiey aieueiui aei aeinoeaeaiey eie 8-iaaeaeueiiai
aic?anoa. Yoe n?iee ia/aea ea/aiey ii iauai?eciaiiiio iiaieth iicaieytho
iaania/eoue iieiioeaiiia ?acaeoea aeaoae.
Ne?eieiaiaua enneaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeyony a aeaa yoaia:
Ia?aue yoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaia?oaeaiea ioeeiiaiee io ii?iu a
niaea?aeaiee oaieeaeaieia a nuai?ioea e?iae iiai?iaeaeaiiiai.
Ianeaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeyony ia 4-5-e aeaiue aeecie ?aaaiea. E?iaue
iaiineony ia aeaie ec niaoeeaeueiie aieouaathuae aoiaae.
Iaycaoaeueiia oneiaea aeey auiieiaiey ne?eieiaa: aeeaiao? e?iayiiai
iyoia aeieaeai auoue ?aaai aeeaiao?o e?oaa ia oeeueo?iaaiiie aoiaaa n
i?iieouaaieai e?iaueth ia?aoiie noi?iiu. Caiieiaiiua aeaiee
iai?aaeythony a aeeaeaeooth niaoeeaeece?iaaiioth eaai?aoi?eth.
Aoi?ie yoai – iiaoi?iia oanoe?iaaiea ec oiai aea iyoia e?iae a neo/ayo
iieo/aiey ?acoeueoaoa aiaeeca ia ia?aii yoaia n o?iaiai oaieeaeaieia
auoa aeiionoeiiai.
I?e iiaoi?ii iieiaeeoaeueiuo oanoao eioi?iaoeey iai?aaeyaony a ?aeiiiua
iaaeeei-aaiaoe/aneea oeaio?u n oeaeueth iaiaaeeaiiiai i?eaeaoaiey
?aaaiea e a?a/o aeey ieii/aoaeueiiai ooi/iaiey aeeaaiica OEO.
A ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ne?eieia-oanou inouanoaeythony a 45
iaaeeei-aaiaoe/aneeo eaai?aoi?eyo ?acee/iuo ?aaeiiia, eoaea iinooiatho
aiaeecu e?iae anao iiai?iaeaeaiiuo ec anao ?iaeeeueiuo aeiiia.
Anee aeeaaiic OEO iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony, iaiaoiaeeii n?aco ia/eiaoue
ea/aiea, yoi iicaieyao i?aaeioa?aoeoue oyaeaeua iineaaenoaey a ?acaeoee
?aaaiea.
Ea/aiea
Yeeieiaoeeiiiay aeeaoa
Aeaaiui niiniaii ea/aiey OEO yaeyaony aeeaoioa?aiey, ia?aie/eaathuay
iinooieaiea a i?aaieci ieuaaiai aaeea e oaieeaeaieia aei ieieiaeueiie
aic?anoiie iio?aaiinoe. A ieuaaie ?aoeeii aieueiuo aoiaeyo iaiue,
o?oeou, niee, a oaeaea niaoeeaeueiua iaeiaaeeiaua i?iaeoeou (naai, oeaa,
aa?ieoaeue, e?oiea, i?eaioiaeaiiua ia e?aoiaeueiie iniiaa). Iaeiaei, a
ia?eiae eioaineaiiai ?inoa e ?acaeoey ?aaaiea iinooieaiea aaeea a
i?aaieci aeieaeii auoue aeinoaoi/iui. Aeaoeoeeo aai iacaiaaeeeoaeueii
io?aceony ia i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey anao i?aaiia e nenoai. Iiyoiio
iaeuecy iieiinoueth eneeth/eoue ec ?aoeeiia iiai?iaeaeaiiiai
iaoa?eineia iieiei. Aeey ei??aeoeee ieoaiey aeaoyi aeathony aaeeiaua
aeae?ieecaou, eeoaiiua oaieeaeaieia, ii niaea?aeauea ana ae?oaea
iaiaoiaeeiua aieiieeneiou. Aieueiua ioaeaeathony a aeiiieieoaeueiii
aaaaeaiee aeoaieiia, iniaaiii, a?oiiu A, ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa e
iee?iyeaiaioia.
N?aco iinea iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey aeeaaiica OEO iaiaoiaeeii ia/aoue
iacaiaaeeeoaeueiia, ii iinoaiaiiia (a oa/aiea C-o aeiae) eneeth/aiea ec
ieoaiey aieueiiai aunieiaaeeiauo i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey, caiaiyy eo
iaeiaaeeiauie.
Anee ?aaaiie iaoiaeeony a aic?anoa aei 1 – 1,5 ian e iieo/aao oieueei
a?oaeiia iieiei eee aai caiaieoaeue – aai iinoaiaiii i?eo/atho e
ea/aaiie iiei/iie niane, ia iaiyy ?aaeeia ei?ieaiey.
Niaoeeaeueiua ea/aaiua i?iaeoeou ieoaiey aeey aieueiuo OEO
Yoe i?iaeoeou i?iecaiaeyony ia iniiaa aeae?ieecaoa eacaeia eee niane
aieiieeneio: Eioaiaeae, Oaiee-O?e, Iioaeai, ioa/anoaaiiue Oao?aoai e
ae?oaea. Aeey a?oaeiuo aeaoae eniieuecoaony Eioaiaeae.
Oaae. 1. Ninoaa i?iaeoeoa “Eioaiaeae” ia 100 a?aii nooie niane.
Yia?aey462 eeaeAaeee15 aAEe?u18 aOaeaaiaeu60 aOaieeaeaiei16ia/100eeae
Aeoaieiu, ieia?aeueiua aauanoaa e iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ?inoa aieiieeneiou
aeiaaaeaiu a oaeii eiee/anoaa, /oiau nianue ii ninoaao iaeneiaeueii
i?eaeeaeaeanue e iau/iui iiei/iui nianyi aeey aeaoneiai ieoaiey.
Iaeiaei niaea?aeaiea oaieeaeaieia a Eioaiaeaea ia iaania/eaaao nooi/ioth
iio?aaiinoue a yoie aieiieeneioa. Iiyoiio ?aeiiaiaeoaony aioiaeoue
iiei/ioth ea/aaioth nianue, eniieuecoy 2 eiiiiiaioa: Eioaiaeae e
a?oaeiia iieiei eee aai caiaieoaeue, ?anoai?yy eo a eeiy/aiie aiaea.
Aeey aeaoae n OEO noa?oa 1 aiaea i?eioeeiu ea/aaiie aeeaou ia
ioee/athony io aeeaou aeaoae a?oaeiiai aic?anoa. ?aoeeii ninoieo ec:
1. ea/aaiiai i?iaeoeoa ieoaiey aeey aieueiuo OEO
2. aethae ec iaoo?aeueiuo i?iaeoeoia.
Ioa/anoaaiiue i?iaeoeo “Oao?aoai” nicaeai eiiiaieae AI “Ioo?eoae” a
niioaaonoaee n iaaeeei-aeieiae/aneeie o?aaiaaieyie Einoeoooa ieoaiey
?AII. I?iaeoeo i?aaeiacia/ai aeey aeeaoe/aneiai ieoaiey aieueiuo
oaieeeaoiio?eae aeaoae a aic?anoa noa?oa 1 aiaea.
I?iaeoeo i?aaenoaaeyao ec naay nianue aieiieeneio n aeoaieiaie,
ieia?aeueiuie aauanoaaie, oaeaaiaeaie. Iineaaeiea ninoiyo ec niane
aeaeno?eiiaeueoiciie iaoiee, aetheicu, e?aoiaea, /oi cia/eoaeueii
oeo/oaao aeon i?iaeoeoa. Oao?aoai niaea?aeeo ieieiaeueiia eiee/anoai
oaieeaeaieia, oi?ioi ?anoai?ei a aiaea, iaeaaeaao oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiuie
i?aaiieaioe/aneeie naienoaaie. Oao?aoai eniieuecoaony a aeeaoa a
ea/anoaa iniiaiiai enoi/ieea aaeea, ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa e aeoaieiia.
A oaae. 3 i?aaenoaaeai oeie/aneee ninoaa e yia?aaoe/aneay oeaiiinoue
Oao?aoaia, a oaae. 4 – aieiieeneioiue ninoaa niane.
Oaae. 2. Oeie/aneee ninoaa e yia?aaoe/aneay oeaiiinoue
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa “Oao?aoai”
Ieuaaua eia?aaeeaiouEiee/anoai a 100a. nooie nianeIeuaaua
eia?aaeeaiouEiee/anoai a 100a. nooie nianeAaeeiaue yeaeaaeaio,
a40Aeoaieiu
A, ia
1,7Oaeaaiaeu, a38D2, ia0,011Ieia?aeueiua aauanoaa
eaeueoeee, a
1,1A, ia23oinoi?, a0,8N, ia125eaeee, a3,2??, ia1,5iao?ee, a1,1A2,
ia2,1iaaiee, a0,2A3, ia11iaaeue, ia2,6A6, ia2,1oeeie, ia16A12,
ia0,005eiae, ia0,13Oieaou, ia0,6aeaeaci, ia23oieei, a0,5ia?aaiaoe,
ia23aeioei, ia0,2oei?, a1,9eiiceoie, a0,5iieeaaeai, ia0,013Yia?aey,
eeae312
Oaae. 3. Aieiieeneioiue ninoaa i?iaeoeoa “Oao?aoai”
Aieiieeneioua ia 16 a acioaAieiieeneioua ia 16 a
acioaAenoeaeei2,6Oe?icei7,2Ecieaeoeei4,6O?aiiei4,3Eaeoeei9,9O?eioioai2,0
Eecei6,6Aaeei5,5Iaoeiiei+oeenoei4,2Noiia iacaiaieiuo
aieiieeneio45,3Oaieeaeaiei0,0-0,5Oao?ei-
?an/ao ieoaiey n eniieueciaaieai “Oao?aoaia”
Ieoaiea aieueiui OEO iacia/atho a caaeneiinoe io aic?anoa e iannu oaea
?aaaiea. I?e ii?aaeaeaiee iaiaoiaeeiiai oeie/aneiai ninoaaa nooi/iiai
?aoeeiia ?aaaiea i?eaioe?othony ia oeceieiae/aneea aic?anoiua
iio?aaiinoe aeaoae a ieuaauo eia?aaeeaioao, i?eaaaeaiiua a
?aeiiaiaeoaiuo ii?iao iio?aaeaiey yia?aee, aaeeia, aee?ia, oaeaaiaeia,
ieia?aeueiuo aauanoa e aeoaieiia, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo Aeaaiui naieoa?iui
a?a/ii NNN? 28.05.91 a. ? 578691 (oaae. 5)
Oaae. 4. ?aeiiaiaeoaiua ii?iu iio?aaeaiey, aeey aeaoae ?aciuo
aic?anoiuo a?oii (a nooee)
Eia?aaeeaiouAic?anoiua a?oiiu aeaoae1-3 aiaea4-6 eao6 eao
(oeieueieee)7-10 eaoAaeee, a53686977a o./. aeeaioiua37454546AEe?u,
a53686779a o./. ?anoeoaeueiua791316Oaeaaiaeu, a212272285335Yia?aey,
eeae1540197020002350
I?iaiaey oaeea ?an/aou, neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi iauaa eiee/anoai aaeea
a ?aoeeiiao aieueiuo OEO aeaoae nieaeaaony ii n?aaiaieth n oeacaiiuie
oeceieiae/aneeie iieacaoaeyie. ?an/ao eaeao n i?eaioaoeeae ia ieaeithth
a?aieoeo aic?anoiii ii?iu (2,5 a ia 1 ea iannu oaea) n o/aoii
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii oiea?aioiinoe e oaieeaeaieio. Aaeie ca n/ao
anoanoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia a aeeaoa aieueiiai ?aaaiea ?ann/eouaatho,
enoiaey ec aeiionoeiuo nooi/iuo eiee/anoa oaieeaeaieia (oaae. 6) n
o/aoii, /oi 1 a aaeea i?eaeeceoaeueii ?aaai 50 ia oaieeaeaieia.
Oaae. 5. Aeiionoeiia nooi/iia eiee/anoai oaieeaeaieia aeey aieueiuo OEO
aeaoae ?acee/iuo aic?anoiuo a?oii.
Aic?anoEiee/anoai oaieeaeaieia (ia ia 1 ea iannu oaea)1-1,5
eao35-301,5-3 aiaea30-253-5 eao25-20noa?oa 5 eao20-15
Eiee/anoai aaeea a ?aoeeiia ca n/ao “Oao?aoaia” ninoaaeyao ?acieoeo
iaaeaeo iauei aaeeii e aaeeii anoanoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia. Nooi/ioth aeico
aieiieeneioiie niane ?ann/eouaatho ii oi?ioea:
(iauaa eiee/anoai aaeea – aaeie anoanoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia) o 100
eiee/anoai aaeea a 100 a “Oao?aoaia”
“Oao?aoai” aaiaeyo a ?aoeeii aieueiiai ?aaaiea iinoaiaiii. Ia/aeueiua
aeicu ninoaaeytho 1/5 – 1/3 io nooi/iiai eiee/anoaa aieiieeneioiie
niane. A oa/aiea ia?aie iaaeaee eiee/anoai niane iinoaiaiii oaaee/eaatho
e aeiaiaeyo aei iieiie aeicu. Iaeiia?aiaiii a ?aoeeiia ?aaaiea
oiaiueoatho aeieth aaeea ca n/ao anoanoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia.
“Oao?aoai” aeatho aeaoyi, eae i?aaeei, 2 ?aca a aeaiue – oo?ii e a
iieaeiee. ?acaiaeeoue nianue iiaeii oaieie eeiy/aiie aiaeie, neaaeeei
/aai eee ?acee/iuie nieaie (ii aeaeaieth ?aaaiea) aei niaoaiiia?aciie
eaoeoeu.
I?eia? ?an/aoa ieoaiey ?aaaieo n OEO
?aaaiie 3 eao, ianna oaea 14,5 ea
1. Iauaa nooi/iia eiee/anoai aaeea a ?aoeeiia aieueiiai:
2,5 o 14,5 = 36,3 a
2. Aeiionoeiia nooi/iia eiee/anoai oaieeaeaieia:
25 o 14,5 = 363 ia
3. Aeiionoeiia eiee/anoai aaeea anoanoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia (1 a aaeea
niaea?aeeo 50 ia oaieeaeaieia):
C6C:50 = 7,3 a
4. Eiee/anoai aaeea ca n/ao niane “Oao?aoai”:
36,3 – 7,3 = 29 a
5. Nooi/iia eiee/anoai niane “Oao?aoai” (100 a niane niaea?aeeo 40a
aaeea):
29 x 100:400 = 72,5 a
6. Iaiaoiaeeiia nooi/iia eiee/anoai aee?a a ?aoeeiia – 53 a.
7. Iaiaoiaeeiia nooi/iia eiee/anoai oaeaaiaeia – 212 a.
Aeeaoe/aneia ea/aiea aieueiuo OEO aeaoae i?iaiaeyo iiae no?iaei
eiio?ieai niaea?aeaiey oaieeaeaieia a nuai?ioea e?iae. Yoio iieacaoaeue
yaeyaony aeaaiui e?eoa?eai ioeaiee yooaeoeaiinoe ea/aiey e aeieaeai
iaoiaeeony a n?aaeieo i?aaeaeao, ?aaiuo 3-6 ia%. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
o?iaaiue oaieeaeaieia a nuai?ioea e?iae iaaeaao ieaea 2 ia% eee
i?aauoaao 8 ia%, iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeeoue, niioaaonoaothuoth ei??aeoeeth
aaeea a ?aoeeiia aieueiiai. Eiio?ieueiua enneaaeiaaiey o aeaoae noa?oa 1
aiaea i?e aeinoeaeaiee noaaeeueiuo iieacaoaeae oaieeaeaieia iiaeii
i?iaiaeeoue iaeei ?ac a 2-3 ianyoea. Ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony enneaaeiaaoue
niaea?aeaiea oaieeaeaieia a nuai?ioea e?iae, anee ?aaaiie aieai eee ia
nuae iaeaioia iieiinoueth iacia/aiioth aeeaoo, o.e. a aeaiiuo neo/ayo
?acoeueoaou iiaoo auoue eneaaeaiu.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia ?aoai aii?in i i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe i?iaiaeeiiai
ea/aiey e aiciiaeiuo n?ieao aai ieii/aiey. Iieacaii, /oi ?anoe?aiea
aeeaou a ieaaeoai oeieueiii aic?anoa ia?aie/eaaao eioaeeaeooaeueiua
aiciiaeiinoe aeaoae, io?eoeaoaeueii aeeyao ia eo iiaaaeaiea, aieiaiea,
iaiyoue e ae?., oooaeoaao yeaeo?iyioeaoaeia?aoe/aneea aeaiiua.
?anniao?eaaaony aii?in i iinoaiaiiie ioiaia aeeaou o noa?oeo aeaoae iiae
eiio?ieai ineoieiae/aneeo oanoia, YYA e niaea?aeaiey oaieeaeaieia a
e?iae. Eae aeueoa?iaoeaa aeeaoioa?aiee i?aaeeiaeai iaoiae ea/aiey
aieueiuo aeiiieieoaeueiui aaaaeaieai aieiieeneio n ?acaaoaeaiiie
oeaiueth (eaeoeeia, ecieaeoeeia e aaeeia), a oaeaea oe?iceia e
o?eioioaia. Oaeie niinia yooaeoeaii nieaeaao niaea?aeaiea oaieeaeaieia a
oeaiyo i?aaiecia ca n/ao eiieo?aioiiai eiaeae?iaaiey o?ainii?oiuo
nenoai.
Iaaeeeaiaioiciay oa?aiey
Ia?aeeaeueii inouanoaeyaony iaaeeeaiaioiciia iaoiaaiaoe/aneia e
neiioiiaoe/aneia ea/aiea iiio?iiiuie n?aaenoaaie, aioeeiiaoeuenaioaie,
i?aia?aoaie a?oiiu AOO e ae?. Iaiaoiaeeia aeiiieieoaeueiay ei??aeoeey
aoi?e/iuo iae?iiaaeeaoi?iuo ?anno?ienoa. A nayce n yoei oeaeaniia?acii a
eiiieaena ea/aiey aeaoae aeeth/aoue eaea?noaa n i?iiaaeeaoi?iui
aeaenoaeai (AeIOA, iaeii, iaaeiia?).
Aeiiieieoaeueiay oa?aiey
Iaiaoiaeeiu eo?nu iannaaea e ea/aaiie oeceoeueoo?u. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy
iiyaeeenue aeaiiua ia yooaeoeaiinoe eaca?inoeioeyoeee aeieiae/anee
aeoeaiuo oi/ae ieceiyia?aaoe/aneei aaeee-iaiiiaui eaca?ii.
Oi?ioea ia?niaeoeau a eioaeeaeooaeueiie ?aaaeeeoaoeee ioia/aiu i?e
eniieueciaaiee nia?aiaiiuo eiiiuethoa?iuo oaoiieiaee: n?aaenoa
o?aoia?iiai iiaeaee?iaaiey e ?aniiciaaaiey ?a/e, i?ia?aiiii-aiia?aoiuo
eiiieaenia nicaeaiey ae?ooaeueiie ?aaeueiinoe. Eiiiuethoa?iua nenoaiu
nicaeatho aeey aieueiiai ?aaaiea iiaue nianoaaiiue ie? e iinoaiaiii
aaeaioe?otho aai e ie?o ?aaeueiiio. Ao?iia ?acaeoea iee?ii?ioeanni?iuo
oaoiieiaee i?eaaei e ?aceiio oaaee/aieth i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
eiiiuethoa?ia e iaeiia?aiaiii cia/eoaeueiiio nieaeaieth eo noieiinoe.
Yoi oaea naaiaeiy iicaieyao nicaeaaaoue ?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiua eiiieaenu ia
aaca noaiaea?oiuo au/eneeoaeueiuo ieaooi?i (oioy aua iaaeaaii aeey yoiai
o?aaiaaeenue niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua aei?iainoiyuea eiiiuethoa?u).
Caeeth/aiea
Naiaa?aiaiiay aeeaaiinoeea oaieeeaoiio?ee iicaieyao aia?aiy ia/aoue
aeeaoioa?aieth e ecaaaeaoue na?ueaciuo iineaaenoaee aeey caei?iauey
?aaaiea e nieceoue yeiiiie/aneea ecaea?aeee, naycaiiua n nioeeaeueiie
?aaaeeeoaoeeae i?e iicaeiae aeeaaiinoeea OEO.
Aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii:
1. No?aieoueny e 100% ioaaoo ne?eieiaii iiai?iaeaeaiiuo aeaoae.
O/eouaay aunieoth /anoioo ano?a/aaiinoe OEO, yoi aaaeiia ia?ii?eyoea
aeey ?aiiaai auyaeaiey aieueiuo aeaoae e i?aaeioa?auaiey iaia?aoeiuo
eciaiaiee.
2. Auyaeaiea naiae ?enea e i?iaaaeaiea a ieo iaaeeei-aaiaoe/aneiai
eiinoeueoe?iaaiey. Naiuee ?enea auyaeythony ii aeaiiui ne?eieiaa e ii
ia?auaaiinoe; iineaaeiyy caaeneo io a?aiioiinoe a?a/ae e o?iaiy
eioi?ie?iaaiiinoe ianaeaiey.
3. I?iaaaeaiea iaaeeei-aaiaoe/aneiai eiinoeueoe?iaaiey n
eniieueciaaieai AeIE-aeeaaiinoeee, aeey iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey iineoaeuenoaa
iooaoeee. Eniieueciaaiea i?aiaoaeueiie aeeaaiinoeee a naiueyo ?enea.
4. Iiauoaiea o?iaiy iiaeaioiaee a?a/ae-iaaeeao?ia. Aeey iieiioeaiiiai
?acaeoey ?aaaiea, iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea a?aiioiuo niaoeeaeenoia ii
aeeaoioa?aiee OEO, ineoieiae/aneie e iae?i?aaaeeeoaoeee. Aeey yoiai,
aiciiaeii, iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaiea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai oeaio?a eee
annioeeaoeee ?iaeeoaeae, eiathueo aeaoae n OEO.
Aeaeeia?aoey
1. TH. A. Aaeueoeuaaa, I.I. Ai/eiaa “Ianeaaenoaaiiay iaoieiaey
/aeiaaea”, 1-e oii, I. 1992
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