NIAeA?AEAIEA
C?AIEA
OECEIEIAEss AIAOIIEss
OI?AAEIAIEss AeEss AEAC
NIEss?ECAOeEss
AeUOAIEA
IAEUeIEIA
*OAIEA
C?EOAEUeIUE EIIOI?O
OAEAAECI?U, IIIEOI?U
II*IIA C?AIEA
C?AIEA E NII?O
AEAeAIO?AIAAEA?U
CAEETH*AIEA
EEOA?AOO?A
C?AIEA
C?aiea e aeaeaeaiea ia?ac?uaiu.E aeaenoaeoaeueii,aeaca-naiue
iiaeaeaeciue iao i?aai.Aua E.I.Na/aiia,ioaoe ?onneie oeceieiaee,oanii
naycuaae c?eoaeueiia aini?eyoea n aeayoaeueiinoueth iuoa/iiai aiia?aoa
aeac.Ii oeacuaae,/oi iuooeu ia oieueei iaania/eaatho eciaiaiea
iieiaeaiey aeac a i?aeoa,ii e yaeythony oaeaea iaoaieciii,i?e iiiiue
eioi?iai niciaiea iieo/aao eioi?iaoeeth i i?ino?ainoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo
aiaoiaai ie?a.
Aeaoaoeeo aeaeaeaiee a aeecie nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea iaecaaaeii
io?aaeaaony ia ooieoeeiiaeueiuo naienoaao c?eoaeueiiai aiia?aoa.ss?eee
i?eia? yoiai-aeeci?oeinoue(ieiiey),eioi?ay oi?ie?oaony, eae ieacaeinue,a
oeieueiua aiaeu i?aeiouanoaaiii o iiae?inoeia n iaaeinoaoi/iui
oece/aneei ?acaeoeai.Ia iineaaeithth ?ieue ea?atho caeanue oaeaea
iai?aaeeueiay inaiea e iaaeinoaoee a inaauaiiinoe ?aai/aai ianoa.
Ieioia c?aiea-/aua anaai caaeneo io ineaaeaiey
aeeiiiaeaoeeiiaeueiie(oeeeea?iie) iuooeu, ?aaoee?othuae e?eaecio
o?onoaeeea aeey iinoiyiiie ”iaaiaeee ia ?aceinoue” iaoaai
aeaca.Aicieeaao aii?in.eaeea aea eiie?aoiua niaoeeaeueiua aeaeaeaiey e
oi?aaeiaiey iiaoo auoue ?aeiiaiaeiaaiu aeey i?ioeeaeoeee iiaeiaiuo
ia?ooaiee ?aaiou aeaca?*oiau ioaaoeoue ia iaai, ?anniio?ei iniaaiiinoe
ono?ienoaa i?aaiia c?aiey e iuoi/iiai aiia?aoa aeac.
Iiaaeoea ?aaiou o/aiuo iiaeoaa?aeaeatho: aeac – ia i?inoi i?aai /oanoa,
ii – /anoue iicaa, auianaiiay ia “ia?aaeiee e?ae” aini?eyoey. Aeac –
iaeia ec neiaeiaeoeo nenoai a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea; eaaeaeie aai /anoe
iinayuaiu oiia enneaaeiaaiee! Acyoue oioy au oioi?aoeaioi?u –
iiiaineieiua iaoaieciu, neoaeauea eae au aoiaeiuie ono?ienoaaie,
o?ainoi?ie?othuea naaoiaoth yia?aeth a neaiaeu aeey iicaa, aeoaeoi?u
yoeo neaiaeia a naiii iicaa. Any yoa oeaii/ea, naycuaathuay iica
/aeiaaea n aiaoiei ie?ii, iaeaaeeaaaony n ia?auo aeiae – ?aiueoa, /ai
oiaeeoue e aeaaea neuoaoue.
A naiuo ?aciuo iaeanoyo nia?aiaiiie iaoee iaeiieeinue iiiaeanoai
eioa?aniuo oaeoia, eioi?ua iiaeiaiu /anoeoeai iicaeee, io?aaeathuae
neiaeiaeoee i?ioeann c?aiey. Ii nia?aoue yoe e?oieoeu a aaeeioth,
/aoeoth ea?oeio aei neo ii? ia oaeaaaeinue ieeiio. I?ioeann c?aiey oae e
inoaaony aei eiioea iaiiciaiiui. Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iao oaeaea ie
iaeiie ieii/aoaeueii ooaa?aeeaoaeny oai?ee c?aiey.
C?aiea eco/atho oeceieiae, aeioeieee, iioeee, niaoeeaeenou a iaeanoe
aeiieee e iiiaeo ae?oaeo iaoe. A iineaaeiea aiaeu iiyaeeenue ?aaiou,
naycuaathuea ?acee/iua noi?iiu nioeeaeueiie aeecie /aeiaaea n
ineoioeceieiaeae aai aini?eyoey. C?aiea eae nioeeaeueiue oaiiiai
i?iyaeyaony a iiciaiee /aeiaaeii ie?oaeathuae aeecie, neoaeeo iniiaiui
eioi?iaoeeiiiui eaiaeii: aac aacao, oaeaaeaeaiey e o.i. aeeciue /aeiaaea
ia ii?iaa OOI aaea iaiuneeia, Eiaiii c?aiea a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
niinianoaoao ciaeiinoao ethaeae, i?iyaeaieth eo acaeiiie neiiaoee,
ia?aciaaieth naiuee. Ie/oi oae ia ainieouaaao a /aeiaaea
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo iaaueia, ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai aeona, ie/oi ia iicaieyao
oae eiioeaio?e?iaaoue aieiaiea, eae c?eiue aii/eth i?eia? eee ia?ac.
Ia?iaeiay ioae?inoue aeaneo: eo/oa iaeei ?ac oaeaeaoue, /ai noi ?ac
oneuoaoue! Naaiaeiy oaea aiai?yo e i aecoaeueiie eoeueoo?a ee/iinoe – ia
oiaiee ia oieueei niio?aoue, ii e aeaeaoue.
A yiioo iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee ei anai ea/anoaai /aeiaa/aneie
ee/iinoe i?aaeuyaeythony iniai aunieea o?aaiaaiey. Aic?inee iaa?ocee ia
ana i?aaiu /oanoa. E aia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia c?aiea. Yoi ia iiaeao ia
eiaoue iineaaenoaee, e aio, niaeanii iaaeeoeeineie noaoenoeee, ?anoao ai
anai ie?a eiee/anoai aeeci?oeeo, a oii /enea iiaeeeuo ethaeae,
no?aaeathueo aunieie aeeci?oeinoueth e eaoa?aeoie. Iaaeeoeeia euao e
iaoiaeeo ana aieaa niaa?oaiiua n?aaenoaa ai?ueau n yoeie e ae?oaeie
caaieaaaieyie aeac. Iaeiaei e iu naie iiaeai – e aeieaeiu! – ai?ioueny
ca oi?ioaa c?aiea e aai nio?aiaiea.
Eiaaea i?i aeac aiai?yo, /oi yoi /anoue iicaa, auianaiiay ia i?eoa?eth,
oi iu eiaai a a aeaeo i?aaeaea anaai nao/aoeo. Ii nouanoao, yoi ia
oieueei nii?eeanathueeny iaiin?aaenoaaiii n aiaoiei ie?ii i?eaiiee anao
aai naaoiauo aiei e eiioeuenia. Ii e ia?aue eo naiinoiyoaeueiue
aiaeecaoi?. Eiaiii a nao/aoea i?ienoiaeeo ia?a?aaioea, o?ainoi?iaoeey
aiaoiae naaoiaie yia?aee a yeeeo?e/aneee eiioeuen iae?iia.
OECEIEIAEss
O ?aciuo aeeauo nouanoa nao/aoea ono?iaia iaiaeeiaeiai. O iicaiii/iuo –
io ?ua aei iaacueyi – naaoiaini?eieiathuay iiaa?oiinoue aeaca
i?aaenoaaeyao eneeth/eoaeueii neiaeiia – eae ii no?oeoo?a, oae e ii
ooieoeeyi – ia?aiia ia?aciaaiea. Oieueia ?aoeiu aanueia iaea – 0,14 ii.
Iaeei ec naiuo aaaeiuo o/anoeia nao/aoee – aeaeoia iyoii, eioi?ia
yaeyaony ianoii iaeeo/oaai c?aiey. Caeanue nao/aoea iaeneiaeueii
ooii/aaony (0.8 ii) aeaaiaea?y nie?auaieth anao neiaa, e?iia eieai/ae.
Nouanoaoao iiaiea, /oi a yoie iaeanoe aiciiaeii eeoue aeiaaiia, oeaao?ia
c?aiea, i?e iiiiue eioi?ai iu aini?eieiaai ana iiiaioeaaouea ie?a.
Aanueia nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea eiaao aii?in i ianoa ?aniieiaeaiey
nao/aoee ii ine aeaca. Aeaei a oii, /oi ethaia aiaoiaa ecia?aaeaioa
iiaeao auoue ?anniio?aii eae niaieoiiinoue oi/ae, ia?acothueo oio eee
eiie aeaeeiue i?aaeiao. Eaaeaeay ec yoeo oi/ae oeene?oaony ia ?aoeia a
aeaea oi/ee, ii aeaaiaea?y iaeioi?ui iioe/aneei yaeaieyi ( aeeo?aeoeey,
aaaa?aoeey e o.ae.) aa ecia?aaeaiea ieacuaaaony iaiiia ?aciuoui. Eae
iieacuaatho ?an/aou ?yaea enneaaeiaaoaeae, nao/aoea aeaca ?aniieiaeaia
eiaiii a oii ianoa (0.4 ii ia?aae oieonii ), aaea ana iioe/aneea
aeaoaeou eiatho iaeiaiueoea cia/aiey, aeaaiaea?y /aio e aeinoeaaaony
iaeaieaa /aoeia c?aiea.
A nao/aoea iicaiii/iuo ?acee/atho 10 neiaa ia?aiuo yeaiaioia, naycaiiuo
iaaeaeo niaie. Iauaa /enei ?aoeaioi?ia nao/aoee 130 ieeeeiiia, ec
eioi?uo anaai 7 ieeeeiiia – eieai/ee, oeaaoiaua ?aoeaioi?u.
Io ?aoeaioi?ia iooiaeyo ia?aiua aieieia, niaaeeiythuea eieai/ee e
iaei/ee n OeIN ( i?e/ai, eaaeaeia ia?aiia aieieii eaeao e iaeiie
eieai/ea eee ianeieueeei iaei/eai ). Oeaio?aeueiue ioaeae c?eoaeueiiai
aiaeecaoi?a iaoiaeeony a caaeiae /anoe caouei/iie aeiee ei?u. Naao
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iioie oioiiia; io eo /enea caaeneo y?einoue naaoa.
I?e ii?iaiaii c?aiee a eaaeaeoth eeaoeo-?aoeaioi? iiiaaeaao iaeei eaaio
ca 20 ieioo. Oaeei ia?acii, /oanoaeoaeueiinoue aeaca yaeyaony
i?aaeaeueii iuneeiie!
Iiia?a/iua ?acia?u ?aoeaioi?ia i/aiue iaeu ( ieiei aeaoo iee?iiao?ia );
yoi iaania/eaaao ia?iiioth ieioiinoue oiaeiaee ia?aiuo yeaiaioia.
Neiaeiia no?iaiea aeaca aa?aioe?oao iaaeaaeiinoue ?aaiou c?eoaeueiuo
i?aaiia i?e ?acee/iuo, iaiythueony oneiaeyo.
AIAOIIEss
I?e?iaea nicaeaea aeac oa?iia?aciui, iiyoiio ii iiaeao eaaei a?auaoueny:
a aa?oeeaeueiie, ai?eciioaeueiie e iioe/aneie ine aeaca. Aie?oa aeaca
?aniieiaeaiu o?e ia?u aeaciaeaeaaoaeueiuo iuooe, eioi?ua e iiai?a/eaatho
aeac. Iie, iiaeaeoe, yaeythony naiuie auno?uie iuooeaie /aeiaaea.
Iniao?eaay i?aaeiao aeac niaa?oaao aei120 nea/eia a ieiooo. Iiieii oaeeo
nea/eia aeac niaa?oaao iinoiyiii iaaieueoea auno?ua eieaaaiey ( aei 120
a naeoiaeo ). Iie e?aeia aaaeiu aeey ?aaiou naiiai aeaca, iniaaiii i?e
?anniao?eaaiee iaeeeo i?aaeiaoia. Eae oieueei i?enoaeueiia
?anniao?eaaiea i?ae?auaaony, en/acatho e eieaaaiey.
Niaeanii iiaieth ?yaea o/aiuo, aeaciiaeaeaaoaeueiuo iuooeu eiatho aua
iaeio aeaeaaoaeueioth ooieoeeth – iie iiaoo iiiiaaoue o?onoaeeeo
oieone?iaaoue ecia?aaeaiea ia ?aoeia, eiaaea i?aaeiaou iaoiaeyoueny ia
?aciii ?annoiyiee. Iuooeu neaaea “?anoyaeaatho” eee “naeeiatho” aeaciia
yaeiei, ia?aiauay oai naiui nao/aoeo. N naiei o?onoaeeeii ?aaioaao
oeeeea?iay iuooea.
Aeey iieo/aiey /aoeiai ecia?aaeaioy aeaeueiuo aeeceeo i?aaeiaoia a aeaco
i?ienoiaeeo iano?ieea – aeeiiiaeaoeey, inouanoaeyaiay can/ao eciaiaiey
e?eaeciu o?onoaeeea i?e o/anoee oeeeea?iie iuooeu.
Niiniaiinoue e aeeiiiaeaoeee enneaaeotho niiiiuueth y?aia?aoee,
iicaieythuae oi/ii ii?aaeaeeoue noaiaiue c?eoaeueiie ooiieyaiinoe. A
iooaeueiieiaeth y?aia?aoey aaaaeaia Y.N. Aaaoeniaui e A.A. Aieeiaui.
Y?aia?aoey ieacaeanue oaeaea iieaciie aeey auyaeaiey aeeiaie/aneie
?ao?aeoeee aeaca o aeaoae e iiae?inoeia n ieiieae, a oaeaea aeey
i?iaa?ee ?iaioiniiniaiinoe o eeoe, caiyouo ia oiieeo i?iecaiaenoaao.
Aeeiiiaeaoeey – aaaeiaeoee ?aaoeyoi? ooieoeee c?aiey, ii n aic?anoii
neea aeeiiiaeaoeee iinoaiaiii iaaeaao, o.e. o?onoaeee noaiiaeony iaiaa
yeanoe/iui. Aicieeaao noa?/aneay aeaeueiici?einoue, eee i?anaeiiey.
*aeiaae ioiaeaeaaao eieao eee eniieuecoao i/ee n auioeeuie eeicaie. I?e
ieiiee eniieuecothony aiaiooua eeicu. Oaeei ia?acii, iaiaoiaeeii
o?aia?iaaoue oeeeea?ioth iuooeo, nio?aiyy aa io i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiiai
ineaaeaiey.
OI?AAEIAIEss AeEss AEAC
Ia?aua oi?aaeiaiey i?aaeeiaeee o ian a no?aia A.A. Aeaoaaneee –
aaeaaeiaaiua oi?aaeiaiey ii 15 – 20 ieioo n aiaioouie eeicaie. Ia?aae
onoaaoei aeacii noaaeeanue neaaay eeica ( -0,5 aeio? ), iiea ino?ioa ia
ainnoaiiaeony. Oiaaea noaaeeanue aieaa neeueiay eeica, e oae aei oao
ii?, iiea iiaeao i?eniinaaeeaaoueny aeac. N eaaeaeui aeiai neea eeicu
oaaee/eaaeanue. A ?acoeueoaoa ioia/aeinue oeo/oaiea c?aiea.
Naaiaeiy aiaeiae/iua oi?aaeiaiey i?iaiaeeony iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii a?a/a n
eniieueciaaieai iethniauo e ieioniauo eeic aeey “iannaaea” iuooe aeaca.
I?eiaiyaony aeice?iaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia aiia?ao aeeiiiaeaoeee, ia
i?aauoathuaa i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo iaa?ocie.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueii ii oaenoo ii?aaeaeyaony iieiaeeoaeueiay e
io?eoeaoaeueiay ioiineoaeueiay aeeiiiaeaoeey aeaca. Io iaeneiaeueiuo
aaee/ei eeic, n eioi?uie aiciiaeii /oaiea ioieiatho 0,5 – 1 aeio?.
Iieo/aiiua aaee/eiu – iaeneiaeueiay iaa?ocea aeey oeeeea?iie iuooeu.
Iinea ei??aeoeee ieiiee n iiiiuueth niiioaaonoaothueo noaeie ia/eiatho
/oaiea n ieioniaui noaeeii 0,5 aeio?. *oaiea n eaaeaeui aieaa neeueiui
noaeeii i?iaeieaeaaony 3-5 ieioo. Caoai neeo eeico oiaiueoatho ia 1
aeio?, inoaaeyy eaaeaeia neaaeothuaa noaeei ia 1 ieiooo. Iinea
aiaeiae/ii eniieuecothony iethniaua noaeea. A ia?aua o?e aeiy naain
i?iaiaeeony ?ac a aeaiue, a a inoaeueiua – ii aeaa ?aca. Aaee/eio
ioiineoaeueiie aeeiiiaeaoeee ii?aaeaeytho eaaeaeua o?e aeiy. Aanue eo?n
ea/aiey ninoaaeyao 25-30 oi?aaeiaiee.
Yooaeoeaiinoue i?eiaiaiey oi?aaeiaiee ii?aaeaeyaony ii ?acoeueoaoai
ioeaiee caiana ioiineoaeueiie aeeiiiaeaoeee. Iaeiei ec oneiaee
i?aaeeueiiai i?iaaaeaiey o?aia?iai/iuo oi?aaeiaiee yaeyaony iinoiyiiia (
aac ia?a?uaa ) /oaiea oaenoa ( aeaeaoaeueii, /oiau oaeno aue eioa?anai
aeey caieiathuaainy ).
Oi?aaeiaiey aeey naiinoiyoaeueiie o?aia?iaee.
Aua a ae?aaiea a?aiaia a ieo aoiaeeee ?acee/iua aeaeaeaiey aeac,
aeoeaece?othuea e?iaiia?auaiea a iaenoe aeac e iicaa. Yoi oeo/oaao
naii/oanoaea e nieiaao oinoaaiiia iai?yaeaiea.A iniiaa oaeiai yooaeoa –
ii?aaeaeaiiua nayce iaaeaeo aeaciiaeaeaaoaeueiui ia?aii e ia?aiuie
eeaoeaie ninoaeia iicaa. Yoe oi?aaeiaiey iiiiaatho oaeaea oe?aieoue
ieieiaeaciua iuooeu, nio?aieoue oi?oainoue eiaee aae, caaea?aeaoue aa
noa?aiea.
Eioa?anioth iaoiaeeeo aeioeie/aneie noeioeyoeee iuooe aeaca i?aaeeiaeee
ieineee i?ioanni? A.O. Iaca?ia. A iniiaa iaoiaea – eniieueciaaiea oiai
aea aea?iiannaaea?a, /oi e i?e noeiioeyoeee iuooe eeoea. Aea?ioiae
i?enoaaeytho aa?oeeaeueii e aiaoiaio oaeo cae?uoiai aeaca. Aea?aoeey
/a?ac eiaeo ia?aaeaaony aeaco ia o?aaie?oy aai, aeaenoaoy ia aaeoaue, a
aaeieue iiaa?oiinoe aeaca. Caoai i?iaiaeyony aeaeaeaiey aeacaie a ?aciuo
iai?aaeaieyo. Oaeei ia?acii oaeaaony noeioee?iaaoue aeaciua iuooeu. A
?acoeueoaoa oaaee/eaaaony ino?ioa c?aiey e nieiaaony ooiieaiea,
oaaee/eaaaony aeeaiacii aeaenoaey iuooe, nie?auathueo o?onoaeee. Yoi
iieacii aeey i?ioeeaeoeee aeaeueiici?einoe.
I/aiue eioa?ania iaoiaeeea aiaeeeneei aeieoi?ii I.Ei?aaoo. A aa iniiaa –
?anneaaeaiea iuooe aeaca. Iiiaiua i?eioeeiu:
C?aiea iiaeao auoue oeo/oaii.
Ia?aiai?yaeaiea ecio?yao aeaca e ia?ooaao c?aiea.
Aeaca aeieaeiu ieaaoue /anoi e auno?i. Iie noaiiayony iaiiaeaeaeiuie,
eiaaea onoatho.
?annoiyiea iaaeaeo ?iaiaeoeae e nao/aoeie eciaiyaii ca n/ao nie?auaiey
iuooe aeaca.
I?eaycaiiinouee i/eai niinianoaoao oaaee/aieth ayeinoe aeaciuo iuooe.
A oaia?ue i?aeoe/aneea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee:
Iaeuecy aea?aeaoue eieao ia a?oaee eee eieaiyo; a yoii iieiaeaiee
oooaeoaaony e?iaiia?auaiea e ca n/ao naeaoey ai?oaie oooaeoaaony
aeuoaiea.
Iaiaoiaeeii aa?uee?iaaoue ?annoiyiea aei eieaa, /oiau ecaaaeaoue
iiaiaiey iuooe aeaca.
Iaeuecy ia?aae niii /eoaoue, eaaea a iinoaee, o.e. iiaeii caniooue n
eieaie ia niya iai?yaeaiey n ieo.
NIEss?ECAOeEss
?ieue nieioea i/aaeaeia, ii ia iaeiacia/ia. Anee aaoe aeaca eaaei
ooiieythony ia nieioea, oi iaiaoiaeeii aiiieueciaaoueny iaoiaeeeie
niey?ecaoeee aeac. Aeey yoiai anoaiueoa a ei?eaei?a eee a oaie,
ioa?anuaaaiie noaiie, o naiie a?aieoeu iaaeaiey nieia/iuo eo/ae.
Cie?ieoa aeaca e ia/eiaeoa ?anea/eaaoueny, /oiau eeoei iiia?aiaiii
ieacuaaeinue oi ia nieioea, oi a oaie. *a?ac ianeieueei naainia
ii/oanoaoaoa oiiece?othuee yooaeo.
Ia eioaineaiinoue naaoa, a ?aceee eiio?ano ooiieyao aeac. Iiyoiio
iieacii iiaenoaaeyoue nieioeo cae?uoua aeaca i?e auoiaea ec oaiiiou ia
nieioea.
AeUOAIEA
Ethaee n ieioei c?aieai, ?acaeyaeuaay /oi-eeai, ia?aaeei caaea?aeeaay
aeuoaiea, nieaeaaony eenei?iae a e?iae e a aeacao oaiiaao, a aaaeue
aeacai iaiaoiaeeia oneeaiiay oee?eoeyoeey e?iae n eenei?iaeii. Iiyoiio
?aeiiaiaeoaony eniieueciaaoue oaoieeo “caoyaeiiai” aeuoaiey. Iia ninoieo
a oaeaeaiee aicaeooa ec eaaeeo /a?ac iaieioii naeaoua aoau n oeiaieai.
Eniieueciaaoue a neo/aa oooaeoaiey c?aiey.
IAEUeIEIA
Iaoe eaaeiie – i?aainoiaeiue eino?oiaio aeey caueou aeac. Anee
niaaeeieoue iaeueoeu ?oe a oeaio?a eaa, oi eaaeiie ieioii cae?iyo aeaca,
/oi iicaieeo aeacai auno?aa ioaeioiooue e ainnoaiiaeoue e?iaiia?auaiea.
Aeaooieiooiue iaeueieia ianoieueei oeo/oaao c?aiea, /oi eaaeaony. /oi
iiyaeeny iiaue enoi/iee naaoa.
I?e i?aaeeueiii iaeueieiaa e?ay eaaeiiae aeieaeiu eeoue neaaea eanaoueny
iina, a aieueoea iaeueoeu aeieaeiu eaaeaoue ia aeni/iie iaeanoe.
*OAIEA
Ai a?aiy /oaiey aeaca auiieiytho ia?iiioth ?aaioo.Iiiai/eneaiiuie
enneaaeiaaieyie o/aiuo onoaiiaeaii: aeaeaeaiea aeac ii no?iea
i?ienoiaeeo ia ieaaii e iai?a?uaii, a nea/eaie, iinea neaaeoao
inoaiiaea. Nea/ee, o.a. aeaeaeaiey aeac, i?ienoiaeyo ianoieueei auno?i,
/oi aeac a yoi a?aiy ia ?acee/aao oaenoa. Aini?eyoea oaenoa i?ienoiaeeo
ai a?aiy inoaiiaee ( oeenaoeee ). I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue oeenaoeee –
0,2-0,6 nae., nea/eia – 0,02 nae. O.a., 97% a?aiaie o?aoeony ia /oaiea e
3% – ia nea/ee.
I?e onoaeinoe iiyaeythony aeeeoaeueiua inoaiiaee, oiaiueoaiea /enea
oeenaoeee e ?aoeenaoeee. Eciaiyaony e iica /eoathuaai: /aeiaae aeeaea
iaeeiiyaony e eieaa. /aua iaiyao iico, i?a?uaaoue /oaiea. Iniaaiii
a?aaeii /eoaoue iaaeinoaoi/ii inaauaiiue eee ia/aoeee oaeno.
Iaaue iecei neeiiaiiie aieiau /aua ioia/aaony o aeaoae n iaaeinoaoi/iie
aeaeaaoaeueiie e i?ino?ainoaaiii-c?eoaeueiie aeoeaiinoueth.
Iooaeueiieiae ?aeiiaiaeothoi?e /oaiee eaaeaeua 45 ieioo aeey aeaoae
12-14 eao e eaaeaeue /an aeey15-17 – eaoieo aeaeaoue ia?a?ua ia 10-15
ieioo. I?e yoii neaaeoao niaieoue iico, i?iaeaeaoue 4-5 i?inouo
oi?aaeiaiee, aiaeaeathueo a ?aaioo aieueoea a?oiiu iuooe. Aeey
o?aie?iaee aeeiiiaeaoeee neaaeoao i?aaiaeeoue acaeyae io eieae ia
ioaeaeaiiua i?aaeiaou. Aanue yoio eiiieaen niinianoaoao niyoeth
oinoaaiiie e c?eoaeueiie onoaeinoe.
I?e /oaiee eaaea o?oaeii iaania/eoue i?aaeeueiia inaauaiea e ?aaioa
aeaca cao?oaeiyaony. *oaiea a iao?i, aaoiaona oaeaea a?aaeii, o.e. e
inaauaiea oai iaaeinoaoi/iia, e aea?aoeey iinoiyiii iaiyao ?annoiyiea io
aeac aei eieae, /oi aucuaaao eceeoiaa ooiieaiea. Ie a eiai neo/aa
iaeuecy /eoaoue aia?aiy oiaeueau.
C?EOAEUeIUE EIIOI?O
Iaaiciiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue aeeciue nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea aac
eneonnoaaiiiai inaauaiey, eioi?ia oaeoe/anee oaeeeiyao ia?eiae
niciaoaeueiiai nouanoaiaaiey ethaeae. Iaeiaei, enoi/ieee naaoa aeieaeiu
aeaaaoue inaauaiea, aeeceia e nieia/iiio eceo/aieth.
Eae iieacuaatho enneaaeiaaiey, oaaee/aiea inaauaiey io 100 aei 1000
ethen oaaee/eaaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ?aaiou n?aaeiae o?oaeiinoe ia
5-6% , i?e c?eoaeueiie – ia 15%. Aieueoia aeeyiea ieacuaaao e niaeo?
eceo/aiey, iniaaiii ia ineoinoa?o /aeiaaea.I?eiyoi?acee/aoue oaieua
oeaaoa: e?aniue, i?aiaeaaue, aeaeoue; e oieiaeiua – aieoaie, neiee,
oeieaoiaue; iaeaieueoei oniieaeaathuei aeaenoaeai iaeaaeaao caeaiue
oeaao – oeaao ie?oaeathueo ?anoaiee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?eia?aoatho “oieiaeiua”
ethieianoeaioiua eaiiu, neeueii ioee/athueany io eaii iaeaeeaaiey.
Aieueoie iethn aaci?ac?yaeiuo eaii – aeecinoue e nieia/iiio niaeo?o;
iaeiaei, iia inoaaony aua aeaeaeie ioi?aaeaeueii aeinoeaeeiie. *oiau
oeo/oeoue niaeo?aeueiue ninoaa ethieianoeaioiuo eaii, iau/ii eciaiytho
naienoaa ethieieoi?a, ii aei neo ii? ia aeinoeaiooi iieiiai niioaaonaey
niae?o Nieioea. Iiyoiio ?aeiiaiaeoaony ae?oaie aieaa i?inoie niinia
?aaoee?iaaiey niaeo?a eaii – eniieueciaaiea ie?aoaiiuo io?aaeaoaeae (
aiaeiae/iue niinia eniieuecotho aeeaioiua n ethieianoeaioiuie i?aaiaie,
eioi?ua iaoiaeyony ia niioaaonoaothueo oeaaoiauo iiaeeiaeeao ). Oioy yoi
ianeieueei oiaiueoaao y?einoue, caoi i?eaeeaeaao niaeo? e “
oeceieiae/anee yooaeoeaiiio”.
OAEAAECI?U, IIIEOI?U
Naaiaeiy yoe ecia?aoaiey iieo/atho ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea ai anao
noa?ao aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. A oi aea a?aiy, aeeeoaeueiay ?aaioa
ia?aae ye?aiii aucuaaao ?yae iaaaoeaiuo ?aaeoeee: ?acue a aeacao,
auno?oth ooiieyaiinoue, oneeaiiay neacioi/eainoue, nieaeaiea ?aceinoe
c?aiey, a oae aea aieiaiua aiee e ae?oaea neiioiiu ia?aiai?yaeaiey.
Aeaaiay i?e/eia – ianiaethaeaiea i?aaee y?aiiiieee, iaeiaei, iiiaea
?aai/ea ianoa iia?aoi?ia eeoaiu yoiai* /oi iaaoaii io?aaeaaony ia eo
caei?iauee e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. Anee n eiiiueaoa?aie nii?eeanathony
ia iiiaiea, oi oaeaaeci? – aauue ?ani?ino?aiaiiay. Aeey oaeac?eoaey
oa?aeoa?ii c?eoaeueiia ooiieaiea, aeey ecaaaeaiey eioi?ia eniieuecotho
?aciua iaoiaeu: aeeth/aiiue naao, oeaaoiay ieaiea ia ye?aia e o.ae. Aeey
oiaiueoaiey ooiieaiey iiaeii eniieueciaaoue i?inoia ono?ienoai –
ieaioiauaathuay iaoiaay oeaaoinaaoiaay ?aiea. Iethn ie?anea noai: noaio
e eioi?ie ia?auai y?ai ie?aoeaaaony a neia-aieoaie oeaao, a inoaeueiua
noaiu a aieaa naaoeue oeaao.
N o/aoii eceiaeaiiiai ianeieueei ?aeiiaiaeaoeee aeey oiaiueoaiey
ooiieaiey i?e ?aaioa n iiieoi?aie:
?aciauaeoa iiieoi? /ooue auoa o?iaiy aeac, /oi nieaeaao iaa?oceo ia
iuooeu, ie?oaeathuea aeac, o.e. a oaeii iieiaeaiee iie iaeiaiee
iai?yaeaiu.
A/a?iaa inaauaiea eaaeiaoa – aieoauo iooaieia; ii y?einoe i?eia?ii eae o
aeenieay.
*a?ac eaaeaeua 30-45 ieioo i?iaiaeeoue ca?yaeeo aeey aeac.
II*IIA C?AIEA
*aeiaae, aoiaeyuee a oaiiia iiiauaiea n caeeoie naaoii
oeeoeu,ieacuaaeony ia ianeieueei ieioo ii/oe neaiui.Caoai ii ia/eiaao
iinoaiaiii i?eaueaoue e oaiiioa e iiaeao aeaeaoue iaueaeou aieaa /ai a
ouny/o ?ac oaiiaa oao, eioi?ua aaeaa ?acee/ae a ia?aue iiiaio.
Yoio oaiiiai iai?aaee enneaaeiaaoaeae ia iienee iaoaieciia, eciaiythueo
naaoi/oanoaeoaeueiinoue aeaca – oae auei ioe?uoi ia?aoeiia
oioioeie/aneia auoeaaoaiea c?eoaeueiiai io?io?a (a oaiiioa c?eoaeueiue
io?io? ia auoeaaoaao , a oaeaea ainnoaiaaeeaaaony aianoa n
niioaaonoaothueie ioaeaeaieOeIN ).
Aeey iiauoaiey ii/iiai c?aiey auei i?aaeeiaeaii iiiaeanoai iaoiaeee.
Aua a 30-a aiaeu auei iaia?oaeaii, /oi aaeay e e?aniay “canaaoea”
aanueia iiauoatho ii/iia c?aiea, i?e/ai e?aniay – iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiay.
Ae?oaea ?aeiiaiaeaoeeee:
*oiau iiauneoue /oanoaeoaeueiinoue c?aiey, naeaeaeoa 10 aeoaieeo
aaeioia.
Ecaaaaeoa i?yiiai iiiaaeaiey naaoa a aeaca.
A neo/aa /oaiey iaeeeo cia/eia, naao aeieaeai iaaeaoue oieueei ia
?aai/oth iiaa?oiinoue.
Iinea aicaeaenoaey y?eiai naaoa a oaiiioa ianooiaao ineaieaiea.Aeey
aieaa auno?iai ainnoaiiaeaiey iioa?aiiuo ooieoeee, ?aeiiaiaeoaony iinea
ineaieaiey “canaaoeoue” aeac aieoaui naaoii.
C?AIEA E NII?O
Aeeci?oeei ethaeyi, a iniaaiii aeaoyi iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue iieacaiey e
i?ioeaiiieacaiey i?e caiyoeyo nii?oii, o.e. nii?o iiaeao ei neeueii
iaa?aaeeoue, iniaaiii i?e ia?iiiuo iaa?oceao.
AEAeAIO?AIAAEA?U
Aeaeaio?aiaaea?u – iniaue eeann oaoie/aneeo ono?ienoa, iicaieythueo
o?aie?iaaoue a oeaeyo i?ioeeaeoeee e ainnoaiiaeaiey c?aiey, iniaaiii,
aeey aeaoae.A eo i?eioeeia caeiaeaia iaoiaeeea, iienaiiay auoa; i?e
/oaiee iaaeaeo oaenoii e aeacii ?aniieaaatho aiia?ao n aaoiiaoe/aneie
niaiie eeic, eioi?ua eeai iaeaa/atho, eeai cao?oaeiytho /oaiea – oaeei
ia?acii i?iaiaeeony “iioe/aneee iannaae” aioo?e aeaciuo iuooe.
Ae?oaie o?aiaaea? – aeey ?ac?aaioee aeaciia?a, iicaieythuee auno?aa
ioeaieaaoue ?annoiyiea aei ?iaaeiaoa e aai aaaa?eou.
CAEETH*AIEA
Ana auoa ia?a/eneaiiua i?eioeeiu e iaoiaeeee i/aiue aaaeiu aeey
i?ioeeaeoeee, ei??aeoeee e ea/aiey ?acee/iuo ia?ooaiee c?aiey aeey anao
aic?anoiuo a?oii , ii aeey aeaoae aaaeouoth ?ieue ea?aao i?ioeeaeoeea,
/oi iicaieyao aia?aiy ecaaaeaoue ineiaeiaiee.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U E IAOA?EAEIA
Aeaeaia aeaoae e iiae?inoeia: o/aaiee\ A.I. Ea?aeaoaiei, A.I. No?iineay
e ae?. I.:Iaaeeoeeia,1988 a.
Iauay aeaeaia: o/aaiee\ A.E. ?oiyioeaa, A.I. Aeoiaaneay, O.A. Eiceiaa.
I.: Iaaeeoeeia, 1985 a.
Iniaaiiinoe oeceieiaee aeaoae:o/. iiniaea iiae ?aaeaeoeeae i?io. A.I.
Nie?iiaa. I.: 1993 a.
Eaeoeee ii eo?no aeaeaiu
Iooue e aeieaieaoeth: yioeeeeiiaaeey\TH.A. Ia?ceyeia. I. 1994 a.
Iauay aeaeaia: o/aaiee\ A.N. Aaaiae/.: 1986 a.
Ineoieiaey caei?iauey: eieaa \A.E. Aaeia.I.:1994 a.
Yioeeeeiiaaeey caei?iauey\A.E. Aaeia. I.:1993 a.
O?aie?oeoa c?aiea: a?ioth?a\A.A. Aeaie?/iaeyi. I.: 1990 a.
?inneeneee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Iaaeeoeeineee Oieaa?neoao
EAOAAe?A AEAEAIU E YEIEIAEE
CAA. EAOAAe?U I?iooani?. TH.I. IEAIAA?IA
?AOA?AO
OAIA: I?IOEEAEOEEA AEECI?OEINOE O AeAOAE E IIAe?INOEIA
I?AIIAeAAAOAEUe: Aeue – Naaoi/e A.A.
NOOAeAIO: ?iiai/aiei N.A.
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