IAAeEOeEINEEA I?IAEAIU IANNIAIE OECE*ANEIE EOEUeOO?U
A?A*AAIUE EIIO?IEUe E NAIIEIIO?IEUe
I?aaeaea /ai i?enooieoue e icaei?iaeoaeueiie o?aie?iaea, ethaeyi
n?aaeiaai e iiaeeeiai aic?anoa neaaeoao i?ieoe iaaeeoeeineee iniio? n
caienueth YEA aei e iinea (eee ai a?aiy i?iaaaeaiey) ooieoeeiiaeueiie
iaa?oci/iie i?iau, /oiau auyaeoue aiciiaeiua ia?ooaiey a aeayoaeueiinoe
nenoaiu e?iaiia?auaiey.
A?a/aaiue eiio?ieue a i?ioeanna caiyoee oece/aneie eoeueoo?ie iai?aaeai
ia ?aoaiea o?ao iniiaiuo caaea/: auyaeaiea i?ioeaiiieacaiee e oece/aneie
o?aie?iaea; ii?aaeaeaiea Ooa aeey iacia/aiey aaeaeaaoiie o?aie?iai/iie
i?ia?aiiu; eiio?ieue ca ninoiyieai i?aaiecia a i?ioeanna caiyoee (ia
iaiaa aeaoo ?ac a aiae).
A nayce n aiciiaeiinoueth aa?uee?iaaoue aaee/eio o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie
(ia/eiay n oiaeueau) a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao, aaniethoiua i?ioeaiiieacaiey e
o?aie?iaea ia auiineeainoue aanueia ia?aie/aiiu:
— a?iaeaeaiiua ii?iee na?aeoea e noaiic (noaeaiea)
i?aaena?aeii-aeaeoaei/eiaiai ioaa?noey;
— na?aea/iay eee eaai/iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue ethaie yoeieiaee;
— au?aaeaiiay ei?iia?iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue, i?iyaeythuayny a iieia eee
i?e ieieiaeueiie iaa?ocea;
— o?iie/aneea caaieaaaiey ii/ae;
— aunieia a?oa?eaeueiia aeaaeaiea (200/120 ii ?o. no.), eioi?ia ia
oaeaaony nieceoue n iiiiuueth aeiioaiceaiuo n?aaenoa;
— ?aiiee ia?eiae iinea ia?aianaiiiai eioa?eoa ieiea?aea (3–6 ianyoeaa
e aieaa — a caaeneiinoe io oyaeanoe caaieaaaiey);
— au?aaeaiiua ia?ooaiey na?aea/iiai ?eoia (ia?oeaoaeueiay a?eoiey e o.
ae.); — o?iiaioeaaeo;
— aeia?ooieoeey ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu (oe?aioieneeic).
Caiyoey oeceoeueoo?ie a?aiaiii i?ioeaiiieacaiu oaeaea iinea ethaiai
ino?iai caaieaaaiey eee aea iaino?aiey o?iie/aneie aieacie. Aaaeiui
n?aaenoaii a?a/aaiiai eiio?iey yaeyaony aeeaaiinoeea OON iooai
i?iaaaeaiey noaiaeneiaeueiie aaeiy?aiiao?e/aneie i?iau (75 % IITH,
ii?aaeaeythuae aa?oiee o?iaaiue oiea?aioiinoe (ia?aiineiinoe) oece/aneie
iaa?ocee. I?e i?iaaaeaiee yoiai oanoa iaa?ocea ia aaeiy?aiiao?a
oaaee/eaaaony nooiai/aoi (ii 4 iei eaaeaeay nooiaiue) aei oao ii?, iiea
*NN eniuooaiiai ia aeinoeaiao o?iaiy, niioaaonoaothuaai 75 % IIE;
iai?eia?, aeey caei?iauo ioae/ei n?aaeiaai aic?anoa 300–600– 900
eai/iei. Aeeiaieea yoeo iieacaoaeae a i?ioeanna a?a/aaiiai eiio?iey
iauaeoeaii io?aaeaao eciaiaiey ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey i?aaiecia e
yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey icaei?iaeoaeueiuo i?ia?aii.
Aeiiieieoaeueiay oeaiiay eioi?iaoeey i?e iaaeeoeeineii iniio?a aoaeao
iieo/aia oaeaea i?e ecia?aiee a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey, caiene YEA a
iieia e iinea iaa?ocee, ii?aaeaeaiee AEAE e iannu oaea.
Ia iaiaa aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e ?aoaiee aii?ina i aeice?iaea o?aie?iai/iuo
iaa?ocie, eo yooaeoeaiinoe eiaao e a?aiioiue naiieiio?ieue, eioi?ue
iicaieyao caieiathueiny iia?aoeaii e ?aaoey?ii eiio?iee?iaaoue oaeouaa
ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea. Ii aeeth/aao ii?aaeaeaiea iauaeoeaiuo
iieacaoaeae aeayoaeueiinoe na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu e ioeaieo
noauaeoeaiuo iuouaiee. Iniiaiui iauaeoeaiui e?eoa?eai ia?aiineiinoe e
yooaeoeaiinoe o?aie?iaee yaeyaony *NN. Aaee/eia *NN, iieo/aiiay ca
ia?aua 10 n iinea ieii/aiey iaa?ocee, oa?aeoa?ecoao aa eioaineaiinoue.
Iia ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue n?aaeieo cia/aiee aeey aeaiiiai aic?anoa e
o?iaiy o?aie?iaaiiinoe.
Noiia?iui iieacaoaeai aaee/eiu iaa?ocee (iauai iethn eioaineaiinoue)
yaeyaony aaee/eia *NN, ecii?aiiay /a?ac 10 e 60 iei iinea ieii/aiey
caiyoey. *a?ac 10 iei ioeuen ia aeieaeai i?aauoaoue 96 oae/iei, eee 16
oaea?ia ca 10 n, a /a?ac 1 / aeieaeai auoue ia 10–12 oae/iei (ia aieaa)
auoa aei ?aai/ae aaee/eiu. Iai?eia?, anee aei ia/aea aaaa ioeuen aue 60
oae/iei, oi a neo/aa aaeaeaaoiinoe iaa?ocee /a?ac 1 / iinea oeieoa ii
aeieaeai auoue ia aieaa 72 oae/iei. Anee aea a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo /ania
iinea o?aie?iaee cia/aiey *NN cia/eoaeueii auoa enoiaeiuo, yoi
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i /?acia?iinoe iaa?ocee, cia/eo, aa iaiaoiaeeii
oiaiueoeoue. Aeeeoaeueiia oaaee/aiea *NN (a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo nooie)
iau/ii iaaethaeaaony iinea i?aiaeieaiey ia?aoiineie aeenoaioeee.
Iauaeoeaiua aeaiiua, io?aaeathuea noiia?ioth aaee/eio o?aie?iai/iiai
aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci (ca iaaeaeueiue e iany/iue oeeee caiyoee) e
noaiaiue ainnoaiiaeaiey, iiaeii iieo/eoue, aaeaaeiaaii iiaen/eouaay
ioeuen oo?ii iinea nia, a iieiaeaiee eaaea. Anee aai eieaaaiey ia
i?aauoatho 2–4 oae/iei, yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oi?ioae ia?aiineiinoe
iaa?ocie e iieiii ainnoaiiaeaiee i?aaiecia. Anee aea ?acieoea ioeueniauo
oaea?ia aieueoa yoie aaee/eiu, yoi neaiae ia/eiathuaainy ia?aooiieaiey;
a yoii neo/aa iaa?oceo neaaeoao iaiaaeeaiii oiaiueoeoue.
Aua aieaa eioi?iaoeaia i?oinoaoe/aneay i?iaa. Nin/eoaeoa ioeuen, eaaea a
iinoaee; caoai iaaeeaiii anoaiueoa e /a?ac 1 iei niiaa nin/eoaeoa ioeuen
a aa?oeeaeueiii iieiaeaiee ca 10n n iineaaeothuei ia?an/aoii ca 1 iei
(aeey yoiai iieo/aiioth aaee/eio ioaeii oiiiaeeoue ia 6). Anee ?acieoea
ioeuena a aa?oeeaeueiii e ai?eciioaeueiii iieiaeaiee ia i?aauoaao 10–12
oae/iei, cia/eo, iaa?ocea aiieia aaeaeaaoia e i?aaieci ioee/ii
ainnoaiaaeeaaaony iinea o?aie?iaee. Anee i?e?ino ioeuena ninoaaeyao
18–22 oae/iei, cia/eo, ninoiyiea oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiia. Anee aea yoa
oeeo?a aieueoa oeacaiiuo aaee/ei, yoi yaiue i?eciae ia?aooiieaiey,
eioi?ia iiieii /?acia?iiai iauaia o?aie?iaee iiaeao auoue aucaaii
ae?oaeie i?e/eiaie (aieueoea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua e auoiaua iaa?ocee,
iinoiyiiia iaaeinuiaiea, ia?aianaiiia caaieaaaiea e o. i.).
Iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou i?oinoaoe/aneie i?iau iau/ii
iaaethaeathony ethaeae, no?aaeathueo io aeiiaeeiaiee e iieiinoueth
aeao?aie?iaaiiuo, a oaeaea o ia/eiathueo oeceoeueoo?ieeia. N ?inoii
o?aie?iaaiiinoe iinoaiaiii nieaeaaony ?aaeoeey na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie
nenoaiu ia yoio oano — oae aea, eae e *NN a ninoiyiee iieiy. Oae,
iai?eia?, ii iaaethaeaieyi aaoi?a, o ia/eiathueo ethaeoaeae
icaei?iaeoaeueiiai aaaa ia?aoiae a aa?oeeaeueiia iieiaeaiea (iinea nia)
aucuaaao oaaee/aiea *NN ia 20–30 oae/iei, a o oi?ioi iiaeaioiaeaiiuo
aaaoiia n iiiaieaoiei noaaeai caiyoee — anaai ia 8–16 oae/iei.
Aeey iia?aoeaiiai eiio?iey ca eioaineaiinoueth iaa?ocee, iiieii aeaiiuo
*NN, oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue oaeaea iieacaoaee aeuoaiey, eioi?ua
iiaoo ii?aaeaeyoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii ai a?aiy aaaa. E iei ioiineony
oano iiniaiai aeuoaiey. Anee ai a?aiy aaaa aeuoaiea eaaei inouanoaeyaony
/a?ac iin, yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia ay?iaiii ?aaeeia o?aie?iaee. Anee
aea aicaeooa ia oaaoaao e i?eoiaeeony ia?aoiaeeoue ia niaoaiiue
iina-?ioiaie oei aeuoaiey, cia/eo, eioaineaiinoue aaaa niioaaonoaoao
niaoaiiie ay?iaii-aiay?iaiie ciia yia?aiiaania/aiey e nei?inoue neaaeoao
ianeieueei nieceoue. Oae aea oniaoii iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny ?acaiai?iue
oano. Anee ai a?aiy aaaa au iiaeaoa eaaei iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
iai?eioaeaeaiiue ?acaiai? n ia?oia?ii, cia/eo, oaii iioeiaeueiue. Anee
aea au ia/eiaaoa caaeuoaoueny e ioaa/aoue ia aii?inu iaeiineiaeiuie
neiaaie, yoi neaiae ia?aoiaea a niaoaiioth ciio. Yoe oanou
iiaeoaa?aeaeaao caiiaaaeue ?iaeiia/aeueieea icaei?iaeoaeueiiai aaaa,
ciaiaieoiai iiaicaeaiaeneiai o?aia?a A?oo?a Eeaeuey?aea — «aaaeaoue
eaaei»
Ia iaiaa aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey naiieiio?iey eiatho e noauaeoeaiua
iieacaoaee ninoiyiey i?aaiecia (nii, naii/oanoaea, iano?iaiea, aeaeaiea
o?aie?iaaoueny). E?aieee nii, oi?ioaa naii/oanoaea e aunieay
?aaioiniiniaiinoue a oa/aiea aeiy, aeaeaiea o?aie?iaaoueny
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia aaeaeaaoiinoe o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie. Ieioie nii,
ayeinoue e niieeainoue a oa/aiea aeiy, iaaeaeaiea o?aie?iaaoueny
yaeythony aa?iuie i?eciaeaie ia?aa?ocee. Anee ia i?eiyoue
niioaaonoaothuea ia?u e ia nieceoue iaa?ocee, iicaea iiaoo iiyaeoueny
aieaa na?ueaciua neiioiiu ia?ao?aie?iaaiiinoe — aiee a iaeanoe
na?aeoea, ia?ooaiey ?eoia (yeno?anenoieey), iiauoaiea a?oa?eaeueiiai
aeaaeaiey e ae?. A yoii neo/aa neaaeoao ia ianeieueei iaaeaeue
i?ae?aoeoue caiyoey e ia?aoeoueny e a?a/o. Iinea en/aciiaaiey oeacaiiuo
neiioiiia e aiciaiiaeaiey caiyoee iaiaoiaeeii ia/eiaoue n ieieiaeueiuo
iaa?ocie, eniieueciaaoue ?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiue ?aaeei o?aie?iaie. Aeey oiai
/oiau ecaaaeaoue oaeeo iai?eyoiinoae, ioaeii i?aaeeueii ioeaieaaoue naie
aiciiaeiinoe e oaaee/eaaoue o?aie?iai/iua iaa?ocee iinoaiaiii.
Aieueooth iiiiuue caieiathueiny iiaeao ieacaoue ?aaoey?iia aaaeaiea
aeiaaieea naiieiio?iey, /oi iicaieeo auyaeoue ?aiiea i?eciaee
ia?aooiieaiey e aia?aiy aianoe niioaaonoaothuea ei??aeoeau a
o?aie?iai/iue i?ioeann. Oaeouee naiieiio?ieue e ia?eiaee/aneee a?a/aaiue
eiio?ieue iiauoatho yooaeoeaiinoue e iaania/eaatho aaciianiinoue caiyoee
icaei?iaeoaeueiie oece/aneie eoeueoo?ie.
AAA I?IOEA AIEACIAE
Anee oeaeaniia?aciinoue eniieueciaaiey iaaeeaiiiai aaaa caei?iauie
ethaeueie (eae n?aaenoaa i?ioeeaeoeee caaieaaaiee e iiauoaiey
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae) ie o eiai ia aucuaaao niiiaiee, oi
i?eia-
iaiea aai aieueiuie aucuaaao aea?eea nii?u. Iaeiaei iineaaeiea aeaiiua
ca?oaaaeiuo e ioa/anoaaiiuo aaoi?ia naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i aiciiaeiinoe
caiyoee icaei?iaeoaeueiie oiaeueaie e aaaii i?e ?acee/iie iaoieiaee —
ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, i?eaaaeaiiuo a nienea aaniethoiuo
i?ioeaiiieacaiee ( O. O. A?aneaiia, 1985; A. A. Ieeueia?, 1985; A. I.
Aieeia, A. A. Ieeueia?, 1987, e ae?.). Aii?in i aeiionea e caiyoeyi a
yoii neo/aa aeieaeai ?aoaoueny no?iai eiaeeaeaeoaeueii a caaeneiinoe io
oi?iu e oa?aeoa?a oa/aiey caaieaaaiey. A nayce n yoei i?e iaee/ee
iaeiiai e oiai aea aeeaaiica (iai?eia?, eoaie/aneie aieacie na?aeoea) a
iaeieo neo/ayo aaa iiaeao auoue ?aeiiaiaeiaai, a a ae?oaeo —
eaoaai?e/anee cai?auai. Aeiione e caiyoeyi iiaeao aeaoue oieueei ea/auee
a?a/, oi?ioi ciaeiiue n iniaaiiinoyie caaieaaaiey naiaai iaoeeaioa.
Oa?aeoa? o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie e o?iaaiue oece/aneiai ninoiyiey
ooi/iyaony niaoeeaeenoii ii nii?oeaiie iaaeeoeeia ai
a?a/aaii-oeceoeueoo?iii aeeniaina?a, aaea auiieiyaony ooieoeeiiaeueiay
i?iaa (aaeiy?aiiao?e/aneee oano) n caienueth YEA. Oieueei iinea
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai ianeaaeiaaiey iiaeii ia/eiaoue icaei?iaeoaeueioth
o?aie?iaeo iiae iaaethaeaieai iiuoiiai iaoiaeenoa — ethaay
naiiaeayoaeueiinoue a aeaiiii neo/aa iaaeiionoeia.
I?e oaeeo oneiaeyo o?aie?iaea ia auiineeainoue (oiaeueaa e aaa) a ?yaea
neo/aaa iiaeao auoue aanueia yooaeoeaia i?e iaeioi?uo
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo caaieaaaieyo, oae eae iaeaaeaao au?aaeaiiui
iieiaeeoaeueiui aeeyieai ia aiia?ao e?iaiia?auaiey. I?aaeaea anaai yoi
ioiineony e aieueiui aeia?oiie/aneie aieaciueth 1–11 noaaeee e
iae?ioee?eoeyoi?iie aeenoiieae.
Aaa yaeyaony yooaeoeaiui n?aaenoaii ii?iaeecaoeee iiauoaiiiai
a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey — a ?acoeueoaoa ?anoe?aiey e?iaaiiniuo
ninoaeia a ?aaioathueo iuoa/iuo a?oiiao e nieaeaiey iauaai
ia?eoa?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey (IIN). Oae, o caei?iauo iao?aie?iaaiiuo
ioae/ei iinea auiieiaiey 14-iaaeaeueiie o?aie?iai/iie i?ia?aiiu (aaa 3
?aca a iaaeaeth ii 30 iei) iaaethaeaeinue nieaeaiea aeaaeaiey a n?aaeiai
ni 132/86 aei 124/81 ii (?aiio, 1981). A. I. Ieoaiei (1988) iaaethaeae
nieaeaiea nenoiee/aneiai aeaaeaiey ni 147 aei 130 ii ?o. no. /a?ac aiae
iinea ia/aea caiyoee icaei?iaeoaeueiui aaaii; i?e/ai nieaeaiea
a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey ia/eiaeinue eeoue /a?ac 5–6 ianyoeaa iinea
ia/aea caiyoee. Ii aeaiiui aaoi?a, iiuoiua aaaoiu n iiiaieaoiei noaaeai
caiyoee a aic?anoa noa?oa 40 eao eiatho a?oa?eaeueiia aeaaeaiea a
i?aaeaeao 120/70– 130/85 ii ?o. no.; n aic?anoii yoe iieacaoaee ia
oaaee/eaathony.
Nieaeaiea a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey iiae aeeyieai aeice?iaaiiie
o?aie?iaee ia auiineeainoue o caei?iauo ethaeae iineoaeeei i?aaeiinueeie
aeey aa eniieueciaaiey i?e a?oa?eaeueiie aeia?oiiee. Ii aeaiiui iaci?a
ca?oaaaeiie eeoa?aoo?u, naeaeaiiiai E. A. Eaieaa?a (1988), caiyoey
icaei?iaeoaeueiie oiaeueaie e aaaii n eioaineaiinoueth 60–75 %. IIE
i?eaiaeeee e nieaeaieth nenoiee/aneiai aeaaeaiey (o aieueiuo
aeia?oiie/aneie aieaciueth 1–11 noaaeee) a n?aaeiai ia 10 ii ?o. no., a
aeea- noiee/aneiai — ia 7–8 ii ?o. no. A ?yaea ?aaio iiae/a?eeaaaony,
/oi nieaeaiea AAe ni/aoaeinue n ?inoii IIE. Oae, oaaee/aiea ay?iaiuo
aiciiaeiinoae a ?acoeueoaoa o?aie?iaee ia auiineeainoue o aieueiuo
a?oa?eaeueiie aeia?oiieae ia 32 % i?eaaei e nieaeaieth nenoiee/aneiai
aeaaeaiey ia 16 ii ?o. no. e aeeanoiee/aneiai — ia 11 ii ?o. no.
(Iaiie, 1970). I?e oaaee/aiee IIE ia 67 % aeaaeaiea nieceeinue:
nenoiee/aneia — ia 28 ii ?o. no. e aeeanoiee/aneia — ia 16 ii ?o. no.
(Eiiai, 1981).
Nieaeaiea a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey e oaaee/aiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
iieacaoaeae o aeia?oiieeia ioia/aii aeaaea iinea 4-iaaeaeueiie
o?aie?iaee a oiaeueaa e aaaa a oneiaeyo ea?aeeieiae/aneiai naiaoi?ey (A.
E. *acia, 1972). Aeey noieeie ii?iaeecaoeee i/aiue aaaeai yooaeo
aeeeoaeueiiai oaea?aeaiey iiieaeaiiiai a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey — a
oa/aiea ianeieueeeo /ania iinea ieii/aiey o?aie?iaee. Oae, o aieueiuo ni
noaaeeueiie aeia?oiieae (aeeanoiee/aneia aeaaeaiea 91–110 ii) iinea
aaaa ia o?aaeaaia a oa/aiea 30–50 iei (eioaineaiinoue 70 % IIE)
iiieaeaiiia a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiea nio?aiyeinue a oa/aiea 4–10 /. I?e
yoii noaiaiue aeiioaiceaiiai yooaeoa o aeia?oiieeia auea auoa, /ai o
caei?iauo, e aic?anoaea i?e iiaoi?iuo iaa?oceao. O/aiua ec
Eiiaiaaaaineiai oieaa?neoaoa iaaethaeaee 10 aeaiuei ni noieeie
aeia?oiieae. Iinea 20 iei ?aaiou ia aaeiy?aiiao?a (*NN 130 oae/iei) o
ieo ioia/aii nieaeaiea n?aaeiaai aeaaeaiey ni 103 aei 95 ii, IIN — n
1,13 aei 0,91 aae. nii?ioeaeaiey. Iiieaeaiiue o?iaaiue aeaaeaiey
oaea?aeeaaeny a oa/aiea aieaa 4 / iinea o?aie?iaee. Aio ii/aio, ii
iiaieth iaeioi?uo aaoi?ia, aeey auno?iai aeinoeaeaiey aeiioaiceaiiai
yooaeoa oeaeaniia?acii i?iaiaeeoue aeaa oaeea o?aie?iaee a aeaiue.
Eoia? (1985) i?eaiaeeo eioa?aniua aeaiiua i n?aaieoaeueiii eco/aiee
yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey iaaeeeaiaioiciie oa?aiee (eiio?ieueiay
a?oiia) e iaaeeaiiiai aaaa (yenia?eiaioaeueiay a?oiia) o 105 aieueiuo
aeia?oiie/aneie aieaciueth. O iaoeeaioia, i?eieiaaoeo neeueiua
aeiioaiceaiua i?aia?aou, aeeanoiee/aneia aeaaeaiea nieceeinue ia 20 ii,
a o aaaoiia — ia 15 ii. E?iia oiai, a yenia?eiaioaeueiie a?oiia
iaaethaeaeinue oiaiueoaiea iannu oaea a ni/aoaiee n ii?iaeecaoeeae
oieanoa?eiiaiai iaiaia (/aai ia ioia/aeinue o aieueiuo, iieo/aaoeo
i?aia?aou). A nayce n yoei a ianoiyuaa a?aiy n/eoaaony, /oi i?e
iia?aie/iie oi?ia a?oa?eaeueiie aeia?oiiee (aei 160/90 ii ?o. no.) aieaa
oeaeaniia?acii i?eiaiaiea oece/aneeo iaoiaeia nieaeaiey aeaaeaiey — a
/anoiinoe, o?aie?iaea ia auiineeainoue (aaa, oiaeueaa, ?aaioa ia aaei-
y?aiiao?a). I?e aieaa au?aaeaiiie aeia?oaicee icaei?iaeoaeueiay
o?aie?iaea iiaeao ni/aoaoueny n iaaeeeaiaioiciie oa?aieae (oioy eiathony
iiiai/eneaiiua aeaiiua ia oniaoiii eniieueciaaiee oi?aaeiaiee ia
auiineeainoue aac i?eiaiaiey oa?iaeieiae/aneeo i?aia?aoia.
Aaoi? iaaethaeae 46 aieueiuo aeia?oiie/aneie aieaciueth 1–11 noaaeee
(a?oa?eaeueiia aeaaeaiea a i?aaeaeao io 160/95 aei 180/110 ii ?o. no.),
eioi?ua caieiaeenue icaei?iaeoaeueiie oiaeueaie e aaaii ii niaoeeaeueii
?ac?aaioaiiie iaoiaeeea (A. A. Ieeueia?, 1985).Eae i?aaeei, iinea
ieii/aiey caiyoey ii/oe o anao iaaethaeaeinue nieaeaiea nenoiee/aneiai
aeaaeaiey ia 10–40 ii, a aeeanoiee/aneiai — ia 5–10 ii. *a?ac 1–2
aiaea ?aaoey?iuo caiyoee o anao iaoeeaioia ianooiaei au?aaeaiiia
nieaeaiea a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey (o aieueoeinoaa — aei iieiie
ii?iaeecaoeee); i?e/ai iieiaeeoaeueiue oa?aiaaoe/aneee yooaeo ioia/ai
aeaaea i?e eniieueciaaiee oieueei icaei?iaeoaeueiie oiaeueau. Noieeay
ii?iaeecaoeey aeaaeaiey iicaieeea anai caieiathueiny ioeacaoueny io
i?eaia aeiioaiceaiuo i?aia?aoia.
Yoi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony e aeaiiuie ae?oaeo aaoi?ia, eioi?ua iaaethaeaee
au?aaeaiiue aeiioaiceaiue yooaeo o aieueiuo aeia?oiie/aneie aieaciueth
i?e caiyoeyo onei?aiiie oiaeueaie n eioaineaiinoueth 40–50 %.
Oiaiueoaiea iannu oaea e iioa?y nieae ai a?aiy aaaiaie o?aie?iaee oaeaea
niinianoaoao nieaeaieth a?oa?eaeueiiai aeaaeaiey. Oaeei ia?acii,
icaei?iaeoaeueiay oiaeueaa e aaa iiaoo ieacaoueny yooaeoeaiui n?aaenoaii
ia oieueei i?ioeeaeoeee, ii e ea/aiey aeia?oiie/aneie aieacie.
Eioaineaiay oece/aneay o?aie?iaea aeey aieueiuo eoaie/aneie aieaciueth
na?aeoea i?aaenoaaeyao cia/eoaeueiua o?oaeiinoe. Iaeiaei aa
oeaeaniia?aciinoue e iaiaoiaeeiinoue iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony ia?iiiui
ca?oaaaeiui iiuoii ?aaaeeeoaoeee aieueiuo EAN. Ia?aaeei iia yaeyaony
aaeeinoaaiiui oaeoi?ii, niiniaiui iieiaeeoaeueii iiaeeyoue ia oa/aiea
caaieaaaiey e i?aaeioa?aoeoue eioa?eo ieiea?aea. Oeceieiae/aneei
iainiiaaieai o?aie?iaee ia auiineeainoue o ei?iia?iuo aieueiuo yaeyaony
iiauoaiea nie?aoeoaeueiie ooieoeee ieiea?aea, oeo/oaiea ooeeecaoeee
eenei?iaea e aieaa yeiiiiiia aai eniieueciaaiea na?aea/iie iuooeae, a
oaeaea oeo/oaiea e?iainiaaaeaiey na?aeoea iiae aeaenoaeai ay?iaiuo
oi?aaeiaiee. A ?acoeueoaoa cia/eoaeueii oeo/oaaony iauaa ninoiyiea
iaoeeaioia, oiaiueoathony eeeie/aneea i?iyaeaiey (i?enooiu
noaiiea?aeee), ii?iaeecoaony a?oa?eaeueiia aeaaeaiea, iiauoaaony
o?iaaiue iauae oece/aneie ?aaioiniiniaiinoe. E?iia oiai, a ?acoeueoaoa
noeioeyoeee eeieaeiiai iaiaia, nieaeaiey oieanoa?eia e oaaee/aiey EAI a
e?iae a ?yaea neo/aaa aiciiaeia caaea?aeea ?acaeoey aoa?ineea?ica
aieioue aei aai ia?aoiiai ?acaeoey. Iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea oece/aneie
o?aie?iaee ia aieueiuo EAN iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony aeaiiuie Ananithciiai
ea?aeeieiae/aneiai oeaio?a AI NNN? (Ae. I. A?iiia, 1983; I. A.
Oa?oiaaeaeue, 1980, e ae?.)
Caeeth/aiea
Nieaeaiea iauae nia?oiinoe n ?inoii OON. i?ienoiaeeei i?aaeaea anaai ca
n/ao nieaeaiey nia?oiinoe io na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo e ?aeiauo
caaieaaaiee; yoa oaiaeaioeey cia/eoaeueii oneeeaaeanue n aic?anoii.
Naiay oaniay naycue nia?oiinoe n Ooa ioia/aia a a?oiia ioae/ei a
aic?anoa 50–59 eao. Oaeei ia?acii, n?aaeiee o?iaaiue oece/aneie
iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe (IIE 35 ie/ea o ioae/ei e 32 ie/ea o aeaiuei)
iicaieyao cia/eoaeueii nieceoue ?ene i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiie nia?oe, ii ia
nianaao io iiiai/eneaiiuo o?iie/aneeo caaieaaaiee. A nayce n yoei, anee
au oioeoa ia oieueei i?iaeeoue aeieaoth aeeciue, ii e nio?aieoue e?aieia
caei?iauea aei aeoaieie noa?inoe, iaiaoiaeeii aeinoeaiooue eae ieieioi 4
o?iaiy oece/aneiai ninoiyiey — auoa n?aaeiaai (IIE 42 ie/ea o ioae/ei e
35 ie/ea o aeaiuei). E yoi caaeneo oieueei io aan naieo!
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