Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea 2
E?aoeia iienaiea ono?ienoaa eaca?a 7
Oeceei-oeie/aneea inianeiau acaeiiaeaenoaey ieceiyia?aaoe/iai eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey n aeiiauaeoii 12
Iaoaieci oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey 18
Iieacaiey aeey eaca?iie oa?aiee i?e ?acee/iuo caaieaaaieyo (iaci?) 23
Eaca?iay ?aoeaenioa?aiey 36
Nia?aiaiiua enoi/ieee eceo/aiey e aiia?aoo?a aeey ieceieioaineaiie
eaca?iie oa?aiee 40
Caeeth/aiea 50
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u 51
Aaaaeaiea
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a aieueoeinoaa no?ai ie?a iaaethaeaaony eioaineaiia
aiaae?aiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey a aeieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaieyo e a
i?aeoe/aneie iaaeeoeeia. Oieeaeueiua naienoaa eaca?iiai eo/a ioe?uee
oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe aai i?eiaiaiey a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo: oe?o?aee,
oa?aiee e aeeaaiinoeea. Eeeie/aneea iaaethaeaiey iieacaee yooaeoeaiinoue
eaca?a oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai, aeaeeiiai e eio?ae?aniiai niaeo?ia aeey
ianoiiai i?eiaiaiey ia iaoieiae/aneee i/aa e aeey aicaeaenoaey ia aanue
i?aaieci.
A ?innee eaca?u i?eiaiythony a aeieiaee e iaaeeoeeia oaea aieaa 30 eao.
Enoi?e/anee neiaeeeinue oae, /oi i?ei?eoao a ?ane?uoee iaoaieciia e a
aeieiae/aneii i?eiaiaiee iaoiaeeony a no?aiao auaoaai NNN?.
Ca iineaaeiea 15 eao iaoaieciu aeaenoaey ai iiiaii ?ane?uou e ooi/iaiu.
Aicaeaenoaea ieceieioaineaiuo eaca?ia i?eaiaeeo e auno?iio noeoaieth
ino?uo ainiaeeoaeueiuo yaeaiee, noeioee?oao ?aia?aoeaiua
(ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua) i?ioeannu, oeo/oaao iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth oeaiae,
ii?iaeecoao iauee eiioieoao, iiauoaao ?acenoaioiinoue (onoie/eainoue)
i?aaiecia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeieacaii, /oi ieceieioaineaiia eaca?iia eceo/aiea
iaeaaeaao au?aaeaiiui oa?aiaaoe/aneei aeaenoaeai.
Eaca? eee iioe/aneee eaaioiaue aaia?aoi? – yoi oaoie/aneia ono?ienoai,
enioneathuaa naao a oceii niaeo?aeueiii aeeaiaciia a aeaea iai?aaeaiiiai
noieone?iaaiiiai, aunieieiaa?aioiiai iiiio?iiaoe/aneiai, iiey?eciaaiiiai
io/ea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei.
A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a acaeiiaeaenoaey eaca?iiai naaoa n
aeieiae/aneeie oeaiyie ?acee/atho o?e aeaea oioiaeieiae/aneeo yooaeoia:
1) Oioiaeano?oeoeaiia aicaeaenoaea, i?e eioi?ii oaieiaie,
aeae?iaeeiaie/aneee, oioioeie/aneee yooaeou naaoa aucuaatho
aeano?oeoeeth oeaiae. Yoio aeae eaca?iiai acaeiiaeaenoaey eniieuecoao a
eaca?iie oe?o?aee.
2) Oioioece/aneia e oioioeie/aneia aicaeaenoaea, i?e eioi?ii iiaeiuaiiue
aeioeaiyie naao aicaoaeaeaao a ieo aoiiu e iieaeoeu, aucuaaao
oioioeie/aneea e oioioece/aneea ?aaeoeee. Ia yoii aeaea acaeiiaeaenoaey
iniiauaaaony i?eiaiaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey eae oa?aiaaoe/aneiai.
3) Iaaiciouathuaa aicaeaenoaea, eiaaea aeinoanoaioeey ia iaiyao naieo
naienoa, a i?ioeanna acaeiiaeaenoaey ni naaoii. Yoi oaeea yooaeou, eae
?annaeaaiea, io?aaeaiea e i?iieeiiaaiea. Yoio aeae eniieuecotho aeey
aeeaaiinoeee (iai?eia? – eaca?iay niaeo?ineiiey).
Oioiaeieiae/aneea yooaeou caaenyo io ia?aiao?ia eaca?iiai eceo/aiey:
aeeeiiu aieiu, eioaineaiinoe iioiea naaoiaie yia?aee, a?aiaie
aicaeaenoaey ia aeioeaie.
A eaca?ioa?aiee i?eiaiythony naaoiaua iioiee ieceie eioaineaiinoe, ia
aieaa 100 iAo/ni ea., /oi niiinoaaeii n eioaineaiinoueth eceo/aiey
Nieioea ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee a yniue aeaiue. Iiyoiio oaeie aeae
eaca?iiai aicaeaenoaey iacuaatho ieceieioaineaiui eaca?iui eceo/aieai
(IEEE), a aiaeiycu/iie eeoa?aoo?a Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT).
Iaeiie ec aaaeiuo oa?aeoa?enoee eaca?iiai eceo/aiey yaeyaony aai
niaeo?aeueiay oa?aeoa?enoeea eee aeeeiia aieiu. Eae oaea aiai?eeinue,
oioiaeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoueth iaeaaeaao naao a oeueo?aoeieaoiaie,
aeaeeiie e eio?ae?aniie iaeanoyo niaeo?a. Oioiaeieiae/aneea i?ioeannu
aeinoaoi/ii ?aciiia?aciu e niaoeeoe/iu. Eo ian/eouaaaony a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ianeieueei aeanyoeia.
A iniiaa eo eaaeao oioioece/aneea e oioioeie/aneea ?aaeoeee,
aicieeathuea a i?aaiecia i?e aicaeaenoaee naaoa. Oioioece/aneea ?aaeoeee
iaoneiaeaiu i?aeiouanoaaiii iaa?aaaieai iauaeoa aei ?acee/iie noaiaie (a
i?aaeaeao 0.1-0.3 N) e ?ani?ino?aiaieai oaiea a aeioeaiyo. ?acieoea
oaiia?aoo?u aieaa au?aaeaia ia aeieiae/aneeo iaia?aiao. /oi aaaeao e
iooieo eiiia Na+ e K+, ?ane?uoeth aaeeiauo eaiaeia e oaaee/aieth
o?ainii?oa iieaeoe e eiiia. Oioioeie/aneea ?aaeoeee iaoneiaeaiu
aicaoaeaeaieai yeaeo?iiia a aoiiao, iiaeiuathuaai naao aauanoaa. Ia
iieaeoey?iii o?iaia yoi au?aaeaaony a aeaea oioieiiecaoeee aauanoaa, aai
ainnoaiiaeaiey eee oioiieeneaiey, oioiaeennioeeaoeee iieaeoe, a eo
ia?ano?ieea – oioieciia?ecaoeee.
Oaea ia?aua enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi eaca?iay ?aaeeaoeey
ecae?aoaeueii iiaeiuaaony niaea?aeaueieny a eeaoeao ieaiaioiuie
aauanoaaie. Ieaiaio iaeaiei iiaeiuaao naao iaeaieaa aeoeaii a oeieaoiaie
iaeanoe, ii?oe?ei e aai i?iecaiaeiua – e?aniue, oae ieneaaiiaeiaei
iiaeiuaao a aeeaiaciia 542 e 546 nm, ainnoaiiaeaiiue aaiiaeiaei a
aeeaiaciia 556 nm, a oa?iaio eaoaeaca – 628 nm. O/eouaay eeth/aaoth
?ieue eaoaeacu ai iiiaeo caaiueyo yia?aiia?aciaaiey, iiaeii iiiyoue
oe?ieee ea/aaiue aeeaiacii aaeee – iaiiiaiai eaca?a (AIE) e aai
oieaa?naeueiia ii?iaeecothuaa aicaeaenoaea ia aeieiae/aneea i?ioeannu a
i?aaiecia.
Iiaeiuaiea eaca?iie yia?aee i?ienoiaeeo e ?acee/iuie iieaeoey?iuie
ia?aciaaieyie ia eiathueie niaoeeoe/aneeo ieaiaioia e oioiaeieiae/aneeo
ieoaiae. Aiaea iiaeiuaao aeaeeiue naao e e?anioth /anoue niaeo?a. Yoi
iaiyao o iaia?ai no?oeoo?ioth i?aaiecaoeeth aiaeiiai neiy e eciaiyao
ooieoeeth oa?iieaaeeueiuo eaiaeia iaia?ai.
A aeieiae/aneeo no?oeoo?ao i?aaiecia nouanoaotho nianoaaiiua
yeaeo?iiaaieoiua iiey e naiaiaeiua ca?yaeu, eioi?ua ia?a?ani?aaeaeythony
iiae aeeyieai oioiiia eceo/aiey AIE, /oi aaaeao e i?yiie “yia?aaoe/aneie
iiaeea/ea” iaeo/aaiiai i?aaiecia.
Ia?ae/iua oeie/aneea ?aaeoeee nii?iaiaeaeathony iiyaeaieai naiaiaeiuo
?aaeeeaeia, a iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa, eioi?ua a naith i/a?aaeue
caioneatho i?ioeannu ieeneaiey aeinoano?aoia, eiathueo oeaiiie oa?aeoa?.
Yoio iiiaio iicaieyao iiiyoue ia?aeeth/athuee (o?eaa??iue) iaoaieci
iiiaie?aoiiai oneeaiey ia?ae/iiai yooaeoa IEEE.
Oaeei ia?acii, a iniiaa iaoaiecia aicaeaenoaey ia oeaie, iaeiiiuiuo
eaca?ia a aeaeeiie e eio?ae?aniie iaeanoyo eaaeao i?ioeannu,
i?ienoiaeyuea ia eeaoi/iii e iieaeoey?iii o?iaiyo.
Ieceieioaineaiia eaca?iia eceo/aiea noeioee?oao iaoaaiee/aneoth
aeoeaiinoue eeaoee. Noeioeyoeey aeineioaoe/aneeo i?ioeannia iiaeao auoue
iaeiei ec aaaeiuo iiiaioia, ii?aaeaeythueo aeaenoaea ieceieioaineaiiai
eceo/aiey eaca?a ia aaaeiaeoea ooieoeee eeaoie e oeaiae, i?ioeannu
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe e ?aaaia?aoeee (ainnoaiiaeaiey).
AIE i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth niaea?aeaiey a yae?ao eeaoie /aeiaaea AeIE e
?IE, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia eioaineoeeaoeee i?ioeannia o?aine?eioeee
(aeaeaiee). Yoi ia?aue yoai i?ioeanna aeineioaca aaeeia. A nayce n yoei
aicieeaao aii?in i caionea iooaoeee. Iaeiaei aeieacaii, /oi /anoioa
o?iiiniiiuo iooaoeee a eeaoeao /aeiaaea aucaaiiuo oeie/aneeie
iooaaaioaie, i?e aicaeaenoaee AIE oiaiueoaaony. AIE ieacuaaao
aioeiooaaaiiue yooaeo, aeoeaece?oao neioac AeIE e onei?yao
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua i?ioeannu a eeaoeao iiaeaa?aioouo iioieo iaeo?iiia
eee aaiia – ?aaeeaoeee. Yoi iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue eaca?iia eceo/aiea
a iieieiaee, ia a?aaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaao, a aiaiiie iaaeeoeeia, eae
i?ioeeaeoe/aneee, oae e ea/aaiue oaeoi? a eiiaeiaoeee n iaaeeeaiaioaie.
IEEE noeioee?oao au?aaioeo oieaa?naeueiiai enoi/ieea yia?aee AOO (AO?) a
ieoioiiae?eyo, onei?yao nei?inoue aai ia?aciaaiey, iiauoaao
yooaeoeaiinoue ?aaiou aeuoaoaeueiie oeaie ieoioiiae?ee. A oi aea a?aiy
eiee/anoai iio?aaeyaiiai eenei?iaea oiaiueoaaony. I?ienoiaeyo
ia?ano?ieee a iaia?aiao ieoioiiae?ee. IEEE ieacuaaao aioeieneaeaioiue
yooaeo. Ecaanoii, /oi eioaineaiinoue naiaiaeii?aaeeeaeueiiai ieeneaiey a
eeieaeiie oaca iaia?ai iaia?ai eeaoie ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaieai
ianuuaiiuo e iaianuuaiiuo eeieaeia, ayceinoueth eeieaeiie eiiiiiaiou
iaia?ai, eioi?ua iaiythony i?e eaca?iie oa?aiee, /oi io?aaeaaony ia
no?oeoo?iuo ia?ano?ieeao a iaia?aia, aa ooieoeeiiaeueiii ninoiyiee,
aeoeaiinoe iaia?aiinaycaiiuo oa?iaioia.
Iaiauay aeaiiua nia?aiaiiuo enneaaeiaaiee iiaeii neacaoue, /oi IEEE
aucuaaao aeoeaaoeeth yia?ainaycuaathueo i?ioeannia a iaoieiae/anee
eciaiaiiuo oeaiyo n ia?ooaieai iaoaaieecia, iiauoaiea aeoeaiinoe
aaaeiaeoeo oa?iaioia, nieaeaiea iio?aaeaiey eenei?iaea oeaiyie n
iiauoaieai (oinoi?eee?othuae) aeoeaiinoe ieoioiiae?ee, iaiaauaieai eo
yia?aeae, oneeaiea eioaineaiinoe aeeeieeca (ia?aciaaiey aeeeiaaia) a
oeaiyo e ae?oaea. Aoi?e/iua yooaeou i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eiiieaen
aaeaioaoeeiiiuo e eiiiainaoi?iuo ?aaeoeee aicieeathueo a ?acoeueoaoa
?aaeecaoeee ia?ae/iuo yooaeoia a oeaiyo, i?aaiao e oeaeinoiii aeeaii
i?aaiecia.
Eaca?iia eceo/aiea ono?aiyao aeenaaeain a oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaia.
Iaeiaei, ia /oi oi/aony ia?aoeoue aieiaiea, /oi a caaeneiinoe io aeicu
eaca?iiai eceo/aiey iiaeii iieo/eoue eae noeioee?othuee oae e
oaiaoathuee yooaeou, Yoi i/aiue aaaeii. Yoe oaeou iaiaoiaeeii
eniieueciaaoue i?e i?eiaiaiee eaca?a o ineaaeaiiuo aieueiuo, a
iaaeeao?ee, i?e o?iie/aneeo caaieaaaieyo.
Eaca?iay oa?aiey iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny, eae naiinoiyoaeueiue iaoiae, oae
e a eiiieaena n iaaeeeaiaioiciui ea/aieai, a oii /enea ai?iiiaeueiii e n
iaoiaeaie oeceioa?aiee. I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi a
i?ioeanna ea/aiey /oanoaeoaeueiinoue i?aaiecia e eaea?noaaiiui
n?aaenoaai eciaiyaony e iiyaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue a oiaiueoaiee iau/iuo
aeice?iaie eiiaaea aei 50%, a a ?yaea neo/aaa e ioeacaoueny io ieo.
N o/aoii iaoiaaiaoe/aneiai iaoaiecia aeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia
i?aaieci ?ac?aaioaiu iieacaiey e eaca?ioa?aiee.
Aioo?aiiea aieacie:
Eoaie/aneay aieaciue na?aeoea, aeia?oiie/aneay aieaciue, o?iie/aneea
ianiaoeeoe/aneea caaieaaaiey eaaeeo, ycaaiiay aieaciue aeaeoaeea e
aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoee, aeeneeiacey aeae/iuo iooae, eieeou,
o?iie/aneee iaie?aaoeo, ino?ue e o?iie/aneee (aaceaiaiiua) oieaoeenoeou,
niaa/iay aieaciue.
Caaieaaaiey iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa:
Inoaioii?ic iicaiii/ieea n ei?aoeiaui neiae?iiii, ainiaeeoaeueiua
caaieaaaiey einoae e nonoaaia iaiaiiie yoeieiaee a noaaeee iaino?aiey,
a?o?eou e a?o?icu, caaieaaaiey e o?aaiaoe/aneea iia?aaeaeaiey
iuoa/ii-nayci/iiai aiia?aoa (ieiceou, oaiaeiaaaeieou, ao?neou).
Caaieaaaiey ia?aiie nenoaiu:
Iaa?eou e iaa?aeaee ia?eoa?e/aneeo ia?aia, iaa?aeaey o?ieie/iiai ia?aa,
iaa?eo eeoeaaiai ia?aa, ninoaeenoi-iicaiaay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue.
Caaieaaaiey ii/aiieiaie nenoaiu:
O?iie/aneee naeueieiaiioi?eo, o?oaiia aanieiaeea, o?iie/aneee
ianiaoeeoe/aneee i?inoaoeo, o?ao?eo, oeenoeo, ineaaeaiea iieiaie
ooieoeee.
Caaieaaaiey EI? – i?aaiia:
O?iie/aneia ainiaeaiea i?eaeaoi/iuo iacoo iina, oa?eiaiea?eiaeou,
oiiceeeeou, ioeou, noaao?ioe/aneee e aaciiioi?iue ?eieou.
Oe?o?ae/aneea caaieaaaiey:
Iineaiia?aoeeiiiua e aeeeoaeueii ia caaeeaathuea ?aiu, o?ioe/aneea ycau,
eaeeieaeiua ?oaoeu (a iiaeino?ie noaaeee), o?aaiu (iaoaie/aneea,
oa?ie/aneea, oeie/aneea), inoaiieaeeou, o?aueiu caaeiaai i?ioiaea,
aiieiua aanoeannu, ianoeou, ninoaeenoua caaieaaaiey ieaeieo eiia/iinoae.
Caaieaaaiey eiaeiuo iie?iaia:
Coaeyuea aea?iaoicu, o?ioe/aneea ycau ?acee/iiai aaiaca, ainiaeeoaeueiua
eioeeueo?aoa, oo?oieoeu, yecaia, iae?iaea?ieou, ini?eac, aoiie/aneee
aea?iaoeo.
Noiiaoieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey:
Noiiaoeou, aeiaeaeou, aeueaaieeou, ioeueieou, ia?eiaeiioeou,
ia?aaeiioic, iaeiioiaaiiua ainiaeeoaeueiua i?ioeannu /aethnoii-eeoeaaie
iaeanoe.
Eaca?iie oa?aiee i?enoue /a?ou iaoiaaiaoe/anee iainiiaaiiiai iaoiaea.
I?e aa i?eiaiaiee aaaeai o/ao ia oieueei iauaai ninoiyiey i?aaiecia,
niaoeeoeee iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, aai eeeie/aneeo i?iyaeaiee,
noaaeee e oi?iu caaieaaaiee, ii e niioonoaothuea caaieaaaiey, aic?anoiua
e i?ioanneiiaeueiua iniaaiiinoe iaoeeaioa. Iaeaieaa ?acoeueoaoeaii
i?eiaiaiea eaca?ioa?aiee a ooieoeeiiaeueii ia?aoeiuo oacao aieacie, oioy
iiaua iaoiaeeee iaoiaeyo naia i?eiaiaiea e i?e aieaa oyaeaeuo
i?iyaeaieyo iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, i?e au?aaeaiiuo ii?oieiae/aneeo
eciaiaieyo.
Aeiioneaaony i?eiaiaiea niaianoii n eaca?iie oa?aieae e ae?oaeo
oeceioa?aiaaoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia, ea/aaiie oeceoeueoo?u, iannaaea, ia aieaa
2-o oaeoi?ia a iaeei aeaiue. E eae auei neacaii ?aiaa eiiieaeniia
i?eiaiaiea eaca?iie oa?aiee n iaaeeeaiaioiciuie i?aia?aoaie cia/eoaeueii
yooaeoeaiaa, iniaaiii a ino?uo noaaeeyo.
Noiia?iay yooaeoeaiinoue eaca?iie oa?aiee eieaaeaony io 50 aei 85 %, a
ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo aei 95 %.
I?ioeaiiieacaieyie e IEEE yaeythony:
Aaniethoiua i?ioeaiiieacaiey:
caaieaaaiey e?iae, nieaeathuea naa?ouaaaiinoue e?iae, e?iaioa/aiey.
Ioiineoaeueiua i?ioeaiiieacaiey:
na?aea/ii – ninoaeenoua caaieaaaiey a noaaeee aeaeiiiainaoeee;
oea?aa?aeueiue neea?ic n au?aaeaiiui ia?ooaieai iicaiaiai
e?iaiia?auaiey;
ino?ua ia?ooaiey iicaiaiai e?iaiia?auaiey;
caaieaaaiey eaaeeo n au?aaeaiiie aeuoaoaeueiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoueth;
ia/aii/iay e ii/a/iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue a noaaeee aeaeiiianaoeee;
ceiea/anoaaiiua iiaiia?aciaaiey;
ia?aay iieiaeia aa?aiaiiinoe;
aeoeaiue ooaa?eoeac eaaeeo.
Iaeiaei a niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo eeeieeao, iniauaiiuo nia?aiaiiie oaoieeie
e oaoiieiaeyie eaca?iay oa?aiey eniieuecoaony e i?e auoaia?a/eneaiiuo
caaieaaaieyo.
?acee/atho /aou?a iniiaiuo niiniaa aeinoaaee IEEE e iaoeeaioo:
Ia?oaeiia eee /?aneiaeiia aicaeaenoaea: i?aai, ninoaeu, ia?au, aieaaua
ciiu e oi/ee iaeo/athony /a?ac iaiia?aaeaeaiioth eiaeo a
niioaaonoaothuae iaeanoe oaea. Anee iaoieiae/aneee i?ioeann eieaeeciaai
a iiaa?oiinoiuo neiyo eiaee, oi eaca?iia aicaeaenoaea iai?aaeaiii
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia iaai. *?aneiaeiia aicaeaenoaea iniiauaaaony ia oii,
/oi eaca?iia eceo/aiea aeeaeiae eio?ae?aniie iaeanoe oi?ioi i?iieeaao
/a?ac oeaie ia aeoaeio aei 5-7 ni. e aeinoeaaao ii?aaeaiiiai i?aaia.
Aeinoaaea eceo/aiey e iiaa?oiinoe eiaee inouanoaeyaony eeai
iaiin?aaenoaaiii eceo/athuae aieiaeie, eeai n iiiiuueth aieieiiiiai
naaoiaiaea e naaoiaiaeiie ianaaeee.
Aicaeaenoaea IEEE ia oi/ee aeoioieoo?u. Iieacaiey aeey yoiai iaoiaea
aeinoaoi/ii oe?iee. Eaca?iay ?aoeaenioa?aiey aane?iaia, aacaieaciaiia,
eiioi?oia. Aiciiaeii ni/aoaiea n ?acee/iuie iaaeeeaiaioaie, aeeaoie,
oeoioa?aieae e eeanne/aneie eaei?aoeaenioa?aieae (/aeaiue-oecth).
Eniieuecoaony eeanne/aneay (eeoaeneay, aa?iiaeneay) ?aoeaioo?a (iaai?
oi/ae). Iiiai/eneaiiuie enneaaeiaaieyie aeieacaii, /oi eaca?iay
aeoioieoo?a aeeyao ia ?acee/iua iiiaio?iaiaaua ?aoeaeoi?iua e
iae?iaoii?aeueiua ?aaeoeee i?aaiecia. Noeioee?oaony neioac ai?iiiia,
oeo/oaaony iee?ioee?eoeyoeey a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo oaea, oaaee/eaaaony
neioac i?inoiaeaiaeeiia A, F, yiaei?oeiia, yieaoaeeiia. Iaeneiaeueiue
yooaeo aeinoeaaaony e 5-7 i?ioeaaeo?a e aea?aeeony cia/eoaeueii
aeieueoa, /ai i?e eaei?aoeaenioa?aiee. I?e eaca?iie aeoioieoo?a
aiciiaeii eniieueciaaiea iai?a?uaiiai eceo/aiey, ii aieaa yooaeoeaii
eiioeueniia eceo/aiea n i?eiaiaieai ?acee/iuo /anoio aeey ?acee/iie
iaoieiaee. Aeinoaaea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey e oi/ea inouanoaeyaony eeai
naaoiaiaeiui aieieiii, eeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii eceo/athuae aieiaeie ni
niaoeeaeueiie ianaaeeie.
Aioo?eiieinoiie iooue. Iiaeaaaeaiea IEEE e iaoieiae/aneiio i/aao n
iiiiuueth naaoiaieieia e neecenoie iaiei/ea. Inouanoaeyaony, eeai /a?ac
yiaeineiie/aneoth aiia?aoo?o, eeai n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueiuo ianaaeie.
I?e yoii niiniaa aeinoaaee IEEE n oniaoii eniieuecoaony eae e?aniia oae
e eio?ae?aniia eceo/aiea.
Aioo?eaaiiia eaca?iia iaeo/aiea e?iae (AEIE) i?iaiaeeony iooai ioieoeee
a eieoaaoth aaio eee a iiaeeeth/e/ioth aaio, a oneiaeyo eioaineaiie
oa?aiee. A aaio aaiaeyo oiieee naaoiaiae, /a?ac eioi?ue iaeo/aaony
i?ioaeathuay ii aaia e?iaue. Aeey AEIE iau/ii eniieuecotho eaca?iia
eceo/aiea a e?aniie iaeanoe (632.8 nm) e a eio?ae?aniie (1264 nm).
?anniio?ei oaia?ue aieaa iiae?iaii ono?ienoai eaca?a e iaoaieciu
aicaeaenoaey IEEE ia /aeiaaea a iaaeeoeeineie i?aeoeea.
E?aoeia iienaiea ono?ienoaa eaca?a
Oa?iei «eaca?» («laser») ninoaaeai ec ia/aeueiuo aoea iyoe neia «Light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation», /oi a ia?aaiaea n
aiaeeeneiai icia/aao « Oneeaiea naaoa iooai aai auioaeaeaiiiai
eceo/aiey». A nouiinoe, eaca? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie enoi/iee naaoa, a
eioi?ii iooai aiaoiaai inaauaiey aeinoeaaaony aicaoaeaeaiea aoiiia
ii?aaeaeaiiiai aauanoaa. E eiaaea yoe aoiiu iiae aicaeaenoaeai aiaoiaai
yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey aica?auathony a enoiaeiia ninoiyiea,
i?ienoiaeeo auioaeaeaiiia eceo/aiea naaoa.
I?eioeei aeaenoaey eaca?a neiaeai. Niaeanii ieaiaoa?iie iiaeaee no?iaiey
aoiia, i?aaeeiaeaiiie aiaeeeneei oeceeii Y.?aca?oi?aeii (1871-1937), a
aoiiao ?acee/iuo aauanoa yeaeo?iiu aeaeaeoony aie?oa yae?a ii
ii?aaeaeaiiui yia?aaoe/aneei i?aeoai. Eaaeaeie i?aeoa niioaaonoaoao
ii?aaeaeaiiia cia/aiea yia?aee yeaeo?iia. A iau/iii, iaaicaoaeaeaiiii,
ninoiyiee yeaeo?iiu aoiia caieiatho aieaa ieceea yia?aaoe/aneea o?iaie.
Iie niiniaiu oieueei iiaeiuaoue iaaeathuaa ia ieo eceo/aiea. A
?acoeueoaoa acaeiiaeaenoaey n eceo/aieai aoii i?eia?aoaao
aeiiieieoaeueiia eiee/anoai yia?aee, e oiaaea iaeei eee ianeieueei aai
yeaeo?iiia ia?aoiaeyo a ioaeaeaiiua io yae?a i?aeou. Oi anoue ia
ioaeaeaiiua io yae?a i?aeou, oi anoue ia aieaa aunieea yia?aaoe/aneea
o?iaie. A oaeeo neo/ayo aiai?yo. *oi aoii ia?aoae a aicaoaeaeaiiia
ninoiyiea. Iiaeiuaiea yia?aee i?ienoiaeeo no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiuie
ii?oeeyie – eaaioaie. Ecauoi/iia eiee/anoai yia?aee, iieo/aiiia aoiiii,
ia iiaeao a iai inoaaaoueny aaneiia/ii aeieai – aoii no?aieony
ecaaaeoueny io eceeoea yia?aee.
Aicaoaeaeaiiue aoii i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo aoaeao ioaeaaaoue
iieo/aiioth yia?aeth oae aea no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiuie ii?oeeyie, a
i?ioeanna aai yeaeo?iiu aica?auathony ia i?aaeiea yia?aaoe/aneea o?iaie.
I?e yoii ia?acothony eaaiou naaoa (oioiiu), yia?aey eioi?uo ?aaia
?aciinoe yia?aee aeaoo o?iaiae. I?ienoiaeeo naiii?iecaieueiia, eee
niiioaiiia eceo/aiea yia?aee. Aicaoaeaeaiiua aoiiu niiniaiu eceo/aoue ia
oieueei naie ii naaa, ii e iiae aeaenoaeai iaaeathuaai ia ieo eceo/aiey,
i?e yoii eceo/aiiue eaaio e eaaio, «ii?iaeeaoee» aai, iioiaee ae?oa ia
ae?oaa. A ?acoeueoaoa eiaeooee?iaaiiia (aucaaiiia) eiaao oo aea aeeeio
aieiu, /oi e aucaaaoay aai aieia. Aa?iyoiinoue eiaeooee?iaaiiiai
eceo/aiey aoaeao ia?anoaoue i?e oaaee/aiee eiee/anoaa yeaeo?iiia,
ia?aoaaeoeo ia aa?oiea yia?aaoe/aneea o?iaie. Nouanoaotho oae iacuaaaiua
eiaa?niua nenoaiu aoiiia, aaea i?ienoiaeeo iaeiieaiea yeaeo?iiia
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia aieaa aunieeo yia?aaoe/aneeo o?iaiyo. A ieo i?ioeannu
eceo/aiey eaaioia i?aiaeaaeatho iaae i?ioeannaie iiaeiuaiey.
Eiaa?niua nenoaiu eniieuecothony i?e nicaeaiee iioe/aneeo eaaioiauo
aaia?aoi?ia – eaca?ia. Iiaeiaioth aeoeaioth n?aaeo iiiauatho a
iioe/aneee ?aciiaoi?, ninoiyuee ec aeaoo ia?aeeaeueiuo
aunieiea/anoaaiiuo ca?eae, ?aciauaiiuo ii iaa noi?iiu io aeoeaiie
n?aaeu. Eaaiou eceo/aiey, iiiaaoea a yoo n?aaeo, iiiaie?aoii io?aaeaynue
io ca?eae aan/eneaiiia eiee/anoai ?ac ia?anaeatho aeoeaioth n?aaeo. I?e
yoii eaaeaeue eaaio aucuaaao iiyaeaiea iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo oaeeo aea
eaaioia ca n/ao eceo/aiey aoiiia, iaoiaeyueony ia aieaa aunieeo o?iaiyo.
?anniio?ei i?eioeei ?aaiou eaca?a ia e?enoaeea ?oaeia. ?oaei –
i?e?iaeiue ieia?ae e?enoaeee/aneiai no?iaiey, eneeth/eoaeueii oaa?aeue
(ii/oe eae aeiac). Aiaoiea e?enoaeeu ?oaeia i/aiue e?aneau. Eo oeaao
caaeneo io niaea?aeaiey o?iia eiaao ?acee/iua iooaiee: io
naaoei-?iciaiai aei oaiii-e?aniiai. Ii oeie/aneie no?oeoo?a ?oaei –
ieenue aethieiey n i?eianueth (0,5%) o?iia. Aoiiu o?iia – aeoeaiia
aauanoai ?oaeiiaiai e?enoaeea. Eiaiii iie yaeythony oneeeoaeyie aiei
aeaeeiiai naaoa e enoi/ieeii eaca?iiai eceo/aiey. Aiciiaeiia
yia?aaoe/aneia ninoiyiea eiiia o?iia iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea o?ao
o?iaiae (I, II e III). *oiau aeoeaece?iaaoue ?oaei e i?eaanoe aoiiu
o?iia a «?aai/aa» ninoiyiea, ia e?enoaee iaaeaatho nie?aeueioth eaiio –
iaea/eo, ?aaioathuoth a eiioeueniii ?aaeeia e aeathuoth iiuiia caeaiia
eceo/aiea naaoa. Yoe «caeaiua» eaaiou oio/an iiaeiuathony yeaeo?iiaie
o?iia, iaoiaeyueieny ia ieaeiai yia?aaoe/aneii o?iaia (I).
Aicaoaeaeaiiui yeaeo?iiai aeinoaoi/ii iiaeiuaiiie yia?aee aeey ia?aoiaea
ia aa?oiee (III) yia?aaoe/aneee o?iaaiue. Aica?aoeoueny a iniiaiia
ninoiyiea yeaeo?iiu aoiiia o?iia iiaoo eeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii n o?aoueaai
o?iaiy ia ia?aue, eeai /a?ac i?iiaaeooi/iue (II) o?iaaiue. Aa?iyoiinoue
ia?aoiaea eo ia aoi?ie o?iaaiue aieueoa, /ai ia ia?aue.
Aieueoay /anoue iiaeiuaiiie yia?aee ia?aoiaeeo ia i?iiaaeooi/iue (II)
o?iaaiue. I?e iaee/ee aeinoaoi/iiai eioaineaiiai aicaoaeaeathuaai
eceo/aiey i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue ia aoi?ii o?iaia
aieueoa yeaeo?iiia, /ai inoaeinue ia iniiaiii. Anee oaia?ue inaaoeoue
aeoeaece?iaaiiue e?enoaee ?oaeia neaaui e?aniui naaoii (yoio oioii
niioaaonoaoao ia?aoiaeo ni II a I iniiaiia ninoiyiea), oi «e?aniua»
eaaiou eae au iiaeoieeioo aicaoaeaeaiiua eiiu o?iia, e iie ni aoi?iai
yia?aaoe/aneiai o?iaiy ia?aeaeoo ia ia?aue. ?oaei i?e yoii eceo/eo
e?aniue naao. Oae eae e?enoaee ?oaeia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie noa?aeaiue,
oi?oeaaua iiaa?oiinoe eioi?iai ecaioaaeeaathony a aeaea aeaoo
io?aaeathueo ca?eae, oi io?aceaoenue io oi?oeia ?oaeia, «e?aniay» aieia
aiiaue i?ieaeao /a?ac e?enoaee e ia naiai iooe anyeee ?ac aoaeao
aiaeaeaoue a i?ioeann eceo/aiey ana aieueoaa /enei iiauo /anoeoe,
iaoiaeyueony ia aoi?ii yia?aaoe/aneii o?iaia. Oaeei ia?acii, a e?enoaeea
?oaeia iai?a?uaii iaeaieeaaaony naaoiaay yia?aey, eioi?ay auoiaeeo /a?ac
aai a?aieoeu /a?ac iaeio ec oi?oeaauo iieoi?ic?a/iuo ca?eaeueiuo
iiaa?oiinoae a aeaea eniaiaeythuaai e?aniiai eo/a a ieeeeii ?ac
i?aainoiaeyuaai ii y?einoe eo/ Nieioea.
Iiieii ?oaeia, a ea/anoaa aeoeaiiai aauanoaa i?eiaiyo e ae?oaea
e?enoaeeu, iai?eia?, iaaiey ieenue, oiiac, oaa?iaeo, ?anoai? iaiaeeia a
noaeea e o.ae.
Nouanoaotho e aaciaua eaca?u, a eioi?uo aeoeaiui aauanoaii yaeythony
aacu (iai?eia?, nianue a?aiia e eenei?iaea, aaeey e iaiia, ieenue
oaea?iaea), a oaeaea iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u. Eiathony eaca?u, a
eioi?uo a ea/anoaa aeoeaiiai aauanoaa eniieuecothony aeeaeeinoe. A
caaeneiinoe io ono?ienoaa eaca?a aai eceo/aiea iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue a
aeaea iieieaiiniuo ioaeaeueiuo eiioeuenia («auno?aeia»), eeai
iai?a?uaii. Iiyoiio ?acee/atho eaca?u eiioeueniiai e iai?a?uaiiai
aeaenoaey. E ia?aui ioiineony ?oaeiiaue eaca?, a ei aoi?ui – aaciaua.
Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u iiaoo ?aaioaoue eae a eiioeueniii, oae e a
iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia.
Eaca?iia eceo/aiea eiaao naie oa?aeoa?enoe/aneea /a?ou. Yoi
eiaa?aioiinoue, iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue e iai?aaeaiiinoue.
Iiiio?iiaoe/aneee – cia/eo iaeiioeaaoiue. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio naienoao eo/
eaca?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eieaaaiey iaeiie aeeeiu aieiu, iai?eia?,
iau/iue nieia/iue naao – yoi eceo/aiea oe?ieiai niaeo?a, ninoiyuaa ec
aiei ?acee/iie aeeeiu e ?acee/iiai oeaaoa. Eaca?u eiatho naith, no?iai
ii?aaeaeaiioth aeeeio aieiu. Eceo/aiea aaeee-iaiiiaiai eaca?a – e?aniia,
a?aiiiaiai – caeaiia, aaeee eaaeieaaiai – neiaa, iaiaeeiiaiai –
iaaeaeeiia (eio?ae?aniia).
Iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue eaca?iiai naaoa i?eaeaao aio oieeaeueiia naienoai.
Aucuaaao iaaeioiaiea oio oaeo, /oi eaca?iue eo/ ii?aaeaeaiiie yia?aee
niiniaai i?iaeoue noaeueioth ieanoeio, ii ia eiaea /aeiaaea ia inoaaeyao
ii/oe ieeaeiai neaaea. Yoi iauyniyaony ecae?aoaeueiinoueth aeaenoaey
eaca?iiai eceo/aiey. Oeaao eaca?a aucuaaao eciaiaiey eeoue a oie n?aaea,
eioi?ay aai iiaeiuaao, a noaiaiue iiaeiuaiey caaeneo io iioe/aneeo
naienoa iaoa?eaea. Iau/ii eaaeaeue iaoa?eae iaeneiaeueii iiaeiuaao
eceo/aiea eeoue ii?aaeaeaiiie aeeeiu aieiu.
Ecae?aoaeueiia aeaenoaea eaca?iuo eo/ae iaaeyaeii aeaiiino?e?oao iiuo n
aeaieiui aicaeooiui oa?ii. Anee aeiaeeoue caeaiue ?aceiiaue oa? aioo?ue
oa?a ec aanoeaaoiie ?aceiu, oi iieo/eony aeaieiie aicaeooiue oa?. I?e
auno?aea ?oaeiiaui eaca?ii ?ac?uaaaony oieueei aioo?aiiyy (caeaiay)
iaiei/ea oa?a, eioi?ay oi?ioi iiaeiuaao e?aniia eaca?iia eceo/aiea.
I?ic?a/iue ia?oaeiue oa? inoaaony oeaeui.
E?aniue naao ?oaeiiaiai eaca?a eioaineaii iiaeiuaaony caeaiuie
?anoaieyie, ?ac?ooay eo oeaie. Iaiai?io, caeaiia eceo/aiea a?aiiiaiai
eaca?a neaai aani?ae?oaony eenoueyie ?anoaiee, ii aeoeaii iiaeiuaaony
e?aniuie e?iayiuie oaeueoeaie (y?eo?ioeeoaie) e auno?i iia?aaeaeaao eo.
Aoi?ie ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie eaca?iiai eceo/aiey yaeyaony aai
eiaa?aioiinoue.
Eiaa?aioiinoue, a ia?aaiaea n aiaeeeneiai ycuea (coherency), icia/aao
naycue, niaeaniaaiiinoue. A yoi cia/eo, /oi a ?acee/iuo oi/eao
i?ino?ainoaa a iaeii e oi aea a?aiy eee a iaeiie e oie aea oi/ea a
?acee/iua io?acee a?aiaie naaoiaua eieaaaiey eii?aeeie?iaaiu iaaeaeo
niaie. A iau/iuo naaoiauo enoi/ieeao eaaiou naaoa auioneathony
aanii?yaei/ii, oaioe/anee, Ianiaeaniaaiii, oi anoue iaeiaa?aioii. A
eaca?a eceo/aiea iineo auioaeaeaiiue oa?aeoa?, iiyoiio aaia?aoeey
oioiiia i?ienoiaeeo niaeaniaaiii e ii iai?aaeaieth e ii oaca.
Eiaa?aioiinoue eaca?iiai eceo/aiey iaoneiaeeaaao aai no?iaoth
iai?aaeaiiinoue – ?ani?ino?aiaiea naaoiaiai iioiea oceei io/eii a
i?aaeaeao i/aiue iaeaiueeiai oaea. Aeey naaoa eaca?ia oaie ?anoiaeeiinoe
iiaeao auoue iaiueoa 0,01 ieioou, a yoi cia/eo, /oi eaca?iua eo/e
?ani?ino?aiythony i?aeoe/anee ia?aeeaeueii. Anee neia-caeaiue eo/ eaca?a
iai?aaeoue ia iiaa?oiinoue Eoiu, eioi?ay iaoiaeeony ia ?annoiyiee 400000
ei. Io Caiee, oi aeeaiao? naaoiaiai iyoia ia Eoia aoaeao ia aieueoa 3
ei. Oi anoue ia aeenoaioeee 130 ei. Eaca?iue eo/ ?anoiaeeony iaiueoa,
/ai ia 1 i. I?e eniieueciaaiee oaeaneiiia eaca?iue eo/ iiaeii auei au
oaeaeaoue ia ?annoiyiee 0,1 naaoiaiai aiaea (1 naaoiaie aiae =10 a 13
noaiaie ei.).
Anee iu iii?iaoai neiioeaio?e?iaaoue n iiiiuueth niae?athuae eeicu naao
iaueiiaaiiie yeaeo?ieaiii/ee. Oi ia niiaeai iieo/eoue oi/a/iia iyoii.
Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi i?aeiieythuay niiniaiinoue aiei ?acee/iie aeeeiu,
ec eioi?uo ninoieo naao, ?acee/ii, e eo/e aiei n iaeeiaeiaie aeeeiie
niae?athony a ioaeaeueiue oieon. Iiyoiio iyoii iieo/aaony ?aciuoui.
Oieeaeueiia naienoai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ( iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue e iaeay
?anoiaeeiinoue) iicaieytho n iiiiuueth nenoaiu eeic noieone?iaaoue aai
ia i/aiue iaeoth ieiuaaeue. Yoa ieiuaaeue iiaeao auoue oiaiueoaia
ianoieueei, /oi ii ?acia?ai aoaeao ?aaia aeeeia aieiu oieone?oaiiai
naaoa. Oae, aeey ?oaeiiaiai eaca?a iaeiaiueoee aeeaiao? naaoiaiai iyoia
ninoaaeyao i?eia?ii 0,7 iei. Oaeei ia?acii iiaeii nicaeaoue /?acau/aeii
aunieoth ieioiinoue eceo/aiey. Oi anoue iaeneiaeueii neiioeaio?e?iaaoue
yia?aeth. Eaca? n yia?aeae a 100 aeaeioeae aeaao oaeea aea aniuoee, eae
e yeaeo?e/aneay eaiii/ea iiuiinoue a 100 aaoo i?e ai?aiee a oa/aiea
iaeieo nooie. Iaeiaei, aniuoea eaca?a aeeeony ieeeeiiiua aeiee naeoiaeu
e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, oa aea yia?aey ieacuaaaony ni?anniaaiiie a ieeeeii
?ac. Aio ii/aio a oceii niaeo?aeueiii aeeaiaciia y?einoue aniuoee iiuiuo
eaca?ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue y?einoue Nieioea a aeeeeiiu ?ac. N iiiiuueth
eaca?ia iiaeii aeinoeaiooue ieioiinoe yia?aee eceo/aiey ieiei 10 a 15
noaiaie aaoo ia iao? eaaae?aoiue, a oi a?aiy, eae ieioiinoue eceo/aiey
Nieioea ninoaaeyao oieueei ii?yaeea 10 a 7 noaiaie aaoo ia iao?
eaaae?aoiue. Aeaaiaea?y oaeie ia?iiiie ieioiinoe yia?aee a ianoa
oieone?iaee io/ea iaiiaaiii enia?yaony ethaia aauanoai.
Iienoeia aue i?aa ecaanoiue o?aioeocneee oecee Eoe aea A?ieeue(?.1892
a.), eioi?ue neacae: «Eaca?o oaioiaaii aieueoia aoaeouaa. O?oaeii
i?aaeoaaaeaoue, aaea e eae ii aoaeao i?eiaiyoueny, ii y aeoiath, /oi
eaca? – yoi oeaeay oaoie/aneay yiioa». Ii ii naaaeaieyi ca?oaaaeiie
ia/aoe, oaea a 1965 aiaeo a NOA a ?ac?aaioeao, i?iecaiaenoaa e
i?eiaiaiee anao oeiia eaca?ia i?eieiaee o/anoea 367 oe?i, a 1966 aiaeo –
721, a 1967 aiaeo – 800. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a yoie iaeanoe ?aaioatho
aieaa 1000 oe?i. A i?eaaaeaiioth oeeo?o ia aeeth/aii eiee/anoai oeaio?ia
e eaai?aoi?ee, caieiathueony ii caeaco Ieienoa?noaa iai?iiu NOA. Iuia a
NOA auioneatho ieiei 2000 ?aciiaeaeiinoae i?iiuoeaiiuo iiaeaeae oieueei
aaciauo eaca?ia. A 1985 aiaeo auione eaca?ia a NOA aeinoea ieeeeiia
oooe.
Eaca?u oe?iei eniieuecothony a ea/anoaa ecia?eoaeueiuo i?eai?ia. N eo
iiiiuueth iaaethaeatho ca eneonnoaaiiuie niooieeaie Caiee. Aeey yoie
oeaee ia eneonnoaaiiii niooieea iiiauatho naaoiaie io?aaeaoaeue.
Niooieeii inaauatho naaoii, eaeouei io eaca?a, e ?aaeno?e?otho
io?aaeaiiue naao. Oaeei ia?acii ii?aaeaeytho iieiaeaiea eneonnoaaiiuo
niooieeia Caiee n oi/iinoueth aei 1,5-2 iao?a. N iiiiuueth eaca?a
oaeaeinue ecia?eoue ?annoiyiea io Caiee aei Eoiu n oi/iinoueth aei 4
iao?ia. Eaca?iue aeaeueiiia? eniieuecotho a nenoaiao iinaaeee naiieaoia,
a iiaeaiaeiuo nenoaiao iaci?a e aeaaea eae ieieaoth?iue eieaoi? aeey
neaiuo. Eaca? iannie a 60 a?aii iiioe?otho a o?inoue, eioi?ua
eniieuecotho iac?y/ea. I?e iiyaeaiee aeeceiai i?aiyonoaey ?o/ea o?inoe
ia/eiaao neaaea iiaei?uaeaaoue.
Oio aea i?eioeei, /oi e i?e ecia?aiee ?annoiyiey, eniieuecoaony aeey
eco/aiey ?aeueaoia ianoiinoe, ioeaiee ninoiyiey ii?neie iiaa?oiinoe.
Oniaoii eniieuecothony eaca?u a ?aaeeieieaoeee, i?e yoii cia/eoaeueii
iiauoaaony oi/iinoue ii?aaeaeaiey nei?inoe aeaeaeouaainy iauaeoa e aai
ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea.
Eaca?u i?eiaiytho aeey ecia?aiey nei?inoe a?auaiey caiee e i?e noueiaee
einie/aneeo ei?aaeae. Iie iacaiaieiu a au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieea. A
?acee/iuo eaai?aoi?eyo ie?a aaaeoony eioaineaiua ?ac?aaioee
oaeaaeceiiiuo nenoai ia iniiaa eaca?ia. Iaeii ec iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiuo
iai?aaeaiee enneaaeiaaiee naycaii n eniieueciaaieai eaca?ia a nenoaiao
oeaaoiiai oaeaaeaeaiey. Ii y?einoe ecia?aaeaiey e ea/anoao
aini?iecaaaeaiey oeaaoa oeaaoiua oaeaaeci?u n eaca?iuie nenoaiaie
cia/eoaeueii i?aainoiaeyo nia?aiaiiua yeaeo?iiii-eo/aaua aiia?aou.
Oieeaeueiua naienoaa eaca?iuo eo/ae, iicaieythuea noieone?iaaoue eo ia
i/aiue iaeoth ieiuaaeue iiaa?oiinoe (aei 10 a ieion 8 noaiaie
naioeiao?ia eaaae?aoiuo), naeaeaee eaca? iacaiaieiui i?e ecaioiaeaiee
yeaiaioia iee?iyeaeo?iieee e auiieiaiee iia?aoeee, o?aaothueo aunieie
oi/iinoe. Oae, eaca?u oe?iei i?eiaiythony i?e ecaioiaeaiee e ia?aaioea
aeaoaeae a /aniaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a Oaaeoea?ee. Noieone?iaaiiue eaca?iue
eo/ iiuiuo eaca?iuo onoaiiaie, eiathuee ia?iiioth ieioiinoue yia?aee,
eniieuecoaony aeey naa?ee, iai?a?uaiie ?acee iaoaeeia e ia?aaioee
naa?ooaa?aeuo iaoa?eaeia, a /anoiinoe, aeiaca e ei?oiaea.
Iacaaiiua i?eia?u aeaeaei ia iieiinoueth io?aaeatho oa iaeanoe iaoee e
oaoieee, aaea oe?iei e oniaoii eniieuecothony eaca?iua eo/e. Ii eaca?
i?eia?ae ia oieueei oaoie/aneea i?ioannee. Aai /oaeiaeaenoaaiiua eo/e
aa?ioee caei?iauea ouny/ai ethaeae. Iaeiaei, i?aaeaea /ai eaca? noaee
i?eiaiyoue a eeeieea, iaiaoiaeeii auei auynieoue iaoaieci aeieiae/aneiai
aeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey, ananoi?iiia enneaaeiaaoue yaeaiea eo/ae
ia ?acee/iua eeaoee oeaiae nenoaiu /aeiaa/aneiai i?aaiecia e a
ioaeaeueiinoe, e ia aanue i?aaieci a oeaeii.
I?aaenoaaeyaony eioa?aniui iiiyoue oeceei-oeie/aneea aniaeou
aicaeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia /aeiaaea.
Oeceei-oeie/aneea iniiau acaeiiaeaenoaey ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey n aeiiauaeoii
Aeiiaoaieci eaca?iie oa?aiee aanueia neiaeai e aei eiioea ia eco/ai.
Aicaeaenoaea ia aeeaie i?aaieci ieceiyia?aaoe/aneei eaca?iui eceo/aieai
n ea/aaiie oeaeueth ioiineony e iaoiaeai oece/aneie oa?aiee. Iaeiaei,
aei neo ii? aua ia ?ac?aaioaia iauay oai?ey oeceioa?aiee. Iiiuoee
eeeieoeenoia nicaeaoue ?aai/ea noaiu iaoaiecia oa?aiaaoe/aneiai
aeaenoaey ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey naiaeyony a iniiaiii
e nenoaiaoecaoeee eciaiaiee ia?aiao?ia aiiainoaca, /oi, aa?iyoii,
yaeyaony eeoue neaaenoaeai, i?e oii ianiaoeeoe/aneei, yoiai
aicaeaenoaey.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aiaeaaeaao yiie?e/aneee
iiaeoiae e ?ac?aaioea iiauo iaoiaeia eaca?iie oa?aiee. Yoi naycaii n
ionoaaaieai oai?aoe/aneiai e yenia?eiaioaeueiiai iainiiaaiey iaoaiecia
acaeiiaeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n aeiiauaeoii, n iaaeinoaoi/iui
ciaieai eeeieoeenoaie iniia oeceee e aeioeceee. Eeoue iie?aynue ia
oeceei-oeie/aneea yaeaiey e niioaaonoaothuea eo caeiiu e iiiyoey. Iiaeii
n ii?aaeaeaiiie aeieae aeinoiaa?iinoe iino?ieoue oai?aoe/aneoth iiaeaeue
yoiai iaoaiecia e ii?aaeaeeoue iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey yenia?eiaioaeueiiai
aa iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey, /oi iicaieeo aieaa iieii iainiiaaoue
iaoiaaie/aneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue eaca?iie oa?aiee e iioeiaeueiua aeicu
aicaeaenoaey i?e oie eee eiie iaoieiaee.
Ai anao oioiaeieiae/aneeo i?ioeannao yia?aey naaoa iaiaoiaeeia aeey
i?aiaeieaiey aeoeaaoeeiiiuo aa?uea?ia oeie/aneeo i?aa?auaiee. Yoe
i?ioeannu aeeth/atho neaaeothuea noaaeee: iiaeiuaiea naaoa oeaiaaui oioi
naineaeeecaoi?ii e ia?aciaaiea yeaeo?iiii-aicaoaeaeaiiuo ninoiyiee
iea?aoeee yia?aee yeaeo?iiiiai aicaoaeaeaiey, ia?ae/iue oioioece/aneee
aeo e iiyaeaiea ia?ae/iuo oioi i?iaeoeoia i?iiaaeooi/iie noaaeee,
aeeth/athuae ia?aiin ca?yaea, ia?aciaaiea ia?ae/iuo noaaeeueiuo
oeie/aneeo i?iaeoeoia, oeceieiai-aeioeie/aneea i?ioeannu, eiia/iue
oioiaeieiae/aneee yooaeo.
I?e aicaeaenoaee eaca?iui eo/ii ia aeiiauaeo /anoue eceo/aiey a
niioaaonoaee ni naienoaaie iaeo/aaiie iiaa?oiinoe io?aaeaaony, ae?oaay
/anoue iiaeiuaaony. Ia?auie ia iooe i?iieeiiaaiey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey a
aeiiauaeo eaaeao eiaeiua iie?iau. Eiyooeoeeaio io?aaeaiey eiaeae
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia aeinoeaaao 43-55% e caaeneo
io ?acee/iuo i?e/ei: ioeaaeaeaiea o/anoea aicaeaenoaey nieaeaao cia/aiea
eiyooeoeeaioa io?aaeaiey ia 10-15%; o aeaiuei ii ia 5-7% auoa, /ai o
ioae/ei, o eeoe noa?oa 60 eao, ieaea ii n?aaiaieth n iieiaeuie:
oaaee/aiea oaea iaaeaiey eo/a aaaeao e aic?anoaieth eiyooeoeeaioa
io?aaeaiey a aeanyoee ?ac. Nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia eiyooeoeeaio
io?aaeaiey ieacuaaao oeaao eiaeiuo iie?iaia: /ai oaiiaa, oai yoio
ia?aiao? ieaea; oae ia ieaiaioe?iaaiiua o/anoee ii ninoaaeyao 6-8%.
Aeoaeia i?iieeiiaaiey ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey a
aeiiauaeo caaeneo, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, io aeeeiu yeaeo?iiaaieoiie
aieiu. Yenia?eiaioaeueiuie enneaaeiaaieyie onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?iieeathuay
niiniaiinoue eceo/aiey io oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai aei i?aiaeaaiai aeeaiaciia
iinoaiaiii oaaee/eaaaony io 1-20 iei aei 2,5 ii, n ?aceei oaaee/aieai
aeoaeiu i?iieeiiaaiey a e?aniii aeeaiaciia (aei 20-30 ii), n ieeii
i?iieeathuaa niiniaiinoe a aeeaeiai eio?ae?aniii (i?e aeeeia aieiu = 950
ii – aei 70 ii) e ?aceei nieaeaieai aei aeieae ieeeeiao?a a aeaeueiaeoai
eio?ae?aniii aeeaiaciia. Iaeneioi i?iioneaiey eiaeae yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai
eceo/aiey iaoiaeeony a aeeaiaciia aeeeiiuo aiei io 800 aei 1200 ii.
Iiaeiuaiea ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey caaeneo io naienoa
aeieiae/aneeo oeaiae. Oae a aeeaiaciia aeeei io 600 aei 1400 ii eiaea
iiaeiuaao 25-40% eceo/aiey, iuooeu e einoe – 30-80%, ia?aioeiaoiciua
i?aaiu (ia/aiue, ii/ee, iiaeaeaeoaei/iay aeaeaca, naeacaiea, na?aeoea) –
aei 100.
A iaoaiecia ea/aaiiai aeaenoaey oece/aneeo oaeoi?ia eiathony ianeieueei
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo oac, e ia?aay ec ieo – iiaeiuaiea yia?aee
aeaenoaothuaai oaeoi?a i?aaieciii eae oece/aneei oaeii. A yoie oaca ana
i?ioeannu iiae/eiythony oece/aneei caeiiai. I?e iiaeiuaiee naaoiaie
yia?aee aicieeatho ?acee/iua oece/aneea i?ioeannu, iniiaiuie ec eioi?uo
yaeythony aiaoiee e aioo?aiiee oioiyooaeou, yeaeo?ieeoe/aneay
aeennioeeaoeey iieaeoe e ?acee/iuo eiiieaenia.
I?e iiaeiuaiee aauanoaii eaaioa naaoa iaeei ec yeaeo?iiia, iaoiaeyueeny
ia ieaeiai yia?aaoe/aneii o?iaia ia naycuaathuae i?aeoaee, ia?aoiaeeo ia
aa?oiee yia?aaoe/aneee o?iaaiue e ia?aaiaeeo aoii eee iieaeoeo a
aicaoaeaeaiiia (neiaeaoiia eee o?eieaoiia) ninoiyiea. Ai iiiaeo
oioioeie/aneeo i?ioeannao ?aaeecoaony aunieay ?aaeoeeiiiay niiniaiinoue
o?eieaoiiai ninoiyiey, /oi iaoneiaeaii aai ioiineoaeueii aieueoei
a?aiaiai aeecie, a oaeaea ae?aaeeeaeueiuie naienoaaie.
I?e aiaoiai oioiyooaeoa yeaeo?ii, iiaeioea oioii, iieeaeaao aauanoai.
Iaeiaei, yoe i?iyaeaiey i?e acaeiiaeaenoaee naaoa n aeiiauaeoii
au?aaeaiu aanueia iacia/eoaeueii, iineieueeo a iieoi?iaiaeieeao e
aeeyeaeo?eeao (oeaie i?aaiecia yaeythony oaeiauie) yeaeo?ii, caoaaoea
oioii, inoaaony a aauanoaa e ia?aoiaeeo ia aieaa aunieea yia?aaoe/aneea
o?iaie (a neiaeaoiia eee o?eieaoiia ninoiyiea). Yoi e anoue aioo?aiiee
oioiyooaeo, iniiaiuie i?iyaeaieyie eioi?iai yaeythony eciaiaiey
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeeiinoe iieoi?iaiaeieea iiae aeaenoaeai naaoa (yaeaiea
oioii?iaiaeeiinoe) e aicieeiiaaiea ?aciinoe iioaioeeaeia iaaeaeo
?acee/iuie o/anoeaie inaauaaiiai aeiiauaeoa (aicieeiiaaiea
oioiyeaeo?iaeaeaeouae neeu – oioiYAeN). Yoe yaeaiey iaoneiaeaiu
oioi?iaeaeaieai iineoaeae ca?yaea – yeaeo?iiia i?iaiaeeiinoe e aeu?ie. A
?acoeueoaoa ia?aoiaea a aicaoaeaeaiiia ninoiyiea /anoe aoiiia eee
iieaeoe iaeo/aaiiai aauanoaa i?ienoiaeeo eciaiaiea aeeyeaeo?e/aneie
i?iieoeaaiinoe yoiai aauanoaa (oioiaeeyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo).
Oioii?iaiaeeiinoue auaaao eiioeaio?aoeeiiiie, aicieeathuae i?e eciaiaiee
eiioeaio?aoeee iineoaeae ca?yaea, e iiaeaeaeiie. Iineaaeiyy aicieeaao
i?e iiaeiuaiee oioiiia n ioiineoaeueii ieceie yia?aee e naycaia n
ia?aoiaeaie yeaeo?iiia a i?aaeaeao ciiu i?iaiaeeiinoe. I?e oaeeo
ia?aoiaeao /enei iineoaeae ia eciaiyaony, ii yoi eciaiyao eo
iiaeaeaeiinoue.
Aioo?aiiee oioiyooaeo, i?iyaeythueeny a aicieeiiaaiee oioi-YAeN, auaaao
ianeieueei aeaeia, iniiaiua ec eioi?uo:
Aicieeiiaaiea aaioeeueiie (aa?uea?iie) oioi-YAeN a ciia ia?aoiaea.
Aicieeiiaaiea aeeooociie oioi-YAeN (yooaeo Aeaiaa?a).
Aicieeiiaaiea oioi-YAeN i?e inaauaiea iieoi?iaiaeieea, iiiauaiiiai a
iaaieoiia iiea ( oioiiaaieoiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo) – yooaeo
Eeeieia-Iineiaa.
Iineaaeiee caneoaeeaaao iaeaieueoaai aieiaiey, iineieueeo i?e iai
aicieeaao iaeaieueoay YAeN – a ianeieueei aeanyoeia aieueo, /oi a naith
i/a?aaeue yaeyaony iniiaie iiauoaiey oa?aiaaoe/aneie yooaeoeaiinoe i?e
iaaieoieaca?iie oa?aiee.
E?iia oeacaiiuo yaeaiee, ieceiyia?aaoe/aneia eaca?iia aicaeaenoaea
ia?ooaao neaaua acaeiiaeaenoaey aoiiia e iieaeoe iaeo/aiiiai aauanoaa
(eiiiua, eii aeeiieueiua, aiaei?iaeiua e aeae?ioiaiua nayce, a oaeaea
aai-aea?-aaaeueniaua acaeiiaeaenoaey), i?e yoii iiyaeythony naiaiaeiua
eiiu, o.a. i?ienoiaeeo yeaeo?ieeoe/aneia aeennioeeaoeey.
Aeaeueiaeoay iea?aoeey e o?ainoi?iaoeey yia?aee yeaeo?iiiiai
aicaoaeaeaiey oeaiae aeiiiauaeoa i?e eaca?iii aicaeaenoaee caioneaao
?yae oeceei-oeie/aneeo i?ioeannia a i?aaiecia. Iooe ?aaeecaoeee yia?aee
aoiia eee iieaeoeu a neiaeaoiii ninoiyiee oaeiau:
I?aa?auaiea a oaiei.
Enioneaiea eaaioa oeoi?anoeaioeee.
Oioioeie/aneay ?aaeoeey.
Ia?aaea/a yia?aee ae?oaie iieaeoea.
Ia?auaiea nieia yeaeo?iia e ia?aoiae aoiia eee iieaeoeu a o?eieaoiia
ninoiyiea.
Iooe ?ano?aou yia?aee ec o?eieaoiiai ninoiyiey neaaeothuea:
Aaceceo/aoaeueiue ia?aoiae a iniiaiia ninoiyiea n ia?auaieai nieia
yeaeo?iia.
Enioneaiea eaaioa oinoi?anoeaioeee.
Oioioeie/aneay ?aaeoeey.
Ia?aaea/a yia?aee aicaoaeaeaiey ae?oaie iieaeoea.
Iea?aoeey yia?aee yeaeo?iiiiai aicaoaeaeaiey ii oeio ia?aaea/e yia?aee
ae?oaie iieaeoea auaaao ianeieueeeo aeaeia e caaeneo io yia?aee
acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo iieaeoeaie. Eiaeoeoeaii-?aciiainiue iaoaieci
iea?aoeee inouanoaeyaony i?e oneiaee neaaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo
iieaeoeaie, eiaaea ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo aeiii?ii e aeoeaioi?ii a i?aaeaeao
3-10 ii, a yia?aey acaeiiaeaenoaey ?aaia i?eia?ii 10 a ieion o?aoueae
noaiaie yeaeo?ii-aieueo. Yoi naycue aeaoo inoeeeeyoi?ia /a?ac
yeaeo?iiaaieoiia iiea, aaia?e?oaiia aicaoaeaeaiiie iieaeoeie aeiii?a,
i?e yoii nio?aiyaony ninoiyiea nieia yeaeo?iia. Iaiaiii-?aciiainiue
ia?aiin yia?aee inouanoaeyaony i?e ?annoiyiee iaaeaeo aeiii?ii e
aeoeaioi?ii 0,1-0,3 ii (aeeeia oeie/aneie nayce), i?e yoii i?ienoiaeeo
iaiai yeaeo?iiaie iaaeaeo aeiii?ii e aeoeaioi?ii, /oi i?eaiaeeo e iaiaio
eo nieiiauie ninoiyieyie i?e nio?aiaiee noiia?iiai nieia nenoaiu.
Yeneoiiiue iaoaieci iea?aoeee yia?aee aicaoaeaeaiey aiciiaeai i?e
cia/eoaeueiie yia?aee acaeiiaeaenoaey iaaeaeo iieaeoeaie, i?ienoiaeeo
aacaeanneiioeaiue ia?aiin yia?aee. Aicaoaeaeaiea eae «aaaeeo» ii aa?oiei
eieaaaoaeueiui iiaeo?iaiyi acaeiiaeaenoaothueo iieaeoe, ia oniaaay
eieaeeciauaaoueny ia eaaeaeii ec ieo a ioaeaeueiinoe. A eaaeaeie ec
iieaeoe aicaoaeaeaiea i?aauaaao a oa/aiea a?aiaie, iaiiiai iaiueoa
a?aiaie aioo?eiieaeoey?iie eieaaaoaeueiie ?aeaenaoeee eciee?iaaiiie
iieaeoeu.
Enneaaeoy iioe/aneea naienoaa iieaeoey?iuo e?enoaeeia A.N.Aeaauaeia
iieacae, /oi a ?aaoey?iie niaieoiiinoe oiaeaeanoaaiiuo o?iiioi?iuo
(naaoiiiaeiuathueo) a?oii iaaeaeo eo aicaoaeaeaiiuie yia?aaoe/aneeie
oneiaeyie iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue ?aciiainiay ia?aaea/a yia?aee
aicaoaeaeaiey. ?aciiainiia acaeiiaeaenoaea i?eaiaeeo e
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth eioaineaiinoae niaeo?aeueiuo iiein aauanoaa, a
/anoiinoe, niaeo?a iiaeiuaiey. I?e eieeeiaa?iii ?aniieiaeaiee aeeiieae
(a iaeio eeieth aaeieue naaoiaie aieiu) iieina n aieueoae aeeeiie aieiu
oaaee/eaaao naith ieioiinoue iiaeiuaiey ca n/ao nieaeaiey eioaineaiinoe
iiaeiuaiey ei?ioeiaieiiaie iieinu. Aicieeaao aeia?o?iieci (oneeaiea
naaoiiiaeiuaiey) a aeeeiiiaieiiaie iieina. Yoi yaeaiea ea?aao
ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a aeiiaoaiecia iaaieoieaca?iie oa?aiee.
Ia?aciaaiea yeaeo?iiiuo aicaoaeaeaiiuo ninoiyiee i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth
yia?aaoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe eeaoi/iuo iaia?ai, e eiioi?iaoeeiiiui
eciaiaieyi aeeaeeie?enoaeee/aneeo no?oeoo?, e no?oeoo?iie aeueoa?aoeee
aeeaeeeo n?aae i?aaiecia, e ia?aciaaieth i?iaeoeoia oioieeca, e
eciaiaieth pH n?aaeu, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue yaeyaony ioneiaui iiiaioii
oeaeiai eiiieaena aeioece/aneeo e aeioeie/aneeo i?ioeannia.
Iiauoaiea yia?aaoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe aeieiae/aneeo iaia?ai, eioi?ua
i?eieiatho i?yiia e i/aiue aaaeiia o/anoea ai anao ooieoeeyo eeaoee,
i?eaiaeeo e eciaiaieth aeiyeaeo?e/aneeo i?ioeannia, e oaaee/aieth
aeoeaiinoe o?ainii?oa aauanoa /a?ac iaia?aio, eaeouaai ia iai?aaeaiee,
i?ioeaiiieiaeiii a?aaeeaioo oeie/aneiai e yeaeo?ioeie/aneiai
iioaioeeaea, oneeeaaao iniiaiua aeiyia?aaoe/aneea i?ioeannu, a
/anoiinoe. Ieeneeoaeueiia oionoi?eee?iaaiea.
Aeeyiea ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia eiioi?iaoeeiiiua
ia?aoiaeu iae?iiieaeoe i?iaeaiaoe/ii. Iaeiaei, niiinoaaeaiea
yia?aaoe/aneie iiuiinoe oioiiia aeaaea e?aniie e aeeaeiae eio?ae?aniie
/anoe niaeo?a yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey e yia?aee, iaiaoiaeeii aeey
eiioi?iaoeeiiiuo eciaiaiee iiiaeo aeieiae/aneeo iieaeoe,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i aiciiaeiinoe yoiai i?ioeanna. Oae 1Y aeey
aaeee-iaiiiaiai eaca?a (aeeeia aieiu =633 ii) ?aaai i?eia?ii 194
eAeae/iieue, aeey iieoi?iaiaeieeiaiai eio?ae?aniiai eaca?a (aeeeia aieiu
=870 ii) 1Y – ieiei 136 eAeae/iieue. A oi aea a?aiy aeey ia?aciaaiey
nie?aeueiiai o/anoea aeiiieeia?a ec /aou?ao caaiueaa iaiaoiaeeii ieiei
11 eAeae/iieue, aeey eiioi?iaoeeiiiiai ia?aoiaea iieaeoe AeIE ec
iaonoie/eaie oi?iu a onoie/eaoth iaiaoiaeeii ieiei 13 eAeae/iieue, a
yia?aey aioo?aiiaai a?auaiey iaioeaeiie nayce ?aaia ieiei 84
eAeae/iieue. Aeaaea n o/aoii aeenneiaoeee yia?aee eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ia
?acee/iuo o?iaiyo inoaoi/iie yia?aee aoaeao, aa?iyoii, aeinoaoi/ii aeey
aeeyiey ia eiioi?iaoeeiiiua eciaiaiey iae?iiieaeoe.
*oi eanaaony aeeaeeie?enoaeee/aneeo no?oeoo? aeiiauaeoia, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue eeaoi/iuo iaia?ai, oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeieacaii aeeyiea
naaoiaie yia?aee ia eiioi?iaoeeiiiua ia?aoiaeu. Iiae aeaenoaeai
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey eciaiyaony oi?ia aeaieiiai
eeieaeiiai neiy eeaoi/iie iaia?aiu, /oi i?eaiaeeo e ia?ai?eaioe?iaea
aieiaie eeieaeia. Iineieueeo aaeece t=+37 C aeaieiie eeieaeiue neie
iaoiaeeony a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe e oi/ea oaciaiai ia?aoiaea, o.a.
a i/aiue iaonoie/eaii ninoiyiee, iiyoiio aeiiieieoaeueiay yia?aey,
iieo/aiiay i?e eaca?iii aicaeaenoaee, eieoeee?oao oaciaue ia?aoiae
eeaoi/iie iaia?aiu.
No?oeoo?iay aeueoa?aoeey aauanoaa – yoi ia?aoiae iaaeaeo
no?oeoo?ii-iayeaeaaeaioiuie iaoanoaaeeueiuie ninoiyieyie n ?acee/iuie
oeceei-oeie/aneeie naienoaaie. N/eoaaony, /oi aeeaeeinoe ia iaeaaeatho
naienoaaie iieeii?oecia e ia niiniaiu nouanoaiaaoue a ?acee/iuo
no?oeoo?iuo oi?iao i?e iaeeiaeiauo oeie/aneii ninoaaa e aiaoieo
oneiaeyo. Iaeiaei a neiaeiuo iiiaieiiiiiaioiuo ?anoai?ao, e eioi?ui
ioiinyony aeieiae/aneea aeeaeeinoe, no?oeoo?iua yooaeou ea?atho
aaaeiaeooth ?ieue e i?eaiaeeo e eneeth/eoaeueiiio iiiaiia?aceth
no?oeoo?iuo oi?i ?anoai?ia.
A yenia?eiaioa n eeio?iiiuie aeeaeeie?enoaeee/aneeie nenoaiaie, eioi?ua
ii noaiaie oii?yaei/aiiinoe e no?oeoo?iie neiaeiinoe i?eaeeaeathony e
aeieiae/aneei aoii?aeueiui n?aaeai e iaeaaeatho oieeaeueiie
/oanoaeoaeueiinoueth e neaaui aiaoiei aiciouaieyi ?acee/iie oece/aneie
i?e?iaeu, onoaiiaeaii, /oi aicaeaenoaea ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai
aicaeaenoaey aaeee-iaiiiaiai eaca?a (aeeeia aieiu =633) eiaeooee?oao a
yoeo nenoaiao no?oeoo?ii-iioe/aneea yooaeou. Aiaeiae/iua ?acoeueoaou
auee iieo/aiu e i?e eaca?iii iaeo/aiee ieaciu e?iae e neiiaeaeueiie
aeeaeeinoe. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeiaeeaeeinoe iaeaaeatho no?oeoo?iie
aeueoa?aoeeae, a no?oeoo?a aei?anoai?a iiaeao ea?aoue ?ieue iao?eoeu, ia
eioi?ie i?ioaeatho ana aeioeie/aneea ?aaeoeee. Iaeiieaiea a aeinenoaia
o/anoeia n eciaiaiiie no?oeoo?ie aucuaaao ianiaoeeoe/aneoth
iiaeeoeeaoeeth yia?aaoeee e eeiaoeee iaoaaiee/aneeo i?ioeannia,
i?ioaeathueo a aiaeiie iao?eoea aeiaeeaeeinoe, e iineaaeothuea yooaeou
«aeinoeioeyoeee».
Ia?aciaaiea i?iaeoeoia oioieeca (ia?ae/iuo oioi i?iaeoeoia e ia?ae/iuo
noaaeeueiuo oeie/aneeo i?iaeoeoia), eciaiaiea aneaaenoaea yoeo e ae?oaeo
?aaeoeee pH aioo?aiiaai n?aaeu o/anoea eaca?iiai aicaeaenoaey
eieoeee?oao oeceieiai-aeioeie/aneea i?ioeannu, caioneaao ?acee/iua
aeieiae/aneea ?aaeoeee, iiiaea ec eioi?uo ii?aaeaeaiu e aeaoaeece?iaaiu
eeeieei-yenia?eiaioaeueiuie enneaaeiaaieyie.
I?e eco/aiee eciaiaiee niaea?aeaiey ioeeaeiiauo eeneio (AeIE, ?IE) a
yae?ao eeaoie ?acee/iuo oeaiae /aeiaaea iiae aeaenoaeai
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey ii?aaeaeaii aeinoiaa?iia
oaaee/aiea aeineioaca yoeo eeneio, a oaeaea oaaee/aiea ieoioiiae?ee e
?eainii, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia aeoeaecaoeee yaea?iiai aiia?aoa,
nenoaiu AeIE-?IE-aaeie e aeineioaoe/aneeo i?ioeannia a eeaoeao.
Aiaeec oioieiaeooee?iaaiiuo eciaiaiee aeoeaiinoe oa?iaioia aeaao
oeaiioth eioi?iaoeeth i ia?ae/iuo aeioeie/aneeo iaoaieciao
noeioee?othuaai aeaenoaey eceo/aiey ia ooieoeeiiaeueioth aeoeaiinoue
eeaoee. Enneaaeiaaiea aeoeaiinoe IAAeI- e IAAe+
-aeooaiaoaeaaeae?iaaiacu, ecioa?iaioia ani?aoaoaieiio?anoa?acu,
ooieoeeiie?othueo ia nouea iaiaia aaeeia e oaeaaiaeia, a oaeaea
oa?iaioia oeeeea o?eea?aiiiauo eeneio, naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia oaaee/aiee
aeoeaiinoe yoeo oa?iaioia i?e aicaeaenoaee noeioee?othueie aeicaie
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue
aeoeaece?oao ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua i?ioeannu.
Aeaeueiaeoea enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi noeioeyoeey aeiyia?aaoe/aneeo
oa?iaioia i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth a oeaiyo AOO.
Eiaaony iaiaei ioaeeeaoeee, oeacuaathueo ia oneeaiea eenei?iaeiiai
iaiaia, oaaee/aiea iiaeiuaiey eenei?iaea oeaiyie i?aaiecia iiae
aicaeaenoaeai ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey. N iiiiuueth
iiey?ia?aoee a iiiai/eneaiiuo i?yiuo enneaaeiaaieyo ia aieueiuo auei
iieacaii oaaee/aiea iai?yaeaiey eenei?iaea a oeaiyo iiae eaca?iui
aicaeaenoaeai.
?acee/iuie iaoiaeaie enneaaeiaaiey (?ai- e oioi ieaoeciia?aoee,
?aiaacia?aoee, inoeeeeia?aoee e ae?.) auei ii?aaeaeaii iiauoaiea
nei?inoe e?iaioiea i?e aicaeaenoaee ia oeaie ieceiyia?aaoe/aneei
eaca?iui eceo/aieai, a aeoaeueiay iee?ineiiey iicaieeea oi/ii
onoaiiaeoue ?aaeecaoeeth yooaeoa eaca?iiai aicaeaenoaey a ?acee/iuo
ioaeaeao eaca?iiai ?onea, iieacaea, /oi a i?ioeanna iaeo/aiey a
iaoieiae/aneie oeaie oaaee/eaaaony /enei ooieoeeiie?othueo eaieeey?ia e
iiauo eieeaoa?aeae.
Aicaeaenoaea eaca?iui eceo/aieai ia iia?aaeaeaiioth oeaiue i?eaiaeeo e
oiaiueoaieth eioa?noeoeeaeueiiai e aioo?eeeaoi/iiai ioaea, /oi naycaii n
iiauoaieai e?iaioiea a oeaiyo, aeoeaaoeee o?ainii?oa aauanoaa /a?ac
ninoaeenooth noaieo, a oaeaea n eioaineaiui oi?ie?iaaieai ninoaeia,
iniaaiii eaieeey?ia.
Iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee oeacuaatho ia oei?i/aiea oac ainiaeeoaeueiiai
i?ioeanna i?e eaca?iii iaeo/aiee iaoieiae/aneiai i/aaa; ioia/aii, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, iiaeaaeaiea yennoaeaoeaiie e eioeeueo?aoeeiiiie
?aaeoeee.
I?ieeoa?aoeey eeaoie yaeyaony iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo caaiueaa neiaeiie
oeaie ?aaeoeee, ii?aaeaeythueo nei?inoue ?inoa e ?aaaia?aoeee oeaiae,
e?iaaoai?aiea, aeoeaiinoue eioiiie nenoaiu e ae?oaea iaua i?aaieciaiiua
i?ioeannu. Iiiai/eneaiiua yenia?eiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey n ?acee/iuie
eoeueoo?aie eeaoie, a oii /enea n eeaoeaie oeaiae yia?eiia /aeiaaea,
oaaaeeoaeueii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho, /oi ieceiyia?aaoe/aneia eaca?iia
eceo/aiea a i?aaeaeao ieioiinoe iioiea iiuiinoe 0,1-100 iAo/ni2
noeioee?oao ieoioe/aneoth aeoeaiinoue eeaoie, a yoi yaeyaony i?yiui
aaeaeaaoiui iieacaoaeai i?ieeoa?aoeaiie aeoeaiinoe.
Eaca?iia aicaeaenoaea iiieaeaao ?aoeaioi?ioth /oanoaeoaeueiinoue
oeaiae, /oi yaeyaony neaaenoaeai oiaiueoaiey eo ioa/iinoe, a oaeaea
i?yiiai eaca?iiai eo/a ia ia?aiua ieii/aiey.
?anniio?ei oaia?ue aieaa iiae?iaii iaoaieci aeaenoaey eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey.
Eae iiiai iu ciaai e eae iaei iu iiieiaai…
A.Yeiooaei
Iaoaieci oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey
Iaaeeieiie?iaaiiue, iaoeooeiaaiiue, ii anaie?ii ecaanoiue e
i?eciaiaiiue ?onneee o/aiue I.A.Oeiioaaa-?anianeee n/eoae aeoiuie
i?aoaicee enneaaeiaaoaeae ia oi, /oi iie eco/atho eaeea-oi iaoaieciu. Ii
aiai?ee: «Au iieo/aaoa oaeou, au iieo/aaoa oaiiiaiieiaeth. Iaoaieci –
i?iaeoeo aaoeo iuneae. Au oaeou naycuaaaoa. Aio e ana». Iaeiaei, a
nia?aiaiiie iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a, iniaaiii iaaeeoeeineie, oa?iei «iaoaieci
aeaenoaey» ianoieueei i?i/ii aioae a iaeoiae, /oi, aeaaea ioaeaaay naaa
io/ao a aai iaiieiie i?aaiia?iinoe, iu ia ni/ee iaiaoiaeeiui ioeacaoueny
io iaai. Iniiaiie caeii oioiaeieiaee aeaneo, /oi aeieiae/aneee yooaeo
aucuaaao eeoue eceo/aiea oaeie aeeeiu aieiu, i?e eioi?ie iii iiaeiuaaony
iieaeoeaie eee oioi?aoeaioi?aie oao eee eiuo no?oeoo?iuo eiiiiiaioia
eeaoie. Iaeiaei, niaeo?u iiaeiuaiey ?acee/iuo iae?iiieaeoe aanueia
?aca?inaiu: oae iaioeaeiua a?oiiu iiaeiuatho eceo/aiea yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo
aiei n aeeeiie aieiu =190ii, ea?aiieeueiua a?oiiu – 225 ii, o?eioioai –
220 e 280 ii, oe?icei – 275 e 222 ii, oaieeaeaiee – 258 ii, eaoaeaca
-628 ii, iaeneiaeueiay niaeo?aeueiay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue iieaeoe AeIE
niioaaonoaoao aeeeiai aiei 620 ii e 820 ii e o.ae. A oi aea a?aiy
aeieiae/aneea yooaeou aicaeaenoaey ?aciiai ii aeeeia aieiu
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey i/aiue noiaeiu e, eae i?aaeei,
iauaaeeiythony oa?ieiii «aeinoeioeyoeey».
Iienee oioi?aoeaioi?ia e oioiaeoeaioi?ia aaaeoony aeaaii. Aeaiiua
nia?aiaiiie oeceieiaee io?eoeatho iaee/ea ia eiaea /aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo
niaoeeoe/aneeo oioi?aoeaioi?ia. A ioiioaiee aeoeaioi?ia
yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia iiaiey o/aiuo
?acaeaeeeenue: iaeie aeieacuaatho iaee/ea niaoeeoe/aneeo aeoeaioi?ia
no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeeei aiei naaoiaiai eceo/aiey, ae?oaea neeiiiu e
iaiauaieth e n/eoatho ianiaoeeoe/aneeie oioiaeoeaioi?aie aeaa oaeea
aieueoea a?oiiu, eae aeiiieeia?u (aaeee, oa?iaiou, aeieiae/aneea
iaia?aiu, oinoieeieaeu, ieaiaiou e ae?.) e aeieiae/aneea aeeaeeinoe
(eeioa, e?iaue, ieacia, aioo?eeeaoi/iay aiaea).
Yenia?eiaioaeueiua e eeeie/aneea enneaaeiaaiey ii ii?aaeaeaieth
niaoeeoe/aneeo oioiaeoeaioi?ia aeatho iniiaaiey n/eoaoue oaeiauie a
e?aniie iaeanoe niaeo?a eaoaeaco, noia?ieneaeaeeniooaco,
oeeoio?iiieneaeiue eiiieaen aac, iieaeoey?iue eenei?iae n ia?aciaaieai
neiaeaoiiai eenei?iaea. Iaeneioi oioieiaeooee?iaaiiie aeinoeioeyoeee
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuie aieiaie a e?aniie (633 ii), caeaiie (500 ii) e
oeieaoiaie (415 ii) iaeanoe niaeo?a aeaao iniiaaiea aeoiaoue i
ii?oe?eiiaie i?e?iaea ia?ae/iiai oioiaeoeaioi?a a eeaoeao. Iaeiaei,
oaeia eiee/anoai e ?aciiia?acea niaoeeoe/aneeo aeoeaioi?ia naaoiaiai
eceo/aiey aucuaaao niiiaiea a eo no?iaie niaoeeoe/iinoe e ia?ainoaiaiiie
?iee eaaeaeiai a iaoaiecia oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey.
Aoi?ie iiaeoiae e yoiio aii?ino, ia iao acaeyae, aieaa iauaeoeaai,
iineieueeo ii iauaaeeiyao iaeaieaa aini?eei/eaua e yeaeo?iiaaieoiiio
eceo/aieth aeino?oeoo?u e ioaiaeeo ei ?ieue ianiaoeeoe/aneeo
oioiaeoeaioi?ia. Niaeo? iiaeiuaiey aeiiieeia?ia yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei
iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia aanueia oe?ie. Oae aaeee, a caaeneiinoe io
neiaeiinoe eo no?oeoo?u, iiaeiuatho naao io oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai aei
eio?ae?aniiai niaeo?a: yeaiaioa?iua aaeeiaua no?oeoo?u (aieiieeneiou,
?acee/iua inoaoee aaeeiauo iieaeoe e ae?.) ?aaae?otho ia eceo/aiea
oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai aeeaiaciia; /ai aeeeiiaa nenoaia nii?yaeaiiuo
aeaieiuo naycae a iieaeoea. Oai i?e aieueoae aeeeia aieiu ?aniieaaaaony
aeeeiiiaieiiaue iaeneio iiaeiuaiey. Oa?iaiou oiaea yaeythony aauanoaaie
aaeeiaie i?e?iaeu, ianoueie ia naaa ii?aaeaeaiiua eiiiiiaiou –
aeoeaaoeeiiiua oeaio?u. Oa?iaiou neoaeao eaoaeecaoi?aie aac
aeioeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, a aeey oa?iaioaoeaiiai eaoaeeca aaaeiaeoaa
cia/aiea eiaao yeaeo?iiii-eiioi?iaoeeiiiua acaeiiaeaenoaey. O/eouaay,
/oi yia?aey eiioi?iaoeeiiiuo ia?aoiaeia aeiiieeia?ia iaaaeeea (yia?aey,
iaiaoiaeeiay aeey ia?aciaaiey nie?aeueiiai o/anoea aeiiieeia?a ec 4-o
caaiueaa, ?aaia ieiei 10 eAeae/iieue, yia?aey aioo?aiiaai a?auaiey
iaioeaeiie nayce i?eia?ii ?aaia 84 eAeae/iieue), iiaeii iauynieoue
ioeeee ?acee/iuo oa?iaioaoeaiuo nenoai aeaaea ia neaaua yia?aaoe/aneea
aicaeaenoaey, a eiaiii, ieceiyia?aaoe/aneia eaca?iia eceo/aiea e?aniiai
e aeeaeiaai eio?ae?aniiai aeeaiaciia. Oinoieeieaeu e eeaoi/iua iaia?aiu
– aeeaeeie?enoaeee/aneea no?oeoo?u, iaeaaeathuea iaonoie/eaui ninoiyieai
i?e oaiia?aoo?a oaea ieiei 37 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth, aanueia
/oanoaeoaeueiu e aicaeaenoaeth eceo/aiey yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei anaai
iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia. Ieaiaioiua eiiieaenu aeino?oeoo? oaeaea
aini?eei/eau e naaoiaiio eceo/aieth aanueia oe?ieiai aeeaiaciia aeeei
aiei.
Aeieiae/aneea aeeaeeinoe, yaeyynue neiaeiuie iiiaieiiiiiaioiuie
nenoaiaie e iaeaaeay naienoaaie aeeaeeeo e?enoaeeia, ?aaae?otho
no?oeoo?iie aeueoa?aoeeae aauanoaa aeaaea ia neaaua aiaoiea oece/aneea
aicaeaenoaey. Iaee/ey eo a ninoaaa, a /anoiinoe, a e?iae, oi?iaiiuo
yeaiaioia (y?eo?ioeeou, eaeeioeeou, o?iiaioeeou e ae?.) nouanoaaiii
iiauoatho aini?eei/eainoue e /oanoaeoaeueiinoue aeeaeeeo n?aae i?aaiecia
e aiaoiaio aicaeaenoaeth ?acee/iuo oece/aneeo oaeoi?ia, a oii /enea
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey. A aeieiae/aneeo aeeaeeinoyo
eiathony niaoeeoe/aneea oioiaeoeaioi?u, ?aaae?othuea ia eaca?iia
eceo/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiie aeeeiu aieiu. E?iia oiai, yia?aaoe/aneie
iiuiinoe oioiiia anao niaeo?ia iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia aiieia aeinoaoi/ii
aeey aicieeiiaaiey io eo aicaeaenoaey no?oeoo?iie aeueoa?aoeee a
aeeaeeeo eiiieaenao aeiiauaeoa.
Oaeei ia?acii, aini?eei/eainoue aeino?oeoo? e ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiio
eaca?iiio eceo/aieth anaai iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia iaoneiaeaii iaee/eai
niaieoiiinoe niaoeeoe/aneeo e ianiaoeeoe/aneeo oioiaeoeaioi?ia, eioi?ua
iiaeiuatho yia?aeth yoiai eceo/aiey e iaania/eaatho aa o?ainoi?iaoeeth a
aeioece/aneeo e aeioeie/aneeo i?ioeannao, eioi?ua auee ?anniio?aiu a
i?aaeuaeouae aeaaa.
Ieceiyia?aaoe/aneia eaca?iia iaeo/aiea aeiiauaeoa aucuaaao a oeaiyo e
i?aaiao ?acee/iua yooaeou, naycaiiua n iaiin?aaenoaaiiui e
iiin?aaeiaaiiui aeaenoaeai yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeaenoaea iiyaeyaony a iauaia oeaiae, iiaeaa?aoeony
iaeo/aieth. I?e yoii eaca?iia eceo/aiea acaeiiaeaenoaoao n
oioiaeoeaioi?aie, caioneay aanue eiiieaen oioioece/aneeo e
oioioeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee. Iiieii oioiaeoeaioi?ia ia i?yiia aicaeaenoaea
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei ?aaae?oao oaeaea e ?acee/iua iieaeoey?iua
ia?aciaaiey, a eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo ia?ooaiey neaauo aoiiii-iieaeoey?iuo
naycae, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue aeiiieiyao e oneeeaaao yooaeo
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeeyiey eaca?iiai iaeo/aiey.
Iiin?aaeiaaiiia aeaenoaea naycaii eeai n o?ainoi?iaoeeae yia?aee
eceo/aiey e aa aeaeueiaeoae iea?aoeeae, eeai n ia?aaea/ae yoie yia?aee
eee yooaeoa io aa aicaeaenoaey ?acee/iuie iooyie e niiniaaie. Iniiaiuie
i?iyaeaieyie yoiai aeaenoaey iiaoo auoue ia?aeceo/aiea eeaoeaie
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei, ia?aaea/a yooaeoa aicaeaenoaey
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey /a?ac aeeaeeea n?aaeu
i?aaiecia, eeai ia?aaea/a yia?aee yoiai eceo/aiey ii eaiaeai e
ia?eaeeaiai ?aoeaenioa?aiee.
Yenia?eiaioaeueii auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?e eaca?iii iaeo/aiee in vitro
eeaoi/iiai iiiineiy i?ienoiaeeo ia?aeceo/aiea yoeie eeaoeaie
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei aeeeiie, ?aaiie aeeeia aieiu ia?ae/iiai eceo/aiey,
ia ?annoiyiee aei 5 ni.
A.I.Eithoei e niaaoi?u ia iniiaaiee naieo enneaaeiaaiee n/eoatho, /oi
i?e acaeiiaeaenoaee ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey e?aniiai e
aeeaeiaai eio?ae?aniiai aeeaiaciia n aeiiauaeoii iaeiei ec aeaaiuo
caaiueaa yoiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony ia?aaea/a yia?aee aicaeaenoaey /a?ac
aeeaeeea n?aaeu i?aaiecia. Yoi iauyniyaony aaoi?aie iaee/eai ?aciiainiie
niaeo?aeueiie «iaiyoe» a aeeaeeeo n?aaeao i?e eaca?iii iaeo/aiee. I/aiue
oanii niueaaony n yoie aeiioacie eiioeaioeey N.A.Neiieiiaa e niaaoi?ia,
iniiaaiiay ia aaaeouai cia/aiee a iaoaiecia acaeiiaeaenoaey
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey n aeiiauaeoii no?oeoo?iie
aeueoa?aoeee aeeaeeeo n?aae i?aaiecia.
Iineieueeo aeaenoaothuaa ia aeiiauaeo eaca?iia eceo/aiea yaeyaony
yia?aaoe/aneei oaeoi?ii, oi a ?acoeueoaoa iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai e
iiin?aaeiaaiiiai aeeyiey i?ienoiaeeo, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eciaiaiea
yia?aaoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia aioo?aiiee n?aaeu i?aaiecia. Yoi e ia?aciaaiea
yeaeo?iiiuo aicaoaeaeaiiuo ninoiyiee aeiiiiaeoe, e i?iyaeaiea
aioo?aiiaai oioiyeaeo?e/aneiai yooaeoa, e eciaiaiea yia?aaoe/aneie
aeoeaiinoe eeaoi/iuo iaia?ai, e ae?oaea i?ioeannu, naycaiiua n
iea?aoeeae yia?aee yeaeo?iiiiai aicaoaeaeaiey.
AEeaua i?aaieciu e aeinoa?a a oeaeii ia eciee?iaaiiua, a ioe?uoua
nenoaiu, iaiaieaathueany n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie e aauanoaii e yia?aeae.
Ana yoe nenoaiu yaeythony ia?aaiiaaniuie, aeenneiaoeaiuie,
naiino?oeoo?e?othueieny e naiii?aaiecothueieny. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a
aunieii?aaieciaaiiie nenoaia, a /anoiinoe, a /aeiaa/aneii i?aaiecia, ana
aa yeaiaiou oanii acaeiinaycaiu e eaaeaeue ec ieo iiaeao eciaiyoue naia
ninoiyiea, eeoue io?aaeay eee aucuaay eciaiaiea ethaiai ae?oaiai
yeaiaioa eee nenoaiu a oeaeii.
I?e iioeiaeueiuo aeicao aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci ieceiyia?aaoe/aneei
eaca?iui eceo/aieai iu inouanoaeyai niioaaonoaothuoth yia?aaoe/aneoth
iiaeea/eo. A ioaao ia yoi a nenoaiao e i?aaiao i?ienoiaeyo i?ioeannu
aeoeaecaoeee naii?aaoeyoeee, iiaeeece?othony nianoaaiiua ?aca?au
naiiaaiaca.
Eiia/iue oioiaeieiae/aneee yooaeo eaca?iiai iaeo/aiey i?iyaeyaony
ioaaoiie ?aaeoeeae i?aaiecia a oeaeii, eiiieaeniui ?aaae?iaaieai i?aaiia
e nenoai. Yoi iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea a eeeie/aneeo yooaeoao eaca?iie
oa?aiee. A ?acoeueoaoa iiieaeaiey ?aoeaioi?iie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe,
oiaiueoaiey eioa?noeoeeaeueiiai ioaea e iai?yaeaiey oeaiae i?iyaeythony
iaacaieeaathuea aeaenoaey. Oiaiueoaiiua aeeeoaeueiinoe oac ainiaeaiey e
ioaea oeaiae aeaao i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue e i?ioeaiioa/iue yooaeo.
Iiauoaiea nei?inoe e?iaioiea, oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa iiauo ninoaeenouo
eieeaoa?aeae oeo/oaao ?aaeiiaeueiia e?iaiia?auaiea, /oi aianoa n
onei?aieai iaoaaiee/aneeo ?aaeoeee e oaaee/aieai iaoaoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe
eeaoie niinianoaoao i?ioeanno oece/aneie e ?aia?aoeaiie ?aaaia?aoeee.
I?e eaca?iie oa?aiee iiiaeie aaoi?aie ioia/athony aeanaineaeeece?othuee,
aeiioieanoa?eiaie/aneee yooaeou, iiauoaiea aeoeaiinoe iaueo e ianoiuo
oaeoi?ia eioiiie caueou. A caaeneiinoe io aeeeiu aieiu eaca?iiai
iaeo/aiey iiyaeythony aaeoa?eoeeaeiue eee aaeoa?einoaoe/aneee yooaeou.
Anee noiie?iaaoue eceiaeaiiia a i?aaeuaeoueo aeaaao, oi a e?aoeii
iaiauaiiii aeaea yoio iaoa?eae iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue neaaeothuei ia?acii.
Iniiaie iaoaiecia acaeiiaeaenoaey ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey n aeiiauaeoii yaeythony oioioece/aneea e oioioeie/aneea
?aaeoeee, naycaiiua n ?aciiainiui iiaeiuaieai oeaiyie naaoa e ia?ooaieai
neaauo iaaeiieaeoey?iuo naycae, a oaeaea aini?eyoea e ia?aiin yooaeoa
eaca?iiai iaeo/aiey aeeaeeeie n?aaeaie i?aaiecia.
I?e yoii, a caaeneiinoe io i?aaieciaiiiai o?iaiy, iineaaeiaaoaeueii eee
iaeiia?aiaiii i?ienoiaeyo neaaeothuea i?ioeannu e ?aaeoeee.
Ia aoiiii-iieaeoey?iii o?iaia:
Iiaeiuaiea naaoa oeaiaaui oioiaeoeaioi?ii.
Aiaoiee oioiyooaeo.
Aioo?aiiee oioiyooaeo e aai i?iyaeaiey
aicieeiiaaiea oioii?iaiaeeiinoe,
aicieeiiaaiea oioiYAeN,
oioiaeeyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo
Yeaeo?ieeoe/aneay aeennioeeaoeey eiiia (?ac?ua neaauo naycae).
Ia?aciaaiea yeaeo?iiiiai aicaoaeaeaiey.
Iea?aoeey yia?aee yeaeo?iiiiai aicaoaeaeaiey.
Ia?ae/iue oioioece/aneee aeo.
Iiyaeaiea ia?ae/iuo oioii?iaeoeoia.
Ia eeaoi/iii o?iaia:
eciaiaiea yia?aaoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe eeaoi/iuo iaia?ai,
aeoeaaoeey yaea?iiai aiia?aoa eeaoie, nenoaiu AeIE-?IE-aaeie,
aeoeaaoeey ieneeeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo, aeineioaoe/aneeo i?ioeannia
e iniiaiuo oa?iaioaoeaiuo nenoai,
oaaee/aiea ia?aciaaiey iae?iy?aia (AOO),
oaaee/aiea iaoaoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe eeaoie, aeoeaaoeey i?ioeannia
?aciiiaeaiey.
Ia i?aaiiii o?iaia:
iiieaeaiea ?aoeaioaoeaiie /oanoaeoaeueiinoe,
oiaiueoaiea aeeeoaeueiinoe oac ainiaeaiey,
oiaiueoaiey eioaineaiiai ioaea e iai?yaeaiey oeaiae,
oaaee/aiea iiaeiuaiey oeaiyie eenei?iaea,
iiauoaiea nei?inoe e?iaioiea,
oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa iiauo ninoaeenouo eieeaoa?aeae,
aeoeaaoeey o?ainii?oiuo aauanoa /a?ac ninoaeenooth noaieo.
Ia o?iaia oeaeinoiiai i?aaiecia:
Eeeie/aneea yooaeou – i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue,
iaacaieeaathuee,
?aaaia?aoi?iue,
aeanaineaeeece?othuee,
eiioiiei??aae?othuee,
oeo/oaiea ?aaeiiaeueiiai e?iaiia?auaiey,
aeiioieanoa?eiaie/aneee,
aaeoa?eoeeaeiue e aaeoa?einoaoe/aneee.
A caeeth/aiea aeaiiie aeaau iaiaoiaeeii ianoaeeoue aua iaeei eioa?aniue
e aaaeiue aii?in. I?e eieaeueiii eaca?iii iaeo/aiee oeaiae aeiiauaeoa
i?aaieci ?aaae?oao ia aicaeaenoaea eiiieaeniui ioaaoii anao nenoai
aiiainoaca. Ca n/ao /aai aea i?ienoiaeeo aaia?aeecaoeey ianoiiai yooaeoa
iaeo/aiey? Ia iao acaeyae, noiia?iue eiia/iue oioiaeieiae/aneee yooaeo
oi?ie?oaony a ?acoeueoaoa i?ioeannia, aicieeathueo iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
iauaia oeaiae aeiiauaeoa, iiaeaa?aioaoeony iaeo/aieth, e iineaaeothuae
o?ainoi?iaoeeae e ia?aaea/ae yia?aee eceo/aiey eee yooaeoa io aai
aicaeaenoaey eae ie?oaeathuei oeaiyi, oae e aeaeaei ca i?aaeaeu
iaeo/aiiiai o/anoea. A eaeie-oi ia?a, noiia?iue ioaao i?aaiecia ia
ianoiia eaca?iia iaeo/aiea oi?ie?oaony e ca n/ao ?aoeaeoi?iiai
iaoaiecia. Iaeiaei, ia iao acaeyae, yoi ia yaeyaony aaaeouei oaeoi?ii a
aaia?aeecaoeee ianoiiai yooaeoa, o.e. aicaeaenoaea ieceiyia?aaoe/aneei
eaca?iui eceo/aieai ia caioneaao aaeaioaoeeiiiue iaoaieci i?aaiecia
ec-ca iaeie yia?aaoe/aneie iiuiinoe. Aaia?aeecaoeey inouanoaeyaony a
iniiaiii, aa?iyoii, ca n/ao ia?aaea/e yooaeoa aicaeaenoaey eceo/aiey
/a?ac aeeaeeea n?aaeu aeiiauaeoa, a oaeaea ca n/ao ia?aaea/e yia?aee ii
nenoaia oioi?aaoeyoeee, aiaeiae/iie oaeiaie o ?anoaiee e
iee?ii?aaieciia. Iineaaeiee iooue ia?aaea/e yia?aee eaca?iiai
aicaeaenoaey (yoi eiioeaioeey i?aaeeiaeaia I.O.Aaiaeay) yaeyaony iiea
i?iaeaiaoe/iui, ii eiatho iiae niaie nieeaeioth iao/ioth iniiao.
Iaeiiaoe, ninaaeiea n iaeo/aiiui o/anoeii oeaie oaeaea iieo/atho
yia?aeth aeaiiiai aicaeaenoaey ca n/ao ia?aeceo/aiey
oioieiaeooee?iaaiiui eeaoeaie yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei oie aea aeeeiu ia
?annoiyiee aei 5 ni.
Ia ana eceiaeaiiua iieiaeaiey ii aeiiaoaiecio aeaenoaey
ieceiyia?aaoe/aneiai eaca?iiai eceo/aiey yaeythony aei eiioea
aannii?iuie, iaeioi?ua ec ieo – eeoue oai?aoe/aneea iinueee e ia
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiua ieii/aoaeueii eiioeaioeee. Ii iie neoaeao
iooaaiaeeoaeai ii ecaeeenoiio eaae?eioo i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee eaca?iiai
aicaeaenoaey a eiia/iue eeeie/aneee ?acoeueoao, iniiaie aeey iiieiaiey
iaoiaaiaoe/aneie iai?aaeaiiinoe eaca?iie oa?aiee.
A iu oaia?ue i?enooiei e e?aoeiio iaci?o iieacaiee i?eiaiaiey eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey a iaaeeoeeineie i?aeoeea.
Iieacaiey aeey eaca?iie oa?aiee i?e ?acee/iuo caaieaaaieyo (iaci?)
A?iioiioeueiiiieiaey:
Ino?ue e o?iie/aneee a?iioeo; ino?ay e o?iie/aneay iiaaiiiey;
a?iioeaeueiay anoia; ieaa?eo; a?iioiyeoaoe/aneay aieaciue.
?aaiaoieiaey:
A?o?eo, a?o?ic (?aaiaoieaeiue, eioaeoeeiiiue, iaii?aaeaeaiiue,
iiaeaa?e/aneee), ieiea?aeeo.
Aano?iyioa?ieiaey:
AEaeoaei/iay e aeoiaeaiaeueiay ycaa; o?iie/aneee aano?eo e aeoiaeaieo;
o?iie/aneee oieaoeenoeo e oieaiaeo; yioa?eo; eieeo; i?ieoeo;
i?ieoineaiieaeeo; iiaeino?ue e o?iie/aneee iaie?aaoeo; o?iie/aneee
aaiaoeo; aieaciue Aioeeia; oee??ic ia/aie; aeeneeiacey aeae/iuo
i?ioieia.
O?ieiaey:
Oeenoeo, o?ao?eo; i?inoaoeo; aaeaiiia i?aaenoaoaeueiie aeaeacu; i?oeo,
i?oiyiaaeeaeeieo; aaieoaeueiue aa?ian; eiiioaioeey.
Ea?aeeieiaey:
Eoaie/aneay aieaciue na?aeoea (noaiiea?aeey, ninoiyiea iinea eioa?eoa
ieiea?aea, a?eoiey na?aeoea); ieiea?aeeo e ea?aeeiiaoey; aeia?oiie/aneay
aieaciue, a?oa?eaeueiay aeia?oiiey; i?eia?aoaiiua ii?iee na?aeoea.
Iaa?ieiaey:
Iaa?eo; ?aaeeeoeeo; iaa?aeaey; ethiaaai; anoaii-iaa?ioe/aneee neiae?ii;
einoeueo; inoaioiiae?ic iicaiii/ieea n ei?aoeiaui neiae?iiii;
o?aaiaoe/aneea iia?aaeaeaiey; iaaeinoaoi/iinoue iicaiaiai
e?iaiia?auaiey; iae?i-oee?eoeyoi?iay aeenoiiey.
O?aaiaoieiaey e I?oiiaaeey:
A?o?ic; a?o?eo; niiiaeeeia?o?eo; niiiaeeeac; ao?neo; oea?iceo; oanoeeeo;
aoeeeo; ia?ea?o?eo; yieeiiaeeeeo; ia?aeiiu einoae; auaeoe e
nooiaeeeueiua iia?aaeaeaiey; a?o?aeaey e ieaeaey; aaia?o?ic;
oaiaeiaaaeieo.
Iao?ieiaey:
Aeiia?oeiiao?eo; ieaeiiao?eo; ieaeeo.
Oe?o?aey:
Aanoeann, oeaaiiia, eioeeueo?ao; iineaiia?aoeeiiiua ?aiu; o?ioe/aneea
ycau; i?ieaaeie; aeeeoaeueii iacaaeeaathuaa ?aiu; inoaiieaeeo; iaeiae e
ioii?iaeaiey; iaeeoa?e?othuee yiaea?oa?eeo e a?oa?eineea?ic eiia/iinoae;
aeeaaaoe/aneay aiaeiiaoey ieaeieo eiia/iinoae; oeaaeo;
iinoo?iiaioeaaeoe/aneea ninoiyiey; aa?eeiciay aieaciue ieaeieo
eiia/iinoae; ia/aii/ii-ii/a/iay iaaeinoaoi/iinoue.
Aeooa?noai e Aeiaeieiaey:
O?iie/aneee aaeiaeneo; naeueieiaeo; naeueieiaiioi?eo; aaaeieo;
oea?aeeaeueiay y?icey; o?aueiu nineia; ianoeou.
Ioiea?eiaieiaey:
Neioneo; neioeo; eaoa?aeueiue e aiieiue ioeo; ooaiioeo; ino?ue e
o?iie/aneee ?eieo; oiiceeeeo; ea?eiaeo e oa?eiaeo.
Iooaeueiieiaey:
I?ia?anneaiay aeeci?oeinoue; einiaeacea; aieacie ?iaiaeoeu e neaciiai
i?ioiea; aeeno?ioey nao/aoee.
Aea?iaoieiaey:
Aea?iaoeo; iae?iaea?iaoeo; yecaia; aea?iaoic; ini?eac; aa?ian;
aeea?ae/aneee aea?iaoic.
Noiiaoieiaey:
Noiiaoeo; aeiaeaaeo; aeueaaieeo; ia?aaeiioic; ioeueieo; ia?eiaeiioeo;
iaeiioiaaiiia ainiaeaiea /aethnoii-eeoeaaie iaeanoe; iinoyeno?aeoeeiiiua
aiee; aiee a ainnoaiiaeoaeueiue ia?eiae; ainiaeaiea ei?iaaiai eaiaea,
eeoeaaiai e o?ieie/iiai ia?aa; ooiiaeueiue neiae?ii; a?o?eo e a?o?ic
aeni/ii-/aethnoiiai ni/eaiaiey.
I?ieoieiaey:
Aaii??ie; i?ieoeo e ia?ai?ieoeo; aiaeueiua o?aueiu.
Eiioiieiaey:
Nieaeaiea eiioieoaoa, neeiiiinoue e eioaeoeeiiiui caaieaaaieyi,
eioaeoeey NIEAeA (eeeie/aneay noaaeeecaoeey eioiiuo ia?aiao?ia).
Ineoeao?ey:
Iaa?ic, anoaii-iaa?iiaoe/aneee neiae?ii, iauaa ooiieaiea.
Einiaoieiaey:
O?aiu, eaeeieaeu, iiciee, i?inoua ai?iaeaaee, aoeueaa?iua oa?e,
iaeunaiea, iineaiia?aoeeiiiua oau, ?aiu, o?ainieaioaou, no?eeoo?u.
EACA?IAss AEOIOIEOO?A
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (EA) – noeioeyoeey oi/ae e cii. Eaca?iay
aeoioieoo?a i?eiaiyaony e oai aea naiui oi/eai e ciiai eae e
o?aaeeoeeiiiia eaeioeaeuaaiea.
I?EIAIAIEA EACA?IIE AEOIOIEOO?U:
– Aioo?aiiea aieacie
– Iaa?ieiaey
– Oe?o?aey, o?aaiaoieiaey, i?oiiaaeey
– Aieacie eiaee
– Iaaeeao?ey
– Aeiaeieiaey
– Noiiaoieiaey
– Ioiea?eiaieiaey
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue, aiaeaace?othuee
Eiioiiiiaeoee?othuee
?aaaia?aoeaiue
Oeo/oathuee iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
Oaaee/eaathuee ieneaaiaoeeth e?iae
Oeo/oathuee ea/anoai aeecie
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Ionoonoaea iiai/iuo yooaeoia
Ia iia?aaeaeaao eiaee (noa?eeueiue)
Ni/aoaaony n o?aaeeoeeiiiui eaeioeaeuaaieai
Oaaee/eaaao yooaeo ae?oaeo aeaeia ea/aiey
Ionoonoaea i?ioeaiiieacaiee
( EA eiaao aeoaieoth niiniaiinoue i?iieeiiaaiey aei 5-7 ni, n?aaieioth
n o?aaeeoeeiiiui eaeioeaeuaaieai)
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Iauee aiaeec e?iae, ?aioaai (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey eaca?iiai eaeioeaeuaaiey n ia?oaeiie eaca?iie oa?aieae (8-12
naainia). Aeey aieueoaai yooaeoa eo?n aeieaeai auoue iiaoi?ai 2-3 ?aca n
ia?eiaeii a aeaa-o?e iaaeaee
A?aiy eaca?iiai aicaeaenoaey a iaeiie oi/ea:
Ia oaea: 10-30 naeoiae. Iauaa a?aiy 3-5 ieioo
Ia ooa: 5 -10 naeoiae. Iauaa a?aiy 1 ieiooa
Ia iaeei eaca?iue naain 10-12 oi/ae.
CAAIEAAAIEss EI?-I?AAIIA
IIEACAIEss:
Ino?ue e o?iie/aneee neioneo, ?eieo
Iiaeino?ue e o?iie/aneee oiiceeeeo
Ioeo, aanoaoaeo, ioineea?ic
O?iie/aneee e iiaeino?ue oa?eiaeo
Ea?eiaeo
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
Iiooieaaua caaieaaaiey
Aieacie e?iae
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
Aiaeaace?othuee
?aaaia?aoeaiue
Eiioiiii?iaeece?othuee
Oeo/oathuee iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaiea a?aiaie ea/aiey
I?aaeioa?auaiea o?iiecaoeee i?ioeannia
Oaaee/aiea yooaeoeaiinoe eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Ionoonoaea iiai/iuo yooaeoia
Oi?ioay eiiaeiaoeey n o?aaeeoeeiiiie iaaeeoeeiie
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Iauee aiaeec e?iae
?aioaai /a?aia (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aiee n eaca?iie oa?aieae
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (6 – 8 naainia)
Ia?oaeiyy eaca?iay oa?aiey (7-10 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (8-12 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
EA?AeEIEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
Eoaie/aneay aieaciue na?aeoea
Ninoiyiey iinea eioa?eoa ieiea?aea
Aieacie ieiea?aea
?aaiaoe/aneia ii?aaeaiea na?aeoea
Ii?iee eeaiaiia na?aeoea
A?eoiey
Ia/aeueiua noaaeee a?oa?eaeueiie aeia?oaicee
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
Aeaeiiiaine?iaaiiua ninoiyiey
Caaieaaaiey e?iae
YOOAEOU:
Oeo/oaaiea iee?ioee?eoeyoeee
Oiaiueoaiea ayceinoe e?iae
Ii?iaeecaoeey eiaaoeyoeee
Oaaee/aiea ieneaaiaoeee e?iae
Oeo/oaiea naienoa iaia?aiu y?eo?ioeeoia
Oaaee/aiea yeanoe/iinoe e?iaaiiniuo ninoaeia
Oiaiueoaiea o?iaiy oieanoa?eia e?iae
Oaaee/aiea aioeieneaeaioiie caueou
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Oiaiueoaiea i?eaia eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa
Oeo/oaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe
Oeo/oaiea nia
Oaaee/aiea oiea?aioiinoe e oece/aneie iaa?ocea
Oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa aeecie
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Iaoee aiaeec e?iae, aeioeiey e?iae (oieanoa?ei e aai o?aeoeee, naoa?
e?iae, ANO, AEO) YEA, oeueo?acaoe na?aeoea (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aiee n eaca?iui ea/aieai (aeeth/ay
aioeieneaeaiou).
Aioo?eaaiiue eaca? (5 – 7 naainia)
Ia?oaeiue eaca? (8- 12 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (8- 12 naainia)
Eo?n aeieaeai iiaoi?yony eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
AANO?IYIOA?IEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
Ino?ue e o?iie/aneee aano?eou, aano?iyioa?eo
sscaaiiay aieaciue aeaeoaeea e 12-ia?noiie eeoee
O?iie/aneee iaie?aaoeo
Oieaoeenoeo (ia eaeueeoeaciue)
Aaiaoeo, oee??ic ia/aie
Aaii??ie, aiaeueiay o?aueia
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
Iieieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey
Aieacie e?iae
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue, aiaeaace?othuee
?aaaia?aoeaiue
Eiioiiiiaeoee?othuee yooaeo
Ii?iaeecothuee oaiia?aoo?o
Ainnoaiiaeaiea iaia?aiu eeaoee
Oeo/oathuee iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaiea a?aiaie ea/aiey
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Oaaee/aiea yooaeoa i?eieiaaiuo eaea?noa
I?aaeioa?auaiea o?iiecaoeee i?ioeannia
Ionoonoaea iiai/iuo yooaeoia
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Aano?iaeoiaeaiineiiey, oeueo?acaoe aeae/iiai iocu?y, iiaeaeaeoaei/iie
aeaeacu
Iauee aiaeec e?iae, aeioeie/aneia enneaaeiaaiea e?iae
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey eaca?iie oa?aiee n o?aaeeoeeiiiui ea/aieai:
Ia?oaeiyy eaca?iay oa?aiey (7- 10 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (8- 12 naainia)
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5 – 8 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
AEIAEIEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
Aaeiaeneo (iiaeino?ue e o?iie/aneee)
Naeueieiaeo,naeueieiaiioi?eo (ino?ue e o?iie/aneee)
Yiaeiiao?eo
Aaaeieo
Oea?aeeaeueiay y?icey
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
?ae
Aieacie E?iae
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
?annanuathuee
Aiaeaace?othuee
Aeinoeioee?othuee
Eiioiinoeioee?othuee
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Oi?ioi eiiaeie?oaony n o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aieae e oaaee/eaaao aa yooaeo
Oeo/oaao iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
Auno?i ainnoaiaaeeaaao ooieoeee
I?aaeioa?auaao o?iiecaoeeth
Iiaeao auoue iauaaeeiai n ?aoeaenioa?aieae
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Oeueo?acaoeiaia enneaaeiaaiea, iauee aiaeec e?iae, iacie
Aiaeec e?iae ia ?A, NIEAe
Iee?iaeieiae/aneia enneaaeiaaiea (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie iaaeeeaiaioiciie oa?aiee n eaca?iie oa?aieae
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (6 – 8 naainia)
Ia?oaeiyy eaca?iay oa?aiey (8 – 12 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (10-12 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) eee oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
IAO?IEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
Ino?ue e o?iie/aneee aeiia?oeiiao?eo
Ino?ue e o?iie/aneee ieaeiiao?eo
Ieaeeo, o?ao?eo, oeenoeo
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
Aieacie e?iae
Iieieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
Aiaeaace?othuee
Eiioiiiiaeoee?othuee
Ii?iaeecothuee oaiia?aoo?o
Oeo/oaiea iee?ioee?eoeyoeee
Ainnoaiiaeaiea iaia?ai eeaoee
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaiea a?aiaie ea/aiey
I?aaeioa?auaiea o?iiecaoeee i?ioeanna
Oaaee/aiea iioaioeeaea aeaenoaey eaea?noaaiiiai n?aaenoaa e oiaiueoaiea
aai aeicu
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Ionoonoaea iiai/iuo yooaeoia
Oi?ioay eiiaeiaoeey n o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aieae
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Iauea aiaeecu ii/e e e?iae, aeioeiey e?iae
?aioaai, oeueo?acaoe (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aieee n eaca?iui ea/aieai
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (6 – 8 naainia)
Ia?oaeiue eaca? (10- 12 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (10- 14 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
EACA?IAss OA?AIEss A IAAeEAO?EE
IIEACAIEss:
A?iioeo e a?iioeaeueiay anoia
Neioneo, ?eieo, oiiceeeeo
?????????
???????
??????
?????, ??????? ????????
I?inooaeu e a?eii
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
??????? ?????,
?????????????? ???????????
YOOAEOU:
?????????????????????
??????????????
???????????????????
Ii?iaeecothoee oaiia?aoo?o
?????????? ???????????????
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaao a?aiy ea/aiey
I?aaeioa?auaao o?iiecaoeeth i?ioeannia
Oaaee/eaaao yooaeoeaiinoue eaea?noaaiiiai n?aaenoaa
Auno?i oiaiueoaao aieue
Ionoonoaea iiai/iuo yooaeoia
Oi?ioay eiiaeiaoeey n o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aieae
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Enneaaeiaaiea e?iae, aiaeecu ii/e
?aioaai (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aiee n eaca?iui ea/aieai
Ia?oaeiue eaca? (5 – 8 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (8 – 12 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
IAA?IEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
Iaa?eo, ?aaeeeoeeo
Iaa?aeaey, ethiaaai
Inoaioiiae?ic iicaiii/ieea
Iaaeinoaoi/iinoue iicaiaiai e?iaiia?auaiey
Iineaaenoaey iicaiaiai einoeueoa
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEA:
Iieieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey
Aieacie e?iae
Aeaeiiiaine?iaaiiua ninoiyiey
O?e ianyoea iinea einoeueoa
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
Iaacaieeaathuee
Eiioiinoeioee?othuee
Oeo/oathuee iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Auno?ia oiaiueoaao aiee
Onei?aiiia ainnoaiiaeaiea
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiue i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo
Oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa aeecie
Oeo/oaiea ?aaioiniiniaiinoe e ioaeuoa
Oiaiueoaiea aeic i?eieiaaiuo eaea?noa
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Enneaaeiaaiea e?iae
?aioaai, OCAeA (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey eaca?iie oa?aiee n o?aaeeoeeiiiui ea/aieai
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey ( 6 – 8 naainia)
Ia?oaeiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (10- 14 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (10- 14 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa
IOEUeIIIIEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
Ino?ay e o?iie/aneay iiaaiiiey
Ino?ue e o?iie/aneee a?iioeo
A?iioeaeueiay anoia
O?aoaeo
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEA:
Iieieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey
Aieacie e?iae
YOOAEOU:
Oaaee/eaaao iooiaeaeaiea iie?iou
Oeo/oaao aeuoaiea
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
Ii?iaeecoao oaiia?aoo?o
Oiaiueoaao i?enooiu anoiu
Oeo/oaao iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
Eiioiiiiaeoee?othuee
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaao a?aiy ea/aiey
Oaaee/eaaao yooaeoeaiinoue i?eieiaaiuo eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa
I?aaeioa?auaao o?iiecaoeeth i?ioeannia
Oeo/oaao ea/anoai aeecie
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
?aioaai a?oaeiie eeaoee, nie?ia?aoey
Enneaaeiaaiea e?iae
Enneaaeiaaiea iie?iou (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey eaca?iie oa?aiee n o?aaeeoeeiiiui ea/aieai.
Ia?oaeiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5 – 10 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (8 -12 naainia)
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5 – 8 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
?AAIAOIEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
A?o?ic, a?o?eo
?aaiaoieaeiue iieea?o?eo
Inoaioiiae?ic iicaiii/ieea
A?o?aeaey
Ieiea?aeeo
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEA:
Iieieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey
Aieacie e?iae
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
Aiaeaace?othuee
Eiioiiiiaeoee?othuee
?aaaia?aoeaiue
Oeo/oaiea iee?ioee?eoeyoeee
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Oaaee/aiea iiaeaeaeiinoe nonoaaia
Aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo
Oiaiueoaiea aeic eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Aeioeiey e?iae (iauee aaeie, C-?aaeoeaiue aaeie, …)
Iauee aiaeec e?iae, eiioiieiaey (a i?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
?aioaai nonoaaia (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie iaaeeeaiaioiciie oa?aiee n eaca?iie oa?aieae
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey ( 6 – 8 naainia)
Ia?oaeiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (10-14 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (10-14 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
NII?OEAIAss IAAeEOeEIA
IIEACAIEss:
A?o?ic, a?o?eo, a?o?aeaey
?anoyaeaiey naycie e iuooe
Ooeau e auaeoe, aieaaua neiae?iiu
Iia?aaeaeaiey iaienea
Oaiieniue eieioue, iea/i aieueoenoa
Oaiaeiaaaeieo, ieiceo
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
Aiaeaace?othuee
?aaaia?aoeaiue
Oaaee/aiea ieneaaiaoeee e?iae
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Onei?aiiia ainnoaiiaeaiea
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Oaaee/e/aiea oece/aneie e ineoieiae/aneie noaaeeueiinoe
Iiauoaiea nii?oeaiuo ?acoeueoaoia
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Iauee aiaeec e?iae
?aioaai (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aiee n eaca?iie oa?aieae
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5 – 7 naainia)
Ia?oaeiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5-10 naainia)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (7-12 naainia)
Iiaoi?iiue eo?n (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo) e iaeaioia oo?ie?a.
OE?O?AEss
IIEACAIEEss:
Aanoeann, oeaaiiia, eioeeueo?aou
A?oa?eineea?ic eiia/iinoae
Inoaiieaeeo, i?ieaaeie
O?ioe/aneay aa?eeiciay ycaa
Iineaiia?aoeeiiiua ?aiu, oau
Iaaeeaiii caaeeaathuea ?aiu, iaeiae
Iinoo?aaiaoe/aneay ycaa
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEA:
?ae
Aieacie E?iae
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
?annanuaathuee
Aiaeaace?othuee
?aaaia?aoeaiue
Aeinoeioee?othuee
Eiioiinoeioee?othuee
Oeo/oaao iee?ioee?eoeyoeeth
Iiaeao eiiaeie?iaaoueny n ?aoeaenioa?aieae
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaao a?aiy ea/aiey
I?aaeioa?auaao o?iiecaoeeth i?ioeana
Oaaee/aiea yooaeoeaiinoe i?eieiaaiiai eaea?noaaiiiai n?aaenoaa
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Naiaiaeia io iiai/iuo yooaeoia
Oi?ioay eiiaeiaoeey n o?aaeeoeeiiiui ea/aieai
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Iieiia enneaaeiaaiea e?iae, enneaaeiaaiea e?iaioiea
?aioaai (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eaca?iay oa?aiey iiaeao auoue iauaaeeiaia n o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aieae
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (6 – 8 naainia)
Ia?oaeiue eaca? (6 – 10 naainu)
Eaca?iay aeoioieoo?a (10-14 naainia)
Eo?n ea/aiey iiaeao auoue iiaoi?ai /a?ac /aou?a (4)- oanoue (6)
ianyoeaa.
O?IEIAEss
IIEACAIEss:
I?inoaoeo (ino?ue e o?iie/aneee)
O?ao?eo, oeenoeo
Aaeaiiia i?inoaou (aeia?o?ioey)
I?oeo, i?oiyieaeeaeeieo
Eiiioaioeey
I?IOEAIIIEACAIEss:
?ae i?inoaou, caaieaaaiey e?iae
YOOAEOU:
I?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiue
?annanuaathuee
Aiaeaace?othuee
Aeinoeioee?othuee
Ii?iaeecothuee y?aeoeeth
Eiioiinoeioee?othuee
I?AEIOUANOAA EACA?IIE OA?AIEE:
Nie?auaiea a?aiaie ea/aiey
I?aaeioa?auaiea o?iiecaoeee i?ioeanna
Oaaee/aiea iioaioeeaea aeaenoaey e oiaiueoaiea aeicu eaea?noaaiiuo
n?aaenoa.
Auno?ia oiaiueoaiea aiee
Ionoonoaea iiai/iuo yooaeoia
Oi?ioay eiiaeiaoeey n o?aaeeoeeiiiie oa?aieae
O?AAOAIUA ENNEAAeIAAIEss:
Oeueo?acaoe i?inoaou
I?iaa?ea e?iae ia ?A, NIEAe, PSA
Nia?iia?aiia (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
Iee?iaeieiae/aneia enneaaeiaaiea (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo)
EO?N EA*AIEss:
Eiiaeiaoeey eaca?iie oa?aiee n o?aaeeoeeiiiui ea/aieai.
Eaca?iue iannaae aeaeacu i?inoaou (8- 12
naainia)
Aioo?eaaiiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5 – 7
naainia)
Aioo?eo?ao?aeueiay eaca?iay oa?aiey (5 – 7
naainia)
Aaeooiiue iannaae (a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo) (8- 12 naainia)
Eo?n iiaeao iiaoi?youeny eaaeaeua /aou?a (4) – oanoue (6) ianyoeaa.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ?anniio?ei aieaa iiae?iaii iaoiaeeeo ea/aiey
eaca?iie ?aoeaenioa?aieae.
Eaca?iay ?aoeaenioa?aiey
Iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea auei iciaiaiiaaii oe?ieei aiaae?aieai eaca?ia a
?aoeaenioa?aieth. Cia/eoaeueiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/ee iaoiae
eaca?iioieoo?u (EI), nouiinoue eioi?iai ninoieo a noeioeyoeee oi/ae
aeoioieoo?u iooai iaeiaeiiai aicaeaenoaey ieceieioaineaiui eaca?iui
eceo/aieai (EE). Iaeaieaa aaaeiui aeinoieinoaii iaoiaeia eaca?iie
?aoeaenioa?aiee (E?O) yaeyaony iaee/ea iiuiiai aeinoeioee?othuaai
aeaenoaey ia eeaoi/iii e oeaiaaii o?iaiyo, /oi a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
iiauoaao yooaeoeaiinoue ea/aiey oe?ieiai e?oaa caaieaaaiee ii n?aaiaieth
n o?aaeeoeeiiiie aeoioieoo?ie. EI iicaieyao ecaaaeaoue ineiaeiaiee,
naycaiiuo n iia?aaeaeaieai iie?iaia oaea, i?aaeaea anaai eioaeoeeiiiiai
aaiaca (NIEAe, ae?oniue aaiaoeo e o.i.). Iaeiaaceaiinoue,
aacaieaciaiiinoue aicaeaenoaey ?anoe?yao iieacaiey e i?eiaiaieth, a
/anoiinoe, o eeoe iiaeeeiai aic?anoa, ineaaeaiiuo aieueiuo, aeaoae,
aeia?naineoeaiuo ee/iinoae, ioee/athueony iaaaeaeaaoiie, /?acia?iie
?aaeoeeae ia iioeeoeaioeaiia ?acae?aaeaiea. Nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony oaeaea
nie?auaiea cao?ao a?aiaie ia i?iaaaeaiea iaeiie i?ioeaaeo?u (aei 4-5
ieioo), /oi cia/eoaeueii iiauoaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ?aaiou a?a/a.
EE eiaao yeaeo?iiaaieoioth i?e?iaeo, aai ooiaeaiaioaeueiuie naienoaaie
yaeythony iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue e eiaa?aioiinoue. Iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue
oa?aeoa?ecoao iinoiyinoai aeeeiu aieiu, a eiaa?aioiinoue – iaeciaiiinoue
?aciinoe oac ii anaio o?iioo eceo/aiey. Iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue e
eiaa?aioiinoue iaoneiaeeaatho aunieoth yia?aaoe/aneoth ieioiinoue e
iaeoth ?anoiaeeiinoue io/ea EE
Enoi/ieeaie EE neoaeao iioe/aneea eaaioiaua aaia?aoi?u (IEA), eaca?u
(aiae. aa?aa. laser – “oneeaiea naaoa iooai auioaeaeaiiiai eceo/aiey”).
Iie iiae?acaeaeythony ii “aeoeaiiio aauanoao” ia oaa?aeioaeueiua,
aaciaua, aeeaeeinoiua e iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua. Iaoaieci aaia?aoeee EE a
iaeaieaa iauai aeaea aeeth/aao aeaa yoaia: 1) ia?aoiae eaaioiauo nenoai
aeoeaiiai aauanoaa a aicaoaeaeaiiia ninoiyiea iiae aicaeaenoaeai yia?aee
iaea/ee (iioe/aneie, yeaeo?e/aneie, oeie/aneie); 2) eiaeooee?iaaiiue
ia?aoiae ia ieaeiee yia?aaoe/aneee o?iaaiue n eceo/aieai oioiia.
Iineieueeo ia?aoiae inouanoaeyaony n iaeiiai e oiai aea auoaeaaeauaai
yia?aaoe/aneiai o?iaiy ia iaeei e oio aea ieaeaeaaeauee, oi EE eiaao
naienoai iiiio?iiaoe/iinoe e eiaa?aioiinoe. ?aciiainiay nenoaia ca?eae
oneeeaaao eceo/aiea, iaania/eaay iiiaie?aoiue i?iaaa oioiiia /a?ac
aeoeaiia aauanoai. A caaeneiinoe io oece/aneeo naienoa aeoeaiiai
aauanoaa e iniaaiiinoae yia?aaoe/aneie iaea/ee EE aaia?e?oaony eeai a
eiioeueniii, eeai a iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeiao. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy a
?aoeaenioa?aiee oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea iaoiaeyo iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua
eio?ae?aniua eaca?u n aeeeiie aieiu eceo/aiey io 850 ii aei 1400 ii.
Oa?aiaaoe/aneia aeaenoaea
Iaeiieai iaoe?iue iaoa?eae, iauaeoeaii aeieacuaathuee iaee/ea
iieeiiaeaeueiiai aeieiae/aneiai aeaenoaey eio?ae?aniiai EE n aeeeiie
aieiu 850 ii e auoa. ?acee/atho iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeieiae/aneia
aicaeaenoaea e ?aoeaeoi?iua yooaeou eaca?iie noeioeyoeee. Aeioece/aneee
iaoaieci iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey naycuaatho n ecae?aoaeueiui
iiaeiuaieai EE iieaeoey?iuie no?oeoo?aie, eioi?ua aneaaenoaea yoiai
eciaiytho naia yia?aaoe/aneia ninoiyiea. Naiaia?aciuie iieaeoey?iuie
aeoeaioi?aie EE yaeythony: 1) ioeeaeiiaua eeneiou – AeIE e ?IE; 2)
oa?iaiou; 3) iieaeoeu iaia?ai – eeaoi/iuo, ieoioiiae?eaeueiuo,
eeciniiaeueiuo. Eaca?iay noeioeyoeey oeacaiiuo nenoai iaoneiaeeaaao
aeoeaaoeeth aeineioaoe/aneeo e ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo
i?ioeannia (P.Pank et.al,1984). ?aoeaeoi?iua yooaeou eaca?iie
noeioeyoeee ii iaoaiecio yaeythony iaueie aeey anao iaoiaeia
?aoeaenioa?aiee (Ae.I.Oaaaaaa, 1980; A.E.Ia/a?ao, E.C.Naiinthe, 1989).
Iie iaoneiaeaiu noeioee?othuei aeaenoaeai eio?ae?aniiai EE ia
?aoeaioi?iue aiia?ao, a /anoiinoe, ia oa?ii?aoeaioi?u.
Iaiauay aeaiiua eeoa?aoo?u e ?acoeueoaou nianoaaiiuo enneaaeiaaiee,
iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea iniiaiua aeaeu oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey
E?O: noeioeyoeey i?ioeannia ?aaaia?aoeee a oeaiyo;
i?ioeaiainiaeeoaeueiia; eiioiiiiaeoee?othuaa; aeanaineaeeece?othuaa;
aaciaeoeaiia; aaaaoio?iiiia (neiiaoieeoe/aneia, aaaieeoe/aneia);
ineoio?iiiia (naaeaoeaiia, aioeaeai?anneaiia); aaiiiiyoe/aneia
(y?eo?iiiyoe/aneia, eaeeiiiyoe/aneia); aeiieiaaoee?othuaa;
aiaeaace?othuaa.
Iniiaiua iieacaiey
Caaieaaaiey oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaiu (ino?ua e o?iie/aneea
ia?ooaiey iicaiaiai e?iaiia?auaiey, o?aaiu aieiaiiai e nieiiiai iicaa).
Iaoieiaey iaaenaaiaioa?iiai ioaeaea aaaaoaoeaiie ia?aiie nenoaiu.
Ineoiyiioeeiiaeueiua ?anno?ienoaa.
Oieneeiiaiee (oaaaeieo?aiea, aeeiaieeci).
Caaieaaaiey ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie nenoaiu (iaa?iiaoee, ieaeniiaoee,
iieeiaa?iiaoee, aa?oaa?iaaiiua neiae?iiu).
Caaieaaaiey i?aaiia aeuoaiey (o?iie/aneee a?iioeo, o?iie/aneay
iiaaiiiey, a?iioeaeueiay anoia).
Caaieaaaiey na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu (eoaie/aneay aieaciue
na?aeoea, aeia?oiie/aneay aieaciue, iaeeoa?e?othuee yiaea?oa?eeo).
Caaieaaaiey aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa (o?iie/aneee aano?eo n
iiauoaiiie eee ii?iaeueiie nae?aoeeae, ycaaiiay aieaciue aeaeoaeea e
aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoee, o?iie/aneee oieaoeenoeo).
Caaieaaaiey eiaee (aeeiiaoeey, iae?iaea?ieo, ini?eac, yecaia).
Caaieaaaiey EI?-i?aaiia (o?iie/aneea oiiceeeeo, oa?eiaeo, ea?eiaeo,
ioeo, neioneo, ?eieo, a oii /enea, aaciiioi?iue).
Iaeaieueoee yooaeo io iacia/aiey E?O aeinoeaaaony i?e ea/aiee
o?iie/aneeo, ayeioaeoueo caaieaaaiee, a iaoiaaiaca eioi?uo aaaeouaa
cia/aiea i?eiaaeeaaeeo ainiaeaieth, aeenooieoeeyi eiioiiie nenoaiu,
iae?io?ioe/aneei ia?ooaieyi a oeaiyo e i?aaiao. Iaoeaeaniia?acii
i?eiaiaiea E?O aeey iieo/aiey neiioiiaoe/aneeo ?aoeaeoi?iuo yooaeoia,
oaeeo eae, eoie?iaaiea ino?aeoaai aieaaiai neiae?iia, i?enooia
a?iioeaeueiie anoiu, aaaaoaoeaii-ninoaeenoiai ia?ienecia e o.i.
I?ioeaiiieacaiey
Iiaiia?aciaaiey, iacaaeneii io eieaeecaoeee e oa?aeoa?a.
Ceiea/anoaaiiua caaieaaaiey e?iae.
Aa?aiaiiinoue.
Aaii??aae/aneea neiae?iiu.
Caaieaaaiey i?aaiia e nenoai a noaaeee aeaeiiiainaoeee.
Iaoiaeeea eaca?iioieoo?u
Oi/ee aicaeaenoaey ii?aaeaeythony enoiaey ec i?eiyouo a ?aoeaenioa?aiee
i?eioeeiia aeey eaaeaeie iicieiae/aneie oi?iu. Iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony
aieueoee i?ei?eoao naaiaioa?iuo e eieaeueiuo oi/ae, ?aniieiaeaiiuo a
i?iaeoeee i/aaia ii?aaeaiey. Cai?auaaony iaeo/aoue ?aoeaeoi?iua ciiu a
iaeanoe ieaiaioiuo iyoai, iaaonia, aiaeii e o.i., a oaeaea a i?iaeoeee
i?aeo. A i?ioeanna ioai?a aieueiuo ?aeiiaiaeoaony i?iaiaeeoue
eeeie/aneee aiaeec e?iae, enneaaeiaaiea naa?ouaathuae –
i?ioeainaa?ouaathuae nenoaiu, aiaeec ii/e. Aei e iinea naaina iieacaii
ecia?aiea AAe.
Ai a?aiy i?ioeaaeo?u aieueiie iaoiaeeony a iieiaeaiee eaaea eee neaey.
Iaia/aiiua aeey aicaeaenoaey ciiu noeioee?othony iineaaeiaaoaeueii.
Eiaea a i?iaeoeee oi/ee i?aaeaa?eoaeueii iaacaee?eaaaony yoeeiaui
nie?oii. Noeioeyoeeth neaaeoao i?iecaiaeeoue eiioaeoii, i?e yoii
iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeyoue oia?aiiia aeaaeaiea ia iaeanoue aicaeaenoaey,
oae eae yoi n iaeiie noi?iiu oaaee/eaaao aeoaeio i?iieeiiaaiey EE, a n
ae?oaie ieacuaaao nianoaaiiia noeioee?othuaa aeaenoaea ia ?aoeaioi?u.
Eaca?iia iaeo/aiea oi/ae aeoioieoo?u inouanoaeyaony eae a iai?a?uaiii,
oae e a eiioeueniii ?aaeeia eceo/aiey. Iauay aeica iaeo/aiey anao cii ia
iaeei naain ia auoa 25 Aeae. I?e /anoioiie iiaeoeyoeee eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey o/eouaatho, /oi ieceea /anoiou (1-30 Aoe) ieacuaaao
oiiece?othuee yooaeo, a aunieea (80-150 Aoe) – naaeaoeaiue. A eaaeaeii
eiie?aoiii neo/aa aeica no?iai eiaeeaeaeoaeece?oaony. Iai?eia?, aeey
aeinoeaeaiey iaeeiaeiaiai yooaeoa ia aieaa naaoeua o/anoee eiaee ioaeii
oaaee/eoue aeico, ia oaiiua – oiaiueoeoue. A oa/aiea iaeiiai naaina
neaaeoao iaeo/aoue ia aieaa 10-12 oi/ae. Naainu ea/aiey iau/ii
i?iaiaeyony aaeaaeiaaii eee /a?ac aeaiue, ia eo?n 10-15-25 naainia. I?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe 2 eo?n ea/aiey iiaeii iacia/eoue /a?ac 10-15 aeiae, a
o?aoee ia ?aiaa, /ai /a?ac ianyoe. I?e ionoonoaee iieiaeeoaeueiie
aeeiaieee a ninoiyiee iaoeeaioa ia enoiaea aoi?iai eo?na ea/aiey
aeaeueiaeoaa i?iaaaeaiea EI iaoeaeaniia?acii.
Iaoiaeeea eaca?iaeoioieoo?u
Nouiinoue eaca?iaeoioieoo?u caeeth/aaony a aicaeaenoaee ia aeoaiei
?aniieiaeaiiua oeaie (einoiua, oea?iciua e iuoa/iua) iooai
eiiaeie?iaaiiie iaoaie/aneie e eaca?iie noeioeyoeee, a nayce n oeacaiiui
iieiia iacaaiea iaoiaea – inoaiieioanoeeaeueiay eaca?iaeoioieoo?a
(IIOEA). Iniaaiiinoueth IIOEA yaeyaony aicaeaenoaea ia ia o?aaeeoeeiiiua
oi/ee aeoioieoo?u, a ia oae iacuaaaiua “o?eaaa?iua” ioieou a einoiuo,
oea?iciuo e iuoa/iuo oeaiyo.
Ii?aaeaeaiea cii aicaeaenoaey i?iecaiaeeony ii e?eoa?eth eieaeueiie
iaeueiaoi?iie aieaciaiiinoe. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeaiiue e?eoa?ee iiaeao
auoue iauaeoeaece?iaai iaoiaeii oa?iia?aoee ia iniiaaiee auaeaeaiey
o/anoeia eieaeueiie aeia?oa?iee. Ciiu aicaeaenoaey auyaeythony a
i?iaeoeee iicaiii/ii-aeaeaaoaeueiuo naaiaioia, einoii-nayci/iuo e
iuoa/iuo no?oeoo? iiyna aa?oieo eee ieaeieo eiia/iinoae.
I?aaeii/oeoaeueiuie aeey noeioeyoeee yaeythony ciiu, iaeueiaoeey eioi?uo
aucuaaao io?aaeaiiua aieaaua iuouaiey.
I?e i?iaaaeaiee IIOEA ca iaeei naain eniieuecoaony ia aieaa /aou?ao,
i?e/ai i?ei?eoaoiui yaeyaony aicaeaenoaea ia o/anoee n ianoiuie
no?oeoo?iuie ia?ooaieyie ii oeio ocaeeia yeanoe/aneie eee ieioiie
eiinenoaioeee.
Aioo?eeinoiay noeioeyoeey inouanoaeyaony niioaaonoaaiii inoenoui
io?inoeai iicaiieia, /oi aeeeooaony iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iieo/aiey
?ani?ino?aiaiiiai o?ioe/aneiai yooaeoa a i?aaeaeao
iicaiii/ii-aeaeaaoaeueiuo naaiaioia. Aioo?eeinoiay ioieoeey
i?iecaiaeeony iin?aaenoaii eiuaeoeeiiiie eaeu n iaiae?aiii, ianaaeaiiie
ia oi?eoe (eaea oeia “?aei?ae” aeey aioo?eaaiiuo aeeaaiee). Oaoieea
ioieoeee caeeth/aaony a auno?ii i?ieiea eiaee, iinea /aai iaaeeaiiuie
a?auaoaeueiuie aeaeaeaieyie aeinoeaaaony aoa/aoia aauanoai einoe.
E?eoa?eai aeinoeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiie aeoaeiu neoaeeo aicieeiiaaiea o
aieueiiai au?aaeaiiiai iuouaiey “?anie?aiey”, “iaiieiaiey”, /oi
iaoneiaeeaaaony iaoaie/aneei ?acae?aaeaieai aioo?eeinoiuo
aa??i?aoeaioi?ia. Aeoaeia ioieoeee a caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo
oiiia?aoi-aiaoiie/aneeo niioiioaiee ninoaaeyao io 0,3 aei 10 ii.
Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue iaeoth o?aaiaoe/iinoue iiaeiaiiai aicaeaenoaey,
iineieueeo inoenoua io?inoee, iaeaaeathuea iacia/eoaeueiui ii oieueia
neiai eiiiaeoiiai aauanoaa, ioieoe?othony oiieie eaeie, /oi n o/aoii
cia/eoaeueiuo ?aaaia?aoeeiiiuo aiciiaeiinoae einoiie oeaie ia
iaoneiaeeaaao aeooaeueiiai ii?oieiae/aneiai aeaoaeoa. Aieaciaiiinoue
iaieioeyoeee ia i?aainoiaeeo aieaciaiiinoe oe?iei i?eiaiyaiuo a
iaa?ieiaee iaoiaeia eiuaeoeeiiiie oa?aiee, a /anoiinoe, ?aciiia?aciuo
aeieaae ianoiuie aianoaoeeaie.
A i?iaeoeee ae?oaeo einoiuo aunooiia inouanoaeyaony ia?einoaeueiay
ioieoeey n oeaeueth iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai eaca?iiai iaeo/aiey o/anoeia
i?ee?aieaiey naycie, nooiaeeeee e iuooe, yaeythueony iaeaieaa oycaeiuie
aeey aicieeiiaaiey aeeno?ioe/aneeo ia?ooaiee. Niioaaonoaaiii ciiai
iuoa/iie aieaciaiiinoe i?iecaiaeeony aioo?eiuoa/iue oeie n
iia?aaeaeaieai ocaeeia, aeoaeia eioi?iai ii?aaeaeyaony ?aniieiaeaieai
oeacaiiuo ia?aciaaiee.
Iinea aeinoeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiie aeoaeiu, iaiae?ai oaeaeyaony e a i?inaao
eaeu aaiaeeony aeaeee noa?eeueiue naaoiaiae iaeiai aeeaiao?a (0,5-0,6
ii). Aeica eceo/aiey ia aieaa 25 Aeae/naain.
N oeaeueth i?ioeeaeoeee ae?oniuo eioaeoeee (aaiaoeo A, NIEAe)
aeaeaoaeueii eniieueciaaiea aeaeeo naaoiaiaeia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
i?eiaiaiey.
Eo?n ea/aiey ninoieo ec 3-6 naainia, i?iaiaeeiuo n eioa?aaeii a 1-2
aeiy. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi niaethaeaiea oeacaiiiai eioa?aaea
iaaeaeo naainaie yaeyaony aanueia nouanoaaiiui, iineieueeo aaeaaeiaaiua
i?ioeaaeo?u i?eaiaeyo e iaeioi?iio iaino?aieth aieae. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
aoi?ie eo?n ea/aiey iiaeii i?iaanoe /a?ac ianyoe iinea ia?aiai.
Iaeiiaoe, aeey oiai, /oiau eiaoue i?aaenoaaeaiea i eaca?iii
iai?oaeiaaiee, i?eiaiyaiii a iaaeeoeeia, ?anniio?ei e yoio aii?in.
NIA?AIAIIUA ENOI*IEEE ECEO*AIEss E AIIA?AOO?A AeEss IECEIEIOAINEAIIE
EACA?IIE OA?AIEE
N iacaiyiyoiuo a?aiai Nieioea aini?eieiaeinue eae enoi/iee naaoa, oaiea
e aeecie. Eniieueciaaiea anoanoaaiiiai naaoa a ea/aaiuo oeaeyo aa?iyoii
oaeaea noa?i, eae naii /aeiaa/anoai. Nieia/iue naao e aiaea anaaaea auee
aeey /aeiaaea iaeneiaeueii aeeceeie e aeinooiiuie ea/aaiuie n?aaenoaaie.
Aeioaaeoaa aei ian ia?aia oiiieiaiea ia iniciaiiii eniieueciaaiee
nieia/iuo eo/ae a i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo e ea/aaiuo oeaeyo ioiineony e
a?aiaiai i?aaeaiey a Aaeioa oa?aiia Aiaioioaia IV (i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii n
1375 ii 1358 aiaeu aei i.y.). I oeaeaaiuo naienoaao Nieioea anoue
niiauaiey a o?oaeao: Aa?iaeioa, Aeiiie?aoa, Aoeey Ei?iaeey Oeaeuena,
Eeaaaeey Aaeaia, Aao Aee eai Neiu e ae?. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi Nieioea –
ia?aue enoi/iee eceo/aiey a oioioa?aiee, eioi?ue eiaao oe?ieee
niaeo?aeueiue aeeaiacii, ianoaaeeueioth iiuiinoue eceo/aiey,
ianoaaeeueioth noaiaiue iiey?ecaoeee.
A eiioea i?ioeiai aaea iiyaeeenue eneonnoaaiiua enoi/ieee naaoa, eioi?ua
eiaee aieaa oceee niaeo?aeueiue aeeaiacii, noaaeeueioth iiuiinoue
eceo/aiey, aeaaiaea?y /aio iieo/eee cia/eoaeueii aieaa au?aaeaiiue e
onoie/eaue ea/aaiue yooaeo, /ai i?e nieioeaea/aiee. E oiio aea noaei
aiciiaeiui i?iaaaeaiea enneaaeiaaiee yaeaiee oioiaeiaeoeaaoeee n
iiyaeaieai aieaa eiio?iee?oaiiai n?aaenoaa aicaeaenoaey. A ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue oniaoe naaoiea/aiey naycuaatho n eiaiai aeaoneiai
oeceioa?aiaaoa Ieeuena ?thaa?aa Oeinaia (N.R.Finsen, 1860-1904),
i?aaeeiaeeaoaai eiioeaio?e?iaaoue nieia/iua eo/e, iaeiia?aiaiii
eneeth/ay aeaeeioth e eio?ae?anioth /anoe niaeo?a aeey ea/aiey
ooaa?eoeaca eiaee (aie/aiee), a oaeaea ea/eoue eiaeioth inio e?aniui
naaoii. A 1903 a. ca ?ac?aaioeo iiaiai iaoiaea ea/aiey aio auea
i?enoaeaeaia Iiaaeaaneay i?aiey a iaeanoe iaaeeoeeiu [10].
Aoi?ay iieiaeia XX noieaoey iciaiaiiaaeanue iiyaeaieai eaca?ia –
enoi/ieeia naaoa n iiauie naienoaaie, oaeeie, eae: iiiio?iiaoe/iinoue,
eiaa?aioiinoue, iiey?eciaaiiinoue e iai?aaeaiiinoue. Yoio oaeo ia i?ioae
iacaia/aiiui, e a na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia ia/aeinue eco/aiea
oioiaeiyooaeoia, aucaaiiuo ieceieioaineaiui eaca?iui eceo/aieai (IEEE).
Iaeiei ec ia?auo aue aii?in i niiinoaaeaiee iiiio?iiaoe/iiai eceo/aiey
He-Ne eaca?a e oe?ieiiieiniiai naaoa e?aniie eaiiu. A.I.Eithoei [6, 7] e
ae?oaea enneaaeiaaoaee oaaaeeoaeueii iieacaee i?aeiouanoaa eaca?iiai
eceo/aiey eae n?aaenoaa oa?aiaaoe/aneiai aicaeaenoaey, /oi ai iiiaii e
ii?aaeaeeei aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ieceieioaineaiie eaca?iie oa?aiee, eae
naiinoiyoaeueiiai iai?aaeaiey oeceioa?aiee.
Ieaea i?eaiaeeony eeanneoeeaoeey eaca?ia ii ?acee/iui ia?aiao?ai [4, 8,
12, 13, 15, 16].
1. Oece/aneia (aa?aaaoiia) ninoiyiea ?aai/aai aauanoaa eaca?a.
aaciaua (aaeee-iaiiiaua, aaeee-eaaeieaaua, a?aiiiaua, oaeaeeneioiua e
ae?.);
yeneia?iua (a?aii-ooi?iaua, e?eioii-ooi?iaua e ae?.);
oaa?aeioaeueiua (noaeei, aethiieo?eaaue a?aiao e ae?., eaae?iaaiiua
?acee/iuie eiiaie);
aeeaeeinoiua (i?aaie/aneea e?aneoaee);
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua (a?naieae-aaeeeaaua, a?naieae-oinoeae-aaeeeaaua,
naeaieae- naeioeiaua e ae?.).
2. Niinia aicaoaeaeaiey ?aai/aai aauanoaa.
iioe/aneay iaea/ea;
iaea/ea ca n/ao aaciaiai ?ac?yaea;
yeaeo?iiiia aicaoaeaeaiea;
eiaeaeoeey iineoaeae ca?yaea;
oaieiaay;
oeie/aneay ?aaeoeey;
ae?oaea.
3. Aeeeia aieiu eceo/aiey eaca?a.
Anee niaeo? eceo/aiey nin?aaeioi/ai a i/aiue oceii eioa?aaea aeeei aiei
(iaiaa 3ii), oi i?eiyoi n/eoaoue eceo/aiea iiiio?iiaoe/iui e a aai
oaoie/aneeo aeaiiuo oeacuaaaony eiie?aoiay aeeeia aieiu,
niioaaonoaothuay iaeneioio niaeo?aeueiie eeiee. Aeeeia aieiu eceo/aiey
ii?aaeaeyaony iaoa?eaeii ?aai/aai aauanoaa, ii iiaeao eciaiyoueny a
iaaieueoeo i?aaeaeao, iai?eia?, io oaiia?aoo?u. Iaeeiaeiaua aeeeiu aiei
iiaoo aaia?e?iaaoue ?aciua oeiu eaca?ia, iai?eia?, ieiei l =633ii
?aaioatho eaca?u: He-Ne, eaca?u ia e?aneoaeyo, ia ia?ao cieioa,
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua (AlGaInP).
4. Ii oa?aeoa?o eceo/aaiie yia?aee ?acee/atho iai?a?uaiua e eiioeueniua
eaca?u.
Ia neaaeoao niaoeaaoue iiiyoey eiioeueniue eaca? e eaca? n iiaeoeyoeeae
iai?a?uaiiai eceo/aiey, iineieueeo ai aoi?ii neo/aa iu iieo/aai ii nooe
aeaea i?a?uaenoia eceo/aiea ?acee/iie /anoiou e oi?iu ii n iaeneiaeueiie
iiuiinoueth ia i?aauoathuae cia/aiea a iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia eee
i?aauoathuae aa iacia/eoaeueii. Eiioeueniua aea eaca?u iaeaaeatho
aieueoie iiuiinoueth a eiioeuena, aeinoeaathuae aeey iaeioi?uo oeiia 107
Ao e aieaa, ii aeeeoaeueiinoue eiioeuena /?acau/aeii iaea, a n?aaeiyy
iiuiinoue ca ia?eiae iaaaeeea.
5. I/aiue aaaeiie yaeyaony oa?aeoa?enoeea n?aaeiae iiuiinoe eaca?ia.
aieaa 103 Ao – aunieiiiuiua eaca?u;
iaiaa 10-1 Ao – eaca?u iaeie iiuiinoe;
I?iiaaeooi/iua cia/aiey ian ia i/aiue eioa?anotho n oi/ee c?aiey
?anniao?eaaaiiai iaoa?eaea. E eaca?ai aeey iaaeeoeeiu ioaeii
iiaeoiaeeoue n oi/ee c?aiey ieacuaaaiiai eie aicaeaenoaey ia
aeieiae/aneee iauaeo. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo “iaeay iiuiinoue” – 100 iAo
iiaeao auoue i/aiue aeaaea aieueoie. A eeoa?aoo?a ii eaca?iie oa?aiee
[1] i?aaeeaaaaony ieceieioaineaiia eaca?iia eceo/aiea oneiaii
iiae?acaeaeyoue ia “iyaeia” – aei 4 iAo/ni? , “n?aaeiaa” – io 4 aei 30
iAo/ni? e “aeanoeia” – aieaa 30 iAo/ni? . A ea/aaiii i?ioeanna “iyaeia”
eceo/aiea eniieuecotho aeey ?aoeaenioa?aiee ii oi/eai eeanne/aneie
aeoioieoo?u, “n?aaeiaa” – aeey aicaeaenoaey ia iiaa?oiinoii
?aniieiaeaiiua iaoieiae/aneea i/aae, eeai ia iaeanoue i?iaeoeee oao eee
eiuo i?aaiia.” AEanoeia” ieceieioaineaiia eceo/aiea, a /anoiinoe,
aaeee-iaiiiaiai eaca?a, ?aeiiaiaeotho eniieueciaaoue a noiiaoieiaee i?e
ea/aiee iaeioi?uo caaieaaaiee iieinoe ?oa e coaia [11]. Iaeiaei ioe?uoui
inoaaony aii?in a ioiioaiee yia?aaoe/aneie eeanneoeeaoeee
oa?aiaaoe/aneeo eiioeueniuo eaca?ia, eioi?ue iaiaoiaeeii ?anniao?eaaoue
eiiieaenii n iiceoeee aeieiae/aneiai aeaenoaey eaca?iiai eceo/aiey,
o/eouaay ia oieueei n?aaeithth auoiaeioth iiuiinoue, ii e o?iaaiue
eiioeueniie iiuiinoe, aeeeoaeueiinoue eiioeuena e a?aiy aicaeaenoaey
eaca?iiai eceo/aiey.
6. Ii noaiaie iianiinoe aaia?e?oaiiai eceo/aiey aeey ianeoaeeaathuaai
ia?niiaea eaca?u iiae?acaeaeythony ia /aou?a eeanna:
Eeann 1. Eaca?iua ecaeaeey aaciianiua i?e i?aaeiieaaaaiuo oneiaeyo
yenieoaoaoeee.
Eeann 2. Eaca?iua ecaeaeey, aaia?e?othuea aeaeeiia eceo/aiea a
aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei io 400 aei 700 ii. Caueoa aeac iaania/eaaaony
anoanoaaiiuie ?aaeoeeyie, aeeth/ay ?aoeaen ieaaiey.
Eeann 3A. Eaca?iua ecaeaeey aaciianiua aeey iaaethaeaiey iacaueuaiiui
aeacii. Aeey eaca?iuo ecaeaeee, aaia?e?othueo eceo/aiea a aeeaiiciia
aeeei aiei io 400 aei 700 ii, caueoa iaania/eaaaony anoanoaaiiuie
?aaeoeeyie, aeeth/ay ?aoeaen ieaaiey. Aeey ae?oaeo aeeei aiei iianiinoue
aeey iacaueuaiiiai aeaca ia aieueoa /ai aeey eeanna 1.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia iaaethaeaiea io/ea, enioneaaiiai eaca?iuie ecaeaeeyie
eeanna 3A n iiiiuueth iioe/aneeo eino?oiaioia (iai?eia?, aeiieeue,
oaeaneii, iee?ineii), iiaeao auoue iianiui.
Eeann 3A. Iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaaethaeaiea oaeeo eaca?iuo ecaeaeee anaaaea
iianii. Aeaeeiia ?annayiiia eceo/aiea iau/ii aaciianii.
I?eia/aiea – Oneiaey aaciianiiai iaaethaeaiey aeeooociiai io?aaeaiey
aeey eaca?iuo ecaeaeee eeanna 3A a aeaeeiie iaeanoe: ieieiaeueiia
?annoiyiea aeey iaaethaeaiey iaaeaeo aeacii e ye?aiii – 13 ni,
iaeneiaeueiia a?aiy iaaethaeaiey – 10 n.
Eeann 4. Eaca?iua ecaeaeey, nicaeathuea iianiia ?annayiiia eceo/aiea.
Iie iiaoo aucaaoue ii?aaeaiea eiaee, a oaeaea nicaeaoue iianiinoue
iiaea?a. I?e eo eniieueciaaiee neaaeoao niaethaeaoue iniaoth
inoi?iaeiinoue.
Yoa a?aaeaoeey ii?aaeaeaia AINO ? 50723-94 Eaca?iay aaciianiinoue. Iauea
o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?e ?ac?aaioea e yenieoaoaoeee eaca?iuo ecaeaeee
[3].
7. Aeey inouanoaeaiey ea/aaiiai i?ioeanna /anoi aaaeiie yaeyaony oaeay
oa?aeoa?enoeea eaca?a, eae oaeiaay ?anoiaeeiinoue eo/a. Ecia?yaony a
a?aaeonao, oaeiauo ieiooao (1/60 a?aaeona), oaeiauo naeoiaeao (1/60
ieioou) eee ?aaeeaiao (1° = p /180 > 0,0175 ?aae). Iaeiaiueooth
?anoiaeeiinoue eiatho aaciaua eaca?u – ieiei 30 oaeiauo naeoiae (> 0,15
i?aae). ?anoiaeeiinoue eo/a oaa?aeioaeueiuo eaca?ia – ieiei 30 oaeiauo
ieioo (> 10 i?aae). o iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?ia: a ieineinoe,
ia?aeeaeueiie p-n – ia?aoiaea – io 10 aei 20 a?aaeonia (a caaeneiinoe io
oeia eaca?a); a ieineinoe, ia?iaiaeeeoey?iie p-n – ia?aoiaeo – ieiei 40
a?aaeonia.
8. Eiyooeoeeaio iieaciiai aeaenoaey (EIAe) eaca?a. ?acee/atho
oai?aoe/anee aiciiaeiue (eaaioiaue auoiae) e ?aaeueiue (iieiue) EIAe.
Iineaaeiee ii?aaeaeyaony ioiioaieai iiuiinoe eceo/aiey eaca?a e
iiuiinoe, iio?aaeyaiie io enoi/ieea iaea/ee. O aaciauo eaca?ia iieiue
EIAe ninoaaeyao 1-20% (aaeee-iaiiiaue – aei 1%, oaeaeeneioiue 10-20%,),
o oaa?aeioaeueiuo – 1-6%, o iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo – 10-50% (a ioaeaeueiuo
eiino?oeoeeyo aei 95%). Noaiiaeony ynii, ii/aio oieueei
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u iiaeii i?eiaiyoue a aaoiiiiiie e ii?oaoeaiie
oa?aiaaoe/aneie aiia?aoo?a.
Aaciaua eaca?u iiiaiia?aciu ii oeio i?eiaiyaiie n?aaeu: He-Ne, NO, CO2,
N, Ar e ae?oaea. Yoei ii?aaeaeyaony i/aiue oe?ieee aeeaiacii aeeei aiei,
ia eioi?uo iieo/aia aaia?aoeey. Iaea/ea inouanoaeyaony iooai nicaeaiey
oeathuaai ?ac?yaea a o?oaea, /oi aiciiaeii eeoue i?e i/aiue aunieeo
ieoathueo iai?yaeaieyo. Ec anao oeiia eaca?ia iaeaaeatho naiie
ieieiaeueiie oe?eiie niaeo?aeueiie eeiee – aei 10-7 ii.
Yeneia?iua eaca?u yaeythony ?aciiaeaeiinoueth aaciauo eaca?ia, ?aaioatho
ia niaaeeiaieyo, eioi?ua iiaoo nouanoaiaaoue oieueei a aicaoaeaeaiiii
ninoiyiee – aaeiaaiia e eia?oiuo aacia (KrF, ArF e ae?.). Eceo/atho a
oeueo?aoeieaoiaie iaeanoe niaeo?a.
Oaa?aeioaeueiua eaca?u – yoi a iniiaiii aethiieo?eaaue a?aiao (AEA),
eaae?iaaiiue eiiaie ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia (Nd, Er, Ho e ae?.).
Nianoaaiii, yoe eiiu e yaeythony enoi/ieeii eceo/aiey, a a?aiao eeoue
iao?eoeae aeey eo i?aaeeueiiai ?aniieiaeaiey a i?ino?ainoaa.
Oaa?aeioaeueiua eaca?u iiaoo auoue eae eiioeueniuie oae e iai?a?uaiuie,
?aaioatho ia n?aaeiai o?iaia iiuiinoae.
Eaca?u ia e?aneoaeyo (a ea/anoaa ?aai/aai oaea eniieuecoaony aeeaeeee
?anoai? niaoeeaeueiuo e?aneoaeae) oa?aeoa?ecothony oai, /oi iiaoo
ia?ano?aeaaoueny ii aeeeia aieiu a oe?ieii niaeo?aeueiii aeeaiaciia.
Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u (IIE) caieiatho iniaia ianoi a neeo naieo
eiino?oeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoae e oece/aneeo i?eioeeiia ?aaiou. Iaaieueoea
?acia?u eaca?a ii?aaeaeythony aunieei EIAe e iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
iaania/aiey aunieie ieioiinoe oiea iaea/ee aeey aeinoeaeaiey eiaa?niie
canaeaiiinoe. O iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?ia iaea/ea inouanoaeyaony
iaaieueoei oieii (aeanyoee iA) i?e i?eeiaeaiee iai?yaeaiey ieiei 2 – 3
A, oiaaea eae o ae?oaeo oeiia eaca?ia o?aaothony ouny/e aieueo.
Iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi iu eiaai aaeaeo eneeth/eoaeueii
eiaeaeoeeiiiua iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u, iaea/eaaaiua i?yiui oieii,
i?ioiaeyuei /a?ac aeeiaeioth no?oeoo?o (laser diode). Iaaeinoaoeii IIE
yaeyaony aieueoay ?anoiaeeiinoue eceo/aiey, /oi ia?aie/eaaao aai
i?eiaiaiea ae?oaeo iaeanoyo, e?iia eaca?iie oa?aiee. IIE ?aaioatho a
aeeaiaciia aeeei aiei io 0,63 aei 15 iei. Naiia oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea,
eae a oa?aiee , oae e a oe?o?aee iieo/eee eaca?u a aeeaeiae eio?ae?aniie
(EE) iaeanoe (l =0,78-0,93 iei) ia iniiaa e?enoaeea Ga1-xAlxAs. A
iineaaeiaa a?aiy ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/atho
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u ia iniiaa AlGaInP (l =0,633-0,64iei),
caiaiythuea o?aaeeoeeiiiua He-Ne. Eaca?u n aeeeiie aieiu 0,67 iei e
n?aaeiae iiuiinoueth aei 10 Ao i?eiaiythony oaeaea oniaoii e aeey
oioiaeeiaie/aneie oa?aiee (OAeO). Niiauaaony i ia/aea i?iecaiaenoaa
caeaiuo (l =0,53iei) e aieoauo (l =0,42iei) iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?ia
ia iniiaa Zn1-xCdxSe, iiuiinoueth ianeieueei ieeeeaaoo e ia?aaioeie ia
ioeac aei 1000 /ania [18]. A oaaeeoea oeacaiu iniiaiua oeiu
iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?ia, i?eiaiyaiuo a IEEO, eo iniiaiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee e oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaee.
oE?
IAUAOA iAOAOEAI AEOE*IIE IAIAOOE aeIEIA *IIIU, (IEI) oAOeEI
OAAIOU iIYIIOOO
EUIOTHAIEN
?OIEU*I-AeEOAIO (OOOAIA)
SDL-3038 AlGaInP 0,633 – 0,64 IA?O. 5 I/O SDL (oua), Sanyo (n?IIEN)
SDL-4038 AlGaInP 0,633 – 0,64 IA?O. 10 I/O SDL (oua), Sanyo (n?IIEN)
LD-335 AlGaInP 0,633 – 0,64 IA?O. 35 I/O SEMCO- LASER TECHNO-LOGY (oua)
IDL-670B AlGaInP 0,67 – 0,69 IA?O. 30 I/O i?i “?iiao” (oIOOEN)
SDL-7470 AlGaInP 0,67 – 0,69 IA?O. 3 /O SDL (oua)
IDL-780B
(ei?i-108) AlGaAs 0,78 – 0,8 IA?O. 40 I/O i?i “?iiao” (oIOOEN)
IDL-820B AlGaAs 0,815 – 0,84 IA?O. 40 I/O i?i “?iiao” (oIOOEN)
IDL-850o AlGaAs 0,83 – 0,87 IA?O. 500 I/O i?i “?iiao” (oIOOEN)
oE?
IAUAOA iAOAOEAI AEOE*IIE IAIAOOE aeIEIA *IIIU, (IEI) oAOeEI
OAAIOU iIYIIOOO
EUIOTHAIEN
?OIEU*I-AeEOAIO (OOOAIA)
i?e-101
(i?e-102) AlGaAs 0,88 – 0,91 EI?. 5 /O i?i “?iiao” ai “/ioeiae” (oIOOEN)
i?e-120 AlGaAs 0,88 – 0,91 EI?. 15 /O i?i “?iiao”, ai “/ioeiae”,
(oIOOEN)
SDL-3460 InGaAs 0,96 – 0,99 IA?O. 16 /O SDL (oua)
IDL-1300o InGaPAs 1,27 – 1,33 IA?O. 5 I/O i?i “?iiao”, ai “/ioeiae”,
(oIOOEN)
ei?i-206 InGaPAs 1,27 – 1,33 IA?O. 1,5 I/O i?i “?iiao”, ai “/ioeiae”,
(oIOOEN)
Aiia?aou, i?eiaiyaiua a iaaeeoeeia, e?iia naieo eaca?ia niaea?aeao
oaeaea: ono?ienoai aeey iiaeoeyoeee iiuiinoe eceo/aiey iai?a?uaiuo
eaca?ia eee caaeathuee aaia?aoi? aeey eiioeueniuo eaca?ia; oaeia?,
caaeathuee a?aiy ?aaiou; eiaeeeaoi? eee ecia?eoaeue iiuiinoe eceo/aiey
(oioiiao?); eino?oiaio aeey iiaeaaaeaiey eceo/aiey e iauaeoo
(naaoiaiaeu) e ae?.
Iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiuie a IEEO yaeythony iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u.
Iaeua aaaa?eou, ieceea ieoathuea iai?yaeaiey, oe?ieee aeeaiacii aeeei
aiei eceo/aiey e iiuiinoae, aiciiaeiinoue i?yiie iiaeoeyoeee eceo/aiey,
ioiineoaeueii ieceay noieiinoue – ana yoi iicaieyao aiai?eoue i oii, /oi
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u aia eiieo?aioeee a yoie iaeanoe iaaeeoeeiu.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy auioneathony aeanyoee aiia?aoia eaca?iie oa?aiee
(AEO): noaoeeiia?iua e ia?aiiniua; iiiaii?ioeeueiua e
oceiniaoeeaeece?iaaiiua; i?eiaiythuea eaca?u ?acee/iuo oeiia e eo
eiiaeiaoeee e o.ae. Ca aiaeu ?acaeoey eaca?iie oa?aiee noi?ie?iaaeenue e
o?aaiaaiey e aiia?aoo?a, eioi?ua a iaiauaiiie oi?ia auee noi?ioee?iaaiu
ioiineoaeueii iaaeaaii [14, 19]. A niioaaonoaee n iiauoaieai o?iaiy
eaca?iie iaaeeoeeiu cia/eoaeueii au?inee e o?aaiaaiey e nia?aiaiiui AEO,
ianooiee neaaeothuee yoai ?acaeoey eaca?iie oa?aiaaoe/aneie aiia?aoo?u,
eae iai?aaeaiey iaaeeoeeineiai i?eai?ino?iaiey – oi?ie?iaaiey aaeeiie
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie iieeoeee a ?ac?aaioea e i?iecaiaenoaa ia iniiaa
iaeneiaeueii oaniiai nio?oaeie/anoaa enneaaeiaaoaeae ?acee/iuo
niaoeeaeueiinoae, i?aeoe/aneeo a?a/ae e i?iecaiaeeoaeae.
Oieaa?naeueiinoue – iaeei ec iniiaiiieaaathueo i?eioeeiia, caeiaeaiiuo a
nia?aiaiiii “eino?oiaioa” a?a/a eee enneaaeiaaoaey. Iniiaiay oeaeue
oieaa?naeueiinoe – n ieieiaeueiuie cao?aoaie oaeiaeaoai?eoue
iiiai/eneaiiua, ii?ie i?ioeai?a/eaua o?aaiaaiey a?a/ae e aiia?aoo?a.
niaianoeoue ianiaianoeiia iicaieyao aei/iue i?eioeei iino?iaiey
aiia?aoo?u [14, 19]. ?ac?aaioaiiay, enoiaey ec yoiai i?eioeeia
aiia?aoo?a, eae au ?acaeaaaony ia o?e /anoe: aaciaue aeie, eceo/athuea
aieiaee e ianaaeee. I?eioeei oieaa?naeueiinoe aue ?aaeeciaai a iieiie
ia?a i?e ?ac?aaioea AEO “Ionoaia”.
Aaciaue aeie – iniiaa eaaeaeiai eiiieaeoa, yaeyaony ii nouanoao aeieii
ieoaiey e oi?aaeaiey. Iniiaiua aai ooieoeee – caaeaiea ?aaeeiia
eceo/aiey: /anoioa, a?aiy, iiuiinoue. Aieueoeinoai iiaeaeae iicaieytho
eiio?iee?iaaoue ianeieueei ia?aiao?ia eceo/aiey, iniiaiui ec eioi?uo
yaeyaony iiuiinoue (n?aaeiyy eee eiioeueniay). Aaciaua aeiee ioee/athony
ooieoeeiiaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie e oneiaii iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa
oeia: n oeene?iaaiiui iaai?ii ia?aiao?ia e i?iecaieueii caaeaaaaiui. I?e
?aaioa ii ecaanoiui iaoiaeeeai, eiaaea i?ioeaaeo?o ioioneaao iaaenano?a
e aieueoie iioie aieueiuo, iaeaieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeueii e oaeiaii
iieueciaaoueny AEO, a eioi?ii i?eiaiai i?eioeei “oeene?iaaiiuo /anoio”.
Ia ia?aaeiae iaiaee oaeiai aaciaiai aeiea ?aniieiaeai ?yae eiiiie n
oeacaieai iaae eaaeaeie /anoiou, eioi?ay aoaeao aaoiiaoe/anee caaeaia
iinea iaaeaoey eiiiee. Iaiaoiaeeiui ao?eaooii a yoii neo/aa yaeyaony
naaoiaay eiaeeeaoeey aeeth/aiey, eioi?ay iicaieyao oaaaeeoueny a
i?aaeeueiinoe caaeaiey ?aaeeia. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii auae?aaony a?aiy
?aaiou (oaeia?). Oaeie i?eioeei ?aaeeciaai a iiaeaeyo AEO “Ionoaia” –
016, 017, 022.
Iaaieueoia eiee/anoai oeene?iaaiiuo ia?aiao?ia, caaeaaaaiuo oaeeie
aiia?aoaie, i?eaiaeeo e ia?aie/aieyi aiciiaeiinoae, eioi?ua a ecaanoiie
noaiaie ono?aiythony iaee/eai aaciauo aeieia, iicaieythueo a?a/o naiiio
caaeaaaoue iaiaoiaeeiua cia/aiey ia?aiao?ia (AEO “Ionoaia” – iiaeaee 024
e 026). iaaeyaeiia i?aaenoaaeaiea aua?aiiuo cia/aiee iaania/eaaaony
oeeo?iauie eiaeeeaoi?aie ?aciiai oeia. Aiia?aou anao oeiia iaycaoaeueii
aeieaeiu eiaoue eiaeeeaoi? eee ecia?eoaeue iiuiinoe eceo/aiey
(oioiiao?).
E iaeiiio aeieo iiaoo auoue iiaeeeth/aiu iaeia, aeaa e aieaa eceo/athueo
aieiaie, ii iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu aeaooeaiaeueiua aiia?aou. Eae
i?aaeei, a a?naiaea nia?aiaiiiai a?a/a anoue ianeieueei oeiia aieiaie,
iicaieythueo iaeneiaeueii ?aaeeciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe eaca?iie oa?aiee. A
yoii neo/aa, i?eiaiaiea ?acee/iiai oeia eiiiooaoi?ia, ?ani?aaeaeeoaeae,
?acaaoaeoaeae e o.ae. i/aiue oaeiaii, o.e. iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe iaiyoue n
eaaeaeie i?ioeaaeo?ie aieiaeo e iiaeii ?aaoee?iaaoue eo iiuiinoue
iacaaeneii. Iiaeii auno?i iiaeeeth/eoue ethaoth ec aieiaie, i?e/ai
iaeiia?aiaiii e a ethaie eiiaeiaoeee iiaeii eniieueciaaoue aeaa e aieaa,
iai?eia?, e?aniue e eio?ae?aniue eaca?u. Acaeiicaiaiyaiinoue eceo/athueo
aieiaie e ianaaeie iicaieyao eaaeaeiio a?a/o, enoiaey ec eiie?aoiie
caaea/e, ninoaaeyoue naie, iioeiaeueiue eiiieaeo iai?oaeiaaiey eee
i?aaieciauaaoue iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueiua, aunieiyooaeoeaiua ea/aaiua
eaaeiaou.
I?inoioa oi?aaeaiey iaiaoiaeeia a ethaie aiia?aoo?a, a oii /enea e a
iaaeeoeeineie. E?eoa?eai ioeaiee i?inoiou oi?aaeaiey yaeyaony a?aiy ia
iaaeoiuaaiea aeaenoaee, naycaiiuo n eciaiaieyie ia?aiao?ia iano?ieee e
/enei niaa?oaiiuo i?e yoii ioeaie. I?inoioa oi?aaeaiey AEO oanii naycaia
n aa y?aiiiie/iinoueth. Aeieaeia auoue iaania/aia oaeay ?aaioa
iaaeia?niiaea, i?e eioi?ie ana aieiaiea nin?aaeioi/aii ia aieueiii, ia
auiieiaiea iniiaiie caaea/e – ea/anoaaiiiai ea/aiey, a i aeaenoaeyo n
naiie aiia?aoo?ie iiaeii auei au ia caaeoiuaaoueny.
Eiio?ieue ia?aiao?ia eaca?iiai eceo/aiey /?acau/aeii aaaeai aeey
iainiiaaiiinoe i?eiaiyaiuo iaoiaeia ea/aiey e i?aaeeueiie aeice?iaee,
/oi iaania/eaaao iaeaieaa ea/anoaaiiia e yooaeoeaiia ea/aiea, a oaeaea
aeey ?aoaiey aii?inia aaciianiinoe iaoeeaioa e a?a/a. Enoiaey ec yoeo
caaea/ eiio?iee?iaaoue iaiaoiaeeii neaaeothuea ia?aiao?u:
1.Aeeeia aieiu eceo/aiey.
Yoio ia?aiao? ii?aaeaeyaony oeiii eaca?a e oeacuaaaony a aeieoiaioaoeee
caaiaeii-ecaioiaeoaeai. Aeiiieieoaeueiay eiaeeeaoeey ia o?aaoaony.
2.*anoioa iiaoi?aiey eiioeuenia eceo/aiey eee /anoioa iiaeoeyoeee.
Caaeaaony ia?aeeth/aoaeai ethaiai ec ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa oeiia ia iaiaee
aaciaiai aeiea (aeiea oi?aaeaiey). Eioi?iaoeey i oi/iii cia/aiee /anoiou
i?aaenoaaeyaony eeai oeeo?iaui eiaeeeaoi?ii a aeaea eiie?aoiuo oeeo?,
eeai oeenaoeeae aeene?aoiiai ia?aeeth/aoaey a ioaeiii iieiaeaiee.
iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi ai aoi?ii neo/aa eaaeaeay aeene?aoiay ioiaoea
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeia niaea?aeaoue eioi?iaoeeth i eiie?aoiii cia/aiee e
?acia?iinoe ia?aiao?a, iai?eia?, 80, 150, 300,:Aoe. Ia aeiioneaaony
eniieueciaaoue ioaea/aiiua aaee/eiu oeia: 1, 2, 3: n ?aeiiaiaeaoeeae
i?iecaiaeeoaey ociaaaoue ?aaeueiia cia/aiea ia?aiao?a a ianii?oa eee
eino?oeoeee ii yenieoaoaoeee. E?iia oiai, /oi yoi i?inoi iaoaeiaii,
cia/eoaeueii iiauoaaony aua e aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee i?e caaeaiee
ia?aiao?ia aicaeaenoaey.
3.A?aiy ?aaiou (oaeia?).
E?iia o?aaiaaiee, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeythony e eiaeeeaoeee /anoiou,
iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eoue aua e caoeiaoth eiaeeeaoeeth ia/aea e ieii/aiey
?aaiou.
4.Iiuiinoue eceo/aiey.
Aneaaenoaee oiai, /oi aicaeaenoaea IEEE eiaao aeicicaaeneiue oa?aeoa?, a
iiuiinoue eceo/aiey iiaeao cia/eoaeueii iaiyoueny a neeo iiiaeo i?e/ei:
oaiia?aoo?u ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, iai?yaeaiey ieoaiey e ae?. – nouanoaoao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaycaoaeueiiai eiio?iey iiuiinoe eceo/aiey aeey aieaa
oi/iiai ii?aaeaeaiey aeicu aicaeaenoaey. Anee iaaeaiea iiuiinoe eaca?ia
aeaeeiiai aeeaiaciia eceo/aiey iiaeii eae-oi caiaoeoue, oi aeey
eio?ae?aniuo eaca?ia (iaaeaeeiia aeacii eceo/aiea) i?iaeaia eiio?iey
iiuiinoe e aii?inu aaciianiinoe noiyo aua aieaa ino?i.
Oe?ieee aeeaiacii ?aeiiaiaeoaiuo aeey ?acee/iuo caaieaaaiee e iaoiaeee
iiuiinoae i?aaeiieaaaao iaee/ea ?aaoeyoi?a o?iaiy iiuiinoe, e a yoii
neo/aa eiio?ieue ca yoeie eciaiaieyie i?inoi iaiaoiaeei.
Eceo/athuea aieiaee iiaeeeth/athony e aaciaiio aeieo iai?yioth eee /a?ac
?acaaoaeoaeue. Ninoiyo ec iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo
eaca?ia (?aaea eniieuecotho naaoiaeeiaeu) e yeaeo?iiiie noaiu
oi?aaeaiey, eioi?ay caaeaao oie iaea/ee eaca?a, a oaeaea iaania/eaaao
aaeaioaoeeth aieiaee e oieoeoee?iaaiiiio ieoaieth io aeiea. Eiiaaea
yeaeo?iiiay noaia iaania/eaaao auiieiaiea e ae?oaeo ooieoeee.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi eiaiii iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u iicaieeee
nicaeaoue nenoaio auiiniuo eceo/athueo aieiaie e ?aaeeciaaoue a iieiie
ia?a aei/iue i?eioeei iino?iaiey nia?aiaiiie aiia?aoo?u aeey
ieceieioaineaiie eaca?iie oa?aiee.
Iao?e/iua eceo/aoaee ninoaaeytho iniaue eeann aieiaie e aaoiiiiiuo
aiia?aoia. Ec ianaaeie n ieie i?eiaiytho oieueei niaoeeaeueiua iaaieoiua
(II-2, II-3). A iaaeeoeeineie i?aeoeea iaeaieaa /anoi i?eiaiytho
iao?e/iua eceo/athuea aieiaee e aaoiiiiiua aiia?aou, niaea?aeauea 10
eiioeueniuo eio?ae?aniuo eaca?ia [2, 17].
Iann-aaaa?eoiua iieacaoaee aiia?aoo?u aeaeaei ia anaaaea eiatho
?aoathuaa cia/aiea. I?ei?eoaoiuie /aua inoathony oa?aeoa?enoeee,
iicaieythuea a eoiaa iieo/eoue iaeeo/oee ea/aaiue yooaeo:
oieaa?naeueiinoue, aiciiaeiinoue eciaiaiey e eiio?iey ia?aiao?ia
eceo/aiey, i?inoioa oi?aaeaiey e ae?. I?iaeaia aaaa?eoia e aana aiia?aoa
ino?i noieo a oii neo/aa, eiaaea o?aaoaony aai nenoaiaoe/aneia
ia?aiauaiea. Iiaeiaiua neooaoeee iaeaieaa /anoi aicieeatho a neaaeothueo
neo/ayo:
1. Oneiaey ?aaiou a?a/a: ia ieaaathuai noaeia, ia ai?oo naiieaoa, a
ia?aaeaeaeiuo aiaoeaoi?eyo, a eciee?iaaiiuo eieeaeoeaao (aeaaeo?iua
oi/ee, iieneiaua io?yaeu, yeniaaeeoeee), a iioiaeii-iieaauo oneiaeyo e
ae?. N iiaeiaiie i?iaeaiie oaeaea noaeeeaathony naeueneea e
/anoiii?aeoeeothuea a?a/e.
2. Eiaaea i?e ia?eiaee/aneii a?a/aaiii eiio?iea iaoeeaiou
naiinoiyoaeueii i?iaiaeyo i?ioeaaeo?u. Iniaaiii yoi aeooaeueii i?e
ea/aiee oyaeaeuo o?iie/aneeo aieueiuo, ia?aaeaeaeaiea eioi?uo
cao?oaeiaii, a oaeaea iaoeeaioia, iaoiaeyueony aeaeaei io ea/aaiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, /oi iicaieyao ia i?a?uaaoue eo?n ea/aiey a auoiaeiua e
i?acaeie/iua aeie.
A yoeo neooaoeeyo ana i?aeiouanoaa o ii?oaoeaiuo aiia?aoia, eiathueo
ieieiaeueiua aaaa?eou e aan, ?aaioathueo eae io naoe (/a?ac aaeaioa?),
oae e io aaoa?ae. A ia?aii neo/aa, ieaoie ca ieieiaeueiua ?acia?u e aan
yaeyaony aeey a?a/a iioa?y oieaa?naeueiinoe e, eae neaaenoaea,
ia?aie/aiea aiciiaeiinoae i?eiaiaiey eaca?iie oa?aiee, a ai aoi?ii,
i?inoioa oaeeo aiia?aoia aeaaea aieaa oeaeaniia?acia, o.e. iicaieyao ia
aaniieieoueny i iai?aaeeueiii aai i?eiaiaiee iaoeeaioii. A oi aea a?aiy,
e i?aeoeeothuaio a?a/o eiiaaea aiieia iiaeao oaaoeoue aiciiaeiinoae
ii?oaoeaiuo aiia?aoia.
Aaoiiiiiua ii?oaoeaiua aiia?aou eaca?iie oa?aiee eniieuecotho eae
iao?e/iua eceo/aoaee (AEO “Io?aaae”) oae e iaeeii/iua, eiathuea oi
i?aeiouanoai, /oi iicaieytho ?aaioaoue n ?acee/iuie ianaaeeaie
(iaaieoiuie e iioe/aneeie) [9]. Iie iacaiaieiu i?e ?aaioa n
aioo?eiieinoiui eino?oiaioii (EI?, noiiaoieiae/aneee e ae?.), ii
iniaaiii oi?ioi oaeea AEO i?iyaeee naay a ?aoeaenioa?aiee. Iai?eia?,
aeey eaca?iie aeoioieoo?u ?ac?aaioaiu niaoeeaeueiua AEO “Iioueae –
?aoeaen”, a eiiieaeo eioi?uo aoiaeeo niioaaonoaothuay ianaaeea (A3).
Oaeaea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiia iai?aaeaiea eo i?eiaiaiey ii?aaeaeyaony
eniieueciaaieai eaca?ia n iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuo aeey aeoioieoo?u aeeei
aiei eceo/aiey 0,63 e 1,3 iei.
Iioe/aneea ianaaeee aeey aioo?eiieinoiie eaca?iie oa?aiee. Enoi?e/anee,
ia?auie a IEEO noaee i?eiaiyoue aaeee-iaiiiaua eaca?u (l =0,63iei).
eceo/aiea n yoie aeeeiie aieiu i?iieeaao a oeaie ia iacia/eoaeueioth
aeoaeio e aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia aioo?aiiea i?aaiu auei aiciiaeii oieueei n
iiiiuueth niioaaonoaothuaai naaoiaiaeiiai eino?oiaioa. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy, n iiyaeaieai eiioeueniuo eio?ae?aniuo iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?ia
e iniaaiii iao?e/iuo eceo/aoaeae ia eo iniiaa, noaee ca/anooth
ioeacuaaoueny io i?eiaiaiey ianaaeie a iieueco iaeiaaceaiiai iaeo/aiey
ia i?iaeoeeth aieueiiai i?aaia.
Cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eoue aeeaiacii eioaineaiinoae, ia ia?ooathueo
aa?iiieth aioo?aiieo aei?eoiia, iiaeii i?e a?aiaiiie neio?iiecaoeee
aicaeaenoaey ia aeinenoaio. A i?eioeeia, aeinoe/ue ia?anniaeanothuaai
aeaenoaey IEEE ia anao o?iaiyo iiaeii iooai niaeaniaaiey a?aiaiiie
oa?aeoa?enoeee aicaeaenoaothuaai eceo/aiey n ia?eiaeaie anao yiaeiaaiiuo
aei?eoiia, ii ec-ca i?eioeeieaeueiuo o?oaeiinoae ?aaeecaoeey oaeiai
?aaeeia ia?aie/eaathony ai?ei?iui ii?aaeaeaieai aeey eaaeaeiai aieueiiai
ia iaiaa 3-o /anoio aioo?aiieo ?eoiia, eae yoi naeaeaii a aiia?aoa
“Ionoaia-AEI” (?inney). I?eiaiaiea iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo eaca?ia
iaania/eaaao iaeua aaaa?eou e oaeianoai iieueciaaoaey [5].
Niaoeeaeecaoeey iaeioi?uo aiia?aoaoia auaiaeeo ia ia?aue ieai nianai
ae?oaea o?aaiaaiey, /ai oieaa?naeueiinoue, eioi?ay ia anaaaea yaeyaony
eneeth/eoaeueii iaiaoiaeeiie. A eaeie-oi noaiaie, yoi oaea iieacaii ia
i?eia?a aaoiiiiiuo aiia?aoia. A 1982-1989 aa. iiyaeeenue niiauaiey ia
yooaeoeaiinoe i?eiaiaiey aioo?eaaiiiai iaeo/aiey e?iae (AEIE) aeey
ea/aiey aieueiuo noaiiea?aeeae e ino?ui eioa?eoii ieiea?aea. Iaoiaeeea
iaoea i?eiaiaiea ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo iaeanoyo iaaeeoeeiu. Aicieeea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aiia?aoo?iiai iaania/aiey. Aeieaia a?aiy aeey yoeo
oeaeae oniaoii i?eiaiyeny aiia?ao AEIE, a eioi?ii noiye He-Ne eaca? n l
=0,633 iei e iiuiinoueth 2,5 iAo. Oaia?ue ei ia niaio i?eoiaeyo
aiia?aou, i?eiaiythuea IIE n aeeceie aeeeiie aieiu eceo/aiey. Oe?iie
“Oaoieea” ?ac?aaioai, oniaoii i?ioae oaoie/aneea e eeeie/aneea eniuoaiey
AEO “IOEAO”, eioi?ue i?aaeiacia/ai a iniiaiii aeey AEIE (iaeneiaeueiay
iiuiinoue eceo/aiey 4,5 iAo).
Aiaeec eeoa?aoo?iuo aeaiiuo iicaieyao naeaeaoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu i
ia?niaeoeaao ?acaeoey aiia?aoo?u aeey IEEO:
1. I?iecaiaenoai oieaa?naeueiuo aiia?aoia, iino?iaiiuo ii aei/iiio
i?eioeeio (aaciaue aeie – eceo/athuay aieiaea – ianaaeea) e iicaieythueo
n ieieiaeueiuie cao?aoaie ia?ai?ioeee?iaaoue eo aeey ea/aiey ?acee/iuo
caaieaaaiee.
2. I?iecaiaenoai oceiniaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo eiiieaenia, ni/aoathueo, eae
i?aaeei, ianeieueei niiniaia aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea. Oaeea
eiiieaenu, iniauaiiua iiuiui iaoiaee/aneei nii?iaiaeaeaieai, iicaieytho
iaeneiaeueii yooaeoeaii ?aaeeciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe oece/aneie iaaeeoeeiu
i?e ea/aiee iaeiiai-aeaoo caaieaaaiee. I?eia?ii yoiai iai?aaeaiey
i?eai?ino?iaiey iiaoo neoaeeoue oaeaea aiia?aou aeey aioo?eaaiiiai
iaeo/aiey e?iae, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ii niiniao aicaeaenoaey.
3. I?iecaiaenoai iaeiaaaa?eoiuo, aaoiiiiiuo, eneeth/eoaeueii i?inouo a
ia?auaiee e iaeneiaeueii aaciianiuo aiia?aoia, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey
naiinoiyoaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey eo iaoeeaioaie ii iacia/aieth e iiae
iaaethaeaieai ea/auaai a?a/a. Oaeea AEO oaeaea iiaoo auoue iieaciu a
?yaea neo/aaa e a?a/ai.
4. ?ac?aaioea e iianaianoiia aiaae?aiea iaoiaeee IEEO, iniiaaiiuo ia
aicaeaenoaee ianeieueeeie aeeeiaie aiei iiiio?iiaoe/aneiai eceo/aiey
(neiyy, caeaiay, e?aniay e eio?ae?aniay). ?aaeeciaaoue yoi a
iaeiaaaa?eoiii e oieaa?naeueiii aiia?aoa iicaieytho iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua
eaca?u n niioaaonoaothueie aeeeiaie aiei eceo/aiey. Iiyaeyaony
aiciiaeiinoue aicaeaenoaey anaie aeeeiaie aiei iaeiia?aiaiii eee a
ethaie eiiaeiaoeee ?acee/iuie eceo/aoaeyie.
5. Caiaia iai?a?uaiuo eaca?ia ia aaia?e?othuea iaiinaeoiaeiua eiioeuenu
ieeiaie iiuiinoueth 1-10 Ao e eiathuea n?aaeithth iiuiinoue ia 2-3
ii?yaeea iaiueoa, /ai o i?eiaiyaiuo naaiaeiy iai?a?uaiuo eaca?ia. Iiyoue
aea aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeiuie enoi/ieeaie eceo/aiey a aeaiiii neo/aa
iiaoo aunooiaoue oieueei iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eiaeaeoeeiiiua eiioeueniua
eaca?u n ?acee/iuie aeeeiaie aiei eceo/aiey.
6. ?aaeecaoeey iiiai/anoioiiai ?aaeeia iiaeoeyoeee eaca?iiai eceo/aiey
anae ea?a?oeae yiaeiaaiiuo ?eoiia eiie?aoiiai iaoeeaioa (eee
iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiui iaai?ii), ioaaouaay aeeaiacii io iioiaaiaca
(10-10 Aoe) aei /anoio iioe/aneiai aeeaiaciia yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei
(1014 Aoe), eioi?uie e inouanoaeyaony aicaeaenoaea. Ae?oaeie neiaaie,
/oiau iieo/eoue iaeneiaeueiue yooaeo, iaaei o/eouaaoue e aic?ano
iaoeeaioa e aa?uee?iaaoue ?acee/iuie aeeeiaie aiei eceo/aiey. Iaaeaeo
yoeie e?aeieie oi/eaie /anoioiie ea?a?oee i?aaiecaoeee aeecie anoue
iiiaeanoai oa?aeoa?iuo aeeaiaciiia, oniaoii eco/aaiuo naaiaeiy e eioi?ua
iaaei o/eouaaoue i?e iiiai/anoioiii ?aaeeia aicaeaenoaey IEEE.
Caeeth/aiea
Iu iiiuoaeenue aeinoaoi/ii iaaeoaiei enneaaeiaaoue i/aiue oe?ieoth
iaeanoue nia?aiaiiie iaaeeoeeiu – i?eiaiaiea eaca?iiai eceo/aiey aeey
ainnoaiiaeaiey caei?iauey /aeiaaea. *oi o ian iieo/eeinue, noaeeoa naie.
Ana auoaiienaiia – aaconeiaii, nieioiay eiiieeyoeey. Ii iu e ia
i?aoaiaeoai ia aaoi?noai ii eceiaeaiiui iaoa?eaeai e i?eiinei
aeoai/aeoea aeaaiaea?iinoe aaoi?ai, nienie eioi?uo i?aaenoaaeai ieaea,
ca iiciaaaoaeueiue iaoa?eae, iiiiaoee iai oioue iaiiiai caaeyiooue a
yoio oaeeaeoaeueiue ie? – eaca?ioth oa?aieth.
Eeoa?aoo?a:
Aaeaaeia E.I., Eanuiia A.O., Eiceia A.E. e ae?. Ii?oieiae/aneea iniiau
ieceieioaineaiie eaca?ioa?aiee. – Oaoeaio: Ecae-ai ei. Eai Neiu, 1991. –
223n.
Aoeeei A.A. Ieceieioaineaiay eaca?iay oa?aiey n i?eiaiaieai iao?e/iuo
eiioeueniuo eaca?ia. – I., OII “Oe?ia”Oaoieea”, 1996. – 118n.
AINO ? 50723-94 Eaca?iay aaciianiinoue. Iauea o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe
i?e ?ac?aaioea e yenieoaoaoeee eaca?iuo ecaeaeee. – I.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai
noaiaea?oia, 1995. – 34n.
A?eaeianeee A.I. Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua eaca?u: – Ii.: Oieaa?neoaoneia,
1988.- 304n.
A?eiaeaoia A.I. Nia?aiaiiay aiia?aoo?a e i?iaeaiu ieceieioaineaiie
eaca?iie oa?aiee // I?eiaiaiea eaca?ia a aeieiaee e iaaeeoeeia
(Nai?iee). – Eeaa, 1996, N.123-127.
Eithoei A.I. Eaca?iue naao e aeeaie i?aaieci. – Aeia-Aoa, 1970. – 46n.
Eithoei A.I., *aeo?ia I.?. Aeinoeioeyoeey eo/ii eaca?a e aeiieacia. –
Aeia-Aoa, “Eacaonoai”, 1975. – 120n.
Eaene O., Iaieo I. Eaca?u ia aaoa?ino?oeoo?ao. – I., o.2., 1981. – 364n.
Iineaei N.A., ?aaeaaa A.A., ?o/eei I.I. e ae?. Iiaua aiciiaeiinoe
ii?oaoeaiuo eaca?iuo oa?aiaaoe/aneeo aiia?aoia “Iioueae” // VII Iaaeae.
iao/.-i?aeo. eiio. “I?eiaiaiea eaca?ia a iaaeeoeeia e aeieiaee”. –
sseoa, Oe?aeia, 1996. – N.111-113.
Iineaei N.A. Eaca?iay oa?aiey, eae nia?aiaiiue yoai ?acaeoey
aaeeioa?aiee (enoi?e/aneee aniaeo) // Eaca?iay iaaeeoeeia. – 1997. O.1.
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I?ioii/oeia A.A., AEeaeeia I.A. Eaca?u a noiiaoieiaee / Eaca?u a
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N.Ae.Ieaoiaaa. – I..: Iaaeeoeeia, 1996. – N.283-303.
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Ni?aai/iee ii eaca?iie oaoieea: Ia?. n iai. – I.: Yia?aiaoiiecaeao,
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Oeoia I.I., Iineaei N.A. Oe?ia “Oaoieea”- ?ac?aaio/ee eaca?iie
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Yeaeo?iieea: Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. – I.: Nia. yioeeeeiiaaeey,
1991. – 688n.
Oaaei?ia A.O. Eaca?u. Iniiau ono?ienoaa e i?eiaiaiea. – I.: AeINAAO,
1988. – 190n.
McKibbin L., Downie R. Treatment of Post Herpetic Neuralgia using a
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E.I. Aeaienia,«I?eiaiaiea ieceieioaineaiuo eaca?ia a iaaeeoeeia», IEOe
“AeAENEIA” , Iineaa
N.A.Iineaei, «Nia?aiaiiua enoi/ieee eceo/aiey e aiia?aoo?a aeey
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Eaca? e aai aeaenoaea ia aeeaua oeaie
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