?AOA?AO
I N I ? E A C
EEEIEEA,
IAUEA E IA?OAEIUA
I?EIOeEIU OA?AIEE.
1998 aiae.
EEEIE*ANEAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA INI?EACA
Ini?eaoe/aneea yooei?anoeaioeee ia eiaea /anoi oa?aeoa?ecothony eae
iiiiii?oiua a nayce n oai, /oi i?eciaiiui ia?ae/iui yeaiaioii yaeyaony
iaioea. Aianoa n oai i?e ini?eaoe/aneie y?eo?iaea?iee iiaeii aeaeaoue
ia?ae/iui yeaiaioii y?eoaio, a o aieueiuo ionooeaciui ini?eacii –
ionooeo. E?iia oiai, iienaia iyoienoay ?aciiaeaeiinoue ini?eaca. Iiyoiio
aeeaaiinoeea ini?eaca i?aaenoaaeyao cao?oaeiaiey, o?aaoao
aeeaaiinoe/aneie aeiinee.
A oa/aiee ini?eaca auaeaeytho o?e noaaeee : i?ia?anne?othuoth,
noaoeeiia?ioth e ?aa?anne?othuoth. A noaaeee i?ia?anne?iaaiey aieacie
oeaao iaioe aieaa y?eee, iie ioa/iu, iai?yaeaiiua. Aie?oa iaioe
ii?aaeaeyaony /aoeee iyoienoue y?eoaiaoicii-ioa/iue ai?aeth?
(ia?eoa?e/aneee ?iciaue aai/ee ?inoa). Iiiaea iaioeu iaoiaeyony a
ninoiyiee neeyiey, iauaaeeiyynue a e?oiiua o/anoee iaioeaciie
eioeeueo?aoeee eee aeyoee ?acee/iuo i/a?oaiee. Aeey i?ia?anne?othuae
noaaeee ini?eaca oa?aeoa?ai iieiaeeoaeueiue oa?iaio Eiaia?a. Ii
i?iyaeyaony ia?aciaaieai iaioeaciuo yeaiaioia ia ianoao o?aiey,
aeaaeaiey. Iau/ii a yoeo neo/ayo iaioeu ?aniieaaathony eeiaeii, iiaoi?yy
naiae eieaeecaoeeae ianoi ?acae?aaeaiey. Iauyniyaony oaiiiai Eiaia?a
iaee/eai noieue ?acei au?aaeaiiiai aeia?a?ae/aneiai ninoiyiey, i?e
eioi?ii aeaaea aeaeeii caei?iaay eiaea iaoiaeeony a ninoiyiee aioiaiinoe
e ainiaeeoaeueiie ?aaeoeee. Iaeaeoaa, aeaaea oeceieiae/anee ii?iaeueiia
iai?yaeaiea eee aeaaeaiea (iai?eia?, iaeanoue iiyna eee ianoa i?eeaaaiey
eyiie athnoaaeueoa?a, eiiaaea ia ianoa oea?aieiu eee ?an/ania)
nii?iaiaeaeaaony ia?aciaaieai iaioeaciie nuie. A noaoeeiia?iie noaaeee
ia?eoa?e/aneee ?ino aunuiiuo yeaiaioia i?ae?auaaony, iaioeu oieiuathony,
aeaaeiatho. Aiciiaeii ia?aciaaiea eieueoeaaeaeiuo i/aaia aneaaenoaea
eioaineaiiai ?ac?aoaiey eioeeueo?aoa a oeaio?a. Eiiaaea iaioeu e o/anoee
iaioeaciie eioeeueo?aoeee ?ac?aoathony ia n oeaio?a, a n ia?eoa?ee.
Oiaaea iaioeaciua yeaiaiou eae au iiaeoaeaatho n e?aaa e oo?a/eaatho
i?aaeeueii ie?oaeoth oi?io. Ia?eiae ?aa?anna oa?aeoa?ecoaony iieiui
en/aciiaaieai iaioeaciie eioeeueo?aoeee ia cia/eoaeueiie iiaa?oiinoe
oaea n ia?aciaaieai ia ianoa auaoeo aunuiaiee i/aaia aeia?ieaiaioaoeee
eee o/anoeia aoi?e/iie “eiaeiie” eaeeiaea?iu. Aie?oa ?aa?anne?othueo
ini?eaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia /anoi aeaeai aeaaeiue, eae au neeaae/aoue
ai?aeth? – inaaaeiao?ioe/aneee iaiaeie Ae. E. Ai?iiiaa – neiioii
aeoeaiiai ?ac?aoaiey i?ioeanna. Iiieii oeie/iie, eeanne/aneie oi?iu
ini?eaca ?acee/atho aoeie/iua ?aciiaeaeiinoe: 1) yennoaeaoeaiue; 2)
iyoienoue; 3) naai?aeiue; 4) canoa?aeue; 5) ai?iaeaa/aoue; 6)
?acae?aaeaiiue; 7) eioa?o?eaeiiciue.
Y e n n o ae a o e a i u e i n i ? e a c (?sor. aoudativa). Yoa
?aciiaeaeiinoue ia?aaeei iaaethaeaaony o eeoe n ecauoi/iie iannie oaea,
n iaee/eai aeeaaaoa eee i?e nieaeaiiie ooieoeee ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu
(stat. mixedematicus). I?ioeann i?iyaeyaony i/aaaie ino?iai ioa/iiai
ainiaeaiey n ia ?aceiia?acei au?aaeaiiie, a eiiaaea e ionoonoaothuae
eioeeueo?aoeeae, n ia/aoeeie, iai?aaeeueiuie i/a?oaieyie, n iaeeueiui
ianeiaieai iaoa?aeoa?iuo aeey ini?eaca na?iciuo eee na?icii-aiieiuo
ei?ie e ei?ei-/aooe. Aeiaieueii /anoi o aieueiuo n yennoaeaoeaiuie
i?iyaeaieyie ini?eaca auaatho iieiooea, eioaineaiue coae, /oi
cao?oaeiyao aeeaaiinoeeo, Eieaeecaoeey yennoaeaoeaiiai ini?eaca
ioee/aaony naiaia?aceai: aieaa /anoi i/aae ?aniieaaathony ia ieaeieo
eiia/iinoyo eee a e?oiiuo eiaeiuo neeaaeeao.
I y o i e n o u e i n i ? e a c (?sia. aoanthematica). Yoa oi?ia
ioee/aaony iaee/eai y?eoaiaoiciuo iyoai, eiiaaea ni neaai au?aaeaiiie
eioeeueo?aoeeae, a eiiaaea e aac iaa, ii n iaeeueiui oa?aeoa?iui
oaeooaieai e iaee/eai iaoiaiiiiie/iie ini?eaoe/aneie o?eaaeu. Neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue, /oi iyoienoua oi?iu aea?iaoica iaaethaeathony a iniiaiii o
iieiaeuo aeaiuei, iiyoiio aai eiaiotho «aeaineei» ini?eacii.
N a a i ? a e i u e i n i ? e a c (psor. seborrheica). Yoio aeae
iaeaieaa o?oaeai aeey aeeaaiinoeee, oae eae aeeth/aao a eeeie/aneoth
neiioiiaoeeo iniaaiiinoe eeeieee naai?aeiie yecaiu e i?iyaeaiey
naai?aeiiai noaoona o aieueiuo. Eae i?aaeei, ia naai?aeiuo o/anoeao
(aieinenoay /anoue aieiau, iiniaoaiua e iiniua/iua neeaaeee, ca ooiuie
?aeiaeiaie, ia a?oaee e a iaaeeiiaoi/iie iaeanoe) iaia?oaeeaathony
c?eoaiaoicii-iaioeaciua yeaiaiou n iaeeueiui e?oiiiieanoei/aoui
oaeooaieai. I/aae ia eeoea e a?oaee /aoa i?aaenoaaeaiu iyoienouie
aunuiaieyie n aee?iuie na?iaaoi-aeaeouie /aooyie, eieoe?othueie
naai?aeioth yecaio. Ca ooiuie ?aeiaeiaie iiaeii aeaeaoue o/anoee
eioeeueo?aoeee ianuuaiii-?iciaiai eee e?aniiai oeaaoa oaeaea n
iaeeueiui ianeiaieai na?iciuo eee na?icii-aiieiuo ei?ie, n iaee/eai
o?auei, iieiooey, neioee?othueo ea?oeio no?aioiaea?iee eee naai?aeiie
yecaiu, ineiaeiaiiie ieiaea?ieae. Iaeiaei ia aieinenoie /anoe aieiau
anaaaea iaia?oaeeaathony iaioeaciua eioeeueo?aoeaiua yeaiaiou, a ia
eiaea eaa ii a?aieoea n aieinaie o aieueiuo ini?eacii, eae i?aaeei,
auaatho iaioeu n oa?aeoa?iui oaeooaieai. Iie eee aaeeie/iua, ioaeaeueii
?aniieiaeaiiua, eee ia?aoiaeyo n aieinenoie /anoe aieiau ia eiaeo eaa a
aeaea ei?iiu («ini?eaoe/aneay ei?iia»).
3 a n o a ? a e u e i n i ? e a c (?sor. inveterata). Yoa
?aciiaeaeiinoue i?iyaeyaony aeeeoaeueii nouanoaothueie o/anoeaie
neeaiiai ?aniieiaeaiey iaioe, n ?acei au?aaeaiiie eioeeueo?aoeeae, n
/aoei i/a?/aiiuie a?aieoeaie. Aneaaenoaea iaee/ey iiuiiai
ainiaeeoaeueiiai eioeeueo?aoa, aeeeoaeueiiai oa/aiey, ie?anea i/aaia
i?eia?aoaao ao?iaaoue iooaiie, iiaa?oiinoue iaioe aeia?o?ioe?oaony n
ia?aciaaieai o/anoeia aeia?ea?aoica e ai?iaeaa/aouo ?ac?anoaiee (?sor.
verrucosa).
? a c ae ? a ae a i i u e i n i ? e a c (?sor. irritabilis). Eiiaaea
aneaaenoaea ia?aoeeiiaeueiiai ea/aiey, ecauoi/iie einieyoeee,
no?anniaie neooaoeee a aeecie aieueiuo i?ienoiaeeo ao?iia oneeaiea
ainiaeeoaeueiie ?aaeoeee. Iaioeaciua yooei?anoeaioeee noaiiayony
ioa/iuie, i?eia?aoatho eioaineaioth, y?eoth, ianuuaiioth e?anioth
ie?aneo. Aie?oa iaioe auno?i aicieeaao ioa/iue aeia?aie/aneee iiyn,
niinianoaothuee neeyieth ioaeaeueiuo aunuiaiee a nieioiia aeeooociia
ii?aaeaiea aieueoeo o/anoeia eiaeiiai iie?iaa, ia?aaeei i?aa?auathueony
a y?eo?iaea?ieth. I?e ?acae?aaeaiiii ini?eaca oae aea, eae e a
i?ia?anne?othuae noaaeee, cia/eoaeueii oneeeaaaony ?aaeoeaiinoue n
yaeaieyie iieeaaeaioiie aeia?/oanoaeoaeueiinoe, aneaaenoaea /aai aeaaea
ia o/anoeao caei?iaie eiaee i?e iacia/eoaeueiii ?acae?aaeaiee (o?aiea,
aeaaeaiea, oea?aieia) aicieeatho iiaua naaaeea iaioeaciua
yooei?anoeaioeee (oaiiiai Eiaia?a).
E i o a ? o ? e a e i i c i u e i n i ? e a c. (?sia. intertriginosa).
?aniieiaeaiea ini?eaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia a e?oiiuo neeaaeeao eiaee
yaeyaony aoeie/iie eieaeecaoeeae e naienoaaiii iaii?yoiui aieueiui,
no?aaeathuei aeeaaaoii, iaee?aieai, aaaaoininoaeenoie aeenoiieae. I?e
oaeie oi?ia ini?eaca a iiaeiuoa/iuo aiaaeeiao, iaaeuyaiaee/iie, iaoiauo
e iaaeiaeueoeaauo neeaaeeao, iiae iiei/iuie aeaeacaie aicieeatho
ioa/iua, y?eoaiaoicii – iaioeaciua i/aae, /anoi iieiouea, y?iceaiua n
ioneieeie ?iaiaiai neiy ii ia?eoa?ee. Eioa?o?eaeiiciue ini?eac iiaeao
iaiiieiaoue eaiaeeaeic, ?oa?iieeic, yieaea?iioeoeth. A ioee/ea io
ini?eaca eaiaeeaeic e aea?iaoiieeicu e?oiiuo e iaeeeo neeaaeie
i?ioaeatho ino?aa, iiaa?oiinoue i/aaia ii?aaeaiey aieaa y?eay. Ii e?ath
ii?aaeaiiuo o/anoeia /aoei au?aaeai ai?aeth? ec «iiae?uoiai» ?iaiaiai
neiy. Ii ia?eoa?ee, eae i?aaeei, aeaeiu ionaau a aeaea
iyoienoi-aaceeoeaciuo yooei?anoeaioeee.
Iiieii aoeie/iuo eeeie/aneeo oi?i ini?eaca nouanoaotho oyaeaeua
?aciiaeaeiinoe, o?aaothuea iniaiai aieiaiey a ieaia aeeaaiinoeee e
ea/aiey. E iei ioiinyony ini?eaoe/aneay y?eo?iaea?iey, ionooeaciue
ini?eac, a?o?iiaoe/aneee ini?eac iiaoae e ini?eac neecenouo iaiei/ae.
I n i ? e a o e / a n e a y y ? e o ? i ae a ? i e y.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie oaeoi?aie, niinianoaothueie oi?ie?iaaieth
ini?eaoe/aneie y?eo?iaea?iee, yaeythony ?acee/iua i?iaioee?othuea
iiiaiou. Iai i?eoiaeeeinue iaaethaeaoue ?acaeoea y?eo?iaea?iee iinea
aiaeiu, ia?aii-ineoe/aneeo, o?aaiaoe/aneeo aicaeaenoaee, iinea
ia?aoeeiiaeueiiai i?eiaiaiey OOI, nieia/iiai iaeo/aiey, i?eaia
aioeaeioeeia, noeueoaieeaieaeiuo i?aia?aoia, iaoio?aenaoa, iieueciaaiey
?acae?aaeathueie iacyie. A yoeo neo/ayo ioaeaeueii ?aniieiaeaiiua
yooei?anoeaioeee aeoeaece?othony, i?eia?aoay ioa/iinoue, y?eoth
ianuuaiioth y?eoaiaoicioth ie?aneo, ia?acoy iiiaeanoaaiiua oeao?u
neeyiey, a ianoaie – nieioiua aeeooociua o/anoee. Iaioeu e aeyoee
noaiiayony ia?acee/eiuie. Eiaea ooeiaeua e eiia/iinoae i?eia?aoaao aeae
ieioiiai iai?yaeaiiiai iaioee?y, canoieii-ao?ue oeaao, eioaineaioth
eioeeueo?aoeeth, iaeeueii oaeooeony. Aiciiaeai e ae?oaie iooue
oi?ie?iaaiey ini?eaoe/aneie y?eo?iaea?iee, oae iacuaaaiie niiioaiiie
eaeeiiaoe/aneie ini?eaoe/aneie y?eo?iaea?iee. Aac i?aaeoanoaothuaai
?acae?aaeaiey eee aeaenoaey yaiuo no?anniauo oaeoi?ia ao?ii ?acaeaaaony
aeeooociia canoieiia iie?aniaiea eiaee ooeiaeua e eiia/iinoae ni
cia/eoaeueiie ioa/iinoueth, ia- i?yaeaieai, iaeeueiui oaeooaieai.
I?aaeeueiie aeeaaiinoeea iiiiaaao iaee/ea ioaeaeueiuo oeie/iuo
ini?eaoe/aneeo iaioe ii ia?eoa?ee. A ioee/ea io eeioii eiaee
y?eo?iaea?ie/aneiai oeia ini?eaoe/aneay y?eo?iaea?iey ia
nii?iaiaeaeaaony iaoiei- ae/aneeie aaiaoieiae/aneeie neiioiiaie, a
aenoieiae/aneeo i?aia?aoao ionoonoaotho eeaoee Neca?e e neiieaiey
iaoieiae/aneeo eeioioeeoa?iuo yeaiaioia.
I n i ? e a c i i a o a e. Ii?aaeaiea iiaoaauo ieanoeiie o aieueiuo
ini?eacii anaaaea eiaao ianoi, ii eeeie/aneea eciaiaiey auaatho
au?aaeaiu ?acee/ii. I?eiyoi auaeaeyoue aeaa oi?iu iaoieiaee
iiaoae: oi/a/iay e aeeooociay. I?e oi/a/iii ii?aaeaiee a iiaoaauo
ieanoeieao ia?acothony oi/a/iua, n iaeiaia ca?ii oaeoaeaiey ?acee/iie
aeoaeiu. Aiaoia iiaoaaua ieanoeiee a yoii neo/aa iaiiieiatho
iiaa?oiinoue iaia?noea, a ini?eac iacuaaaony iaia?noeiaeaeiui.
Aeeooociia eciaiaiea iiaoaauo ieanoeiie eiaao ?acee/ioth noaiaiue
au?aaeaiiinoe eeeie/aneie iaoieiaee e ioee/aaony cia/eoaeueiui
iieeii?oeciii. Ieieiaeueiua eciaiaiey, eioi?ua eiinoaoe?othony
i?aeoe/anee o ethaiai aieueiiai ini?eacii, i?aaenoaaeaiu eaaeei
iiiooiaieai iiaa?oiinoiie ieanoeiee (1amina ao1aaia), na?iaaoui
iooaieii ie?anee iiaoaaie ieanoeiee e aaeaa caiaoiie i?iaeieueiie
en/a?/aiiinoueth. I?e cia/eoaeueiuo eciaiaieyo iiaoaauo ieanoeiie
aeeooociiai oa?aeoa?a auaeaeytho ao?ioe/aneoth oi?io, aeia?o?ioe/aneoth
e ini?eaoe/aneoth iieoeth a aeaea iiaeiiaoaauo aaii??aaee.
Ao?ioe/aneay iieoiaeeno?ioey, eee ini?eaoe/aneee iieoieecen,
oa?aeoa?acoaony enoii/aieai aauanoaa iiaoy aac i?aaeoanoaothueo
ainiaeeoaeueiuo eciaiaiee, Iiaoaaay ieanoeiea, iinoaiaiii enoii/aynue,
ioaeaeyaony io iiaoaaiai eiaea eee, iinoaiaiii eece?oynue, en/acaao,
aieioue aei inoaoeia iiaoaaie ieanoeiee na?iaaoiai oeaaoa o eoii/ee.
Enoii/aiea iiaoaaie ieanoeiee e aa eece?iaaiea /aua ia/eiaaony ii
naiaiaeiiio e?ath iiaoy, ii iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue e ii aa aieiaui
o/anoeai.
Eeeie/aneay ?aciiaeaeiinoue iieoiaeeno?ioee aeia?o?ioe/aneiai oeia
i?iyaeyaony ?aciiia?aciuie eciaiaieyie eae oi?iu, oeaaoa, oae e
eiinenoaioeee. Iaeaieaa /anoi i?ienoiaeeo ooieuaiea iiaoaaie
ieanoeiee n aeaoi?iaoeeae e eciaiaieai oeaaoa io na?iaaoi-aeaeoiaaoiai
aei a?ycii-na?iai. Iiaoaaay ieanoeiea oa?yao aeane, noaiiaeony ooneeie,
ia?iaiie, aoa?enoie. Aeaoi?iaoeey iiaoaaie ieanoeiee ia/eiaaony n
i?iyaeaiey a iaeanoe eoii/ee ai?icae Ai . Ii ia?a aiaea/aiey a i?ioeann
iiaoaaie ieanoeiee e iiaeiiaoaaiai eiaea oneeeaaaony eioeeueo?aoeey,
iiaoaaay ieanoeiea aua aieueoa ooieuaaony e aeaoi?ie?oaony. Iiaioue
noaiiaeony ieioiui, iaiiieiathuei eiaioue oeuiie ioeoeu. Yoio i?ioeann
iacuaaaony iieeia?eoicii e /aua ?acaeaaaony a iaeanoe noii. A ae?oaeo
neo/ayo iiaoaaay ieanoeiea ?ac?ooaaony. Iiaioue noaiiaeony ?uoeui,
e?ioaueiny, eiieei e iinoaiaiii iooi?aaaony, inoaaeyy eeoue iaaieueoea
?uoeua ?iaiaua ianeiaiey o eoii/ee.
Ini?eaoe/aneay iieoey ii oeio iiaeiiaoaauo aaii??aaee aia?aua
iienaia A. I. A?eaae/ai (1964), eioi?ue iaaethaeae aeaa oeia
aaii??aaee. Aaii??aae/aneea iyoia ia?aiai oeia, i?inaa/eaathuea /a?ac
iiaoaaoth ieanoeieo, iiaoo auoue a iaeanoe eoii/ee. Iie ia?aciauaathony
ca n/ao ?anoe?aiiuo eaieeey?ia nini/eia iiaoaaiai eiaea e en/acatho i?e
iaaeaaeeaaiee. Aoi?ie oei iiaeiiaoaauo aaii??aaee oa?aeoa?ecoaony
oi/a/iuie eee iieiniaeaeiuie e?iaieceeyieyie, i?eia?aoathoeie
aaii??aae/aneoth aeaeoiaaoi-ao?oth eee /a?ioth ie?aneo, Eiiaaea oiieea
no?aeiaeaeiua iieinee a aeenoaeueiie /anoe iiaoaaie ieanoeiee
i?iecaiaeyo aia/aoeaiea caiic. Ana ii?aaeaiey iiaoaauo ieanoeiie
nii?iaiaeaeathony ioaeii, eioeeueo?aoeeae, canoieii-aeia?aie?iaaiiui
ii?aaeaieai ieieiiiaoaaiai aaeeea (?aainichia psoriatica). Caaeiyy
iiaoaaay eiaeeoea eioeeueo?e?iaaia, n iaeeueiui oa?aeoa?iui oaeooaieai,
eioi?ia ionoonoaoao i?e iieoiieeicao e eaiaeeaeica. Ini?eaoe/aneay
ia?iieoey ia?aaeei nii?iaiaeaeaaony na?iciui, eiiaaea aiieiui
ioaeaeyaiui ec-iiae caaeiaai iiaoaaiai aaeeea, /oi oaeaea yaeyaony
aaaeiaeoei aeeooa?aioeeaeueii-aeeaaiinoe/aneei i?eciaeii, iicaieythuei
ioee/eoue ini?eac io eaiaeeaeica e ieeioe/aneiai ii?aaeaiey.
I o n o o e a c i u e i n i ? e a c (?sor. pustulosa). Caaieaaaiea
i?iyaeyaony aiieiuie yeaiaioaie iiaa?oiinoiiai oa?aeoa?a oeia
no?aioinoaoeeieieeiaiai eiiaoeai.. Auaeaeytho ia?ae/iue, eee
eaeeiiaoe/aneee, ionooeaciue ini?eac, i?ioaeathuee oyaeaei ni
ceiea/anoaaiiui oa/aieai, e aoi?e/iue aeia?iea/anoaaiiue. Aeey
eaeeiiaoe/aneie ?aciiaeaeiinoe ionooeaciiai ini?eaca oa?aeoa?ii iaee/ea
ia?ae/iuo aiieiuo yeaiaioia, ?aniieaaathueony ia eioeeueo?aoeaiii
iniiaaiee n eioaineaiui oaeooaieai e iniiaiuie iaoiaaiaoe/aneeie
oaiiiaiaie, naienoaaiiuie aeey ini?eaca. I?e aeia?iea/anoaaiiie oi?ia
ionooeu iau/ii iiyaeythony ia 6eyoeao aoeueaa?iiai ini?eaca eee aiieiua
yooei?anoeaioeee caiaiytho ?aiaa iiyaeaoeany iaioeu. Iiaeiaiue aa?eaio
oa/aiey iau/ii eiaiotho ini?eacii n ionooeecaoeeae. Yoi oii?ii oaeouee
oei ini?eaca, /anoi caeai/eaathueeny eiaaeeaeacaoeeae eee eaoaeueii.
Ionooeaciua oi?iu ini?eaca ano?a/athony ?aaeei. Iniiaiuie oaeoi?aie
aicieeiiaaiey ionooeaciie oi?iu ini?eaca auaatho: i?eiaiaiea
iaoio?aenaoa, ea/aiea ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuie ai?iiiaie, ceioiio?aaeaiea
aeeiaieai.
A ? o ? i i a o e / a n e e e i n i ? e a c (i n i ? e a o e / a n e e
e a ? o ? e o) (?sor. arthropatica). Ianiio?y ia cia/eoaeueiue i?ia?ann
a eco/aiee ini?eaca, naiie oyaeaeie oi?iie e iaiaa oi?aaeyaiie a
ieaia ea/aiey o aieueiuo ini?eacii yaeyaony a?o?iiaoe/aneay. Ii i?i/ii
onoaiiaeaoaeny o?aaeeoeee, ini?eac ana aua ioiineony e eiaeiui
aieaciyi, oioy onoaiiaeaia nenoaiiinoue yoiai i?ioeanna e niiniaiinoue
ini?eaca ii?aaeaoue ia oieueei eiaeo, ii e aioo?aiiea i?aaiu, ia?aioth
nenoaio e no- noaau.
Ini?eaoe/aneee a?o?eo oa?aeoa?ecoaony eae nenoaiiue i?ioeann, i?e
eioi?ii iaeneiaeueii au?aaeaiiua eciaiaiey i?iyaeythony a no?oeoo?a
niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie. Ini?eaoe/aneay a?o?iiaoey iiaeao i?ioaeaoue
aeia?iea/anoaaiii ii oeio iiii- eee ieeaia?o?eoa eeai a aeaea
iieea?o?eoa, a o /anoe aieueiuo i?eia?aoaao oa?aeoa? oyaeaeiai
aeano?oeoeaiiai iieea?o?eoa. Ini?eaoe/aneee a?o?eo /aua aicieeaao
ia?aeeaeueii n eiaeiuie ii?aaeaieyie eee ianeieueei iicaea, a a
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo nonoaaiie neiae?ii iiaeao i?aaeoanoaiaaoue eiaeiui
yooei?anoeaioeeyi. Ii?aaeaiea nonoaaia iau/ii ia/eiaaony a aeenoaeueiuo
iaaeoaeaiaiauo nonoaaia eenoae e noii. Iinoaiaiii a i?ioeann
aiaeaeathony n?aaeiea e e?oiiua ni/eaiaiey, aeeth/ay e iicaiii/iee, n
?acaeoeai aieeeice?othuaai niiiaeeeia?o?eoa. ?aciiia?acea eeeie/aneeo
aa?eaioia ini?eaoe/aneie a?o?iiaoee e o?oaeiinoe aa aeeaaiinoeee
niinianoaiaaee nicaeaieth ?yaea eeanneoeeaoeee, iino?iaiiuo
i?aeiouanoaaiii ii eeeieei-aiaoiie/aneei e ?aioaaiieiae/aneei
e?eoa?eyi..
A eeeie/aneeo oneiaeyo iiieii ?aioaaiia?aoe/aneeo e aiaoiie/aneeo
e?eoa?eaa iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue noaiaie aeoeaiinoe e ooieoeeiiaeueiie
niiniaiinoe einoii-nonoaaiuo ni/eaiaiee.
Aeey eeeieoeenoia nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea oaeaea eiaao oa?aeoa?enoeea
noaiaie ooieoeeiiaeueiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe nonoaaia, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyaony ii e?eoa?eyi ?aaioiniiniaiinoe.
Iniaoth aeooaeueiinoue ini?eaoe/aneie a?o?iiaoee i?eaeaao iaee/ea o
aieueiuo, iiieii aaaaoiaeenoiie/aneeo e iae?iyiaeie?eiiuo ?anno?ienoa,
iiiaeanoaaiiuo aenoea?iiaoee. Ia?auaao aieiaiea i?ia?anne?othuaa
anoaie/aneia ninoiyiea aieioue aei eaoaenee, ieaeaee, ao?ioee iuooe
eenoae, i?aaeiea/ee, aieaiae (12 – 15%). Oae aea eae e i?e iau/iii
ini?eaca, o aieueiuo ini?eaoe/aneie a?o?iiaoeae ii?aaeaeythony
iaaeinoaoi/iinoue ooieoeee ia/aie, ii/ae, eiioiiaeaoeoeeoiua ninoiyiey,
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay iaoieiaey. I?eciaii, /oi ii?aaeaiey
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa e aioo?aiieo i?aaiia i?e ini?eaoe/aneie
a?o?iiaoee ia eiatho oa?aeoa?iuo iaoiaaiaoe/aneeo neiioiiia e
i?eciaeia, iiyoiio aeeaaiic aace?oaony ia eiiieaeniii
ianeaaeiaaiee aieueiuo n o/aoii aiaeeca eeeie/aneeo iniaaiiinoae
ii?aaeaiey nonoaaia, eiaee e aa i?eaeaoeia.
I n i ? e a c n e e c e n o u o i a i e i / a e. Iiiai/eneaiiua
enneaaeiaaiey iaoiaaiaca ini?eaca iicaieeee oaeoaeoue iiieiaiea
?aciiia?aciinoe eiiieaeniie iaoieiaee, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuae i
nenoaiiinoe i?ioeanna. Yoi iineoaeeei iniiaaieai aiai?eoue i ini?eaca
eae i ini?eaoe/aneie aieacie. Ii?aaeaiea neecenouo iaiei/ae, e a
/anoiinoe neecenoie iaiei/ee ?oa, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeyaony i?eciaiiui
oaeoii. Ecaanoii iiyaeaiea ini?eaoe/aneeo yooei?anoeaioeee ia oieueei a
iaeanoe iieinoe ?oa, ii e ia eiiuthieoeaa, ia neecenouo iaiei/eao
iieiauo i?aaiia. Aunuiaiey ia neecenouo iaiei/eao ia?aaeei ninoaaeytho
i?iaeieaeaiea ini?eaoe/aneeo yooei?anoeaioeee ia eiaea. Ini?eac
neecenouo iaiei/ae, eae e ini?eac eiaee, iiaeao eiaoue ?aciiaeaeiinoe.
*aua ini?eac eiaee e neecenouo iaiei/ae i?ioaeaao neio?iiii, ia/eiaaony
e ?aa?anne?oao iaeiia?aiaiii. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiie eieaeecaoeeae o
aieueiuo aoeueaa?iui ini?eacii yaeyaony ii?aaeaiea neecenoie iaiei/ee
uae, e?aniie eaeiu aoa e ycuea. Oa?aeoa?ii iaee/ea ainiaeeoaeueiuo
yeaiaioia ie?oaeie, iaaeueiie eee iai?aaeeueiie oi?iu, neaaea
aunooiaaoeo iaae ie?oaeathuae neecenoie iaiei/eie. A?aieoeu
yooei?anoeaioeee /aoeea, /anoi ?acei ia?aie/aiiua. Nuiue eiaao neeaiie
oa?aeoa?. Aie?oa oaeiai i/aaa anaaaea iaaethaeaaony ?iciaue ioa/iue
ai?aeth?. Ia iiaa?oiinoe i/aaia aiciiaeii ia?aciaaiea ?uoeiai
aaeiaaoi-na?iai iaeaoa, ii /aua iaaethaeaaony y?eoaiaoiciay ainiaeaiiay
iiaa?oiinoue, neaaea ioa/iay n iacia/eoaeueiie yenoieeaoeeae yieoaeey ii
oeio oaeooaiey. O aieueiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiui ini?eacii a i?ia?anne?othuae
noaaeee eee yennoaeaoeaiie ?aciiaeaeiinoueth aieacie, a /aua o aieueiuo
n ini?eaoe/aneie y?eo?iaea?ieae iaaethaeaaony ii?aaeaiea e?aniie eaeiu
aoa. I?ioeann oa?aeoa?ecoaony ciiie ainiaeaiey a aeaea eaiou, eaeouae io
iaeiiai oaea ?oa aei ae?oaiai. E?aniay eaeia a yoii ianoa ioa/ia,
aeia?aie?iaaia, ia?aaeei eioeeueo?e?iaaia, n iiia?a/ii ?aniieiaeaiiuie
o?aueiaie e iaeeeie /aooeei-ei?i/eaie. Iaeaieaa ?acei au?aaeaia
iyoienoay ioa/iinoue e aeia?aiey a ciia Eeaeia (ii eeiee niueaiey aoa).
I?ioeann iiaeao eieaeeciaaoueny ia iaeiie, /aua ieaeiae aoaa, ii iiaeao
auoue e ia iaaeo aoaao. Ini?eaoe/aneea aunuiaiey ia neecenoie iaiei/ea
?oa eiiaaea nii?iaiaeaeaaony aeaeaieai, ii /aua i?ioaeatho aac
noauaeoeaiuo iuouaiee. A iaeanoe iieiauo i?aaiia ini?eaoe/aneay nuiue
/aua oi?ie?oaony o ioaeiei ia aioo?aiiai eenoea e?aeiae ieioe, a o
aeaiuei – a iaeanoe ia?aoiaeiie neeaaeee aieueoeo e iaeuo iieiauo aoa. A
ioee/ea io ii?aaeaiee ia neecenoie iaiei/ea ?oa i?e yoie eieaeecaoeee
/aoei ii?aaeaeythony oa?aeoa?iua neiioiiu aeey ini?eaoe/aneiai
i?ioeanna. Iau/ii aeaeiu ?iciaua ie?oaeua iaioeu n /aoeeie a?aieoeaie,
neeiiiua e neeyieth e n iaee/eai ianeiaiey na?iaaoi-aaeuo /aooae eee
/aooeei-ei?ie, eaaei iooi?aathueony i?e iineaaeeaaiee.
Ii?aaeaiea neecenouo iaiei/ae o aieueiuo ionooeaciui ini?eacii
iaaethaeaaony iinoiyiii. Ii?aaeaiea neecenoie iaiei/ee iieinoe ?oa
yaeyaony iaiouaieaiui i?eciaeii ionooeaciiai ini?eaca A niioaaonoaee ni
naiaia?aceai eiaeiie nuie i?iyaeaiey ini?eaoe/aneeo ionooeaciuo
yooei?anoeaioeee ia neecenouo iaiei/eao ioee/athony au?aaeaiiinoueth
ioa/iinoe, iaee/eai na?icii-aiieiie yennoaeaoeee, /anoui oi?ie?iaaieai
y?iceaii-ycaaiiuo yeaiaioia.
Aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue aeeaaiic n e?aniui ieineei eeoaai aace?oaony ia
eiathuaeny o aieueiuo ini?eacii oa?aeoa?iie ?iciaie ie?anee nuie n
ia?aciaaieai oi/a/iiai e?iaioa/aiey i?e niyoee aaeiaaoi-na?iai iaeaoa
eee yenoieeaoeaiiai yieoaeey. Io eaeeiieaeee ini?eac ioee/aaony
ionoonoaeai ieioiiai eioeeueo?aoa, iaee/eai /a?aaeiaaiey ia?eiaeia
?aa?anna e ?aoeeaeeaa aunuiaiee, a oaeaea iaia?oaeaieai i?e eaaeii
iineaaeeaaiee oi/a/iiai e?iaioa/aiey. Aeey aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie
aeeaaiinoeee eiaao cia/aiea oaeie oaeoi?, eae neio?iiiinoue
iiyaeaiey e oa/aiey aunuiaiee ia eiaea e neecenouo iaiei/eao.
EA*AIEA AIEUeIUO INI?EACII
I?aia?aou, i?eiaiyaiua aeey iauae oa?aiee. Aeey ea/aiey ini?eaoe/aneie
aieacie i?eiaiyaony oae iiiai ?acee/iuo i?aia?aoia, aeaenoaothueo ia
ioeueoeoaeoi?eaeueiua iaoiaaiaoe/aneea iaoaieciu oi?ie?iaaiey
aea?iaoica, /oi neaaeoao iacuaaoue oaeea niiniau ea/aiey
iai?aaeaiiie iieei?aaiaceae.
I?eiaiyaiua n?aaenoaa iauaai aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci, aai aioo?aiithth
n?aaeo (aiiainoac), ia?aii-yiaeie?eiiua e eiioiieiae/aneea iaoaieciu a
eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa aeaenoaotho iaoiaaiaoe/anee. Iaeiaei ii
?acoeueoaoai ea/aiey ia oaeaaony naeaeaoue eaeeo-eeai caeeth/aiee i
i?e/eia, aucaaaoae iiyaeaiea ini?eaca. Niiniau iaoiaaiaoe/aneie oa?aiee
naiua ?acee/iua i iiyoiio i?aaeaea /ai ia/aoue ea/aiea aieueiiai
ouaoaeueii ianeaaeotho. A ianeaaeiaaiea aeeth/aaony iiae?iaiue aiaiiac,
enneaaeiaaiea iauaai ninoiyiey aieueiiai, aai aioo?aiieo i?aaiia,
ia?aii-yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu, eco/aiea o?iaiy aeoeaiinoe aoii?aeueiuo e
eeaoi/iuo oaeoi?ia eiioieoaoa, auyaeaiea i/aaia eieaeueiie eioaeoeee.
I?e iacia/aiee ea/aiey o/eouaaaony noaaeey oa/aiey aieacie,
naciiiinoue, eeeie/aneay ?aciiaeaeiinoue aea?iaoica
(aeennaieie?iaaiiay, ia?aie/aiiay, ini?eaoe/aneay y?eo?iaea?iey,
ini?eaoe/aneee a?o?eo e o. ae.). A i?ioeanna auai?a oa?iaeieiae/aneeo
n?aaenoa ooi/iytho ia?aiineiinoue eaea?noa, yooaeoeaiinoue i?aaeuaeouae
oa?aiee, aeeeoaeueiinoue ?aiennee e i?e/eio ianooieaoaai ?aoeeaeeaa.
Ecaanoii, /oi aieaa aeaaii?eyoiue e auno?ue ?acoeueoao oa?aiaaoe/aneeo
ia?ii?eyoee iaaethaeaaony i?e iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiuo, ia ineiaeiaiiuo,
ia?aie/aiiuo ?aciiaeaeiinoyo ini?eaca. Aianoa n oai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue,
/oi a yoio ia?eiae e ineoieiae/anee aieueiua neeiiiu aieueoa aeiaa?youe
a?a/o e ia oaeaeaoueny naiiea/aieai, eioi?ia ia?aaeei
i?ioeaiaeaenoaoao iacia/aieyi a?a/a.
O?oaeiaa e aieaa oi?ieaeii i?ioaeatho oyaeaeua ?aciiaeaeiinoe
aea?iaoica. Cia/eoaeueii iaaeeaiiaa ianooiaao ?aienney i?e
yennoaeaoeaiie ionooeaciie, y?eo?iaea?ie/aneie e a?o?iiaoe/aneie oi?iao
ini?eaca. Naiaa?aiaiii ia/aoia ea/aiea, ni/aoathuaany n ?aoeeiiaeueiui
?aaeeiii, n i?eiaiaieai oecei-, aaeueiai e eo?i?oioa?aiee aa?aioe?oao
aeeeoaeueioth eeeie/aneoth ?aienneth. Ia?aae auai?ii oiai eee eiiai
niiniaa ea/aiey ini?eaca neaaeoao ii?aaeaeeoue e nenoaio ?aaeeia auoa
aieueiiai. Anee o aieueiiai i?ioeann ?ani?ino?aiaiiue,
i?ia?anne?othuee, oi aieaa oeaeaniia?acii i?iaiaeeoue ea/aiea a
noaoeeiia?iuo oneiaeyo.
Iauaa ea/aiea aieueiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiui, i?ia?anne?othuei ini?eacii
ecaeaaia ?aeiiaiaeiaaeinue i?iaiaeeoue i?aia?aoaie eaeueoeey,
iaania/eaathueie i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue, aeiinaineaeeece?othuee yooaeo,
oieioiythueie eeaoi/ioth iaia?aio, ii?iaeece?othueie aeoeaiinoue
aaeaieeaooeeeeacu e oiaiueoathueie i?iieoeaaiinoue eaieeey?ia aea?iu.
Aieaa yooaeoeaii ia?aioa?aeueiia aaaaeaiea 10% ?anoai?a eaeueoeey
aetheiiaoa aioo?eiuoa/ii eee aioo?eaaiii ii 10 ie /a?ac aeaiue – aeaa ii
10 – 15 eiuaeoeee ia eo?n.
Oe?iei eniieuecothony e ae?oaea niee eaeueoeey – eaeueoeey oei?eae,
aeeoea?ioinoao, iaioioaiao, eaeoao, iaeaaeathuea naaeaoeaiui,
i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui, oieioiythuei ninoaeenooth noaieo aeaenoaeai, a
oaeaea oiaiueoathuei au?aaeaiiinoe aaaaoiaeenoiiee, Iniaaiii iieacaii
i?eiaiaiea nieae eaeueoeey i?e yennoaeaoeaiui ini?eaca.
I?ioeaiiieacaieai e eo iacia/aieth yaeyaony aeia?eaeueoeeaiey,
aeia?oiiey, iaee/ea o?iiaioeaaeoa e neiioiiia aeea?eiaaoeyoeee,
Ineiaeiaiee ia iaaethaeaaony, anee i?aia?aou iacia/atho n o/aoii
i?ioeaiiieacaiee, Aeanaineaeeece?othuaa, aeaoieniei?othoaa e
i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiia aeaenoaea oe?ieiai niaeo?a naienoaaiii oaeaea e
iao?eth oeinoeueoaoo, eioi?ue iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii aeaenoaoao i?e
aioo?eaaiiii aaaaeaiee. Iacia/atho aai a aeaea 30% ?anoai?a ii 5 – 7 –
10 ie /a?ac aeaiue a oa/aiea 20 – 30 aeiae, Aiciiaeii e ia?i?aeueiia
i?eiaiaiea ii 1 – 2 a ia i?eai a ii?ioeao, oaaeaoeao eee a aeaea 10%
?anoai?a ii 1 – 2 noieiaua eiaeee 3 – 4 ?aca a aeaiue.
E aeoeaiui i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui aeiinaineaeeece?othuei n?aaenoaai
ioiinyony oaeaea naeeoeeeaou (iao?ey naeeoeeeao, eeneioa
aoeaoeenaeeoeeeiaay), iaeaaeathuea e ei?oeciiiiiaeiaiui aeaenoaeai, oae
eae iie eiatho noeioee?othuaa aeeyiea ia neioac ei?oeiinoa?ieaeiuo
ai?iiiia. Iao?ey naeeoeeeao i?eiaiytho aioo?ue a oaaeaoeao ii 0,5 – 1 a
ia i?eai 2 – 3 ?aca a aeaiue eee a aeaea 5 – 10% ?anoai?a ii 1 noieiaie
eiaeea iinea aaeu. I?e i?eaia iao?ey naeeoeeeaoa aiciiaeiu iiai/iua
yaeaiey: ineaaeaiea neooa, iioeeainoue, aeea?ae/aneea ?aaeoeee. Ai
ecaaaeaiea aeeniaine/aneeo yaeaiee aai iacia/atho oieueei iinea aaeu.
I?ioeaiiieacaieyie e i?eiaiaieth iao?ey naeeoeeeaoa yaeythony: ycaaiiay
aieaciue aeaeoaeea e aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoee, aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iua
e?iaioa/aiey, ia?ooaiey naa?ouaathuae nenoaiu e?iae.
Aioeaenoaieiiua aauanoaa ia n/eoathony iniiaiuie i?aia?aoaie; aieueiui
ini?eacii iie iacia/athony oieueei i?e iaee/ee coaea eee a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea ini?eac i?ioaeaao ino?i n aeia?a?ae/aneeie neiioiiaie. Iaeaieaa
/anoi eniieuecotho aeeiaae?ie, aeei?acei {ieiieueoai), noi?anoei,
aeeacieei, oaaaaee, oaiea?ie. Iiieii aenoaieiieeoe/aneiai aeaenoaey,
iacaaiiua n?aaenoaa ono?aiytho iiauoaiioth ninoaeenooth i?iieoeaaiinoue,
nieaeatho ainiaeeoaeueiue iioaioeeae oeaiae i?e ?aaeoeee aioeaai –
aioeoaei. Eo aeiinaineaeeece?othoaa aeaenoaea iniiaaii ia iaeo?aeecaoeee
aenoaieia, na?ioiieia, a?aaeeeeieia e aoeaoeeoieeia. Yoe i?aia?aou,
iaeaaeay niiniaiinoueth nieaeaoue aicaoaeaeaiea OeIN, iaeaa/atho
ianooieaiea nia.
Aeeeoaeueiinoue i?eiaiaiey aioeaenoaieiiuo n?aaenoa ia?aie/aia, oae eae
a aeaenoaee aioeaenoaieiiuo eaea?noa nouanoaoao o?e ia?eiaea. A ia?aii
ia?eiaea i?iyaeyaony au?aaeaiiia aioeaenoaieiiia aeaenoaea, ai aoi?ii –
ianooiatho yaeaiey i?eaueaiey, oi?ie?othueany iau/ii /a?ac 1 – 1,5 ian.
e oa?aeoa?ecothueany oo?aoie oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey. A o?aoueai
ia?eiaea aioeaenoaieiiue i?aia?ao nai noaiiaeony aeea?aaiii e iiaeao
aucaaoue iauea e ianoiua aeea?ae/aneea ?aaeoeee. Iiyoiio ethaia ec yoeo
n?aaenoa eniieuecotho ei?ioeeie eo?naie ii 7 – 10 – 15 aeiae, ii ia
aieaa 20 – 30 aeiae. I?e ea/aiee o?iie/aneiai ?aoeeaeeae?othuaai
ini?eaca i?aia?aou iaycaoaeueii iaiytho. Aieaa yooaeoeaii ni/aoaiiia
i?eiaiaiea aioeaenoaieiiuo n?aaenoa n eaeueoeeaauie niaaeeiaieyie.
Aioena?ioiieiiaui aeaenoaeai iaeaaeatho oaeaea iiaieaei e aieiacei,
eioi?ua, yaeyynue neia?aenoaie aioeaenoaieiiuo n?aaenoa, oeo/oatho eo
oa?aiaaoe/aneee yooaeo. A i?aaiecia iiaieaei ioiineoaeueii auno?i
aeae?ieecoaony, ia?acoy ia?a- aieiiaaicieioth eeneioo e
aeeyoeeaieiiyoaiie, i?eieiathuea o/anoea a neioaca oieeaaie eeneiou,
iaiai eioi?ie ia?ooai i?e ini?eaca. Iiaieaei aaiaeyo ?acee/iuie iooyie:
aioo?ue, aioo?eaaiii, iiaeeiaeii, aioo?eiuoa/ii e yeaeo?ioi?aoe/anee.
Aeey ia?i?aeueiiai i?eiaiaiey iacia/atho 1 – 3%, ?anoai? ii 1 noieiaie
eiaeea 3 ?aca a aeaiue iinea aaeu ia i?ioyaeaiee 3 – 4 iaae.
Aioo?eiuoa/ii e iiaeeiaeii iiaieaei i?eiaiytho ii ?acee/iui noaiai e a
?aciuo aeicao. *aua eniieuecotho 2% ?anoai?, aaiaeeiue ii 1 – 2 ie
aaeaaeiaaii eee /a?ac aeaiue a oa/aiea 1 – 1,5 ian. Caoai neaaeoao
ia?a?ua 1 – 1,5 ian. e eo?n ea/aiey iiaoi?ytho. Aioo?eaaiiua aeeaaiey
0,25% ?anoai?a iiaieaeia i?iecaiaeyo aaeaaeiaaii eee /a?ac aeaiue,
ia/eiay n 2 ie e iinoaiaiii oaaee/eaay aeico aei 7 – 8 – 10 ie. Eo?n
ea/aiey ninoaaeyao 10 – 15 – 20 aeeaaiee. Aeey eo/oae ia?aiineiinoe
iiaieaeia ?aeiiaiaeoaony e iaio aeiaaaeyoue a iaeiii oi?eoea 5 – 7 ie
25% ?anoai?a iaaiey noeueoaoa. Ia?aae ia/aeii aaaaeaiey iiaieaeia i?e
anao niiniaao aai iacia/aiey neaaeoao iaycaoaeueii ii?aaeaeeoue
ia?aiineiinoue i?aia?aoa, eai aiciiaeia iiauoaiiay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue
eee aeaaea iaia?aiineiinoue. Iiaieaei iacia/atho i?e ethaie eeeie/aneie
oi?ia e noaaeee ini?eaca, ii iniaaiii iiaieaei iieacai i?e
i?ia?anne?othuai oa/aiee aea?iaoica.
Aieiacei ioiineony e i?aia?aoai aioeaenoaieiiiai aeaenoaey, ii
iaeaaeathuee e oiio aea aeiioaiceaiui, i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui e
naaeaoeaiui aeaenoaeai. Ii nieaeaao i?iieoeaaiinoue eaieeey?ia e
oiaiueoaao ainiaeeoaeueiue iioaioeeae i?e ?aaeoeee aioeaai – aioeoaei.
Aai i?eiaiaiea a eiiieaeniii ea/aiee ini?eaca eniieuecoaony
aea?iaoieiaaie n oi?ioei yooaeoii. I?eiaiyaony aieiacei a aeaea 2,5%
?anoai?a ii 1 ie a 3 ie 0,5% ?anoai?a iiaieaeia 1 – 2 ?aca a aeaiue eee
ia?i?aeueii ii 0,025 – 0,05 a 2 – 3 ?aca a aeaiue iinea aaeu a oa/aiea
! – 2 iaae. I?eiaiaiea aieiaceia i?ioeaiiieacaii i?e caaieaaaieyo
ia/aie, ii/ae, au?aaeaiiii aoa?ineea?ica, o?iiaiyiaiee/aneie aieacie e
i?e neeiiiinoe e aeea?ae/aneei caaieaaaieyi. E ineiaeiaieyi e iiai/iui
yaeaieyi i?aia?aoa ioiinyony aeeniaine/aneea ia?ooaiey, nieaeaiea
aiiaoeoa, caii?u, i?oinoaoe/aneee eieeo. I?e aeeeoaeueiii i?eiaiaiee
aiciiaeiu eaeeiiaiey, aa?aioeioeeoic, aaiaoeo.
Oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii i?eiaiaiea o aieueiuo ini?eacii naaeaoeaiuo
n?aaenoa e o?aieaeeecaoi?ia. Iaeiaei a i?aeoeea oaaaeeoueny a
aeaenoaaiiinoe e yooaeoeaiinoe yoeo iaoiaeia ia i?aaenoaaeyaony
aiciiaeiui. E?iia oiai, eiay oi/iua aeaiiua i iaee/ee o aieueiuo
ini?eacii aeoaieeo, ioeueoeoaeoi?eaeueiuo iaoaaiee/aneeo aeaoaeoia ca
n/ao nieaeaiey yiceiaoe/aneeo e iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia, ia?aaaeaiey,
aeiiaeeiaiee e yiaeie?eiiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe, i?aaeeaaaaony i?eiaiyoue
naaeaoeaioth oa?aieth eee o?aieaeeecaoi?u oieueei a?aiaiii e eeoue i?e
iaee/ee au?aaeaiiuo iaa?ioe/aneeo ?aaeoeee e anee iiaieaei, aieiacei e
aioeaenoaieiiua i?aia?aou n naaeaoeaiui aeeyieai ieacaeenue
iaaeinoaoi/ii aeaenoaaiiuie. A yoeo neo/ayo eniieuecotho iaaiey
noeueoao, eioi?ue, iiieii oniieaeaathuaai e aeiioaiceaiiai aeaenoaey,
ieacuaaao neaaeoaeueiue, aeae/aaiiiue, oiiece?othuee yooaeo. Iniaaiii
iieacai iaaiey noeueoao aieueiui ini?eacii n iaee?aieai, ia?ooaiiie
ooieoeeae ia/aie, aeae/iiai iocu?y, a oaeaea aieueiui n aeia?oiieae.,
aoiieae eeoa/ieea, ninoaeenoie niaciioeeeae eiaee. Aaiaeeony iaaiey
noeueoao ia?aioa?aeueii: aioo?eiuoa/ii eee aioo?eaaiii a aeaea 25%
?anoai?a ii 3 – 5 – 7 – 10 ie /a?ac aeaiue – aeaa n o/aoii aaee/eiu
a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey a oa/aiea 20 – 30 aeiae. O aieueiuo n
iaee?aieai, iaaeinoaoi/iinoueth ooieoeee ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu iaeaieaa
oeaeaniia?acii i?eiaiyoue iaaiey noeueoao aioo?ue 10 – 20% ?anoai? ii
noieiaie eiaeea 2 – 3 ?aca a aeaiue a oa/aiea 2 – 3 iaae. Eae
oniieaeaathuea, ii?iaeecothuea e oaeeeiythuea oeceieiae/aneee nii o
aieueiuo ini?eacii oeaeaniia?acii iacia/aoue neaacii, naaeoenai,
?aeaieoi, oaiacaiai, iicaiai, oacaiai, iacaiai – ii 1 oaaeaoea a aeica
0,005 a 1 – 2 ?aca a aeaiue. Iieiaeeoaeueiue ?acoeueoao a ea/aiee
i?ia?anne?othuae noaaeee: ini?eaca ioia/aaony i?e aeiaaaeaiee e
eiiieaeno i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiuo n?aaenoa eeiio?iiiuo i?aia?aoia a
ni/aoaiee n aeeaeieaeaie e?anaaee e oaiiaa?aeoaeii. E iei ioiinyony
aaeeaoaieiae, aaeeaniii, aaeeieae. E ianiaoeeoe/aneei
i?ioeaiini?eaoe/aneei n?aaenoaai, iaeaaeathuei oe?ieei
oa?iaeioa?aiaaoe/aneei aeaenoaeai, ioiinyony aeoaieiu, aeoeaii aeeythuea
ia iaoaaiee/aneea ooieoeee. Ecaanoii, /oi aeeciaiiay iio?aaiinoue a
aeoaieiao iaoneiaeaia eo o/anoeai a iino?iaiee iiiaeo oa?iaioia, /oi
iaania/eaaao ?aaoeyoeeth iaoaaieecia, aaeaioaoeeiiii-o?ioe/aneeo
iaoaieciia, eiioiiei??eae?othuaa aeaenoaea. Aeey ea/aiey ini?eaca
oe?iei eniieuecotho aeoaieiu eiiieaena A, iniaaiii A1, A2, A6, A12,
A13, A15, aeoaieiu A, A, N, ? a eiiaeiaoeee n ae?oaeie oa?aiaaoe/aneeie
n?aaenoaaie. Aeeth/aiea aeoaieia A1, a aua eo/oa aai eioa?iaioa –
eiea?aieneeacu, a eiiieaenioth oa?aieth ini?eaca niinianoaoao ?aa?anno
aunuiiuo yeaiaioia. Iniaia cia/aiea eiea?aieneeaca eiaao aeey
?aaoeyoeee oaeaaiaeiiai iaiaia, ooieoeeiiaeueiie aeoeaiinoe ia?aiie
nenoaiu, yiaeie?eiiuo aeaeac e na?aea/iie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eiea?aieneeaca yaeyaony aioiaie oi?iie eioa?iaioa, ia?acothuaainy a
i?aaiecia ec oeaieia (aeoaiei A1). Aaiaeyo aa iiaeeiaeii, aioo?eiuoa/ii
eee aioo?eaaiii ii 0,05 – 1 a 1 ?ac a aeaiue, /a?ac aeaiue, ia eo?n 10
– 15 eiuaeoeee. I?ioeaiiieacaiey – iaia?aiineiinoue, iaee/ea
aeea?ae/aneeo caaieaaaiee, aeia?oiiey.
Aeoaiei A2 – ?eaioeaaei aoiaeeo a ninoaa oa?iaioia, ?aaoee?othueo
ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua i?ioeannu, o/anoaoao a oaeaaiaeiii,
aaeeiaii e aee?iaii iaiaia, iaiaoiaeei aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey
ii?iaeueiie ooieoeee c?eoaeueiiai aiaeecaoi?a. Aeey ea/aiey ini?eaca
i?eiaiytho 1% ?anoai? ?eaioeaaeia iiiiioeeaioeaea, aaiaeeiue
aioo?eiuoa/ii ii 2 ie /a?ac aeaiue, ia eo?n 10 – 15 eiuaeoeee.
I?ioeaiiieacaieyie neoaeao eaeeineie?acey e ia?oieeoeac. Ineiaeiaiee i?e
i?eiaiaiee ?eaioeaaeia ia iaaethaeaaony. Aanueia oeaeaniia?acii
iacia/aoue aeoaiei A5 – eaeueoeey iaioioaiao, eioi?ue aoiaeeo a ninoaa
eiyiceia A, o/anoaothuaai a i?ioeannao aoeaoeee?iaaiey e yaeythuaainy
iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo eioa?iaioia neiaeiuo oa?iaioaoeaiuo nenoai
ieeneeoaeueiiai aeaea?aieneee?iaaiey ie?iaeiia?aaeiie e a-eaoiaeooa?iaie
eeneio. A i?ioeanna aoeaoeee?iaaiey i?e ieeneeoaeueiii ?aniaaea
oaeaaiaeia, aee?ia e aaeeia iiae aeeyieai aeoaieia A5 ii?iaeecoaony
iaoaaieeci o?eea?aiiiauo eeneio – oeaio?aeueiue iaoaaiee/aneee i?ioeann
eeaoi/iiai o?iaiy.
Eaeueoeey iaioioaiao i?eiaiytho aioo?ue ii 0,1 – 0,2 a 3 – 4 ?aca a
aeaiue, a oaeaea aioo?eiuoa/ii a aeaea 20% ?anoai?a ii 1 – 2 ie 1 – 2
?aca a aeaiue ia i?ioyaeaiee 2 – 3 ian. I?ioeaiiieacaiey –
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay iaia?aiineiinoue. Ineiaeiaiey a aeaea aeea?ae/aneeo
?aaeoeee, aeeniaine/aneeo yaeaiee iaaethaeathony /?acau/aeii ?aaeei.
Iieiaeeoaeueiia aeaenoaea i?e ini?eaca ieacuaaao aeoaiei A6 –
ie?eaeienei. Aai eioa?iaio (oinoi?eee?iaaiiue) ie?eaeienaeueoinoao
iaiaoiaeei aeey aeaea?aieneee?iaaiey e ia?aaieie?iaaiey aieiieeneio
(o?eioioai, iaoeiiei, oeenoaei, aeooaieiiaay e ae?oaea aieiieeneiou).
O/anoaoy a iaiaia aee?ia e eeiii?ioaeaeia, ii oaaee/eaaao auaaaeaiea
oieanoa?eia e o?eaeeoea?eaeia.
Ie?eaeienaeueoinoao aaiaeyo aioo?eiuoa/ii ii 10 iea aaeaaeiaaii eee
/a?ac aeaiue a oa/aiea 1 ian. Ie?eaeienei i?eiaiytho aioo?ue a ii?ioeao
eee oaaeaoeao ii 0,025 a 3 – 4 ?aca a aeaiue. eee a aeaea 5% ?anoai?a
ii 1.– 2 ie aioo?eiuoa/ii /a?ac aeaiue. Eo?n ea/aiey i?iaeieaeaaony 3 –
4 iaae. Ineiaeiaiey – aeea?ae/aneea i?iyaeaiey a aeaea aea?iaoeoa
eee e?aieaieoeu ano?a/athony ?aaeei. I?ioeaiiieacaiey –
eaeeineie?acey. Aeoaiei A12 (oeeaieiaaeaiei) i?eiaiytho aeiaieueii
oe?iei a ea/aiee ini?eaca, oae eae ii o/anoaoao a neioaca eaaeeueiuo
iaoeeiauo a?oii, oieeia, iaoeiieia, ioeeaeiiauo eeneio, aeaaii?eyoii
aeaenoaoao ia ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea ia/aie, ia?aiie nenoaiu.
Iaeaaeaao au?aaeaiiui aioeaiaie/aneei aeaenoaeai, ii?iaeecoao iaiai
oaeaaiaeia e aee?ia. I?aia?ao aaiaeyo aioo?eiuoa/ii io 50 aei 400 iea 1
?ac a aeaiue /a?ac aeaiue. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ea/aiey ninoaaeyao 1
ian. I?ioeaiiieacaieyie yaeythony o?iiaioeaaeo, noaiiea?aeey,
y?eo?ioeeoic, ia?ooaiea ?aieiae/aneeo naienoa e?iae. E ineiaeiaieyi
i?eiaiaiey aeoaieia A12, ioiinyony aeea?ae/aneea aea?iaoeou,
e?aieaieoea, ioae Eaeiea, na?aeoeaaeaiea, y?eo?ieaeeioeeoic, ia?aiia
aicaoaeaeaiea.
Aeoaiei A13 – i?ioiaay eeneioa yaeyaony iaeiei ec i?aaeoanoaaiieeia
ie?eieaeeiiauo ioeeaioeaeia, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa ioeeaeiiauo eeneio,
eioi?ua o/anoaotho a neioaca aaeeiauo iieaeoe. I?ioiaay eeneioa e aa
niee ?anniao?eaathony eae, aauanoaa aiaaiee/aneiai aeaenoaey e
i?eiaiythony i?e ia?ooaieyo aaeeiaiai iaiaia e eae iauea noeioeyoi?u
iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia. A aea?iaoieiaee eniieuecoaony eaeeaaay nieue
i?ioiaie eeneiou (eaeey i?ioao). I?eieiatho eaeey i?ioao aioo?ue ca 1 /
aei aaeu ii 0,25 – 0,5 a 3 ?aca a aeaiue. Eo?n ea/aiey 20 – 40 aeiae.
Iiaoi?iua eo?nu iacia/athony iinea iany/iiai ia?a?uaa.
Aeoaiei A15 (iaiaaiiaay eeneioa e aa i?iecaiaeiia – eaeueoeey iaiaaiao)
i?eiaiyaony aeey ea/aiey ini?eaca, iniaaiii i?e y?eo?iaea?iee eee
ini?eaoe/aneie a?o?iiaoee, n oeaeueth ii?iaeecaoeee eeieaeiiai iaiaia,
?aoeeiiaeueiiai onaiaiey eenei- ?iaea oeaiyie, oaaee/aiey yia?aaoe/aneeo
?ano?nia iuooe e ia/aie (e?aaoeioinoaoa e aeeeiaaia), a oaeaea n
oeaeueth /anoe/iie aeiee?iaee iaoieiae/aneeo ia?aiuo eiioeuenia n eiaee
ia OeIN. Aneaaenoaea iaee/ey iieaeoeu eaeueoeey, aeoaiei A15 iaeaaeaao
cia/eoaeueiui i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui e aeiinaineaeeece?othuei
aeaenoaeai. Eaeueoeey iaiaaiao iacia/atho aioo?ue ii 0,05 – 0,1 a a
aeaea ii?ioeia eee oaaeaoie 3 – 4 ?aca a aeaiue ia i?ioyaeaiee 20 – 40
aeiae n iineaaeothuei ia?a?uaii 2 – 3 ian. Ii i?ioeaiiieacai i?e
aeaoeiia, aeia?oiie/aneie aieacie. Iiai/iua yaeaiey ioia/athony ?aaeei,
i?aeiouanoaaiii o eeoe iiaeeeiai aic?anoa a aeaea aanniiieoeu, aieiaiuo
aieae, ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoe, oaoeea?aeee, yeno?anenoieee. Oi?ioee
oa?aiaaoe/aneee yooaeo ioia/aaony i?e ea/aiee ini?eaca oieeaaie
eeneioie, iniaaiii o aieueiuo n aieueoie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth oa/aiey
aieacie a noaoeeiia?iie noaaeee, a oi a?aiy eae a ia?eiae iaino?aiey
ea/aaiue yooaeo iaei au?aaeai. Oieeaaay eeneioa niaianoii n aeoaieiii
A12 noeioee?oao i?ioeann y?eo?iiiyca, yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth
eiyiceiia, eioi?ua inouanoaeytho neioac iaoeiieia, na?eia, oieeia,
o?aoeeea, oeieia, io?eia e ioeeaeiiauo eeneio. Aeey ea/aiey ini?eaca
iacia/atho aioo?ue ii 0,01 – 0,03 a 3 ?aca a aeaiue 20 – 30 aeiae a
eiiieaena n aeoaieiii A12.
A oa?aiee ?acee/iuo oi?i ini?eaca oe?iei eniieuecoaony anei?aeiiaay
eeneioa (aeoaiei N), o/anoaothuay a ?aaoeyoeee
ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia, niinianoaothuay neioaco
noa?ieaeiuo ai?iiiia, ia?aciaaieth eieeaaaia, oieioiaieth eeaoi/iuo
iaia?ai eaieeey?ia. Aieueiui ini?eacii anei?aeiiaay eeneioa iacia/aaony
a 5% ?anoai?a ii 2 – 3 – 5 ie 1 ?ac a aeaiue a oa/aiea 1 ian.; aioo?ue
a oaaeaoeao eee ii?ioeao ii 0,05 – 0,25 a 3 – 4 – 5 ?ac a aeaiue
iinea aaeu 30 – 40 aeiae. Anei?aeiiaay eeneioa iaeaaeaao
aeiinaineaeeece?othuei aeaenoaeai, iniaaiii i?e aioo?eiuoa/iii
aaaaeaiee.
I?e eaoiae oi?ia ini?eaca e aieueiui n au?aaeaiiui ia?ooaieai aee?iaiai
iaiaia oeaeaniia?acii iacia/aoue ieeioeiiaoth eeneioo, eioi?ay i?eieiaao
o/anoea a ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo i?ioeannao, nieaeaao
niaea?aeaiea oieanoa?eia, o?eaeeoea?eaeia a e?iae, iieiaeeoaeueii
aeaenoaoao ia eeieaeiue iaiai e iaeaaeaao ninoaei?anoe?ythuei
aeaenoaeai, Aeey ea/aiey ini?eaca ieeioeiiaay eeneioa i?eiaiyaony a
aeica 0,05 – 0,12 ia 2 – 3 ?aca a aeaiue aioo?ue eee a aeaea 1 %
?anoai?a ii 1 – 2 ie iiaeeiaeii eee aioo?eiuoa/ii a oa/aiea 15 – 20
aeiae. I?ioeaiiieacaieai iiaeao neoaeeoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay
iaia?aiineiinoue. ?acei ia?aie/eaaaony iacia/aiea ieeioeiiaie eeneiou
i?e oyaeaeuo oi?iao aoa?ineea?ica, aeia?oiie/aneie aieacie. Iiai/iua
?aaeoeee i?iyaeythony a iie?aniaiee eiaee eeoea, aa?oiae iieiaeiu
ooeiaeua, aieiaie?oaeaiee, /oanoaa i?eeeaa, ia?anoaceyo.
I?eiaiytho aeoaiei D2, eioi?ue ?aaoee?oy iaiai oinoi?a e eaeueoeey,
niinianoaoao oieioiaieth eeaoi/iuo iaia?ai, ieacuaaao iieiaeeoaeueiia
aeeyiea ia ?aaaia?aoeaiua i?ioeannu a yieaea?iena, niinianoaoy
ioeiaeaieth a eiaea aeaaeae?ioieanoa?eia. I?eiaiytho aeoaiei D2 ec
?an/aoa 2000 IA ia 1 ea iannu oaea, /oi a n?aaeiai ninoaaeyao 80000 –
160000 IA a nooee a oa/aiea 20 aeiae. I?e oi?ioae ia?aiineiinoe /a?ac 7
– 10 aeiae i?eai iiaoi?ytho e i?iaeieaeatho 2 – 3 ian. aei en/aciiaaiey
eeeie/aneeo i?iyaeaiee ini?eaca. Caoai i?eai aeoaieia D2
i?iaeieaeaaony a oa/aiea aiaea n iany/iui ia?a?uaii iinea eaaeaeiai
ianyoea ea/aiey. Aeoaiei D2 i?ioeaiiieacai i?e aeoeaiuo oi?iao
ooaa?eoeaca eaaeeo, ycaaiiie aieacie aeaeoaeea, aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie
eeoee, caaieaaaieyo ia/aie e ii/ae, i?aaie/aneeo caaieaaaieyo na?aeoea e
ninoaeia. *anouie iiai/iuie yaeaieyie yaeythony aeeniaine/aneea
neiioiiu, iieeo?ey, aeia?oa?iey, aeea?ay, eaeueoeeiic aioo?aiieo
i?aaiia.
Ia?ooaiea ea?aoeiecaoeee i?e ini?eaca iineoaeeei iniiaaieai aeey
i?eiaiaiey aeoaieia A eee ?aoeiiea. Yoio aeoaiei niinianoaoao ?inoo e
?acaeoeth, iaania/eaaao i?ioeannu ea?aoiaaiaca a yieaea?iena. Ii
iaeaaeaao naienoaii iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ooieoeee ea?aoeiioeeoia yieaea?iena
aneaaenoaea ii?iaeecaoeee ieanoe/aneeo iaoaaiee/aneeo i?ioeannia a eiaea
e neecenouo iaiei/eao. ?aoeiie iiauoaao onaiaiea aaeeia, aee?ia e
oaeaaiaeia, eioaineoeoee?oy ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua
i?ioeannu e neioac oieanoa?eia, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iino?iaiey
noa?ieaeiuo ai?iiiia, niinianoaoao oneeaieth oaaioeeoica e neioaco
caueoiuo aioeoae. I?e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe aeoaieia A aicieeaao
ea?aoeiecaoeey yieaea?iena, i?iyaeythuayny nooinoueth eiaee, oaeooaieai
e i?iaiaaieai oieieeoey?iiai aiia?aoa. Iiaeao ?acaeoueny ena?iooaeueiey
eee ea?aoiiaeyoeey, iiyoiio aeoaiei A (?aoeiie) iacuaatho
aioeena?iooaeueie/aneei, aioeeioaeoeeiiiui. Iacia/atho aai aioo?ue ii
10000 – 30000 IA a nooee /a?ac 10 – 15 iei iinea aaeu. Aioo?eiuoa/iia
aaaaeaiea aeoaieia i?iecaiaeeony ?aaeei ec-ca ianoiie aieaciaiiinoe e
aiciiaeiiai ia?aciaaiey eioeeueo?aoia. I?e i?eaia aieueoeo aeic
aeoaieia A iiaeao aicieeaoue iaino?aiea aaiaoioieaoeenoeoa e
o?iie/aneiai iaie?aaoeoa, a oaeaea ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, niieeainoue e
aeia?ea?aoic aieinyiuo oieeeeoeia.
Aanueia oniaoii ea/aiea ?ani?ino?aiaiiiai ionooeaciiai, a?o?iiaoe/aneiai
ini?eaca e ini?eaoe/aneie y?eo?iaea?iee oeaaciiii. Oeaacii iacia/atho
ia?i?aeueii ec ?an/aoa ia?aiia/aeueii 1 ia ia 1 ea iannu oaea a nooee,
a caoai /a?ac 2 – 4 iaae aeico nieaeatho aei 0,75 – 0,5 ia/ea.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ea/aiey eieaaeaony io 1 aei 6 ian. Ii aeaiiui
aieueoeinoaa aaoi?ia, eeeie/aneia aucaei?iaeaiea iaaethaeaaony a 70 –
80% neo/aaa. Iiaeaea?aeeaathuay aeica ninoaaeyea 0,25 – 0,3 ia/ea a
nooee.
Ec iiai/iuo neiioiiia aieaa /anoi ano?a/athony nooinoue neecenouo
iaiei/ae, oaeeeou, i/aaiaia, a eiiaaea e oioaeueiia auiaaeaiea aiein,
ia?iieoee, iaoaoee, ?aioa, aaiaoeo. Ana yoe ineiaeiaiey ia?aoeiu e
auno?i en/acatho iinea ioiaiu i?aia?aoa. N oeaeueth oiaiueoaiey ?aciaie
e noiia?iie aeic ?aoeiieaeia eo iacia/atho a iaeuo aeicao – 0,3 – 0,5
ia/ea a nooee a ni/aoaiee n IOAA-oa?aieae, OOI e ia?oaeiui i?eiaiaieai
ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuo iacae. Iiaeiaiia ni/aoaiea iaania/eaaao oaeie aea
oi?ioee oa?aiaaoe/aneee yooaeo, eae e aieueoea aeicu ?aoeiieaeia. I?e
yoii cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoaaony aa?iyoiinoue ?acaeoey ?acee/iuo iiai/iuo
yaeaiee e ineiaeiaiee.
Aeoaiei A (oieioa?iea aoeaoao) noeioee?oao eeaoi/iue iaoaaieeci,
o/anoaoy a aeineioaca AeIE, ?IE, a oeaiaaii aeuoaiee. Aeoaiei A yaeyaony
i?e?iaeiui aioeieneaeaioii e caueuaao iaiaiiua i?ioeannu aee?ia, aaeeia
e noa?ieaeiuo ai?iiiia io iaoieiae/aneeo ?aaeoeee ieeneaiey, ia
nii?yaeaiiuo n i?aia?aciaaieai e aeeoioeyoeeae yia?aee. Aeoaiei A
iacia/atho aioo?ue e aioo?eiuoa/ii. Aeey i?eaia aioo?ue auioneatho 5,
10, 30% ianeyiue ?anoai? oieioa?iea aoeaoaoa. A 1 ie ni- aea?aeeony
niioaaonoaaiii 50, 100 e 300 ia neioaoe/aneiai a-oieioa?iea aoeaoaoa.
Aieueiui ini?eacii iacia/atho aeoaiei A io 15 aei 100 ia a nooee a
oa/aiea 20 – 40 aeiae. Aioo?eiuoa/iua eiuaeoeee ec-ca aieaciaiiinoe e
aiciiaeiinoe iiyaeaiey eioeeueo?aoia iacia/atho ?aaeei. Aeey eiuaeoeee
i?aia?ao auioneaaony a aiioeao ii 1 ie, niaea?aeaueo 5, 10 eee 30%
?anoai?u. Aeey ea/aiey ini?eaca iacia/aaony i?aia?ao, niaea?aeauee
a 1 ie 5% eee 10% ?anoai?, o. a. ii 50 – 100 ia /a?ac aeaiue eee 2 –.3
?aca a iaaeaeth, ia eo?n 10 – 12 eiuaeoeee. Iineieueeo aeoaiei A
yaeyaony neia?aenoii aeoaieia A e iioaioee?oao aai aeaenoaea, i?eiaiytho
eiiieaeniue i?aia?ao aaaeo, niaea?aeauee a 1 ie aena?iooiea aoeaoao
(aeoaieia A) 35 ia – 10000 IA e a-oieioa?iea aoeaoaoa (aeoaieia A) –
100 ia. I?eiaiytho aaaeo aioo?ue a eainoeao ii 1 ie 1 – 2 ?aca a aeaiue
ai a?aiy aaeu 20 – 40 aeiae eee aioo?eiuoa/ii (neaaea iiaeia?aaay) ii 1
ie 1 ?ac a aeaiue /a?ac aeaiue, ia eo?n 15 – 20 eiuaeoeee.
Aeoaiei F oneiaii ioiinyo e aeoaieiai. Ii ninoieo ec eiiieaena
iaianuuaiiuo iacaiaieiuo aee?iuo eeneio – eeeieaiiaie, eeiieaaie e
a?aoeaeiiiaie. Iaianuuaiiua aee?iua eeneiou ieacuaatho nouanoaaiiia
aeeyiea ia ooieoeeiiaeueioth aeoeaiinoue aaiaoioeeoia ia/aie, o/anoaoy
a iaiaia eeieaeia, oaeaaiaeia, ieia?aeueiuo nieae.
Iaianuuaiiua aee?iua eeneiou niaea?aeaony a eeiaoiea – i?aia?aoa,
iieo/aaiii ec eueiyiiai ianea. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi o aieueiuo ini?eacii n
aeia?oieanoa?eiaieae i?e ea/aiee eeiaoieii nieaeaaony niaea?aeaiea
oieanoa?eia a nuai?ioea e?iae, oiaiueoaaony eiyooeoeeaio niioiioaiey
oieanoa?ei/oinoieeieaeu, oiaiueoaaony niaea?aeaiea b-eeiii?ioaeaeia
ieceie e i/aiue ieceie ieioiinoe. Eeiaoie iacia/atho aioo?ue ii 1
noieiaie eiaeea oo?ii iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae aaeie eee ai a?aiy aaeu
1 ?ac a aeaiue eo?naie a oa/aiea 1 – 1,5 ian. n ia?a?uaaie 2 – 4
iaae. Eeiaoie ia?aiineony aac iiai/iuo yaeaiee e ineiaeiaiee.
I?ioeaiiieacaieyie yaeythony eieeo, yioa?ieieeo e aaiaoioieaoeenoeo.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu aieueoa i?eiaiythony aeoaieiiua i?aia?aou,
iaeaaeathuea eioa?iaioiuie naienoaaie. E iei ioiinyony oinoaaeai e
aeei?iiiiee. Oinoaaeai yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeoeaiuo aaeaieeiauo
ioeeaioeaeia. Aoiaey a ninoaa eioa?iaioia (oeaaeia- aeaiei- e
ieeioeiaieaeaeeioeeaioeae), oinoaaeai ieacuaaao aaiaoio?iiiia aeaenoaea,
aeoeaece?oao i?ioeannu iee?ioee?eoeyoeee, ?aaoee?oao niaea?aeaiea iaueo
eeieaeia, naiaiaeiuo aee?iuo eeneio e b-eeiii?ioaeaeia e?iae, a oaeaea
i?eieiaao o/anoea a aeineioaca aaeea e ainnoaiaaeeaaao neioac AOO.
Aeei?iiiiee – neioaoe/aneee aiaeia aeoaieia A15. Iaoaaiee/aneia aeeyiea
aeei?iiiiey iaoneiaeaii oeo/oaieai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey ia/aie,
eeieaeiiai iaiaia, iiauoaieai aeoeaiinoe yiaeioa?ie/aneeo ?aaeoeee n
ii?iaeecaoeeae ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia e
iee?ioee?eoeyoeee i?e neiae?iia ia?eoa?e/aneie eoaiee.
Cia/eoaeueiia oaaee/aiea /enea onoie/eauo e aeoaieiioa?aiee oi?i
/aooe/aoiai eeoay, aunieay /anoioa caaieaaaaiinoe oyaeaeuie oi?iaie
aieacie a aeaea y?eo?iaea?ie/aneiai, a?o?iiaoe/aneiai e ae?oaeo
eeeie/aneeo aa?eaioia aea?iaoica iio?aaiaaei aiaae?aiea
aunieiyooaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia. Oe?iei i?eiaiythony ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiua
i?aia?aou (aeae?iei?oecii, i?aaeiecieii, o?eaioeeiieii, eaiaei?o e
ae?.). ?acee/iua ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiua i?aia?aou iauaaeeiyao iauiinoue
oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey. Iaeaieaa au?aaeaiu naienoaaiiua ei
i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiia e eiioiinoi?anneaiia aeaenoaea,
aioeiaiieanoe/aneia e aeiinaineaeeece?othoaa aeeyiea, N aiaae?aieai a
i?aeoeeo ooi?niaea?aeaueo ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuo i?aia?aoia noaei
aiciiaeiui aieaa iaaeaaeii e auno?i iiaeaaeyoue ainiaeeoaeueioth
?aaeoeeth e aeiaeaaoueny ?aa?anna ini?eaoe/aneie nuie. Iniaaiii oi?ioi
ca?aeiiaiaeiaaee naay o?eaioeeiieii, iieueei?oieii aneaaenoaea
naienoaaiiiai yieaea?iio?iiiiai aeaenoaey. Yoe i?aia?aou auee aieaa
yooaeoeaiu o aieueiuo aaia?aeeciaaiiui, aeennaieie?iaaiiui ini?eacii a
i?ia?anne?othuae noaaeee. I?e aeeeoaeueiii nouanoaiaaiee i?ioeanna, i?e
iaee/ee canoa?aeuo i/aaia eee o aieueiuo y?eo?iaea?ieae eee
a?o?iiaoeyie yooaeo aieaa iaaeeaiiue, e n oeaeueth iieo/aiey
eeeie/aneiai aucaei?iaeaiey o?aaoaony oaaee/eaaoue aeicu. I?e
nieaeaiee aeicu eee i?e ioiaia i?aia?aoia ii/oe iinoiyiii e auno?i
aicieeaao iaino?aiea eee ?aoeeaeea aieacie (neiae?ii ioiaiu). Aeey
iieo/aiey eeeie/aneie ?aiennee a yoii neo/aa o?aaothony oaea aieueoea
aeicu, aucuaathuea ineiaeiaiey e iiai/iua yaeaiey. E?iia oiai, o
aieueiuo, iieo/aaoeo ai?iiiu, aicieeaao ?acenoaioiinoue e ae?oaei
i?aia?aoai. A nayce n yoei i?eiaiaiea ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuo ai?iiiia ana
aieaa e aieaa ia?aie/eaaaony. Eo eniieuecotho a eiiieaeniie oa?aiee, a
iniiaiii i?e oyaeaeuo oi?iao aea?iaoica oeia ini?eaoe/aneie
y?eo?iaea?iee e a?o?iiaoe/aneiai ini?eaca. Ec eiathuaainy a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy a?naiaea ai?iiiaeueiuo i?aia?aoia iaeaieaa /anoi i?eiaiytho
i?aaeiecieii e aai aea?eaaou – o?aacii, iaoei?aae, a oaeaea
o?eaioeeiieii, aeaenaiaoacii, iieueei?oieii, eaiaeia eae iaeaieaa
yooaeoeaiua e iieiaeeoaeueii ca?aeiiaiaeiaaaoea naay.
I?aaeiecieii e aai aiaeiae – o?aacii, iaoei?aae iacia/atho aioo?ue,
aioo?eiuoa/ii e aioo?eaaiii. I?e ia?i?aeueiii i?eaia i?aia?ao i?eiaiytho
inoi?iaeii, ia/eiay n 16 ia a nooee. Aeeeoaeueiinoue ea/aiey caaeneo io
oa?aeoa?a oa/aiey caaieaaaiey, ninoiyiey aieueiiai e oa?aiaaoe/aneie
yooaeoeaiinoe i?aia?aoa. Ea/aiea i?ae?auatho iinoaiaiii, oiaiueoay aeico
iiae eiio?ieai yooaeoeaiinoe aai aeaenoaey. A ino?uo neo/ayo ea/aiea
i?iaiaeyo eioaineaii, i?eiaiyy aioo?eiuoa/iua e aioo?eaaiiua (no?oeii
eee eaiaeueii) iaoiaeu aaaaeaiey. I?aaeiecieii ii 1 – 2 ie (30 – 60 ia),
o?aacii – ii 20 – 40 ia, iaoee?aae aaiaeyo aioo?eiuoa/ii
(i?ieiiae?iaaiiue i?aia?ao) ii 1 – 3 ie (0,04 – 0,13 a) 1 ?ac a 1 – 4
iaae.
Iieei?oieii e eaiaeia yooaeoeaiu o aieueiuo ini?eacii aneaaenoaea
yieaea?iio?iiiiai aeaenoaey. Iieei?oieii iacia/atho aioo?ue ii 4 – 8 –
16 ia a 2 – 4 i?eaia, iinea ianooieaiey oa?aiaaoe/aneiai yooaeoa
aeico oiaiueoatho ia 1/3-1/2 oaaeaoee aei onoaiiaeaiey ieieiaeueiie
iiaeaea?aeeaathuae aeicu – 0,001 a a aeaiue. Eaiaeia i?iecaiaeyo a
oaaeaoeao ii 0,004 a e a aiioeao n niaea?aeaieai a 1 ie 40 ia
o?aioeeiieiia aoeaoiieaea. I?e i?eaia aioo?ue iacia/atho aia/aea ii 4 –
6 oaaeaoie a nooee. I?e iieiaeeoaeueiii oa?aiaaoe/aneii ?acoeueoaoa
aeico iinoaiaiii nie?auatho aei iiaeaea?aeeaathuae, iinea /aai aiciiaeai
ia?aoiae ia iiaeaea?aeeaathuoth yeaeaaeaioioth aeico eaiaeiaa-40,
iaeaaeathuaai aeaiiie?othuae niiniaiinoueth n iinoaiaiiui ananuaaieai.
Aioo?eiuoa/iua eiuaeoeee eaiaeiaa-40 i?iecaiaeyo 1 ?ac a 2 – 3 iaae. O
aieueiuo oyaeaeuie oi?iaie ini?eaca i?eoiaeeony ii aeeciaiiui
iieacaieyi i?eiaiyoue eaiaeia-40 aioo?eiuoa/ii n?aco aac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai i?eaia oaaeaoie e oaaee/eaaoue aeice?iaeo aei 80 ia
a iaaeaeth.
Aeaenaiaoacii, eee aeaenacii, yaeyaony ooi?e?iaaiiui iaoeei?aeiecieiiii,
iaeaaeathuei aieaa aeoeaiui i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui e aioeaeea?ae/aneei
aeaenoaeai. Ii yooaeoeaiinoe 0,5 ia aeaenaiaoaciia niioaaonoaotho
i?eia?ii 3,5 ia i?aaeiecieiia, o. a. ii a 7 ?ac aeoeaiaa
i?aaeiecieiia. Aioo?ue aeaenaiaoacii iacia/atho a 2 – 3 i?eaia ii 2 –
3 ia a nooee ai a?aiy eee iinea aaeu. Ia?aioa?aeueii (aioo?eaaiii eee
aioo?eiuoa/ii) iacia/atho a oyaeaeuo neo/ayo ii 1 – 2 ie (0,004 – 0,008
i?aia?aoa 1 ?ac a nooee).
A i?ioeanna ea/aiey aetheiei?oeeieaeaie aiciiaeiu iiai/iua yooaeou e
ineiaeiaiey, iniaaiii /anoi aicieeathuea i?e aeeeoaeueiii eo iacia/aiee.
Ia?yaeo n i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui e aioeaeea?ae/aneei ei naienoaaiii
eiioiiaeai?anneaiia, oeeoinoaoe/aneia aeaenoaea. Iaeiia?aiaiii iie
i?iyaeytho naay eaoaaiee/aneei iaoaieciii iaoaaiee/aneeo ?aaeoeee n
auaeaeaieai eaeey e eaeueoeey e caaea?aeeie iao?ey a oeaiyo, /oi
i?eaiaeeo e iuoa/iie neaainoe, aeoeaecaoeee eioaeoeee, iiyaeaieth
ioaeia, iaee?aieth ii oeio neiae?iia Eoeaiei – Eooeiaa n iaee/eai
aeia?oiiee. Aetheiei?oeeieaeu noeioee?otho iiauoaiiia ia?aciaaiea
aetheicu e niinianoaotho oi?ie?iaaieth enoeiiiai naoa?iiai aeeaaaoa,
i?eaiaeyo e ?acaeoeth ycau aeaeoaeea eee eeoa/ieea, inoaiii?ica (/aua a
iaeanoe iicaiii/ieea), iiauoaieth aicaoaeeiinoe OeIN, ec-ca /aai
iaaethaeaaony aanniiieoea, iiauoaiiay ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoue, yeoi?ey.
Ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiua ai?iiiu i?ioeaiiieacaiu aieueiui naoa?iui aeeaaaoii,
eioaeoeeiiiuie caaieaaaieyie, aeia?oiieae, yieeaineae. Aeey i?ioeeaeoeee
eaoaaiee/aneeo ineiaeiaiee ei?oeeinoa?ieaeu iacia/athony a eiiieaena n
aiaaiee/aneeie i?aia?aoaie oeia ia?iaiea (iaoaiae?inoaiieii,
iaoeeaiae?inoaiaeeie) ii 0,005 a 2 ?aca iiae ycue a oa/aiea 20 – 25
aeiae. I?aia?aou i?i- eiiae?iaaiiiai aeaenoaey (oaiiaieei, ?aoaaieee)
aaiaeyo aioo?eiuoa/ii 1 ?ac a 7 – 10 – 15 aeiae ii 50 ia. N oeaeueth
ii?iaeecaoeee ieia?aeueiiai iaiaia aioo?ue iacia/atho i?aia?aou eaeee
(iaiaiaei, eaeey i?ioao), eaeueoeey (eaeueoeey oei?eae, aetheiiao,
aeeoea?ioinoao); iao?ey oei?eae (iiaa?aiiay nieue) ia?aie/eaatho.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ia?aie/eaatho aee?u e oaeaaiaeu, a a ieuo aaiaeyo
aeiiieieoaeueii aaeee e aeoaieiu (eaeueoeey iaioioaiao, aaaeo).
Ia?yaeo n ai?iiiaie i?eiaiythony e oeeoinoaoe/aneea i?aia?aou
(iaoio?aenao). Iaeiaei aeecinoue cia/aiee aai ea/aaiie e oiene/aneie
aeic niinianoaoao iiiai/eneaiiui ineiaeiaieyi. *anoi iaaethaeathony
aaiaoeou, aeeniaine/aneea yaeaiey, y?iceaiua i/aae ia neecenoie
iaiei/ea ?ioiaie iieinoe, oaiaoaiea aaiiiiyca, aaii??aae/aneee neiae?ii.
Iaeiaei iiai/iua yaeaiey auno?i en/acatho iinea ioiaiu i?aia?aoa.
Eo/oae ia?aiineiinoe iaoio?aenaoa niinianoaoao aeiiieieoaeueiia
i?eiaiaiea iaeuo aeic ei?oeeinoa?ieaeia, aeoaieiia, eiioiinoeioeyoi?ia
Ni/aoaiea ae?iaiuo i?eaiia iaoio?aenaoa n eiioiiii??aeoi?aie oeia
iao?ey ioeeaioeaea, aeaea?ena iicaieyao ?acei oiaiueoeoue
aaiaoioiene/iinoue, iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue ea/aiey /aooe/aoiai eeoay
aei iieo/aiey eeeie/aneiai ecea/aiey Iiieii iaoio?aenaoa, a ea/aiee
/aooe/aoiai eeoay i?eiaiytho e ae?oaea oeeoinoaoe/aneea n?aaenoaa n
oeaeueth eiaeaeoeee oaeoi?a ?inoa i?ieeoa?aoeee ea?aoeiioeeoia e
oaiaoaiey oneeaiiiai neioaca aaeea e iaoaaieecia ioeeaeiiauo eeneio.
Aioeiaoaaiee/aneee i?aia?ao – aeae?ieneii/aaeia (aeae?ieneo?aa,
aeinoi?annei) – oaeaea eniieuecoaony a ea/aiee /aooe/aoiai eeoay e
aeiaieueii oe?iei. I?e/eia yoiai a aeinoaoi/ii aunieie yooaeoeaiinoe e
iaiueoeo iiai/iuo yaeaieyo ii n?aaiaieth n iaoio?aenaoii e ae?oaeie
oeeoinoaoeeaie. Iaeiaei auyaeaiiua eciaiaiey iieiaiai o?iiaoeia
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i iaiaoiaeeiinoe inoi?iaeiiai i?eiaiaiey yoiai
i?aia?aoa aeey ea/aiey eeoe iieiaeiai aic?anoa.
A ea/aiee ini?eaoe/aneiai a?o?eoa ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo eao
eniieuecothony iaai?iiiaeueiua i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiua n?aaenoaa –
a?ooai, eiaeiiaoaoeei, aooaaeeii, aieueoa?ai, iaoeiaeie, naieoeeeaou.
Onoaiiaeaiu eo io/aoeeaue oa?aiaaoe/aneee yooaeo e oi?ioay
ia?aiineiinoue. Iacaaiiua i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiua i?aia?aou
noaaeeece?otho iaia?aiu eecenii, oaiaoatho eioaineaiinoue
i?ieeoa?aoeaiuo ainiaeeoaeueiuo ?aaeoeee, iiauoatho o?iaaiue
yia?aiiaania/aiiinoe iaiaiiuo e eiioiiuo i?ioeannia.
Ia oo?aoeea naiaai cia/aiey a ea/aiee ini?eaca ie?ioa?aiey. Iiauoaiea
oaiia?aoo?u oaea yaeyaony iiuiui oaeoi?ii, iiaeeecothuei oaaioeeoa?ioth
aeoeaiinoue eaeeioeeoia, neioac eioa?oa?iia, caueoiua ?aaeoeee
?aoeeoeiyiaeioaeeaeueiie nenoaiu e ooieoeeth
aeiioeca?ii-aae?aiaeiai-iaaeii/a/ieeiaie nenoaiu. Aeia?oa?iey iiaeao
auoue aucaaia eiuaeoeeyie ie?iaaiiuo aauanoa. Aeey ie?ioa?aiee
eniieuecoaony ie?iaaiae, iieo/eaoee i?eciaiea ec-ca ionoonoaey
naineaeeece?othueo naienoa. Ie?iaaiae – aaeoa?eaeueiue ie?iaai,
iieo/aaiue a aeaea neiaeiiai aacaaeeiaiai eeiiiieenaoa?eaeiiai
eiiieaena ec eoeueoo?u neiaaiieiuo e a?thoiioeoiciuo ieeiaaeoa?ee.
Ie?iaaiae aaiaeyo aioo?eiuoa/ii ii 25 – 60 ieieiaeueiuo ie?iaaiiuo aeic
(IIAe) a iinoaiaiii oaaee/eaathuainy eiee/anoaa aei 100 – 150 IIAe ia
eiuaeoeeth /a?ac aeaiue eee 2 ?aca a iaaeaeth. Eo?n ea/aiey ninoaaeyao
10 – 12 eiuaeoeee.
Oniaoii a ea/aiee ini?eaca i?eiaiythony aaeaioiaaiu: yeno?aeo aeiy
aeeaeeee, ianoieea eeiiiieea, ianoieea caiaieoe, yeno?aeo eaacae
aeeaeeee e yeno?aeo yeaooa?ieieea aeeaeeee. Ianiio?y ia iiiai/eneaiiua
aiciiaeiinoe oa?aiee ini?eaca, i?ioeann, eae i?aaeei, inoaaony
aeeeoaeueiui, /anoi ?aoeeaeeae?othuei. N oeaeueth aicaeaenoaey ia
?acee/iua iaoieiae/anee eciaiaiiua iaoaieciu iaiaia aauanoa i?eiaiyaony
aaiiaeac – e?iaacaiaieoaeue n au?aaeaiiui aeaceioieneeaoeeiiiui
aeaenoaeai. I?aia?ao a eiee/anoaa 300 – 400 ie aaiaeyo aioo?eaaiii
eaiaeueii ni nei?inoueth 80 – 100 eaiaeue a ieiooo n eioa?aaeaie 3 – 4
aeiy, ia eo?n 5 – 8 aeeaaiee.
Caneoaeeaaao aieiaiey i?eiaiaiea aaia?eia, iniaaiii a oa?aiee oyaeaeuo
oi?i ini?eaca. Enneaaeiaaiey ii eniieueciaaieth aaia?eia eiinoaoe?iaaei
eiioiiaeai?anneaiia, oeeoinoaoe/aneia, i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiia aeaenoaea
aaia?eia . Aaia?ei aaiaeyo iiaeeiaeii a iaeanoue aeeaioa, ia/eiay n
5000 AAe 4 ?aca a nooee a oa/aiea 7 – 10 aeiae, caoai ii 2 ?aca a nooee
oaeaea 7 – 10 aeiae, a caoai a aeaea iiaeaea?aeeaathuae aeicu 1 ?ac a
nooee /a?ac aeaiue a eiee/anoaa 10 – 15 eiuaeoeee.
Oe?iei eniieuecothony iaaeeoeeineie i?aeoeea eiaeaeoi?u
oinoiaeeynoa?acu. E iei ioiinyony i?aia?aou iaoeeenaioeiiaie a?oiiu –
oaioeeeei, yooeeeei, eioaei, o?aioae, iaiaaa?ei, AOO e iaeioi?ua
aioeaenoaieiiua n?aaenoaa (oaaaaee, oaiea?ie, aeei?acei).
A aeeiaieea oa/aiey ini?eaoe/aneie aieacie n eaaeaeui aiaeii
iaaethaeathony eciaiaiey a noi?iio i?ieiiae?iaaiey e ioyaiuaiey
i?ioeanna, iiyoiio aaaeoony aeaeueiaeoea iienee iiauo, aieaa
aeaenoaaiiuo iaoiaeia.
N?aaenoaa ia?oaeiie oa?aiee. I?e ea/aiee aieueiuo ini?eacii ecaeaaia
oe?iei eniieuecotho iace n o/aoii noaaeeeiinoe i?ioeanna, oae eae
ianoiay oa?aiey iiauoaao yooaeoeaiinoue iaaeeeaiaioiciiai ea/aiey. A
i?ia?anne?othuae noaaeee /anoi i?eiaiytho 2% naeeoeeeiaoth iacue,
ai?ii-naeeaeieiaoth iacue (iacue ?uaaeiaa), eaiieeiiai-aiaeiue e?ai
Oiiu. I?e au?aaeaiiii ainiaeeoaeueiii i?ioeanna n yennoaeaoeaiui
eiiiiiaioii iacia/atho iace e e?aiu n ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuie ai?iiiaie.
Oi?ioaa i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiia, aioeaeea?ae/aneia e ?annanuaathuaa
aeaenoaea ieacuaatho oaeea iace, eae oeooeeia?, aeaia?cieii, ieneei?o,
ei?eiaeai N, ei?eiaeai A e ae?. N oeaeueth onei?aiey ea/aaiiai yooaeoa o
aieueiuo /aooe/aoui eeoaai ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiua iace iaiinyo iinea niyoey
/aooae e ei?ie 2% naeeoeeeiaie eee na?ii-naeeoeeeiauie iacyie. Ia
ianoao au?aaeaiiie eioeeueo?aoeee, a iaeanoe iaoe?iuo aeyoae iace
iaiinyo iiae iiayceo. Iieiiai ecea/aiey ini?eaca ia aeinoeaaaony.
Iaeiaei, iace eee e?aiu n ei?oeeinoa?ieaeaie iieacaiu ai anao noaaeeyo
ini?eaca e iniaaiii a ia?eiae i?ia?anne?othuaai oa/aiey, A noaoeeiia?iie
e ?aa?anneaiie noaaeeyo ?aeiiaiaeothony aeaaoy?iua e na?ii-aeaaoy?iua
iace, 5 – 10 e 20% eooeieiaua, 5 – 10% eooeie-iaooaeaiiaua. Iniaaiii
onei?yaony i?ioeann ?aa?anna yooei?anoeaioeee i?e eiiaeiaoeee
aeaaoy?iuo, eooeieiauo eee iaooaeaiiauo iacae n ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuie.
Oeaeaniia?acia niaia iacaauo n?aaenoa, oae eae ia?aaeei iaaethaeathony
«i?eaueaiea» eiaee e iaeiie e oie aea iace. Iniaaiii iaiaoiaeeia niaia
n?aaenoa ia?oaeiie oa?aiee a noaaeee ?aa?anna, eiaaea neaaeoao
eioaineoeoee?iaaoue ?annanuaaiea eioeeueo?aoa aeyoae. I?e ionoonoaee
naaaeeo aunuiaiee iiaeii iinoaiaiii iiauoaoue eiioeaio?aoeeth aeoeaii
aeaenoaothueo eiiiiiaioia iacae e e?aiia. Iacia/athony 2 – 5% aaeay
?oooiay iacue, !0 – 15% na?ii-aeaaoy?iay, 20 – 33% na?iay, iacue
Aeeueeeiniia, 0,5 – 10% o?eci?naaeiiaay, 0,5 – 1% oeeaiieeiiaay
(aeeieneaio?aiieiaay), aio?aieiiaay eee iacue «Ini?eacei» e
«Aioeini?eaoeeoi», iaeaaeathuea ia oieueei iooaeooeaathuei e
i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiui, ii e ?aaeooee?othuei e ieanoe/aneei aeaenoaeai.
Ianoiia ea/aiea aieueiuo /aooe/aoui eeoaai na?iuie, aeaaoy?iuie,
naeeoeeeiauie iacyie, iniaaiii i?e ?ani?ino?aiaiiii i?ioeanna, o?aaoao
iinoiyiiiai eiio?iey ca ooieoeeae ii/ae. Aeaaoy?iua iace, iiieii
oiene/aneiai aeaenoaey, aucuaatho o iaeioi?uo aieueiuo oieeeeoeeou, /oi
yaeyaony iieacaieai aeey eo ioiaiu. Cia/eoaeueiia ea/aaiia aeaenoaea
i?iyaeyaony e i?e oiio?aaeaiee iacae n iaoeeenaioeiiauie niaaeeiaieyie:
5 – 10% oaioeeeeiiaay, 2 – 5% yooeeeeiiaay e 2 – 5% iaiaaa?eiiaua iace
e e?aiu.
I?aaei?eiyou oaeaea iiiuoee ea/aiey ini?eaca iacyie, niaea?aeaueie
i?ioeaiae?oniua n?aaenoaa. Iacia/atho oaa?ioaiaoth, ienieeiiaoth,
aiiaooiiiaoth (1 – 2 – 3%), a oaeaea 1 – 3% eioa?oa?iiiaoth e 2 – 5%
aeieca?eiiaoth iace. Yoe iace niinianoaotho ?ac?aoaieth aunuiaiee,
iniaaiii i?e iaeeiiaioeaciuo aeennaieie?iaaiiuo yooei?anoeaioeeyo, E?iia
oiai, iie oi?ioi ia?aiinyony aieueiuie e ia aucuaatho iiai/iuo yaeaiee.
N oeaeueth onei?aiey ?ac?aoaiey ini?eaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia i?eiaiaiea
aeaaoy?iuo, eooeieiauo iacae ni/aoatho n OOI. I?e yoii OO-eo/e ia
oieueei onei?ytho ?ac?aoaiea ainiaeeoaeueiuo i/aaia, ii e
i?aaeoi?aaeaeatho ?acaeoea aea?iaoeoa io yoeo iacae a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea eo iacia/atho a cia/eoaeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee (5 – 10 – 15%).
A nayce n iaee/eai o aieueiuo ini?eacii iaoaaiee/aneeo ?anno?ienoa,
i?iyaeythueony eae eiee/anoaaiiuie naeaeaaie a niaea?aeaiee
oieanoa?eia, oaeaaiaeia, aaeeia, iee?iyeaiaioia e aeoaieiia, oae e
nouanoaaiiuie oa?iaioiuie iaoieiae/aneeie ninoiyieyie, n/eoaaony
oeaeaniia?aciui ?aaoee?iaaoue ?aaeei ieoaiey, ia?aie/eaay oiio?aaeaiea
a ieuo i?iaeoeoia, niaea?aeaueo aeeaioiua aee?u e aaeee, oaeaaiaeu e
i?yiinoe. Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao e caeaeeaaiea i?aaiecia, oaaee/aiea
iiaeeueiinoe, iiaeaeaeiinoe a aeaea ea/aaiie oeceoeueoo?u eee a aeaea
caiyoee nii?oii.
Ia?niaeoeaiua iaoiaeu ea/aiey. A iineaaeiea aiaeu i?ienoiaeyo
cia/eoaeueiua niaa?oainoaiaaiey iaoiaeia ea/aiey ini?eaca.
Aeiiieieoaeueii e o?aaeeoeeiiiui noaiai e iaoiaeai ?ac?aaaouaathony
aeoeaiua yooa?aioiua niiniau, iniiaaiiua ia aeaoieneoee?othuai e
eiioiiei??eae?othuai yooaeoao. A nayce n oaeoaeaiiuie ae?onieiae/aneeie
enneaaeiaaieyie ?anoe?ythony iieacaiey e i?eiaiaieth eiiieaena
aioeaeioeeia n i?ioeaiae?oniuie n?aaenoaaie. Noaeaiu iieacaiey aeey
i?eiaiaiey oeeoinoaoeiia e eiioiinoi?anneaiuo i?aia?aoia. Inoi?iaeiaa e
naea?aeaiiaa iacia/athony ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiua ai?iiiu aeee iauae oa?aiee
e ia?aie/eaaaony eo ianoiia i?eiaiaiea.
Oaea a ia?aua aiaeu iinea aiaae?aiey ei?oeeinoa?ieaeia auyaeeenue eo
io?eoeaoaeueiua naienoaa. I?e nieaeaiee aeicu e ioiaia i?aia?aoa ii/oe
anaaaea e i/aiue auno?i ianooiaao ?aoeeaeea. Aeey eoie?iaaiey iaino?aiey
o?aaoaony cia/eoaeueiia oaaee/aiea aeicu, nii?iaiaeaeathuaany
ineiaeiaieyie e iiai/iuie yaeaieyie. Iniai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi o
aieueiuo, iieo/aaoeo ei?oeeinoa?ieaeu, auno?aa ianooiaee ?aoeeaeeau,
?acenoaioiua e ae?oaei iaoiaeai oa?aiee. N i?eiaiaieai
ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiuo ai?iiiia naycuaatho o/anoeaoeany neo/ae oyaeaeiai
oa/aiey ionooeaciiai ini?eaca.
Ia iniiaaiee aeaiiuo, iieo/aiiuo i?e eco/aiee ?acoeueoaoia
oioioeieioa?aiee, noaei ecaanoii, /oi yoio iaoiae yaeyaony iaeiei ec
iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuo i?e ini?eaca. Iaeiaei iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiua ai
iiiaeo neo/ayo n?iee eeeie/aneie ?aiennee, a oaeaea /anoua iiai/iua
aeaenoaey e ineiaeiaiey naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nie?auaiey
n?ieia ea/aiey e i?eiaiaiey oioioeieioa?aiee eae ninoaaiie /anoe
eiiaeie?iaaiiie noaiu a ni/aoaiee n yooa?aioiuie iaoiaeaie eee
eniieueciaaoue naeaeoeaioth oioioa?aieth.
Oe?ieia aiaae?aiea a i?aeoeeo ea/aiey aea?iaoicia yooa?aioiuo iaoiaeia
– eoia iiiaieaoieo iieneia yooaeoeaiuo niiniaia ai?ueau n
yiaeiaaiiuie oiene/aneeie oaeoi?aie, eciaiythueie nenoaio aiiainoaca.
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie yooa?aioiie oa?aiee yaeyaony yeeieiaoeey (oaeaeaiea)
ec i?aaiecia enaiiaeioeeia naiuie ?acee/iuie niiniaaie. Aeey auaaaeaiey
ec i?aaiecia aooioiene/aneeo i?iaeoeoia iaoaaieecia ecaeaaia
i?eiaiyeenue oaeea i?eieoeaiua niiniau, eae iacia/aiea ?aioiuo e
neaaeoaeueiuo n?aaenoa, e?iaiioneaiea, oi?ne?iaaiiue aeeo?ac.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?ac?aaioaiu oaeea ia?niaeoeaiua iaoiaeu
aeaceioieneeaoeee, eae aaiiaeeaeec, aaiini?aoeey, aaiioeeueo?aoeey,
oeueo?aoeeueo?aoeey e ieaciaoa?ac.
O aieueiuo ini?eacii, iniaaiii oyaeaeuie o?iie/aneeie oi?iaie, eiatho
ianoi ia?aa?oaeaiiinoue iaoieiae/aneeie eiioiiuie oee?eoee?othueie
eiiieaenaie, aeiee?iaaiea, iiaeaaeaiiinoue oeceieiae/aneeo nenoai caueou
e ?aaoeyoeee, ooieoeeiiaeueiua ia?ooaiey aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iie nenoaiu.
Ana yoi iaoneiaeeaaao ?acaeoea neiae?iia yiaeiaaiiie eioieneeaoeee, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai a i?aaiecia iaeaieeaaaony ecauoi/iia eiee/anoai
i?iiaaeooi/iuo e eiia/iuo iaoaaieeoia, ieacuaathueo oiene/aneia
aeaenoaea ia ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea aaaeiaeoeo nenoai. Yooa?aioiua
iaoiaeu ieacuaatho aeaoieneoee?othuaa nenoaiiia aicaeaenoaea, i?e
eioi?ii a ?acoeueoaoa oaeaeaiey enaiiaeioeeia e ?acee/iuo oiene/aneeo
oaeoi?ia inouanoaeyaony iaeaea?noaaiiay noeioeyoeey nenoai anoanoaaiiiai
eiioieoaoa, oeceieiae/aneeo iaoaieciia naiiaaiaca n ii?iaeecaoeeae
aeeciaiiuo i?ioeannia.
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