Iyoeai?neay Ainoaea?noaaiiay oa?iaoeaaoe/aneay Aeaaeaiey
Iauaaeeiaiea “Iyoeai?neeo?i?o”
Naiaoi?ee “?iaeiee”
? A O A ? A O
Eo?i?oiia ea/aiea aieueiuo n caaieaaaieyie iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai
aiia?aoa
ENIIEIEOAEUe: Anie?aio eaoaae?u yeno?aiaeueiie
iaaeeoeeiu Aaeaeaiaea E.E.
a. Iyoeai?ne – 1999 a.
1. A A A AeA I E A
A iauai eiiieaena i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo e ea/aaiuo ia?, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
oe?aieaiea caei?iauey /aeiaaea, aaeeea ?ieue naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai
ea/aiey, aace?othuaainy ia aeinoeaeaieyo nia?aiaiiie eo?i?oieiaee –
iaaeeoeeineie iao/iie aeenoeeieeiu, eco/athuae oeaeaaiua naienoaa
i?e?iaeiuo oece/aneeo oaeoi?ia, oa?aeoa? eo aeaenoaey ia i?aaieci
/aeiaaea, aiciiaeiinoe eo i?eiaiaiey n ea/aaiie e i?ioeeaeoe/aneie
oeaeueth, ?ac?aaaouaathuae iieacaiey e i?ioeaiiieacaiey aeey
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey e iaoiaeu i?eiaiaiey eo?i?oiuo oaeoi?ia i?e
?acee/iuo caaieaaaieyo.
Aaaeiui i?eioeeiii naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey yaeyaony aai
eiiieaeoiinoue – eniieueciaaiea ?aciiia?aciuo i?e?iaeiuo ea/aaiuo
oaeoi?ia a ni/aoaiee n oeceioa?aiaaoe/aneeie i?ioeaaeo?aie,
aeeaoioa?aieae, eaea?noaaiiuie e ae?oaeie ea/aaiuie n?aaenoaaie e
iaoiaeaie, i?e yoii oa?aeoa?ia oeceieiae/iinoue ea/aaiiai aicaeaenoaey
i?e?iaeiuo oece/aneeo oaeoi?ia, naycaiiuo n oai, /oi a i?ioeanna
yaiethoeee i?aaieci /aeiaaea iinoiyiii eniuouaae eo aeeyiea.
N?aaee iiiai/eneaiiuo iicieiae/aneeo oi?i auaeaeyaony a?oiia caaieaaaiee
o.i. ?aaiaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeey, a iniiaa eioi?uo eaaeeo
i?aeiouanoaaiiia ii?aaeaiea niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie. Iauaaeeiythony yoe
aieacie ia oieueei iauiinoueth iaeioi?uo iaoiaaiaoe/aneeo caaiueaa
?acaeoey e eeeie/aneeo i?iyaeaiee, ii e a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie
iauiinoueth i?eiaiyaiuo oa?aiaaoe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee. E niaeaeaieth, a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy aua iao oaeiaeaoai?ythuae iaoeo e i?aeoeeo
eeanneoeeaoeee caaieaaaiee ?aaiaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeey, iaeiaei
?aoeeiiaeueiinoue ?anniio?aiey eo a iaeiie a?oiia ia iiaeeaaeeo
niiiaieth.
Iaoieiae/aneea eciaiaiey a iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiii aiia?aoa iiaoo auoue
eae i?aeiouanoaaiii ainieoaoaeueiiai, oae e aeeno?ioe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
Ia?aaeee eciaiaiey a ia?ea?oeeoey?iuo e iyaeeo oeaiyo
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa (ia?ea?o?eou, ieiceou, ao?neou,
oaiaeiaaaeieou, eeaaiaioeou, iaiieeoeeou). Auaeaeyaony a?oiia aieaciae
oeia nenoaiiuo (/aua a?iaeaeaiiuo) ii?aaeaiee niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie
(a?o?ia?eiiic, inoaioiiae?iaeeno?ioey, a?aoiiaeaeoeeey, aeia?yeanoic e
o.ae.). Ioiineoaeueii /anou eciaiaiey a einoiie nenoaia oeia
inoaioiiae?iiaoee (anaioe/aneee noaoiiae?aeueiue iae?ic). Naiaia?acia
a?oiia o.i. eieeaaaiiauo aieaciae, i?aaenoaaeythuay niaie aieacie n
ia?ae/iui i?ia?anne?othuei ii?aaeaieai niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie, e iiyoiio
yaeythueony oeie/iuie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie caaieaaaiee ?aaiaoieiae/aneiai
i?ioeey (Eannaeue, 1976 a.).
Anee e coiio aeiaaaeoue o?aaiu, ii?aaeaiey iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai
aiia?aoa (i?aaeaea anaai nonoaaia) i?e ae?oaeo eioaeoeeiiiuo,
yiaeie?eiiuo, aeea?ae/aneeo, iaiaiiuo caaieaaaieyo, i?e aieaciyo e?iae,
eiaeiuo iie?iaia, eaaeeo, ieuaaa?eoaeueiiai o?aeoa, iaa?ieiae/aneeo
ia?ooaieyo, oi noaiiaeony iiiyoiie o?oaeiinoue iino?iaiey /aoeie
eeanneoeeaoeee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eiaiyaony “?aai/ay eeanneoeeaoeey caaieaaaiee
nonoaaia e aianonoaaiuo iyaeeo oeaiae iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa”
(1971). Ieaea i?eaiaeyony aeaaiua ?acaeaeu coie eeanneoeeaoeee.
1. Iniiaiua oi?iu caaieaaaiee nonoaaia e iicaiii/ieea
1. Ainiaeeoaeueiua (a?o?eou).
2. Aeaaaia?aoeaiua (a?o?icu).
3. Iniaua oi?iu.
II. A?o?eou e a?o?icu, naycaiiua n ae?oaeie caaieaaaieyie.
III. Ii?aaeaiey nonoaaia i?e ioe?uoie e cae?uoie o?aaia
IV. Aioo?enonoaaiua caaieaaaiey iyaeeo oeaiae iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai
aiia?aoa
I?e i?iaaaeaiee eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey caaieaaaiee ?aaiaoieiae/aneiai
i?ioeey neaaeoao i?aaeaea anaai o/eouaaoue ninoiyiea eciaiaiiie
?aaeoeaiinoe i?aaiecia (ia ii/aa eiioiieiae/aneeo, iae?iciaeie?eiiuo,
iaiaiiuo e oa?iaioaoeaiuo ia?ooaiee). Oaeay aeen?aaeoeaiinoue
i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaeaeaaoiiai iino?iaiey
oa?aiaaoe/aneiai eiiieaena: /ai aeoeaiaa eee /ai iaiaa eiiiaine?iaai
iaoieiae/aneee i?ioeann, oai aieaa uaaeyuei aeieaeii auoue aicaeaenoaea.
Iiyaeaiea au?aaeaiiie aaeueiaieiae/aneie ?aaeoeee, oai aieaa iaino?aiey
iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna a oiaea eo?i?oiie oa?aiee, i?aaeoniao?eaaao
ioiaio aaeueiaia?ycaauo e ae?oaeo oece/aneeo i?ioeaaeo?, i?eiyoey ?yaea
ia?, eeeaeaeaoeeth iineaaenoaee iaaaeaeaaoiie oa?aiee.
Eae e ae?oaea n?aaenoaa oa?aiee, eo?i?oiia ea/aiea eiaao naie iieacaiey
e i?ioeaiiieacaiey, naie aiciiaeiinoe e i?aaeaeu. Aeey iaeioi?uo
iicieiae/aneeo oi?i eo?i?oiay oa?aiey ia iieacaia, iineieueeo i?e iaeieo
caaieaaaieyo iia iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue iaeeaiecaoeee i?ioeanna
(aieaciue Iaaeaeaoa, aieaciue Ieuea), i?e ae?oaeo – aaia?aeecaoeee
(ooaa?eoeac, aiieiua i?ioeannu).
Eo?i?oiia ea/aiea ?anniao?eaaaony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eae yoai a
i?iaaaeaiee nenoaiaoe/aneeo icaei?iaeoaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee. Neaaeoao
iiae/a?eiooue, /oi iaeeo/oee oa?aiaaoe/aneee yooaeo io
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey, eae iaiin?aaenoaaiiue, oae e ioaeaeaiiue,
iieo/atho aieueiua a ?aiiae noaaeee caaieaaeiey, i?e o?iie/aneii oa/aiee
i?ioeanna, i?e oneiaee i?iaaaeaiey i?aainoaaiiiai ea/aiey (noaoeeiia? –
eo?i?o – aeeniaina?).
1. Eeeiaoiea/aiea.
Iniiaiui oneiaeai oniaoiinoe i?eiaiaiey eeeiaoioa?aiee yaeyaony eco/aiea
iaoaiecia ea/aaiiai e i?ioeeaeoe/aneiai aeeyiey eeeiaoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia.
I?e ia?aacaea ia eo?i?o i?aaieci iiiaaeaao a iai?eau/ioth aeey iaai
eeeiaoi-aaia?aoe/aneoth n?aaeo. *oiau nio?aieoue ioiineoaeueiia
iinoiyinoai aiiainoacena, iiaeeecothony i?eniiniaeoaeueiua
ianiaoeeoe/aneea oacii i?ioaeathuea ?aaeoeee aeeeeiaoecaoeeiiiiai
oa?aeoa?a, iai?aaeaiiua ia iiaeaea?aeaiea iioeiaeueiuo oneiaee aeey
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aeeaie nenoaiu (Iiaeeiaa E.I., 1978 a.)
I?aaieci /aeiaaea iaeaaeaao aiciiaeiinoueth a ecaanoiuo i?aaeaeao
i?eniinaaeeaaoueny e aeaenoaeth oao eee eiuo eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee,
iaeiaei, niiniaiinoue e oaeiio i?eniiniaeaieth o aieueiuo ethaeae iiae
aeeyieai iaoieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia iiaeao auoue cia/eoaeueii ineaaeaia.
Eeeiaoiea/aiea iicaieyao cia/eoaeueii iiauneoue i?eniiniaeoaeueiua
aiciiaeiinoe i?aaiecia /aeiaaea, iiauneoue aai noieeinoue ii ioiioaieth
e aeaenoaeth aiaoiae n?aaeu.
Oeaeue eeeiaoiea/aiey caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau aeiaeaaoueny
aeaaii?eyoiuo oeceieiae/aneeo ?aaeoeee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ii?iaeecaoeeth e
noeioee?iaaiea i?ioeannia aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecia.
A iniiaa oeceieiae/aneeo naeaeaia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo iiauoaiea
ianiaoeeoe/aneie ?acenoaioiinoe i?aaiecia, eaaeeo ii?iaeecaoeey ooieoeee
ia?aiie nenoaiu, iaiaiiuo i?ioeannia e iieacaoaeae ?aaeoeaiinoe
(Iiaieioeeay I.I., 1976).
Iniiaiui ea/aaiui oaeoi?ii i?e aicaeooiuo aaiiao yaeyaony aeice?iaaiiia
ioeaaeaeaiea. Iaie ioeaaeaeathuaa aeaenoaea aiaoiae n?aaeu ioeaiaii
iaoiaeii oaieiaiai aaeaina, /oi iicaieeei a aaeeiuo yia?aaoe/aneeo
aaeeieoeao (eeae/i2 /an) eiiieaeniia aeeyiea ia oaieiaia ninoiyiea
/aeiaaea ?acee/iuo iaoai?ieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ia. Auee ?ac?aaioaiu o?e
?aaeeia ea/aiey aicaeooiuie aaiiaie: uaaeyuee, uaaeyua-o?aie?othuee e
o?aie?othuee) iniiaaiiue ia o/aoa enoiaeiiai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey
i?aaiecia, oacu e noaaeee ?acaeoey iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, aa aeaea,
noaiaie, ii?oi-ooieoeeiiaeueiuo ?anno?ienoa, ninoiyiey o?aie?iaaiiinoe e
caeaeaiiinoe, eioaineaiinoe ioeaaeaeathuaai aeaenoaey aiaoiae n?aaeu e
oa?aeoa?a ioaaoiuo ?aaeoeee i?aaiecia ia yoi ioeaaeaeaiea (Iiaieioeeay
I.I. 1976).
I?e nieia/iuo aaiiao aaaeouei ea/aiui oaeoi?ii yaeyaony
aeieiae/aneia aicaeaenoaea nieia/iie oeueo?aoeieaoiaie ?aaeeaoeee
-aeiaeicu. A iniiaa iaoiaeeee aeice?iaaiey eaaeeo o/ao eioaineaiinoe
oeueo?aoeieaoiaie anoanoaaiiie y?eoaiiie ?aaeeaoeee e oaieiaiai aaeaina
/aeiaaea. Aeoeaiinoue y?eoaiiie nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee caaeneo io
eioaineaiinoe oeueo?aoeieaoiaie ?aaeeaoeee. Auaeaeaii o?e ?aaeeia
aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoe oeueo?aoeieaoiaie nieia/iie oeueo?aoeieaoiaie
?aaeeaoeee – aeiaeicu. A iniiaa iaoiaeeee aeice?iaaiey eaaeeo o/ao
eioaineaiinoe oeueo?aoeieaoiaie anoanoaaiiie y?eoaiiie ?aaeeaoeee e
oaieiaiai aaeaina /aeiaaea. Aeoeaiinoue y?eoaiiie nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee
caaeneo io eioaineaiinoe oeueo?aoeieaoiaie ?aaeeaoeee. Auaeaeaii o?e
?aaeeia aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoe oeueo?aoeieaoiaie nieia/iie ?aaeeaoeee:
neeueiie (auoa 240 iy?/i2), oia?aiiie (100-240 iy?/i2) e neaaie (80-163
iy?/i2).
I?iaaaeaiiua ia aieueoii /enea iaaethaeaoaeae enneaaeiaaiey oaieiaiai
aaeaina /aeiaaea ai a?aiy ay?iaaeeioa?aiee (E.O.Iiaeeiaa,
I.I.Iiaieioeeay, 1972, 1973, 1974) iicaieeee ?ac?aaioaoue
eeeiaoi-oeceieiae/aneoth eeanneoeeaoeeth oaieiauo ninoiyiee /aeiaaea a
?acee/iuo eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaeyo aiaoiae n?aaeu, a iniiaa eioi?ie eaaeeo
o/ao ieioiinoe oaieiaiai iioiea iaaeaeo iiaa?oiinoueth oaea aieueiiai e
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie i?e eeeiaoiea/aiee. Iniiaiuie caeiiiia?iinoyie
ay?iaaeeioa?aiee yaeythony:
1. Iiaoi?iia nenoaiaoe/aneia i?eiaiaiea iinoiyiii ia?anoathueo ii neea e
eioaineaiinoe iaa?ocie (ioeaaeaeaiey, oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai nieia/iiai
iaeo/aiey).
2. Iai?a?uaiinoue i?eiaiaiey eeeiaoiea/aaiuo i?ioeaaeo? aeey
iiaeaea?aeaiey e nio?aiaiey o?iaiy o?aie?iaaiiinoe e caeaeaiiinoe.
3. Iinoaiaiiinoue oaiiia ia?anoaiey ?acae?aaeaiee. Iaaeinoaoi/iua eee
ecauoi/iua iaa?ocee eneeth/aao yooaeo iieiaeeoaeueiiai aeaenoaey io
eeeiaoiea/aiey.
II. Ea/aaiay Oece/aneay eoeueoo?a ia eo?i?oa
Ea/aaiay oece/aneay eoeueoo?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ea/aaii-i?ioeeaeoe/aneee iaoiae, i?aaeoniao?eaathuee i?eiaiaiea n?aaenoa
oece/aneie eoeueoo?u e aieueiiio /aeiaaeo n oeaeueth aieaa auno?iai e
iieiiai ainnoaiiaeaiey caei?iauey e o?oaeiniiniaiinoe e
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey iineaaenoaee iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna. Iia yaeyaony
aaaeiui e iaycaoaeueiui eiiiiiaioii eiiieaeniie eo?i?oiie oa?aiee
aieueiuo ?acee/iuie caaieaaaieyie.
Ea/aaiay oeceoeueoo?a – iaoiae anoanoaaiii-aeieiae/aneiai niaea?aeaiey,
a iniiaa eioi?iai eaaeeo ananoi?iiiaa eniieueciaaiea iniiaiie
aeieiae/aneie ooieoeee aeeaiai i?aaiecia – ooieoeee aeaeaeaiey
(i?aaieciaaiiie a oi?ia oece/aneeo oi?aaeiaiee). Iia yaeyaony iaoiaeii
ianiaoeeoe/aneie, aeoeaiie, iaoiaaiaoe/aneie, ooieoeeiiaeueiie oa?aiee,
oae eae oece/aneea oi?aaeiaiey, niaa?oainoaoy ei??aeyoeeth
oeceieiae/aneeo iaoaieciia, a eiia/iii eoiaa iaoneaaeeaatho iiauoaiea
ooieoeeiiaeueiie aaeaioaoeee aieueiiai (Oaieei E.A., 1976).
A oneiaeyo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ea/aiey iaoiaeyo i?eiaiaiea
neaaeothuea iniiaiua e aniiiiaaoaeueiua oi?iu ea/aaiie oeceoeueoo?u.
1. Oo?aiiyy aeaeaie/aneay aeiianoeea i?aneaaeoao oeaee iauae o?aie?iaee
i?aaiecia, i?iaiaeeony a?oiiiaui iaoiaeii e aeeooa?aioee?oaony ii iauaio
iauae iaa?ocee.
Aeey iaeaieaa oyaeaeuo aieueiuo, a oaeaea aeey eeoe iiaeeeiai aic?anoa
oo?aiiyy aeaeaie/aneay aeiianoeea aeieaeia i?iaiaeeony iaeia?oiiiaui
iaoiaeii eee eiaeeaeaeoaeueii.
2. Ea/aaiay aeiianoeea yaeyaony iniiaiie oi?iie ea/aaiie oeceoeueoo?u e
i?iaiaeeony a?oiiiaui (12-18 /ae.), iaeia?oiiiaui (4-8 /ae.) e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui iaoiaeaie. A?oiiu ea/aaiie aeiianoeee aeieaeiu
oi?ie?iaaoueny no?iai ii iicieiae/aneiio i?eioeeio, a iauaaeeiaiea
aieueiuo ?aciuie caaieaaaieyie a iaeiie a?oiia neaaeoao n/eoaoue a?oaui
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-iaoiaee/aneei iaaei/aoii. Aeey eaaeaeiai caaieaaaiey
nouanoaotho /anoiua iaoiaeeee ea/aaiie aeiianoeee, aioo?e a?oiiu
inouanoaeyaony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay aeeooa?aioee?iaea iauae e niaoeeaeueiie
iaa?ocee.
Aeecei ii naiei caaea/ai e ea/aaiie aeiianoeea i?eiueaao ea/aaiay
aeiianoeea a aiaea, iiaeaiaeiia auoyaeaiea e iaoaiioa?aiey. A yoeo
oi?iao ea/aaiie oeceoeueoo?u iniaaiii y?ei i?aaenoaaeaii aeoeaiia
niaoeeaeueiia aicaeaenoaea.
3. Aeice?iaaiiua i?iaoeee e oa?aieo? i?aaenoaaeytho niaie oi?iu
anoanoaaiiiai ni/aoaiiiai aeaenoaey o?aie?othuaai e caeaeeaathuaai
oaeoi?ia.
4. Naiinoiyoaeueiua caiyoey oece/aneeie oi?aaeiaieyie ii caaeaieth
i?aaeoniao?eaatho iiiaie?aoiia (3-5 e aieaa ?ac a oa/aiea aeiy)
iiaoi?aiea aieueiuie ei?ioeiai eiiieaena niaoeeaeueiuo oi?aaeiaiee.
5. Nii?oeaiua oi?aaeiaiey e ea?u (euaeiua i?iaoeee, a?aaey, ieaaaiea,
aieaeaie, aaaeieioii, oaiien, ianoieueiue oaiien e ae?.) ieacuaatho a
iniiaiii iauao?aie?othuaa aeeyiea, aunieiyiioeeiiaeueiu e yaeythony
aniiiiaaoaeueiuie n?aaenoaaie ?anoe?aiey aeaeaaoaeueiiai ?aaeeia
aieueiuo.
III. Ea/aaiia ieoaiea
Aaaeiie ninoaaiie /anoueth eiiieaeniie eo?i?oiie oa?aiee yaeyaony
ea/aaiia ieoaiea. Oeaeue ea/aaiiai ieoaiey caeeth/aaony a iaania/aiee
oeceieiae/aneeo iio?aaiinoae i?aaiecia a ieuaauo aauanoaao e
ii?iaeecaoeee ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey ?acee/iuo i?aaiia e iaiaiiuo
i?ioeannia, ia?ooaiiuo a nayce n caaieaaaieai.
I?e eo?i?oiii ea/aiee aeeaoioa?aiey aeieaeia i?iaiaeeony a iieiii
niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiaie naaeaine?iaaiiiai ieoaiey. Yoio i?eioeei
i?eiaiyaony ia oieueei a ioiioaiee iniiaiuo eia?aaeeaioia ieue (aaeeia,
aee?ia, oaeaaiaeia), ii e aieiieeneio, aeoaieiia, iee?iyeaiaioia.
O/eouaaaony yia?aaoe/aneay oeaiiinoue ea/aaiiai noiea, a oaeaea
oeaeaniia?aciia ni/aoaiea aethae a eaaeaeii ec i?eaiia ieue.
A ea/aaiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo eo?i?oia iaeaieaa i?eaieaiui n/eoaaony ?aaeei
/aou?ao?aciaiai ieoaiey. Iaeiaei, ii iiaeao auoue eciaiai a caaeneiinoe
io oa?aeoa?a caaieaaaiey. Oae, iaeioi?ui aieueiui n caaieaaaieyie
i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey e iaiaia aauanoa (ycaaiiay aieaciue, o?iie/aneee
aano?eo, iaee?aiea, naoa?iue aeeaaao) iacia/aaony 5- eee 6-?aciaia
ieoaiea.
Aaeueiaiea/aiea e a?ycaaua i?ioeaaeo?u aeaeaoaeueii iacia/aoue nionoy
2-2,5 /ana iinea caao?aea. Ooaea iie ia?aiinyony iaiin?aaenoaaiii iinea
iaeeueiiai i?eaia ieue (Iaiaceaoaeee E.N.,1977).
Ana oi?iu ea/aaiie oece/aneie eoeueoo?u a oneiaeyo eo?i?oa
iauaaeeiythony a ?aieao o?ao, ioee/athueony iauaiii e eioaineaiinoueth,
oece/aneie aeoeaiinoueth aieueiuo, ?aaeeiii aeaeaeaiee: uaaeyuaai,
uaaeyua-o?aie?othuaai e o?aie?othuaai.
IV. Aioo?aiiaa i?eiaiaiea ieia?aeueiuo aiae
Iyoeai?ne yaeyaony iaeiei ec oieeaeueiuo eo?i?oia ii ?aciiia?aceth
ieia?aeueiuo enoi/ieeia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a Iyoeai?nea ian/eosaaaony
nauoa 40 eiioe?iaaiiuo neaaaeei e ieia?aeueiuo enoi/ieeia n ?acee/iuie
oeiaie ieia?aeueiuo aiae, aieaa 20 ec eioi?uo eniieuecothony a ea/aaiuo
oeaeyo (/anoue enoi/ieeia iaoiaeeony a ?aca?aa eee iiae iaaethaeaieai ca
?aaeeiii ianoi?iaeaeaiey).
A Iyoeai?nea eiathony aiaeu ?aciie ieia?aeecaoeee: iaeie (aiaeu a
iniiaiii ?aaeiiiauo enoi/ieeia), n?aaeiae (noeueoeaeiua e /anoue
oaeaeeneuo aiae) e aunieie (oaeaeeneua annaiooeneiai oeia).
Ana oeiu iyoeai?neeo ieia?aeueiuo aiae a niioaaonoaee n “Eeanneoeeaoeeae
iiaecaiiuo ieia?aeueiuo aiae” (Eaaiia A.A., Iaa?aaa A.A., 1964)
ioiinyony e 4 aaeueiaieiae/aneei a?oiiai (anaai a eeanneoeeaoeeiiiie
oaaeeoea 7 a?oii aiae), 3 ec eioi?uo – “oaeaeeneua”, “noeueoeaeiua” e
“?aaeiiiaua” – yaeythony iniiaiuie ea/aaiuie ieia?aeueiuie aiaeaie
eo?i?oa. *aoaa?oay a?oiia aiae “aac niaoeeoe/aneeo eiiiiiaioia” a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia eo?i?oa ia eniieuecoaony (E?eaiaieia I.O., Ineiia
TH.N., 1990).
Iyoeai?neea ieia?aeueiua aiaeu ii eiiiiio ninoaao ioiinyony e aiaeai
oei?eaeiui iao?eaaui (enoi/ieee ? 1,2,4,7,14,16,19, E?aniia?iaeneee
iiaue, oaieina?iua) e aeae?iea?aiiaoiui iao?eaaui (enoi/ieee ?
24,17,30,35). Ii niaea?aeaieth oaeaeeneiou (NI2) ieia?aeueiua aiaeu
Iyoeai?neiai eo?i?oa a aieueoeinoaa neaaioaeaeeneua (0,5-1,4 a/e) e
oaeaeeneua n?aaeiae eiioeaio?aoeee (nauoa 1,4 a/e). Naiia ieceia
niaea?aeaiea NI2 ioia/aaony a aiaea ?aaeiiiauo enoi/ieeia (aei 0,48
a/e), naiia aunieia – a aiaea neaaaeeiu ? 24 (1,72 a/e).
Noeueoeaeiua aiaeu Iyoeai?nea ioiinyony e neaainoeueoeaeiui –
niaea?aeaiea iauaai na?iaiaei?iaea niioaaonoaoao 10 ia/e, o.a. oie
ieieiaeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee, eiaaea ieia?aeueiua aiaeu iiaeii ioianoe e
noeueoeoeiui ea/aaiui aiaeai. Iniaaiiinoue noeueoeaeiuo aiae Iyoeai?nea
a oii, /oi iie neaaioaeaeeneua (NI2 0,70-1,2 a/e), ii eiiiiio ninoaao –
oei?eaeiua iao?eaaua, a iniiaiii n?aaeiae ieia?aeecaoeee (5,5 a/e), e
iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu ia oieueei aeey ia?oaeiiai i?eiaiaiey, ii e
aeey ieoueaaiai ea/aiey.
?aaeeiaeoeaiua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu ii niaea?aeaieth ?aaeiia ?acee/iu.
Eiathony aiaeu neaai?aaeiiiaua n eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia io 14 aei 25
iEe/e, ni n?aaeiae eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia – 70 iEe/e e auniei?aaeiiiaua
– 213 iEe/e. Ia Iyoeai?neii eo?i?oa ?aaeiiiaua aiaeu eniieuecothony
oieueei aeey aaeueiaieiae/aneeo i?ioeaaeo?.
Ii eiiiiio ninoaao ?aaeiiiaua aiaeu anao enoi/ieeia iaeiioeiiu, ii
n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie Iyoeai?neeie aiaeaie iie iaiaa ieia?aeece-?iaaiu
(1,3-A,8 a/e) e niaea?aeao ieieiaeueiia eiee/anoai oaeaeeneiou
(0,23-0,48 a/e).
Aaaeiia cia/aiea oeey oa?aeoa?enoeee ieia?aeueiie aiaeu eiaao aa
?aaeoeey – eeneioiinoue e uaei/iinoue, o.e. i?e ii?aaeaeaiiie aaee/eia
?I i?iyaeythony ea/aaiua naienoaa oao eee eiuo eiiiiiaioia aiaeu, a
/anoiinoe, na?iaiaei?iaea, e?aiiaaie eeneiou e o.ae. Aeey ieoueaaiai
ea/aiey, iai?eia?; i?aeiouanoai ioaeaaony neaaiuaei/iui ieia?aeueiui
aiaeai (?I – 7,2-6-8,5); eniieuecothony a yoeo oeaeyo e neaaieeneua
aiaeu (?I – 5,5-6,8), i?e iaa?aaaiee eioi?uo eciaiyaony ?aaeoeey ia
neaaiuaei/ioth.
Ana iyoeai?neea ieia?aeueiua aiaeu eiatho neaaieeneoth ?aaeoeeth (?I –
6,1-6,8).
Oaiia?aoo?a ieia?aeueiie aiaeu, eae e ae?oaea aa ninoaaeythuea, eiaao
aaaeiia cia/aiea eae oaeoi?, iiauoathuee eee nieaeathuee ea/aaiua
naienoaa aiaeu. I?e iiaeia?aaa eee ioeaaeaeaiee ieia?aeueiie aiaeu
i?ienoiaeeo eciaiaiea aa anoanoaaiiiai ninoaaa – niaea?aeaiea a aiaea
aacia, ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoe, ?I. A Iyoeai?nea eiathony aiaeu ?aciuo
oaiia?aoo?. Niioaaonoaaiii eeanneoeeaoeee iie aeaeyony ia 4 a?oiiu:
aiaeu oieiaeiua aei 200N (enoi/ieee ? 14,17,30,35), aiaeu oaieua
(neaaioa?iaeueiua) – 20-350N (enoi/ieee ? 1,4,7,24 e ?aaeiiiaua aiaeu
?aaeeiooieueie ? 2), aiaeu ai?y/ea (oa?iaeueiua) -36-420C (enoi/iee
E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue), aiaeu i/aiue ai?y/ea (aunieioa?iaeueiua) – auoa
42°N (noeueoeaeiua aiaeu e aiaea enoi/ieea ? 19).
Aeiy ioeaiee iniiaiuo e?eoa?eaa ea/aaiie ieia?aeueiie aiaeu, o.a. aa
oeceei-oeie/aneeo naienoa, eniieuecotho oi?ioeo, i?aaeeiaeaiioth
I.A.Eo?eiaui. Ii?yaeie iaienaiey oi?ioeu neaaeothuee: aia/aea
oeacuaaaony aaciaue ninoaa aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo aacia (NI2, e ae?.) a
a/e, caoai iauay ieia?aeecaoeey (I) a a/e. Eiiiue ninoaa aiaeu aeaaony a
aeaea ae?iae, aaea a /eneeoaea oeacuaathony aieiiu e a ciaiaiaoaea –
eaoeiiu, niaea?aeaiea eioi?uo ia ieaea 20% io noiiu yeaeaaeaioiuo iann
eiiia, i?e/ai a oi?ioea i?eaiaeyony ia iaiaa aeaoo aieiiia e eaoeiiia
iaeaieueoeo a eiee/anoaaiiii ioiioaiee. Iinea ae?iae oeacuaaaony ?I e
oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu (O a 0N). Aeey i?eia?a i?eaiaeeony oi?ioea iaienaiey
oeie/aneiai ninoaaa aiaeu Iyoeai?neiai enoi/ieea ? 7 ei. aeaaeaieea
E.I.Iaaeiaa:
Iieiay oa?aeoa?enoeea: aiaea neaaioaeaeeneay, iaeie ieia?aeecaoeee,
noeueoaoii-aeae?iea?aaiaoii-oei?eaeiay eaeueoeeaai-iao?eaaay,
neaaieeneay, oaieay.
Ieoueaaua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu Iyoeai?nea
Ii AINOo 13273-88 ieoueaaua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu ?acaeaeaiu ia o?e
a?aaeaoeee: ieoueaaua aiaeu (ieia?aeecaoeey aei 1 a/e), ieoueaaua
ea/aaii-noneiaua aiaeu (ieia?aeecaoeey io 1 aei 10 a/e), ieoueaaua
ea/aaiua aiaeu (ieia?aeecaoeey io 10 aei 15 a/e).
A Iyoeai?nea aeey ieoueaaiai ea/aiey eniieuecothony aeaa iineaaeiea
a?oiiu aiae, ioiinyueany ii oeie/aneiio ninoaao e “oaeaeeneui” aiaeai
(ni. i?eeiaeaiey 1 e 2).
Oaeaeeneua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu Iyoeai?nea (enoi/ieeia ? 1, 4, 7, 19, 24,
E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue) ecaeaaia iacuaaee “iyoeai?neeie ia?caiaie” e a
caaeneiinoe io oaiia?aoo?u aiaeu iiae?acaeaeyee ia oieiaeiue ia?cai (?
1), oaieua ia?caiu (? 4, 7, 24., E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue), ai?y/ee ia?cai
(? 19). Iiieii iyoeai?neeo ia?caiia eo?i?o ?aniieaaaao ieia?aeueiuie
aiaeaie annaiooeneiai oeia, oae iacuaaaiua “nieyii-unei/iua” aiaeu
Iyoeai?nea (enoi/ieee ? 14, 17, 30, 35). Yoe aiaeu oaeaea ioiinyony e
a?oiia “oaeaeeneao” aiae, ii ioee/athony io iyoeai?neeo ia?caiia
aieueoae ieia?aeecaoeeae. Aiaeu enoi/ieeii ? 14; 17 e 30 n
ieia?aeecaoeeae 9,9-10,5 a/e aeecee e aiaea Annaiooee ? 17, aiaea
enoi/ieea ? 35 n ieia?aeecaoeeae 7,7 a/e – e Annaiooee ? 4. A ioee/ea io
annaiooeneeo ieia?aeueiuo aiae iyoeai?neea “nieyii-uaei/iua” aiaeu
neaaioaeaeeneua e niaea?aeao iaaieueoia eiee/anoai noeue^aoii. Yoe ciaeu
ioiinyony e oieiaeiui e iiaeia?aaathony a athaaoa.
Noeueoeaeiua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu, eniieuecoaiua aeey aioo?aiiaai
i?eiaiaiey (ieouea, eeoa/iua i?ioeaaeo?u e ae?.), i?aaenoaaeaiu o?aiy
enoi/ieeaie – ea?iiioianeiai ? 2, ? 16, ? 20. Aiaeu enoi/ieeia ? 2 e ?
16 ii ieia?aeecaoeee e ii eiiiiio ninoaao eaeaioe/iu iyoeai?neei
ia?caiai, ioee/athony iie io ieo oieueei iaee/eai a naiai ninoaaa
iaaieueoiai eiee/anoaa na?iaiaei?iaea. – aei 10 ia/e. Ianeieueei
iainiaeaii noieo noeueoeaeiay aiaea enoi/ieea ? 20. Niaea?aeaiea
na?iaiaei?iaea a aiaea yoiai enoi/ieea ii/oe a 8 ?ac (77 ia/e) auoa, /ai
a aiaeao enoi/ieeia ? 2 e ? 16. Ii ieia?aeecaoeee iie aeeaea e aiaeai
annaiooeneiai oeia (10,7 a/e). Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie aiaea enoi/ieea ?
20 oe?iei i?eiaiyeanue i?e ?acee/iuo aieaciyo i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey (e?iia
caaieaaaiee ia/aie aaeaeo aieueoiai niaea?aeaiey na?iaiaei?iaea),
iaeiaei a 1988 aiaeo naiieceea yoie aiaeu i?ae?aoeeny e aeey ieoueaaiai
ea/aiey a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eniieuecothony oieueei aiaeu enoi/ieeia ? 2 e
? 16.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?inoaiaiiua iaoiaeu aioo?aiiaai i?eiaiaiey
ieia?aeueiuo aiae – yoi ieoueaaia ea/aiea, i?iiuaaiea aeaeoaeea e
eeoa/ieea, aeoiaeaiaeueiia i?ioaiea e ae?.
Ieoueaaia ea/aiea yaeyaony iniiaiui iaoiaeii oa?aiee i?e caaieaaaieyo
i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey, iaiaia aauanoa, ii/ae e ii/aauaiaeyueo iooae.
A AeAIIII ?AOA?AOA ?ANNIAO?EAAAI EO EAE NIIOONOAOTHUEA AIEACIE O
AIEUeIUO N CAAIEAAAIEssIE III?II-AeAEAAOAEUeIIAI AIIA?AOA.
Aeaenoaea ieoueaauo ieia?aeueiuo aiae ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea caaeneo io eo
oeceei-oeie/aneeo naienoa. Iai?eia?, aiaeu iaeie ieia?aeecaoeee
cia/eoaeueii auno?aa yaaeoe?othony ec aeaeoaeea e auno?aa ananuaathony a
eeoa/ieea, /ai aiaeu n?aaeiae e aunieie ieia?aeecaoeee e o ieo aieaa
au?aaeai aeeo?aoe/aneee yooaeo.
Aiaeu aea aieueoae ieia?aeecaoeee (n?aaeiae e aunieie) iaaeeaiii
ananuaathony a eeoa/ieea, ?acae?aaeatho ?aoeaioi?u neecenoie iaiei/ee e
oai naiui oneeeaatho ia?enoaeueoeeo e aeaenoaotho iineaaeythua.
Oaeia aea cia/aiea eiaao e oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu: ec aeaeoaeea a eeoa/iee
i?ienoiaeeo auno?aa, /ai oaieie e ai?y/ae. Iiae aeaenoaeai oieiaeiie
aiaeu oneeeaaaony ia?enoaeueoeea eeoa/ieea e oaeaea i?iyaeyaony
iineaaeythuaa aeaenoaea.
Oaieua e ai?y/ea eiaeu ananuaathony auno?aa, ?anneaaeytho ioneoeaoo?o
aeaeoaeea, eeoa/ieea, aeae/iuo iooae, nieiatho niaci noeieoa?a Iaeaee.
Iau/ii aieueiua n caaieaaaieyie i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey n
iaeeiiiinoueth e /anoui iaino?aieyi eo/oa anaai ia?aiinyo i?eai oaieuo
eee ai?y/eo ieia?aeueiuo aiae (a i?aaeaeao 21-420N), e eioi?ui ioiinyony
ciaei Iyoeai?neeo enoi/ieeia ? I, ? 4, ? 7, ? 24, E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue.
I?aeiouanoai yoeo aiae aua e a oii, /oi iie eiatho iaaieueooth
ieia?aeecaoeeth e iiyoiio ia iaeaaeatho au?aaeaiiui ?acae?aaeathuei
aeaenoaeai.
Aiaeu aunieioa?iaeueiua (i/aiue ai?y/ea), oaeea, eae aiaeu
enoi/ieeia ? 16 e ? 19, e aiaeu oieiaeiua – enoi/ieeia ? 14, ? 17, ? 30
e ? 35 (iineaaeiea eiatho oaeaea e aieueooth ieia?aeecaoeeth)
?aeiiaiaeoaony i?eiaiyoue i?e caaieaaaieyo i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey
iaoyaeaeiai oa/aiey, a oaca iieiie ?aiennee iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna.
Oece/aneea, oeie/aneea e aeieiae/aneea naienoaa ieia?aeueiie aiaeu
ieacuaatho ?aoeaeoi?iia aeaenoaea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea, eioi?ia
?aaeecoaony iae?iaoii?aeueiui iooai, i?e yoii aeoeaiia o/anoea
i?eieiatho ei?a e iiaeei?eiaua ia?aciaaiey aieiaiiai iicaa. Noaiaiue
?aaeoeee ia i?eai ieia?aeueiie aiaeu caaeneo io oeia aiaeu. A
caaeneiinoe io oeie/aneiai ninoaaa ieoueaaie ieia?aeueiie aiaeu a
i?aaiecia i?ienoiaeyo eciaiaiey iaeioi?uo oeceieiae/aneeo eiinoaio
(iniioe/aneia aeaaeaiea, eiiiue ninoaa, ?I n?aaeu), /oi ieacuaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiia aeeyiea ia aiaeii-nieaaie iaiai e iaiai iee?iyeaiaioia.
Iiae aeeyieai aioo?aiiaai i?eiaiaiey ieia?aeueiuo aiae caiaoii
oeo/oaaony ii?oiooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea iiiaeo i?aaiia e nenoai. A
/anoiinoe, i?e caaieaaaieyo aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa i?ienoiaeyo
aeaaii?eyoiua naeaeae a nae?aoi?iie e iioi?iie ooieoeeyo, oeo/oaaony
e?iaiia?auaiea e o?ioeea neecenoie iaiei/ee aeaeoaeea e eeoa/ieea,
aneaaenoaea /aai oiaiueoathony ainiaeeoaeueiua yaeaiey, ianooiaao
yieoaeecaoeey yca e y?icee. I?e aaiaoiaeeea?iie iaoieiaee oeo/oathony
ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea ia/aie, aeae/aioaeaeaiea, oeceei-oeie/aneea
naienoaa aeae/e, oiaiueoathony ainiaeeoaeueiua e aeeneeiaoe/aneea
yaeaiey a aeae/iuo iooyo.
Ieoueaaua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu ieacuaatho oaeaea caiaoiia aeeyiea ia
aiaoianae?aoi?ioth e aioo?enae?aoi?ioth ooieoeee iiaeaeaeoaei/iie
aeaeacu.
I?e o?iie/aneeo iaie?aaoeoao e naoa?iii aeeaaaoa iie ii?iaeecotho
aeoeaiinoue iaie?aaoe/aneeo oa?iaioia a aeoiaeaiaeueiii niaea?aeeiii e
a e?iae, noeioee?otho nae?aoeeth ai?iiiia, a /anoiinoe, einoeeia,
aetheaaiia e ae?., /oi niinianoaoao eiiiainaoeee iaoieiae/aneiai
i?ioeanna i?e yoeo caaieaaaieyo.
I?e aieaciyo ii/aauaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu (o?iie/aneee ieaeiiao?eo,
oeenoeo, ii/aeaiaiiay aieaciue) ieoueaaua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu
oaaee/eaatho aeeo?ac, niinianoaotho ?anoai?aieth e auaaaeaieth ec
ii/aauo iooae ainiaeeoaeueiuo yeaiaioia, a oaeaea ianea, iaeeeo
eiie?aiiioia e o.i.
Iaoiaeeea ieoueaaiai ea/aiey
Ieoueaaia ea/aiea iacia/aaony aeeooa?aioee?iaaiii n o/aoii oa?aeoa?a
iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna, oeceei-oeie/aneeo naienoa ieia?aeueiie aiaeu
e nae?aoi?iie aeayoaeueiinoe aeaeoiea. Eae ecaanoii, eeanne/aneay
iaoiaeeea ea/aiey ieoueaauie ieia?aeueiuie aiaeaie a iniiaiii
ii?aaeaeyeanue i?aaenoaaeaieai ia eo aeaenoaee ia aeaeoaei/ioth
nae?aoeeth. I?iieeiiaaiea yoeo eaeae a eo?i?oieiaeth auei naycaii n
yenea?eiaioaeueiuie enneaaeiaaieyie ia oenooeueiuo niaaeao nio?oaeieeia
eaai?aoi?ee E.I.Iaaeiaa, iieacaaoea, /oi uaei/iua ?anoai?u, aaaaeaiiua a
aeaeoaeie, aucuaatho oneeaiea nae?aoeee nieyiie eeneiou aeaeoaei/iiai
niea (ieei?e/aneia aeaenoaea), a a aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noioth eeoeo –
oi?iiaeaiea (aeoiaeaiaeueiia aeaenoaea). Yoe oaeoi?u iineoaeeee
iniiaaieai aeey iacia/aiey ieoueaauo ieia?aeueiuo aiae ca 15-30 ieioo
aei aaeu i?e aeiaoeeaeiuo e ca 60-90 ieioo – i?e aeia?aoeeaeiuo
ninoiyieyo.
Ii ni a?aiaiai noaee iaeaieeaaoueny aeaiiua, ia oeeaaeuaathueany a coo
noaio. Oae, i?e caaieaaaieyo aeaeoaeea, i?ioaeathueo n aeia?nae?aoi?iuie
ia?ooaieyie (ycaaiiyy aieaciue 12-ia?noiie eeoee, o?iie/aneee aano?eo,
aano?iaeoiaeaieo), i?e i?eaia aiaeu ca 60-90 ieioo aei aaeo ia anaaaea
auyaeyaony oi?iiciie yooaeo, i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee aeaiiua
eio?aaano?aeueiie ?I-iao?ee – iinea e?aoeia?aiaiiiai ia 10-20 ieioo
iuaea/eaaiey eeneioiinoue aeaeoaei/iiai niaea?aeeiiai aiiaue iiauoaeanue
e nio?aiyeanue ia aunieeo iieacaoaeyo ia?aaeei a oa/aiea anaai ia?eiaea
enneaaeiaaiey 90-120 ieioo. Yoei iiaeii iauynieoue ieiooth
ia?aiineiinoue iaeioi?uie aieueiuie ieoueaaiai ea/aiey – aeeeoaeueiue
iieooi?a/aniaie ia?a?ua iaaeaeo i?eaiaie ieia?aeueiie aiaeu e ieue
aucuaaee o ieo iiyaeaiea aieae a iiaeaeaeoaei/iie iaeanoe e
aeeniaine/aneeo ?ano?ienoa, a a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo e iaino?aiea
caaieaaaiey. Iniaaiii /anoi yoi iaaethaeaeinue a oaca caoooathuaai
iaino?aiey iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna. Iiyoiio n/eoaoue, /oi aeaenoaea
ieia?aeueiie aiaeu i?e aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueiie iaoieiaee i?iyaeyaony
oieueei /a?ac ianoiua ?aaoeyoi?iua iaoaieciu (aeoiaeaiaeueiue yooaeo),
yaii iaaeinoaoi/ii. A iineaaeiea aiaeu aieueoia aieiaiea noaei
oaeaeyoueny iieneo oaeeo ?aaoeyoi?iuo nenoai, eioi?ua naycuaaee au a
aaeeioth oeaiue ana ?aaeoeee ieuaaa?eoaeueiie nenoaiu. Oaeie nenoaiie,
eae iieacaee enneaaeiaaiey, yaeyaony aano?iyioa?iiaie?aaoe/aneay
yiaeie?eiiay nenoaia i?aaiecia, neioace?othuay ieiei 80% anao ai?iiiia,
a oii /enea oaeea aaaeiua aeey ii?iaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia
ieuaaa?aiey ai?iiiu, eae aano?ei, nae?aoei, oieaoeenoieeiei, einoeei,
aetheiaii e ae?oaea.
Aeaenoaea ieia?aeueiuo aiae ia ?aaoee?othuea iaoaieciu ?aciuo ioaeaeia
aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa\, i?iyaeyaony iin?aaenoaii ei??aeoeee
aeayoaeueiinoe eiaiii yoie yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu e niioaaonoaaiii
ei??aeoeee o?iaiy eioanoeiaeueiuo e iaie?aaoe/aneeo ai?iiiia, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai ainnoaiaaeeaathony ia?ooaiiua aieaciueth
ooieoeeiiaeueiua acaeiinayce a ieuaaa?eoaeueiie nenoaia: nieaeaaony
aeoeaiinoue aa?anneaiiai eeneioii-iaoe/aneiai oaeoi?a, iiauoaaony
au?aaioea aio?aeueiui ioaeaeii aeaeoaeea neece n aa caueoiuie
naienoaaie, niea iiaeaeaeoaei/iie aeaeacu, i?iaeoeoeey aeea?aiiaoia,
eeoa/iuo oa?iaioia, aeae/e, oiaiueoaaony caeeneaiea 12-ia?noiie eeoee.
Noeioeyoeey nae?aoeee eioanoeiaeueiuo ai?iiiia, a /anoiinoe, aano?eia,
i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth ?aaeiia?iiai e?iaiia?auaiey e oneeaieth
o?ioe/aneeo i?ioeannia a oeaiyo aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa, ia/aie e
ae?.
Noeioee?othuaa aeeyiea ieia?aeueiuo aiae ia nae?aoeeth ai?iiiia caaeneo
io noaiaie ieia?aeecaoeee aiaeu e aa eiiiiai ninoaaa. Iii oaaee/eaaaony
ia?aeeaeueii iiauoaieth iauae ieia?aeecaoeee e i?aiaeaaeaieth a aiaea
eiiia aeae?iea?aiiaoa e iao?ey. N?aaee ieoueaauo ieia?aeueiuo aiae,
i?eiaiyaiuo i?e caaieaaaieyo i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey, aeae?iea?aiiaoiua
iao?eaaua aiaeu caieiatho aaaeouaa ianoi. Ia eo?i?oao EIA e iei
ioiinyony annaiooeneea e aeaeaciiaiaeneea oeiu aiae. A Iyoeai?nea yoe
oeiu aiae i?aaenoaaeaiu “nieyii-uaei/iuie” aiaeaie e io/anoe
iyoeai?neeie “ia?caiaie”.
N oeaeueth iieo/aiey iaeneiaeueiiai yooaeoa io ieoueaaiai ea/aiey
ieia?aeueioth aiaeo iacia/atho aei aaeu. I?e oaeie iaoiaeeea iaeaieaa
iieii ?aaeecoaony aanue eiiieaen ?aaeoeee ia ieoueaaia aicaeaenoaea.
O/eouaatho i?e yoii, /oi ieoueaaia aicaeaenoaea oai eioaineaiaa, /ai
auoa ieia?aeecaoeey ea/aaiie aiaeu e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiaa eioa?aae a?aiaie
iaaeaeo i?eaiii aiaeu e ieue. Iaeiaei i?eai aunieiieia?aeeciaaiiie
ieia?aeueiie aiaeu e oaeeeiaiea eioa?aaea a?aiaie iaaeaeo i?eaiaie aiaeu
e ieue aei 1,5 /ana iiaeao auoue ?aeiiaiaeiaaii eeoue i?e ionoonoaee
aeoeaiinoe iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna a aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueiie nenoaia,
o.a. oaca iieiie ?aiennee caaieaaaiey. I?e aeoeaiii aea iaoieiae/aneii
i?ioeanna, iai?eia?, a oaca caoooathuaai iaino?aiey e ia?aaeei a oaca
iaiieiie ?aiennee ycaaiiie aieacie o?aaoaony, iaiai?io, ineaaeaiea
ieoueaaiai aicaeaenoaey aaeaeo iianiinoe aicieeiiaaiey iaino?aiey.
Aeinoeaaaony iii, ai-ia?auo, iacia/aiiui a yoeo oacao ea/aaiuo aiae n
iaiueoae ieia?aeecaoeeae (oeia aeaeaciiaiaeneeo eee iyoeai?neeo
“ia?caiia”) e, ai-aoi?uo, nie?auaieai eioa?aaea a?aiaie iaaeaeo i?eaiii
aiaeu e ieue aei 30 ieioo, Iaeiieia?aeeciaaiiua aiaeu, a ioee/ea io aiae
n aieueoae ieia?aeecaoeeae, ia iaeaaeatho au?aaeaiiui
aano?eiinoeioee?othuei aeaenoaeai e ia aucuaatho /?acia?iiai iiauoaiey
aeoeaiinoe aeaeoaei/iie nae?aoeee, a i?eai ieue nionoy 30 ieioo iinea
i?eaia aiaeu (ia aunioa eeneioiia?aciaaiey), a naith i/a?aaeue,
iicaieyao ecaaaeaoue aeeeoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey aeoeaiiai aeaeoaei/iiai
niea ia ainiaeeoaeueii-eciaiaiioth neecenooth iaiei/eo
aano?iaeioaeaiaeueiie ciiu, oae eae ieua, iaeaaeathuay aooaoiuie
naienoaaie, nayaeao /anoue naiaiaeiie nieyiie eeneiou e oai naiui
i?aaeioa?aoeo iaaaoeaiia aeeyiea iineaaeiae.
I?e aeiaoeeaeiuo ninoiyieyo, iai?eia?, i?e o?iie/aneii aano?eoa n
nae?aoiie iaaeinoaoi/iinoueth, iaoiaeeea ieoueaaiai ea/aiey ia
i?aoa?iaea eciaiaiee – ieia?aeueiay aiaea iacia/aaony oae aea, eae yoi
aeaeaeinue e i?aaeaea – ca 15-30 ieioo aei i?eaia ieue. Iauyniyaony yoi
neaaeothuei: i?e aeiaoeeaeiuo ninoiyieyo aeai?anney aeaeoaei/iie
nae?aoeee aanueia noieeay, oae eae iau/ii naycaia ni cia/eoaeueiuie
ii?oiooieoeeiiaeueiuie eciaiaieyie a neecenoie iaiei/ea aeaeoaeea,
aneaaenoaea /aai noeioee?othuee yooaeo ieia?aeueiie aiaeu iaaeinoaoi/ii
au?aaeai, o?iaaiue eeneioiinoe aeaeoaei/iiai niaea?aeeiiai iinea
noeioeyoeee iiauoaaony iacia/eoaeueii e ia ei?ioeia a?aiy – iau/ii ia
15-30 ieioo. Ii aeaaea yoio e?aoeia?aiaiiue iiaeuai aeaeoaei/iie
nae?aoeee eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ii?iaeueiiai i?ioeanna
ieuaaa?aiey. A aeaiiii neo/aa ii ea?aao ?ieue eae au ioneiaiai iaoaiecia
aeaaiuo ieuaaa?eoaeueiuo aeaeac – iiauoaaony nae?aoeey e aeoeaiinoue
ieuaaa?eoaeueiuo oa?iaioia, aeae/e, niea, iiaeaeaeoei/iie aeaeacu e o.i.
Iiyoiio ieuo ?aeiiaiaeotho i?eieiaoue eiaiii a ia?eiae iaeaieueoae
nae?aoi?iie aeoeaiinoe aeaeoaeea, eioi?ue, eae iu ioia/aee auoa,
iaaethaeaaony nionoy 15-30 ieioo iinea i?eaia ieia?aeueiie aiaeu.
N oeaeueth iiauoaiey eioaineaiinoe ieoueaaiai aicaeaenoaey ieia?aeueiay
aiaea i?e aeiaoeaeiuo ninoiyieyo iacia/aaony aieueoae ieia?aeecaoeee –
oeia annaiooeneeo (a oneiaeyo Iyoeai?neiai eo?i?oa aiaeu enoi/ieeia ?
14, 17, 30, 35), anee, eiia/ii, e i?eiaiaieth oaeeo aiae iao
i?ioeaiiieacaiee (aano?iaaiiua eieeou, o?iie/aneee ?aoeeaeeae?othuee
iaie?aaoeo, eaeueeoeaciue oieaoeenoeo, ii/aeaiaiiay aieaciue,
o?iie/aneee ieaeiiao?eo e o.i.).
Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e ieoueaaii ea/aiee, iiieii auoaoeacaiiuo oaeoi?ia,
eiaao oaeaea ?aciaay aeica i?eaia ieia?aeueiie aiaeu. I?e caaieaaaieyo
i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey aiaea iau/ii iacia/aaony ec ?an/aoa 3-3,5 ie ia 1 ea
aana aieueiiai, i?e caaieaaaieyo ii/aauaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu yoa aeica
eiiaaea oaaee/eaaaony aei 5 ie/ea, ii neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi eae
?aciaay, oae e nooi/iay aeica i?eaia ieia?aeueiie aiaeu aanueia
aa?eaaaeueia, iia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony a?a/ii a caaeneiinoe io
iicieiae/aneie oi?iu aieacie, oa?aeoa?a oa/aiey, ineiaeiaiee e
niioonoaothueo caaieaaaiee. A /anoiinoe, a oaca caoooathuaai iaino?aiey
eee iaiieiie ?aiennee caaieaaaiee i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey, i?e ioaeao e o.i.
ieia?aeueiay aiaea iacia/aaony a iaaieueoeo eiee/anoaao 1/4-1/3-1/2
?aciaie aeicu e n nie?auaieai /enea i?eaiia aei 1-2 ?ac a nooee n
iineaaeothuei oaaee/aieai aeicu e /anoiou i?eaia ii ia?a oeo/oaiey
ninoiyiey aieueiiai.
Iiieii ieoueaaiai ea/aiey nouanoaotho e ae?oaea iaoiaeu aioo?aiiaai
i?eiaiaiey ieia?aeueiuo aiae. Ia eo?i?oa iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecothony:
– i?iiuaaiea aeaeoaeea ieia?aeueiie aiaeie – i?e ia?ooaiee yaaeoaoeee ec
aeaeoaeea ieue aneaaenoaea aoiiee aeaeoaeea, niacia eee noaiica
i?ea?aoieea, i?e o?iie/aneeo aano?eoao e o.i.;
– aeoiaeaiaeueiia i?ioaiea ieia?aeueiie aiaeie – i?e ainiaeeoaeueiuo
i?ioeannao a 12-ia?noiie eeoea e n oeaeueth oeo/oaiey aeae/aioaeaeaiey;
– neoiiiua i?iiuaaiey eeoa/ieea ieia?aeueiie aiaeie – i?e aeenooieoeeyo
eeoa/ieea, o?iie/aneeo iaycaaiiuo eieeoao, nii?iaiaeaeathueony caii?aie
e o.ae.;
– iee?ieeeciu n ieia?aeueiie aiaeie – i?e o?iie/aneeo nianoe/aneeo
eieeoao, caii?ao, aaii??ia e ae?.;
– aeaaaeeuiua i?ioaiey – i?e o?iie/aneeo ainiaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeannao e
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo ia?ooaieyo iieiaie noa?u;
– i?ioaiea neecenoie iaiei/ee iieinoe ?oa, aeioee, aeanai – i?e
aeiaeaeoao, aeinneoao, noiiaoeoao, ia?aaeiioicao, oa?eiaeoao e o.ae.
Aeey i?iiuaaiee aeaeoaeea e aeoiaeaiaeueiuo i?ioaiee /aua anaai a
oneiaeyo Iyoeai?nea eniieuecothony oaeaeeneua ieia?aeueiua aiaeu, aeey
eeoa/iuo e aeaaaeeuiuo i?ioeaaeo? – noeueoeaeiua eee ?aaeiiiaua aiaeu.
A oneiaeyo Iyoeai?neiai eo?i?oa, aaea eiaaony aieueoia eiee/anoai
enoi/ieeia n ieia?aeueiuie aiaeaie ?acee/iiai oeceei-oeie/aneiai ninoaaa
iniiaiui i?eioeeiii auai?a aeieaeia auoue iicieiae/aneay oi?ia e
oyaeanoue aai oa/aiey.
Enoiaey ec yoiai, i?e iaoieiaee aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueiie nenoaiu,
i?ioaeathuae n aeia?nae?aoeeae (ycaaiiay aieaciue, aano?iaeoiaeaieou,
o?iie/aneea aano?eou) a oaca caoooathuaai iaino?aiey, ieia?aeueiua aiaeu
iacia/athony iaeie ieia?aeecaoeee (iyoeai?neea “ia?caiu”) e ca 30 ieioo
aei i?eaia ieue, a oaca ?aiennee – ca 60-90 ieioo;
– i?e o?iie/aneeo aeiaoeeaeiuo aano?eoao a noaaeee eiiiainaoeee
eniieuecothony ieia?aeueiua aiaeu aieueoae ieia?aeecaoeee
(“nieyii-uaei/iua” aiaeu enoi/ieeia ? 14, 17, 30, 35);
– i?e o?iie/aneeo ia?nenoe?othueo aaiaoeoao, iaeaeueeoeaciuo
oieaoeenoeoao, aeeneeiaceyo aeae/iuo iooae (aia iaino?aiey) – aiciiaeii
i?eiaiaiea eae oaeaeeneuo (“ia?caiu” e “nieyii-uaei/iua”), oae e
noeueoeaeiuo aiae; i?e o?iie/aneeo aaiaoeoao e inoaoi/iuo yaeaieyo
ae?oniiai aaiaoeoa n i?eciaeaie aeoeaiinoe i?ioeanna neaaeoao
aicaea?aeaoueny io aioo?aiiaai iacia/aiey noeueoeaeiuao aiae,
?aeiiaiaeothony aiaeu enoi/ieeia ? 1, 4, 7, E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue;
– i?e o?iie/aneeo iaie?aaoeoao i?aaeii/oeoaeueii i?eiaiyoue oaeaeeneua
iaeiieia?aeeciaaiiua neaai-oa?iaeueiua e oa?iaeueiua aiaeu (eno. ? 1, 4,
7, 24, E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue);
– i?e o?iie/aneeo eieeoao e yioa?ieieeoao n iaeeiiiinoueth e iiiinai
iacia/athony iaeiieia?aeeciaaiiua oa?iaeueiua e aunieioa?iaeueiua
ieia?aeueiua aiaeu (eno. ? 19, E?aniia?iaeneee iiaue); i?e eieeoao e
aeeneeiaceyo eeoa/ieea n neiae?iiii caii?a – aiaeu n aieueoae
ieia?aeecaoeeae (eno. ? 14, 17, 30, 35) a oieiaeiii eee oaieii aeaea;
– i?e naoa?iii aeeaaaoa i?aaeii/oeoaeueii i?eiaiyoue aiaeu annaiooeneiai
oeia (eno. ? 14, 17, 30, 35) oaea ai?iae?iaaiiua i?e yoii caaieaaaiee;
– i?e iaee?aiee iacia/atho aiaeu iaeie ieia?aeecaoeee (iyoeai?neea
“ia?caiu”);
– i?e caaieaaaieyo ii/aauaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu – ?aeiiaiaeothony aiaeu
iaeie ieia?aeecaoeee e n iaiueoei niaea?aeaieai oei?a (eno..”.’ 24).
Ia?oaeiia i?eiaiaiea ieia?aeueiuo aiae
Ieia?aeueiua aiaeu iiieii aioo?aiiaai i?eiaiaiey oe?iei eniieuecothony e
aeey aaeueiaieiae/aneiai ea/aiey. Ia Iyoeai?neii eo?i?oa a yoeo oeaeyo
i?eiaiythony noeueoeaeiua e ?aaeiiiaua aiaeu.
Aeaenoaea ieia?aeueiuo aiae i?e ia?oaeiii i?eiaiaiee iaoneiaeaii
oeie/aneei, oa?ie/aneei e iaoaie/aneei oaeoi?aie.
Oeie/aneee oaeoi? – iniiaiie, ii aieaa anaai n?aaee ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia
oa?aeoa?ecoao ea/aaiia aeaenoaea ieia?aeueiuo aiae.
I?e iiiaiia?acee oeie/aneeo eia?aaeeaioia ieia?aeueiie aiaeu iaeei ec
ieo a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa ii?aaeaeyao niaoeeoeeo aa aeaenoaey
i?e aaeueiaioa?aiee. Iai?eia?, o noeueoeaeiuo e ?aaeiiiauo aiae
Iyoeai?nea, ianiio?y ia iaee/ea a eo ninoaaa ae?oaeo oeie/aneeo aauanoa,
ii?aaeaeythueie oaeoi?aie aoaeoo, niioaaonoaaiii, na?iaiaei?iae e
?aaeii.
Ieia?aeueiua aiaeu i?e ia?oaeiii i?eiaiaiee ieacuaatho ia i?aaieci
/aeiaaea ieiiainoi?iiiaa aeaenoaea. I?e i?eaia aaii ieia?aeueiay aiaea a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue anooiaao a eiioaeo n eiaeae, eiathuae iaoe?iia
?aoeaioi?iia iiea, /a?ac eioi?ia ?acae?aaeaiea aiaoiae n?aaeu
ia?aaeaaony a niioaaonoaothuea ia?aiua oeaio?u.
Iiieii iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey ia eiaeo ?yae eia?aaeeaioia
ieia?aeueiie aiaeu /a?ac eiaeiua iie?iau e n aaeuoaaiui aicaeooii
i?iieeatho ai aioo?aiiea n?aaeu i?aaiecia e aucuaatho ?acae?aaeaiea
eioa?i?aoeaioi?ia aioo?aiieo i?aaiia. Noiiaoeey ?acae?aaeaiee, a oii
/enea e aucuaaaiuo oa?ie/aneeie e iaoaie/aneeie oaeoi?aie, i?e
i?eiaiaiee ieia?aeueiuo aaii iaoneaaeeaaao eiiieaenioth ioaaoioth
?aaeoeeth anaai i?aaiecia ia yoe ?acae?aaeeoaee.
Oa?ie/aneee yooaeo ieia?aeueiie aiaeu oaeaea eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e
aaeueiaioa?aiee. Ia eo?i?oao aeey ieia?aeueiuo aaii iau/ii i?eiaiythony
aiaeu eiaeeooa?aioiie oaiia?aoo?u – 35-360N. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?e i?eaia
ieia?aeueiuo aaii oaiia?aoo?u 36-37°N i?ienoiaeeo oneeaiea ianoiiai
e?iaiia?auaiey a eiaea e iiauoaiea aa oaiia?aoo?u ia 0,7-2,20N, a oaeaea
oaaee/aiea iiaeiuaiey oeaiyie eenei?iaea. Noaiaiue yoeo ?aaeoeee a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaeneo io oeie/aneiai ninoaaa ieia?aeueiie aiaeu.
I?e i?eaia oaeaeeneuo e noeueoeaeiuo aaii oaiia?aoo?u 36-370N yoe
yaeaiey au?aaeaiu ai?acaei aieueoa, /ai i?e i?eaia ?aaeiiiauo e i?aniuo
aaii, i?e/ai ?acee/ea a eo aeaenoaee oai cia/eoaeueiaa, /ai aieueoa
?acieoea a oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu.
A ?yaea neo/aaa, i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo iieacaieyo, i?eiaiytho aaiiu ieceeo e
aunieeo oaiia?aoo?. Iaeiaei neaaeoao iiiieoue, /oi eae oieiaeiua, oae e
ai?y/ea aiaeiea/aaiua i?ioeaaeo?u aeey i?aaiecia /aeiaaea aanueia
iaa?oci/iu, iie a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue i?aaeuyaeytho iiauoaiiua o?aaiaaiey
e nenoaia e?iaiia?auaiey, e iiyoiio a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa eo
iacia/aiea niaeanoaony n iauei ninoiyieai aieueiiai.
Iaoaie/aneee oaeoi? i?e ia?oaeiii i?eiaiaiee ieia?aeueiuo aiae oaeaea
eiaao iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea. Ai a?aiy i?eaia aaii iiae aeeyieai
aeae?inoaoe/aneiai aeaaeaiey a i?aaiecia i?ienoiaeeo ?yae eciaiaiee, a
/anoiinoe, a caaeneiinoe io noaiaie iia?oaeaiey a aiaeo oiai eee eiiai
o/anoea oaea eciaiyaony niioaaonoaaiii aaee/eia e?iaioiea, /anoioa
aeuoaiey e o.ae. Aiaea ieacuaaao iaoaie/aneia aicaeaenoaea ia
iiaa?oiinoue oaea /aeiaaea. Iii iiaeao auoue oia?aiiui a aeaea
aeae?iiannaaea i?e aicaeaenoaee ia eiaeo iocu?ueeia aaca i?e i?eaia
aaiiu, eee aea eioaineaiui – i?e i?eiaiaiee aeae?ii?ioeaaeo? a aeaea
aeooae (aeoo Oa?ei, iiaeaiaeiue aeoo-iannaae, aea?aoeeiiiue iannaae e
ae?.).
A ea/aaiuo oeaeyo ia eo?i?oao oe?iei eniieuecothony oaeaea aannaeiu ec
i?aniie e ieia?aeueiie aiaeu. A nayce n oai, /oi a aiaea cia/eoaeueii
iaeaa/athony aeaeaeaiey, aannaeiu iniaaiii iieacaiu aieueiui n
ineaaeaiiie neeie iuooe aeey i?iaaaeaiey a aiaea caiyoee ea/aaiie
aeiianoeeie.
Aeaenoaea ieia?aeueiuo aiae i?e ia?oaeiii i?eiaiaiee caaeneo ia oieueei
io eo oeceei-oeie/aneeo naienoa. Yooaeo aaeueiaioa?aiee a cia/eoaeueiie
noaiaie iaoneiaeai aaeaeaaoiie aeice?iaeie aiaeiuo i?ioeaaeo?, eioi?ua
?aaeaiaioe?othony a niioaaonoaee n oa?aeoa?ii iaoieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna
e iauei ninoiyieai aieueiiai. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa aaeueiaiiaa?ocea iiaeao
ieacaoueny auoa aaeaioaoeeiiiuo aiciiaeiinoae i?aaiecia e aucaaoue
ia?aoiae oeceieiae/aneie aaeueiai?aaeoeee a iaoieiae/aneoth,
yaeythuothny neaiaeii ianooieaiey iaino?aiey caaieaaaiey.
Iiyaeaiea iaoieiae/aneie ?aaeoeee o?aaoao n?i/iiai eciaiaiey oaeoeee
aaeueiaieiae/aneiai ea/aiey: oiaiueoaiey /anoiou e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe
i?ioeaaeo?, nieaeaiey eioaineaiinoe aicaeaenoaey oaiia?aoo?iui e
iaoaie/aneei oaeoi?ii, a a ?yaea neo/aaa a?aiaiiie eee iieiie ioiaiu
aaeueiaii?ioeaaeo?.
Iniiaiua iaoiaeu ia?oaeiiai i?eiaiaiey ieia?aeueiuo aiae
Ec aaeueiaieiae/aneeo i?ioeaaeo? ia eo?i?oao /aua anaai eniieuecothony
ieia?aeueiua aaiiu (iauea e ianoiua, neaey/ea, a?oiiiaua a aannaeiao),
iiaeaiaeiia auoyaeaiea iicaiii/ieea, ?acee/iua aeooe – iiaeaiaeiue
aeoo-iannaae, ainoiaeyuee aeoo, i?ioaiey e ae?oaea.
A oneiaeyo Iyoeai?neiai eo?i?oa aeey aaeueiaieiae/aneiai ea/aiey
eniieuecothony noeueoeaeiua e ?aaeiiiaua aiaeu.
Noeueoeaeiua aiaeu Iyoeai?nea ioiinyony e neaainoeueoeaeiui
(eiioeaio?aoeey na?iaiaei?iaea 10 ia/e), oa?iaeueiui aiaeai. Ii eiiiiio
ninoaao e noaiaie ieia?aeecaoeee iie eaeaioe/iu n iyoeai?neeie ia?caiaie
(ni. i?eeiaeaiea 2).
Aeaenoaothuei ia/aeii i?e i?eiaiaiee noeueoeaeiuo aaii yaeyaony
naiaiaeiue na?iaiaei?iae. ?acae?aaeay yenoa?i?aoeaioi?u, na?iaiaei?iae
aucuaaao oneeaiea eaieeey?iiai e?iaiia?auaiey a eiaea, aneaaenoaea /aai
oeo/oaaony aa o?ioeea e i?ioeannu ?aaaia?aoeee, /oi iainiiauaaao aai
i?eiaiaiea a aea?iaoieiaee.
I?iieeay ai aioo?aiiea n?aaeu i?aaiecia, na?iaiaei?iae oneeeaaao
i?ioeannu aaeeiaiai, oaeaaiaeiiai e aee?iaiai iaiaiia,
ieeneeoaeueii-ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua ?aaeoeee a oeaiyo, niinianoaoao
oaaee/aieth noeueoaeae?eeueiuo a?oii, ea?athueo aaaeioth ?ieue a
eaoaeeoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe iiiaeo oa?iaioia, iiauoaao aeoeaiinoue
oeieiauo oa?iaioia, i?eieiathueo o/anoea a neioaca ioeeaeiiauo eeneio.
Iiauoaiea aeoeaiinoe noeueoaeae?eeueiuo a?oii niinianoaoao oeo/oaieth
iaiaia oiiae?ieoei-na?iie eeneiou, ea?athuae aaaeioth ?ieue a oa?aiee
eieeaaaiicia.
Noeueoeaeiua aiaeu ecaeaaia n oniaoii eniieuecothony e i?e ?acee/iuo
caaieaaaieyo ia/aie e aeae/iuo iooae. Na?iaiaei?iae, i?iieeathuee a
i?aaieci ai a?aiy aaii, a i?ioeaiaan i?aaeiei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, ia
ieacuaaao a?aaeiiai aeeyiey ia ia/aiue aaeaeo aai iaaeeaiiiai
iinooieaiey e auno?iai ?ac?ooaiey a e?iae. Enneaaeiaaiey oa?iaioiuo
nenoai, eiathueo ioiioaiea e ia/aie, onoaiiaeee aeaaea
aeaoieneeaoeeiiiia, “io?aiiia” aeeyiea noeueoeaeiuo aiae ia ia/aiue
aeeaioiuo, io?aaeaiiuo ieenueth oaea?iaea. Ioia/aii oaeaea
iioaioee?othuaa ei?oeeinoa?ieaeiia aeaenoaea noeueoeaeiuo aiae – yoe
i?aia?aou, aoaeo/e i?eiaiaiiua a eiiieaena n noeueoeaeiuie aaiiaie,
ieacuaaee aeaenoaea a aeice?iaea, a ianeieueei ?ac iaiueoae, /ai iau/ii.
Oaeaeenei-na?iaiaei?iaeiua aaiiu iieacaiu aieueiui ?aaiaoieaeiui
a?o?eoii n au?aaeaiiuie aeeno?ioe/aneeie eciaiaieyie a ?acee/iuo
nenoaiao, i?e iaee/ee i?eciaeia iaee?aiey, i?e i?aiaeaaeaiee
i?ieeoa?aoeaiuo yaeaiee a nonoaaao.
Iaeiei ec aaaeoueo ea/aaiuo oaeoi?ia Iyoeai?neiai eo?i?oa yaeythony
?aaeiiiaua aaiiu. Aeey ?aaeiiioa?aiee eniieuecothony aiaeu /aou?ao
enoi/ieeia n ?aciie eioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia. Aiaeu oaieina?iuo enoi/ieeia
? 1 e ? 3 ioiinyony e neaai?aaeiiiaui (niaea?aeaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
aauanoa a aiaea yoeo enoi/ieeia niioaaonoaoao 14 iEe/e e 25 iEe/e),
aiaea ?aaeeiooieueie ? 2 – e ?aaeiiiaie n?aaeiae eiioeaio?aoeee (70
iEe/e), aiaea neaaaeeiu ? 113 – e auniei?aaeiiiaie (213,3 iEe/e). Yoe
aiaeu eiatho neaaoth ieia?aeecaoeeth (1-2,8 a/e), niaea?aeao
ieieiaeueiia eiee/anoai oaeaeeneiou (0,23-0,48 a/e), oieiaeiua (12-150N)
eee neaaioa?iaeueiua (21-230N).
Aiaeu ia?auo o?ao enoi/ieeia (Oaieina?iua ? 1 e ? 3, ?aaeeiooieueiy ? 2)
iinooiatho a ?aca?aoa?u Ieaeieo ?aaeiiiauo aaii, aaea niaoeaathony e
ioioneathony aeey iaueo aaii n eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia a n?aaeiai 2I
iEe/e. Aiaea neaaaeeiu ? 113 iinooiaao a caeaiea Aa?oiae ?aaeiiiaie
ea/aaieoeu e ioioneaaony aeey aaeueiaii?ioeaaeo? a eiioeaio?aoeee
?aaeiia 40 iEe/e e 160 iEe/e.
Aeaenoaothuei ia/aeii ?aaeiiiauo aiae yaeyaony ?aaeeiaeoeaiue aac
?aaeii, i?e ?aniaaea eioi?iai ia?acothony aeueoa; aaoa e aaiia-/anoeoeu.
I?e ?aaeiiioa?aiee a iniiaiii i?iyaeyaony aeaenoaea aeueoa-eceo/aiey,
iiae aeeyieai eioi?iai a i?aaiecia i?ienoiaeeo ?yae iae?iaoii?aeueiuo
naeaeaia, i?eaiaeyueo i?e o/anoee oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie neno?iu e
eciaiaieth ooieoeee ?acee/iuo i?aaiia e nenoai.
I?e i?eaia ?aaeiiiauo aaii iaaethaeaaony au?aaeaiiia noaeaiea eaieey?ia
eiaee, /oi aaaeao e ?aoeaeoi?iiio ?anoe?aieth ninoaeia aioo?aiieo
i?aaiia, iiauoaaony o?iaaiue eaoaoieaieiia a oeyiyo, i?ienoiaeeo
noeioeyoeey ooieoeee ei?u iaaeii/a/ieeia e eiioiiaeieiae/aneie
?aaeoeaiinoe i?aaiecia, oeo/oaiea oa/aiey ainiaeeoaeueiuo e
?aaaia?aoeaiuo i?ioeannia, iaaethaeaaony niaciieeoe/aneee yooaeo e i?i/.
Ia oeaio?aeueioth ia?aioth nenoaio aicaoaeaeaiiuo aieueiuo ?aaeiiiaua
aaiiu ieacuaatho naaeaoeaiia aeaenoaea: oaeoaeytho nii, oiaiueoatho
aieaaua iuouaiey e i?i/. ?aaeiiiaua i?ioeaaeo?u oi?ioi ia?aiinyony e
eeoeaie iiaeeeiai aic?anoa. Yoe naienoaa ?aaeiiiauo aiae a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy oi?ioi ecaanoiu, iiyoiio iie oe?iei eniieuecothony a ea/aiee
oeaeiai ?yaea caaieaaaiee oeaio?aeueiie e ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie e
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoai, i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey,
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa, aeaineie iieiaie non?u e ae?oaeo.
?aaeiiiaua aaiiu eiioeaio?aoeee 36 iEe/e i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa i?e
au?aaeaiiii aieaaii neiae?iia; i?e iaa?ieiae/aneeo ia?ooaieyo
(iaa?anoaiey, iiee?aaeeeoeiiaa?eo, oea?aa?aeueiue neiae?ii e o.ae.),
i?eciaeao oe?aioieneeica iaaieueoie au?aaeaiiinoe, i?e aenoea?iiaoeyo
aac ia?ooaiey ooieoeee ii?aaeaiiuo i?aaiia, i?e i?aiaeaaeaiee
yenoaeaoeaiuo i?iyaeaiee a ii?aaeaiiuo nonoaaao. ?aaeiiiaua aaiiu n
eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia 140-180 iEe/e ?aeiiaiaeothony aieueiui
?aaiaoieaeiii a?o?eoii n ieceie aeoeaiinoueth i?ioeanna, aac neeiiiinoe
caaieaaaiey e iaino?aieyi, ii n au?aaeaiiui aieaaui neiae?iiii,
cia/eoaeueiie neiaaiiinoueth, i?e iaee/ee i?ieeoa?aoeaiuo eciaiaiee a
nonoaaao (aeaoeao?aoeey).
Ia Iyoeai?neii eo?i?oa nooeanoaoao ?yae aaeueiaieiae/aneeo o/?aaeaeaiee
aeey ioionea i?ioeaaeo? n eniieueciaaieai eae noeueoeaeiuo aiae –
Ieaeiea e Aa?oiea Iooeeineea aaiiu, Ie?iaianeea aaiiu, Ea?iiioianeea
aaiiu, Ea/aaiue aannaei (Ia?iaeiua aaiiu), A?iieianeay ea/aaieoea,
Eiaaeyoi?ee, oae e n eniieueciaaieai ?aaeiiiauo aiae – Ieaeiyy e Aa?oiyy
?aaeiiiaua ea/aaieoeu. A yoeo aaeueiaiea/aaieoeao a caaeneiinoe io
iicieiae/aneie oi?iu caaieaaaiey eniieuecothony ?acee/iua aeaeu
aaeueiaii?ioeaaeo?:
– iauea (eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua) aaiiu – iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiue aeae
aiaeiea/aiey ia aaeueiaieiae/aneeo eo?i?oao. *aua anaai yoe aaiiu
iacia/athony n oeaeueth iauaai aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci i?e nenoaiiuo
caaieaaaieyo, aieaciyo na?aea/ii-ninoienoie e ia?aiie nenoai, iii?u e
aeaeaeaiey, i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey e iaiaia aauanoa, ii/ae, eiaee e ae?.
A nayce n oai, /oi ana iyoeai?neea noeueoeaeiua aiaeu aeey ia?oaeiiai
i?eiaiaiey eiatho ieieiaeueioth eiioeaio?aoeeth na?iaiaei?iaea (10
ia/e), i?ioeaiiieacaiey e i?eiaiaieth noeueoeaeiuo aaii a iniiaiii
ioiinyony e iaaieueoiio /eneo aieaciae.
A ioee/ea io noeueoeaeiuo aaii ?aaeiiiaua aaiiu ioioneathony n ?acee/iie
eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia – 20, 40 e 18I iEe/e. *aua anaai i?e
auoaoeacaiiuo caaieaaaieyo i?eiaiytho aaiiu n eiioea?o?aoeeae ?aaeiia
20-40 iEe/e. ?aaeeiaeoeaiua aiaeu n iiauoaiiie eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia
(180 iEe/e) iau/ii i?eiaiytho i?e iiynie/ii-e?anooeiauo ?aaeeeoeeoao,
ethiaaeaeyo aaeaeo oiai, /oi yoe aiaeu ieacuaatho aieaa neeueiia
aiaeaace?othuaa e naaeaoeaiia aeaenoaea ii n?aaiaieth n aiaeaie iaiueoae
eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaeiia.
I?ioeaiiieacaieyie aeey i?eaia ?aaeiiiauo aaii, inaaaiii n aunieie
eiioeaio?aoeeae ?aaeiia, yaeythony au?aaeaiiua eciaiaiey
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie e ia?aiie nenoai, a oaeaea iaeioi?ua ninoiyiey,
naycaiiua n iineaaenoaeyie ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci.
– ianoiua aaiiu aeey ?oe e iia 2-4 eaia?iua (noeueoeaeiua e ?aaeiiiaua)
eniieuecothony eae naiinoiyoaeueiua i?ioeaaeo?u’ e eae aeiiieiaiea e
iauei aaiiai. Iie ia?aiinyony aieueiuie cia/eoaeueii eaa/a, /ai iauea
aaiiu e iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny a ?yaea neo/aaa i?e niioonoaothuae iaoieiaee
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie e oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoai. I?eiaiythony
ianoiua aaiiu i?e caaieaaaieyo eiaee e einoii-iuoa/iiai aiia?aoa
eiia/iinoae, ii?aaeaieyo ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie nenoaiu, yiaea?oa?eeoao
e ae?.;
– ea/aaiua aannaeiu (n noeueoeaeiuie eee ?aaeiiiauie aiaeaie)
i?eiaiythony aeey iieo/aiey i?ioeaaeo? a?oiiiaui iaoiaeii i?e
caaieaaaieyo einoii-iuoa/iiai aiia?aoa, iniaaiii n ooaiiiaeaeaeiinoueth
a nonoaaao, n iaee/eai eiio?aeoo?, i?e eeioinoaca a ieaeieo eiia/iinoyo
e ae?.
Aannaeiu iau/ii eniieuecothony e aeey caiyoee ea/aaiie aeiianoeeie,
i?iaaaeaiea eioi?ie ia aicaeooa aeey yoie eaoaai?ee aieueiuo
cao?oaeiaii. A Iyoeai?nea aeey yoeo oeaeae eniieuecoaony aannaei n
i?aniie oeiaeie;
– eiio?anoiua aaiiu (iiia?aiaiiia eniieueciaaiea ieia?aeueiie aiaeu
?aciuo oaiia?aoo? i?eiaiythony aeey oio/oaiey aaiiaeeiaieee i?e
iaeeoa?e?othuai yiaea?oa?eeoa ieaeieo eiia/iinoae, aa?eeiciii ?anoe?aiee
aai, ycaao aieaiae, eiaeiuo caaieaaaieyo, a oaeaea i?e
iae?ioee?eoeyoi?iuo aeenoiieyo n cyaeaieyie aeiioiiee e ae?.,
– nooaiaicaeooiua ?aaeiiiaua aaiiu (N?A) ii n?aaiaieth n aiaeiuie
?aaeiiiauie aaiiaie (N?A) ioiinyony e aieaa uaaeyuaio aeaeo
?aaeiiioa?aiee. I?aeiouanoai yoie iaoiaeeee a oii, /oi i?e i?eaia N?A
eneeth/aaony iiiaaeaiea ?aaeiia e i?iaeoeoia aai ?aniaaea n aaeuoaaiui
aicaeooii ai aioo?aiiea n?aaeu i?aaiecia i?e nio?aiaiee eo
aeieiae/aneiai aeaenoaey i?aeiouanoaaiii ia eiaeiue iie?ia.
N?A iacia/athony aieueiui, ieioi ia?aiinyuei aiaeiua ?aaeiiiaua aaiiu
eee eiathuea caaieaaaiey, eneeth/athuea i?eai aiaeiuo i?ioeaaeo?.
I?eiaiythony N?A i?e oao aea caaieaaaieyo, i?e eioi?uo iieacaiu
i?ioeaaeo?u ec ?aaeiiiaie aiaeu. Iaiaoiaeeii oieueei o/anoue, /oi i?e
iaeeiaeiaie yeniiceoeee iiaeiuaiey aeica eceo/aiey, iieo/aaiay eiaeae
i?e i?eaia N?A a 4,5 ?aca auoa, /ai i?e i?eaia A?A. N oeaeueth iieo/aiey
i?eia?ii naeeiaeiaie aeici?ie iaa?ocee ia enaeo i?e A?A e C?A
eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeiia aeieaeia auoue a yoeo aaiiao a niioiioaiee 4:1,
iai?eia?, anee i?e i?eaia A?A eiioeaio?aoeey ?aaeiia ?aaia 40 iEe/e, oi
i?e i?eiaiaiee N?A iia aeieaeia auoue ia auoa 10 iEe/e;
– aeooe ?aciiai aeaea e iacia/aiey n eniieueciaaieai noeueoeaeiuo e
?aaeiiiauo ieia?aeueiuo aiae oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu a ea/aaiie i?aeoeea.
I?e coie i?ioeaaeo?a ia oaei aieueiiai aeaenoaotho a iniiaiii
oa?ie/aneee e iaoaie/aneee oaeoi?u. Oeie/aneia aeaenoaea ieia?aeueiie
aiaeu aaeaeo iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe i?ioeaaeo? iaei au?aaeaii. Ia
eo?i?oa iau/ii i?eiaiythony:
ianoiue aeoo – i?ioaiea aieiau e eeoea – i?e caaieaaaieyo aieinenoie
/anoe aieiau e eeoea, naai?aa, ?acee/iuo iaa?aeaeyo e iaa?icao e ae?.;
i?iiaaeiinoiue (ainoiaeyuee) aeoo – i?e caaieaaaieyo eiaee a iaeanoe
i?iiaaeiinoe, iieiauo i?aaiia, aaii??ia, i?inoaoeoa e ae?.;
aeoo-iannaae n noeueoeaeiie aiaeie – i?e caaieaaaieyo
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa, ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie nenoaiu,
iaee?aiee e ae?.
iieaiaeiue aeoo-iannaae – ni/aoaiiuee aeae aicaeaenoaey ia aieueiiai
iauae aaiiu, iaoaie/aneiai e oa?ie/aneiai oaeoi?ia. I?e i?iaaaeaiee
i?ioeaaeo?u a noeueoeaeiie eee ?aaeiiiaie aiaea ea/aaiia aeaenoaea
ieacuaaao e oeie/aneee oaeoi?. I?eiaiyaony i?e caaieaaaieyo
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa e ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie nenoaiu,
iaee?aiee, i?e aiaeiiaoeyo ?acee/iiai aaiaca e ae?.
Iieacaieyie aeey ia?oaeiiai i?eiaiaiey iyoeai?neeo noeueoeaeiuo e
?aaeiiiauo aiae, eae oeacuaaeinue auoa, yaeythony iiiaea
iani?ino?aiaiiua caaieaaaiey /aeiaaea, a /anoiinoe, oaeea eae aieacie
ia?aiie, na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie e einoii-iuoa/iie nenoai,
aeiaeieiae/aneea e eiaeiua aieacie, o?iie/aneea eioieneeaoeee e ae?.
(iiae?iaii i iieacaieyo ii i?eiaiaieth yoeo aiae i?e ?aciuo oi?iao
aieacie ni. “Ni?aai/iee ii naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiio ioai?o”, I., 1986).
O1. A?ssCAEA*Ee^
Iieacaiey aeey a?ycaea/aiey /?acau/aeii oe?iee. Aeaaiuie n?aaee ieo
yaeythony oa caaieaaaiey, i?e eioi?uo yooaeoeaiu iaoiaeu
i?ieoaiainiaeeoaeueiie e ?annanuaathuae oa?aiee. E ie^i ioiinyony iiiaea
aieacie oeaio?aeueiie e ia?eoa?e/aneie ia?aiie nenoaiu -iineaaenoaey
eioaeoeee, eioieneeaoeee, o?aai, ainiaeeoaeueiua e
iaiaiii-aeeno?ioe/aneea aieacie iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa;
?acee/iua eiio?aeoo?u – eiaeiua, iuoa/iua, nonoaaiua; eioeeueo?aoea-iua
e niaa/iua i?ioeannu a a?oaeiie e a?thoiie iieinoyo iinea iia?aoeee,
o?aai, eiuaeoeee; ainiaeeoaeueiua caaieaaaiey ieuaaa?eoaeuei iiai
o?aeoa, ii/aiieiaie n(Ua?u e ae?oaeo nenoai i?aaiecia.
Ea/aaiay o?iaoeyine?y a?ycue ia?aaeei iaoiaeeo i?eiaiaiea i?e
ei.^ieoeeiiiii inniaoee^e/aneii iiaea?o?eoa. Inii?ina iieacaiey e aa
i?eiaiaieth – i?ieeoa?aoeai^a eciaiaiey a iaeanoe nonoaaia e
ien^inonoaiiie iaeanoe, eiio??e^o?i^ o?iie/aneea iy?oiaiey iyaeeo
oeaiae. Iae^neaa ?aoeeiiaeueii iyciy/aiea aiieeeaoeee i?e oaiia?aoo?a
a?yce 38-^2^N^ i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue i?ioeaeo?u 1N-15-20 ieioo, anaaa i?
eo?n 8-1^ naainia. (Ennaeue., 1976 a.)
I?e aeaaaia?c^eii^-aeeno?i^e/aneeo ii?aaeaieyo nonoaaia a?ycaaua
aiieeeaoeee iacia/athony a /a?aaeiiaiee n aaeueiaieiae/aneeie
i?ioeaaeo?aie^ oaiia?aoo?a a?yce 40-4^N^ i?ieieaeeoneueiinoue 15-^0
ieioo, ^naaa i” eo?n 6—6 ciieeeaoeee. Iaee/ea i?eciaeia aeano?oeoeee
ninoa?iiai ^?yi?- e oco?yoeee einoiie oeaie e oia?aiiiai au?aaeaiiiai
inoaiii?ic^ “aa^oniao?e?aeao iycie/aiea a?ycaauo aiieeeaoeee “^ea”
aoc^”^ oao.1ia?!?oo?^ 38-40 N, ioiiiie^eoaeueiinoueth 10-15 ie/oo. ^?e
aiea? a^?i^aiiii inoa?ii^ica e aeano?oeoeee a?ycaea/a-
^^^
^?e eneeaaain?ao caaiea?aieyo i?eiaiyaony a?ycaea/aiea a aeaea
aiieeeaoeee ia iaeanoue ii?aaeaiey i?eiaiyaony i?e oaiia?aoo?a 35-4?^N^
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue 10-15 ieioo., ? aeie, naiaiaeiua io aaii, anaan ia
eo?n C-G aiieeeaoeee. I?e neea?iaeaeoeee/aneie ^i?ia a?yca?'”a
aiieeeaoeee iaeeaaeu?ythony ia eiia/iinoe a aeaea “ia?/aoie”, “iinie”,
“/oeie”, ia iaeii-ai?ioieeiaoth ciio. A?ycaaua aiieeeaoeee aaeueiuie
naaoaiiie neea’naea?ieae ? iyea neo/aaa ia?aiinyony ianeieueei oyaeaeaa,
/ai ieia?aeueiua aaiiu
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