Oece/aneay eoeueoo?a e iaaeeoeeia
Oece/aneay eoeueoo?a e ea/aiea iaeioi?uo aeaeia caaieaaaiee
O?aie?iaea ia auiineeainoue a oeeeee/aneeo aeaeao aiciiaeia aeey
aieueiuo EAN, ia?aianoeo eioa?eo ieiea?aea. Ea/aiea iinoeioa?eoiuo
aieueiuo a nia?aiaiiuo eeeieeao iaiuneeii aac oece/aneie ?aaaeeeoaoeee,
iniiaie eioi?ie yaeythony ay?iaiua oi?aaeiaiey iinoaiaiii aic?anoathuae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe e eioaineaiinoe. Oae, iai?eia?, a ?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiii
oeaio?a Oi?iioi (Eaiaaea) a oa/aiea 10 eao, eioaineaiie oece/aneie
o?aie?iaeie, aeeth/athuae auno?oth oiaeueao e iaaeeaiiue aaa, iiae
iaaethaeaieai iiuoiuo ea?aeeieiaia oniaoii caieiaeinue aieaa 5000
aieueiuo, ia?aianoeo eioa?eo ieiea?aea. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo ianoieueei
iiauneee naie ooieoeeiiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe, /oi niiaee i?eiyoue o/anoea
a ia?aoiia. Eiia/ii, yoi oaea ia ianniaay oeceoeueoo?a, a neiaeiay
nenoaia ?aaaeeeoaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee. Iaeiaei iinea caaa?oaiey
aieueie/iiai e naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai yoaiia ?aaaeeeoaoeee a
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ea?aeeieiae/aneeo o/?aaeaeaieyo e ia?aoiaea
(i?eia?ii /a?ac 6–12 ianyoeaa iinea auienee ec noaoeeiia?a) e
iiaeaea?aeeaathuaio yoaio, eioi?ue aeieaeai i?iaeieaeaoueny anth
iineaaeothuoth aeeciue, iiiaea iaoeeaiou iiaoo e aeieaeiu caieiaoueny
icaei?iaeoaeueiie o?aie?iaeie — a caaeneiinoe io naiaai
ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey. Aeice?iaea o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie
i?iecaiaeeony a niioaaonoaee n aeaiiuie oanoe?iaaiey ii oai aea
i?eioeeiai, /oi e o anao na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo aieueiuo: eioaineaiinoue
aeieaeia auoue ianeieueei ieaea ii?iaiaie, iieacaiiie a
aaeiy?aiiao?e/aneii oanoa. Oae, anee i?e oanoe?iaaiee aiee a iaeanoe
na?aeoea eee aeiiene/aneea eciaiaiey ia YEA iiyaeeenue i?e ioeuena 130
oae/iei, oi ioaeii o?aie?iaaoueny, .niecea aaee/eio *NN ia 10–20
oae/iei ia ?aiieo yoaiao ?aaaeeeoaoeee (iaiaa aiaea iinea ia?aianaiiiai
eioa?eoa) ca ?oaaaeii eniieuecothony iieiinoueth eiio?iee?oaiua
i?ia?aiiu caiyoee a aeaea no?iai aeice?iaaiiie ?aaiou ia aaeiy?aiiao?a
eee oiaeueau ia o?aaeaaia (aaaouae aei?iaeea) iiae iaaethaeaieai
iaaeeoeeineiai ia?niiaea (ii 20–30 iei 3–4 ?aca a iaaeaeth). Ii ia?a
?inoa o?aie?iaaiiinoe e iiauoaiey ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aiciiaeiinoae nenoaiu
e?iaiia?auaiey iaoeeaiou iinoaiaiii ia?aaiaeyony ia /anoe/ii
eiio?iee?oaiua i?ia?aiiu, eiaaea 1 ?ac a iaaeaeth caiyoey i?iaiaeyony
iiae iaaethaeaieai a?a/a, a 2 ?aca aeiia naiinoiyoaeueii — auno?ay
oiaeueaa e aaa, /a?aaeothueeny n oiaeueaie, i?e caaeaiiie *NN. E
iaeiiaoe, ia iiaeaea?aeeaathuai yoaia ?aaaeeeoaoeee (/a?ac aiae e aieaa)
iiaeii ia?aoiaeeoue e naiinoiyoaeueiui caiyoeyi oiaeueaie e aaaii,
ia?eiaee/anee eiio?iee?oy naia ninoiyiea o a?a/a. Oaeay
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay aeieaia?aiaiiay i?ia?aiia aeaao aanueia
iaiaaeaaeeaathuea ?acoeueoaou — oiaiueoaiea aa?iyoiinoe iiaoi?iiai
eioa?eoa a 2 ?aca ii n?aaiaieth n aieueiuie, ia caieiathueieny
oece/aneie o?aie?iaeie.
Oiaeueaa e aaa yooaeoeaiu oaeaea i?e caaieaaaieyo ninoaeia ieaeieo
eiia/iinoae — a ia/aeueiuo noaaeeyo aoa?ineea?ica e iaeeoa?e?othuaai
yiaea?oa?eeoa. Iie niinianoaotho ?anoe?aieth ninoaeia ieaeieo
eiia/iinoae, eaieeey?ecaoeee ?aaioathueo iuoa/iuo a?oii, ?acaeoeth
eieeaoa?aeueiiai e?iaiia?auaiey a iaoiae noaiice?iaaiiuo ninoaeia.
A. A. Ie?iaiaa (1983) oniaoii i?eiaiyea aeice?iaaiioth oiaeueao e aaa
eae n?aaenoai ea/aiey 103 aieueiuo iaeeoa?e?othuei yiaea?oa?eeoii e
aoa?ineea?icii ieaeieo eiia/iinoae a oneiaeyo na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoiai
naiaoi?ey. O aieueiuo n eiiiaine?iaaiiie e noaeiiiaine?iaaiiie oi?iie
caaieaaaiey (1–11 noaaeey) cia/eoaeueii oiaiueoeeenue aiee i?e
oiaeueaa, oeo/oeeinue ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie
nenoaiu: iiauneeenue nie?aoeiinoue ieiea?aea e o?iaaiue oece/aneie
?aaioiniiniaiinoe, nieceeinue a?oa?eaeueiia aeaaeaiea. O aieueiuo n
aeaeiiiaine?iaaiiie oi?iie caaieaaaiey (111 noaaeey) ?acoeueoaou auee
io?eoeaoaeueiua: niaci ninoaeia aieaie, iiyaeaiea aieae. A
enneaaeiaaieyo, i?iaaaeaiiuo a oieaa?neoaoa ooaoa Ae?aeaeeiey (NOA)
aieueiua yiaea?oa?eeoii a aic?anoa 33–70 eao i?eiaiyee aaa ia o?aaeaaia
eee ?aaioo ia aaeiy?aiiao?a (ii 25–40 iei 3 ?aca a iaaeaeth) n
eioaineaiinoueth ianeieueei ieaea ii?iaiaie (oie, eioi?ay aucuaaea
iiyaeaiea aieae). *a?ac 12 iaaeaeue iinea auiieiaiey oaeie o?aie?iai/iie
i?ia?aiiu a?aiy i?ioiaeaeaiey eiio?ieueiie aeenoaioeee (aac iiyaeaiey
aieae) oaaee/eeinue ia 138 %.
Icaei?iaeoaeueiue aaa iiaeao oniaoii i?eiaiyoueny i?e iaeioi?uo
caaieaaaieyo aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa (aano?eou, nianoe/aneea
eieeou, ycaaiiay aieaciue aeaeoaeea e aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoee,
aeeneeiacey aeae/iuo iooae (ia?ooaiea ooieoeee aeae/iuo i?ioieia), oae
eae aea?aoeey aioo?aiieo i?aaiia, aicieeathuay ai a?aiy aaaa,
cia/eoaeueii oeo/oaao ooieoeeth i?aaiia ieuaaa?aiey. Anoanoaaiii, /oi
caiyoey i?ae?auathony a ia?eiae iaino?aiey aieacie. Oneeaiea ia/aii/iiai
e?iaioiea e aeoaieia oi?ne?iaaiiia aeuoaiea ai a?aiy aaaa, yaeythuaany
i?ae?aniui iannaaeai aeey ia/aie, oeo/oaao aa ooieoeeth e niinianoaoao
eeeaeaeaoeee aieaaiai ia/aii/iiai neiae?iia. Iniaaiii iieacii a yoii
ieaia a?thoiia aeuoaiea ai a?aiy aaaa (ca n/ao aeaeaeaiee aeeao?aaiu).
Ii?iaeecaoeey ia?aiuo i?ioeannia a ei?a aieiaiiai iicaa a ?acoeueoaoa
oece/aneie o?aie?iaee eiaao iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ea/aiey ycaaiiie
aieacie. Aieueiui n iiauoaiiie eeneioiinoueth ia?aae aaaii
?aeiiaiaeoaony auieoue noaeai ianyiiai eenaey, /oiau iaeo?aeeciaaoue
eeneioiinoue aeaeoaei/iiai niea. A neo/aa iiieaeaiiie eeneioiinoe
aeinoaoi/ii auieoue iienoaeaia aiaeu, /oi oneeeo nae?aoi?ioth ooieoeeth
aeaeoaeea.
Aaa yaeyaony yooaeoeaiui n?aaenoaii ea/aiey nianoe/aneeo eieeoia. A
?acoeueoaoa aea?aoeee eeoa/ieea e auaeaeaiey a aai i?inaao nieae iaaiey
?acei oneeeaaaony ia?enoaeueoeea e ainnoaiaaeeaaaony ia?ooaiiay
ae?aiaaeiay ooieoeey.
Iuooeioth iieueco iiaeao ieacaoue aaa a ia/aeueiuo noaaeeyo naoa?iiai
aeeaaaoa. Yoi aeinoaoi/ii ?ani?ino?aiaiiia caaieaaaiea, aicieeathuaa a
iniiaiii a ?acoeueoaoa aeiiaeeiaiee, aunieieaei?eeiiai ecauoi/iiai
ieoaiey, iiauoaao ?ene ?acaeoey na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie iaoieiaee a 2–3
?aca. A oyaeaeuo noaaeeyo aeeaaaoa, eiaaea aaaaeaiea einoeeia ia iiaeao
eiio?iee?iaaoue oaeaaiaeiue iaiai, aaa i?ioeaiiieacai, oae eae iiaeao
aucaaoue iianiua eieaaaiey eiioeaio?aoeee aetheicu a e?iae. I?e eaaeie e
n?aaeiae oyaeanoe caaieaaaiey ?aaoey?iua o?aie?iaee ia auiineeainoue
iiauoatho yooaeoeaiinoue ea/aiey naoa?iiai aeeaaaoa, noaaeeece?oaony
o?iaaiue niaea?aeaiey aetheicu a e?iae, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai nieaeaaony (a
n?aaeiai ia 25%) aeice?iaea aaiaeeiiai einoeeia.
Eniieueciaaiea icaei?iaeoaeueiiai aaaa aieueiuie, no?aaeathueie
iaee?aieai, i?aaenoaaeyao ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe. E. Eoia? (1970)
n/eoaao, /oi anee ianna oaea i?aauoaao ii?io aieaa /ai ia 20 ea, oi aaa
i?ioeaiiieacai, oae eae i?e yoii ?acei aic?anoaao iaa?ocea ia
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenooth nenoaio e iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiue aiia?ao e
iiauoaaony ?ene o?aaiaoecia nooiaeeeee e nonoaaia. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, i?e
iaee/ee au?aaeaiiiai iaee?aiey o?aie?iaeo eo/oa ia/aoue n
icaei?iaeoaeueiie oiaeueau e iiiuoaoueny oioy au iaiiiai nieceoue ianno,
ni/aoay caiyoey n ia?aie/aieai ieuaaiai ?aoeeiia. A aeaeueiaeoai, i?e
ia?aoiaea e aaaiaui o?aie?iaeai, ia/eiathuei ethaeoaeyi iaiaoiaeeii
niaethaeaoue neaaeothuea ia?u i?ioeeaeoeee aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey o?aai
aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa:
— aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy /a?aaeiaaoue aaa n oiaeueaie;
— aaaaoue oieueei ii iyaeiio a?oioo (ii aei?iaeea noaaeeiia eee aeeayi
ia?ea);
— eniieueciaaoue eeanne/aneoth oaoieeo aaaa o?onoeie, «oa?eathuaai»
aaaa: i?e io?uaa io iii?u iiaeuai iia aeieaeai auoue ieieiaeueiui, /oiau
oiaiueoeoue aa?oeeaeueiua eieaaaiey oaea e neeo oaea?a noii i a?oio i?e
i?ecaieaiee; iinoaiiaea iiae ia a?oio aeieaeia auiieiyoueny n?aco ia
anth noiio, naa?oo aiec (eae oiaeyo ii eanoieoea), /oi oaeaea niya/aao
neeo oaea?a;
— aeeeia aaaiaiai oaaa aeieaeia auoue ieieiaeueiie — iieoi?u-aeaa
nooiie;
— aaaaoue iiaeii oieueei a niaoeeaeueiuo e?inniauo oooeyo n oi?oaie
eeoie iiaeioaie e noieiaoi?aie, iiaeaea?aeeaathueie i?iaeieueiue naiae
noiiu;
— ?aaoey?ii auiieiyoue niaoeeaeueiua oi?aaeiaiey aeey oe?aieaiey
aieaiinoiiiuo nonoaaia e iuooe noiiu, ?aeiiaiaeoaiua i?e ieineinoiiee.
Naiia aeaaiia oneiaea i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey o?aai — ia?aie/aiea aaaiauo
o?aie?iaie a ia?aua 6 ianyoeaa caiyoee (aei 30 iei ia aieaa 3 ?ac a
iaaeaeth). Ca yoi a?aiy naycee,
iuooeu e nonoaau ieaeieo eiia/iinoae aeinoaoi/ii ie?aiioo e iianiinoue
o?aaie?iaaiey oiaiueoeony.
AICIIAEIUA IOEAEE E INEIAEIAIEss
A I?IOeANNA
ICAeI?IAEOAEUeIIE O?AIE?IAEE
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo icaei?iaeoaeueiay o?aie?iaea iiaeao noaoue i?e/eiie
?acee/iuo ineiaeiaiee, aeeth/ay o?aaiu iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa.
Ia iniiaa aiaeeca aieueoiai noaoenoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea iiaeii i?eaanoe
neaaeothuea aeaiiua i /anoioa e oa?aeoa?a o?aai i?e caiyoeyo
icaei?iaeoaeueiie oeceoeueoo?ie.
Aaeee i?ioeaio o?aaiaoecaoeee aaaoiia, iaeiaei iia?aaeaeaiey
iaaethaeaeenue oieueei o ia/eiathueo, iineee eaaeee oa?aeoa? e auno?i
eeeaeaee?iaaeenue i?e nieaeaiee o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie.
Iniiaiay i?e/eia o?aaiaoecaoeee iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa o
ethaeae n?aaeiaai e iiaeeeiai aic?anoa i?e caiyoeyo icaei?iaeoaeueiui
aaaii — ia?aiai?yaeaiea.
Neeoeii auno?ia oaaee/aiea o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie yaeyaony /?acia?iui
aeey aeao?aie?iaaiiuo iuooe, naycie e nonoaaia. Ninoiyiea iieiie
aeao?aie?iaaiiinoe aeieoi? Aeeiai (1971) iienuaaao eae neiae?ii o?ao
«o»: F1 — ni?ieaeaoiee, F2 — iieiue, F3 — ae?yaeue. «Iiiaea
iuoathony aa?iooue i?aaeithth oece/aneoth oi?io n iiiiuueth oece/aneie
eoeueoo?u, — ieoao Aeeiai, — e ia/eiatho caieiaoueny n oie aea
eioaineaiinoueth, /oi e 20 eao iacaae».
E aeiiieieoaeueiui oaeoi?ai, niinianoaothuei iia?aaeaeaieth
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa, iiaeii ioianoe aaa ii oaa?aeiio a?oioo,
ecauoi/ioth ianno oaea, iaoaue, ia i?eaiaeioth aeey aaaa, a oaeaea
a?oaua ioeaee a oaoieea. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia?u ii i?ioeeaeoeea o?aai
aeieaeiu auoue iai?aaeaiu ia ono?aiaiea eee ineaaeaiea aicaeaenoaey yoeo
oaeoi?ia.
Niaoeeaeenou ec i?oiiaaee/aneie eeeieee iaaeeoeeineie aeaaeaiee Y?oo?oa
(AAe?) n/eoatho, /oi /anoioo, iauai e eioaineaiinoue o?aie?iaie neaaeoao
?aaoee?iaaoue oaeei ia?acii, /oiau a aeie ioaeuoa o aaaoia ia aicieeaei
ieeaeeo ia?ooaiee ooieoeee iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa. A neo/aa
iiyaeaiey aieaauo iuouaiee a iuooeao eee nonoaaao iaiaoiaeeii
iaiaaeeaiii oiaiueoeoue o?aie?iai/ioth iaa?oceo. Ana o?aaiaoe/aneea
iia?aaeaeaiey o ethaeoaeae icaei?iaeoaeueiiai aaaa aeaeoo ca niaie eeoue
a?aiaiiia i?ae?auaiea caiyoee, iinea iaaieueoiai ioaeuoa e
niioaaonoaothuaai ea/aiey (oeceii?ioeaaeo?u), eae i?aaeei, i?ioiaeyo.
Aeaiiua aaoi?a oaeaea ia iiaeoaa?aeaeatho iiaiea i oii, /oi o?aaiu
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueeiai aiia?aoa iiaoo neoaeeoue na?ueaciui i?aiyonoaeai
aeey caiyoee icaei?iaeoaeueiui aaaii (?acoiaaony, i?e oneiaee
niaethaeaiey i?eioeeiia o?aie?iaee aeey ethaeae n?aaeiaai aic?anoa). E.
A. Eaioeaa?a (1988) ia iniiaaiee iaoe?iiai iaci?a ca?oaaaeiie eeoa?aoo?u
naeaeaea auaiae: iianiinoue o?aai aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa (oae aea eae
e aiacaiiie nia?oe) i?e caiyoeyo icaei?iaeoaeueiui aaaii yaii
i?aoaaee/aia. Aieaa oiai, ecaanoiu neo/ae yooaeoeaiinoe caiyoee
icaei?iaeoaeueiui aaaii i?e iaee/ee na?ueaciie iaoieiaee
iii?ii-aeaeaaoaeueiiai aiia?aoa — iai?eia?, iinea iia?aoeee ii
noaaeeecaoeee iicaiii/ieea n iiiiuueth aeioia e oeaiaioa. O?aie?iaea ia
auiineeainoue (aneaaenoaea oneeaiey e?iaiia?auaiey) niinianoaoao
onei?aieth i?ioeannia noaaeeecaoeee iicaiii/ieea, aneaaenoaea /aai
aieaaie neiae?ii en/acaao cia/eoaeueii auno?aa, /ai i?e ianneaiii ia?aca
aeecie.
Iniaue eioa?an aeey ethaeoaeae nainaoeee e y?uo i?ioeaieeia ianniaie
oece/aneie eoeueoo?u i?aaenoaaeyao iianiinoue aiacaiiie nia?oe i?e
eioaineaiie oece/aneie o?aie?iaea ethaeae n?aaeiaai e iiaeeeiai
aic?anoa. A naiai iaci?a E. A Eaioeaa?a i?yii ieoao, /oi
«iioaioeeaeueiay iianiinoue oece/aneie aeoeaiinoe — yoi nei?aa
eaaaiaea, /ai nouanoaothuay ?aaeueiinoue, oae eae eiathueany aeaiiua aa
ia iiaeoaa?aeaeatho», nnueaynue i?e yoii ia iiiai/eneaiiua eeoa?aoo?iua
enoi/ieee. Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai o/aiuo n/eoaao, /oi iianiinoue
aiacaiiie nia?oe i?e caiyoeyo icaei?iaeoaeueiui aaaii /?acau/aeii iaea
— ai anyeii neo/aa, ia aieueoa, /ai o ethaeae, aaaeoueo iaeiiiaeaeaeiue
ia?ac aeecie.
Noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua i /anoioa neo/aaa aiacaiiie nia?oe i?e oece/aneie
o?aie?iaea aeinoaoi/ii i?ioeai?a/eau. Iaeaieaa i?a/ioth noaoenoeeo
i?eaiaeeo aia?eeaineee iaoieiaiaiaoii Oiiinii: ca 6-eaoiee ia?eiae ii
iaaethaeae 12 neo/aaa aiacaiiie nia?oe a ?iae-Aeeaiaea, i?e/ai iaeei
ian/anoiue neo/ae i?eoiaeeeny ia 400 000 /aeiaaei-/ania aaaa eee 1:7620
aaaoiia a aiae. Ia iniiaaiee yoeo aeaiiuo aaoi? n/eoaao, /oi /anoioa
neo/aaa aiacaiiie nia?oe o aaaoiia o?onoeie (a aic?anoa 30–64 eao) a 7
?ac iaiueoa, /ai o oece/anee ianneaiuo ethaeae.
Ooeii (1982) i?eaiaeeo cia/eoaeueii iaiueoea oeeo?u /anoiou neo/aaa
aiacaiiie nia?oe i?e oece/aneie o?aie?iaea o ethaeae ?aciiai aic?anoa.
Oae, a aic?anoa 20—30 eao iaaethaeaeny 1 neo/ae ia 11 000 000
/aeiaaei-/ania o?aie?iaee, 30–39 eao–1:1600000, 40–49 eao —
1:1300000 e 50–59 eao–1:900000 /aeiaaei-/ania eioaineaiie
aeaeaaoaeueiie aeoeaiinoe, /oi a 2–3 ?aca iaiueoa, /ai ii aeaiiui
i?aaeuaeouaai aaoi?a. I?e yoii n/eoaaony, /oi o caei?iauo ethaeae aeaaea
i/aiue aieueoea oece/aneea iaa?ocee ia iiaoo auoue i?e/eiie nia?oe.
Iniiaiie i?e/eiie aiacaiiie nia?oe i?e oece/aneeo iaa?oceao yaeyaony
iaoe?iia neea?ioe/aneia ii?aaeaiea ei?iia?iuo a?oa?ee, aucuaathuaa
noaeaiea, eo i?inaaoa aieaa /ai ia aeaa o?aoe. Aiacaiiay nia?oue /aua
anaai iaaethaeaeanue iaiin?aaenoaaiii ai a?aiy ni?aaiiaaiee ii
ia?aoiineiio aaao eee nii?oeaiie oiaeueaa, eee aea n?aco aea iinea
oeieoa.
I?e ionoonoaee i?aaie/aneeo ii?aaeaiee na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie .nenoaiu
aiacaiiay nia?oue aiciiaeia aneaaenoaea niacia ei?iia?iuo a?oa?ee eee
aea ?aceiai ia?ooaiey na?aea/iiai ?eoia (oeia oea?eeeyoeee aeaeoaei/eia)
a ?acoeueoaoa auaeaeaiey a e?iaue /?acia?iiai eiee/anoaa aae?aiaeeia e
ii?aae?aiaeeia. A oi aea a?aiy ecaanoii: o no?aaeathueo io aeiiaeeiaiee
inoaiiaea na?aeoea a ?acoeueoaoa oea?eeeyoeee aeaeoaei/eia i?e
oece/aneii eee yiioeeiiaeueiii iai?yaeaiee ianooiaao cia/eoaeueii eaa/a,
/ai o o?aie?iaaiiuo. ?ene oaeiai ineiaeiaiey i?e no?anniauo neooaoeeyo o
ethaeae, aaeaioe?iaaiiuo e aieueoei oece/aneei iaa?oceai, cia/eoaeueii
iaiueoa.
Ianiiiaiii, /oi ?ene aiacaiiie nia?oe aic?anoaao n oaaee/aieai iauaia e
eioaineaiinoe iaa?ocie. A nayce n yoei ethaeyi noa?oa 50 eao ia
?aeiiaiaeothony o?aie?iaea a niaoaiiie ciia e ieeiaua iaa?ocee, oae eae
a yoii aic?anoa iaeuecy eneeth/eoue ii?aaeaiea ei?iia?iuo a?oa?ee,
eioi?ia ia anaaaea auyaeyaony aeaaea i?e i?iaaaeaiee iaeneiaeueiiai
no?ann-oanoa.
«Anaaaea inoaaaeoanue a i?aaeaeao nianoaaiiuo aiciiaeiinoae e ieeiaaea
ia aaaaeoa n aieaa iieiaeuie e neeueiuie ia?oia?aie», — o/eo A.
Eeaeuey?ae. E y n iei iieiinoueth niaeaniu.
I?e niaethaeaiee iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia e i?aaee icaei?iaeoaeueiie
o?aie?iaee ethaeueie n?aaeiaai e iiaeeeiai aic?anoa (eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey
e iinoaiaiiia oaaee/aiea o?aie?iai/iuo iaa?ocie, no?iaee a?a/aaiue
eiio?ieue e naiieiio?ieue) iianiinoue aicieeiiaaiey na?ueaciuo
ineiaeiaiee /?acau/aeii iaea e ?aaeueii nouanoaoao eeoue o aieueiuo n
oyaeaeie na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie iaoieiaeae (i?e ionoonoaee a?a/aaiiai
eiio?iey).
ACAEIINAssCUe AeAEAAOAEUeIIE AEOEAIINOE E I?IAeIEAEEOAEUeIINOE
AEECIE
Iiaeao ee eioaineaiay oece/aneay o?aie?iaea iiaeeyoue ia
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie? Aii?in i/aiue eioa?aniue, ii aianoa n oai
e neiaeiue: aeey n?aaiaiey ioaeiu aeaa aieueoea a?oiiu ethaeae, aeeaoueo
i?eia?ii a ?aaiuo oneiaeyo (eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyao eeoue o?iaaiue
aeaeaaoaeueiie aeoeaiinoe); n?iee iaaethaeaiey aeieaeiu ?anoyiooueny ia
90–100 eao. Eaeaaeueiui auei au niiinoaaeaiea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe
aeecie a a?oiia aaaoiia, ia/aaoeo caiyoey a iieiaeinoe, e o ethaeae,
aaaeoueo iaeiiiaeaeaeiue ia?ac aeecie. Iaeiaei ianniaia oaea/aiea
icaei?iaeoaeueiui aaaii ia/aeinue anaai eaeeo-ieaoaeue 20 eao iacaae,
iiyoiio iiaeiaiuo enneaaeiaaiee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy auoue ia iiaeao. Ia
iiaeoiaeyo aeey yoie oeaee e auaoea nii?oniaiu, i?ae?aoeaoea aeoeaiua
caiyoey iinea caaa?oaiey nii?oeaiie ea?uea?u: aic?anoiua aeaaaia?aoeaiua
eciaiaiey (aoa?ineea?ic e o.ae.) iiaoo ?acaeaaoueny o ieo aeaaea
auno?aa, /ai o naa?noieeia, ieeiaaea ia caieiaaoeony nii?oii (A. A.
Aeaiai, 1980). Eiaiii iiyoiio a aieueoeinoaa iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee, —
iinayuaiiuo aeaiiie i?iaeaia, ia oaeaeinue aeieacaoue iieiaeeoaeueiiai
aeeyiey caiyoee nii?oii ia iaeeaeaaioth i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie.
A ?aaioa A. I. Caoeei?neiai (1988) niaea?aeaony iaiauaiiua aeaiiua
ca?oaaaeiuo enneaaeiaaiee ii yoie i?iaeaia. A /anoiinoe, iaeiei ec
aia?eeaineeo aaoi?ia onoaiiaeaii, /oi a oa/aiea noieaoey (n 1828 ii 1928
a.) nia?oiinoue o nii?oniaiia-a?aaoeia auea nouanoaaiii ieaea, /ai a
n?aaeiai ii no?aia. Ii aeaiiui ae?oaiai enneaaeiaaiey, n?aaeiyy
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie o nooaeaioia-a?aaoeia ninoaaeea 67,9 aiaea,
a o eo iaeiieo?nieeia ii oieaa?neoaoo — eeoue 61,6 aiaea. Iniaaiii
eioa?ania ?aaioa Ea?aiiaia, aaea i?iaiaeece?iaaia i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue
aeecie 396 /aiieiiia Oeieyiaeee ii euaeiui aiieai, eioi?ua ?iaeeeenue a
ia?eiae n 1845 ii 1910 a. e i?iaeieaeaee aeoeaiua caiyoey aei
i?aeeiiiiai aic?anoa. O ieo n?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie
ninoaaeea 73 aiaea — ia 4,3 aiaea aieueoa, /ai o ioaeneiai ianaeaiey
Oeieyiaeee. A aieaa iicaeiai enneaaeiaaiee, eioi?ia i?iaeieaeaeinue a
oa/aiea 20 eao (a?oiia ec 600 ioae/ei a aic?anoa 45–64 eao) iieacaii,
/oi i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie o ethaeae n aunieie aeaeaaoaeueiie
aeoeaiinoueth a n?aaeiai ia 2,1 aiaea aieueoa, /ai o iaeiiiaeaeaeiuo, —
ca n/ao nie?auaiey neo/aaa nia?oe io eioa?eoa. Aaoi? aeaeaao auaiae, /oi
aunieee o?iaaiue aeaeaaoaeueiie aeoeaiinoe niiniaai i?aaeioa?aoeoue
i?aaeaeaa?aiaiioth nia?oue io eioa?eoa, ii ia iiaeao oaaee/eoue
iaeneiaeueioth i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie. Eae aiai?ee ecaanoiue
aia?eeaineee ea?aeeieia i?ioanni? Oaeo, «anee iu ia iiaeai i?eaaaeoue
aiaeu e iaoae aeecie, oi aeiaaaei aeeciue e iaoei aiaeai». A yoi ia oae
oaea iaei.
I/aiue eioa?aniua aeaiiua i cia/aiee oece/aneie aeoeaiinoe a nieaeaiee
nia?oiinoe iieo/aiu aia?eeaineeie o/aiuie ec Oeaio?a ay?iaeee Eoia?a a
Aeaeeana. A ?acoeueoaoa iaaethaeaiey ca 10000 ioae/ei e aeaiuei a
oa/aiea 10 eao auei iaia?oaeaii: iaeaieaa aunieee o?iaaiue nia?oiinoe o
ethaeae n ieceei o?iaiai oece/aneie iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe — 64,0 neo/ay
nia?oe ia 10 000 /aeiaaei-eao iaaethaeaiee; iaeaieaa ieceee — o ethaeae
n i/aiue aunieei o?iaiai oece/aneie iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe (18,6 neo/ay
nia?oe). I?e iaee/ee ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia ?enea (aunieiai niaea?aeaiey
oieanoa?eia e aetheicu a e?iae, a?oa?eaeueiie aeia?oiiee, iaee?aiey e o.
ae.) nia?oiinoue oaaee/eaaeanue eeoue a 1,5–2 ?aca, oiaaea eae , o
ethaeae n ieceei o?iaiai oece/aneiai ninoiyiey — a 3,4 ?aca. I?e yoii
?aceee ?ino nia?oiinoe iaaethaeaeny i?e nieaeaiee oece/aneiai ninoiyiey
aei o?iaiy «ieaea n?aaeiaai». O?aie?iaea, eioi?ay i?eaiaeeea e ?inoo OON
aei n?aaeiaai o?iaiy, niinianoaiaaea ?aceiio nieaeaieth nia?oiinoe. Ii
iiaieth aia?eeaioeaa, oaeie iaa?oceie yaeyaony auno?ay oiaeueaa
(nieaeoieeia) ii 30–60 iei aaeaaeiaaii eee iaaeeaiiue aaa (aeaeiaaeia)
ii 30–40 iei 3 ?aca a iaaeaeth. Oaeei ia?acii, nieaeaiea OON ieaea IV
o?iaiy i?eaiaeeo e ?inoo caaieaaaaiinoe, a ieaea III o?iaiy — e ?inoo
nia?oiinoe. Aanueia aia/aoeythuea aeaiiua, iaae eioi?uie noieo
caaeoiaoueny i?aaiai cae?aaiio?aiaiey!
Nieaeaiea iauae nia?oiinoe n ?inoii OON. i?ienoiaeeei i?aaeaea anaai ca
n/ao nieaeaiey nia?oiinoe io na?aea/ii-ninoaeenouo e ?aeiauo
caaieaaaiee; yoa oaiaeaioeey cia/eoaeueii oneeeaaeanue n aic?anoii.
Naiay oaniay naycue nia?oiinoe n OON ioia/aia a a?oiia ioae/ei a
aic?anoa 50–59 eao. Oaeei ia?acii, n?aaeiee o?iaaiue oece/aneie
iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe (IIE 35 ie/ea o ioae/ei e 32 ie/ea o aeaiuei)
iicaieyao cia/eoaeueii nieceoue ?ene i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiie nia?oe, ii ia
nianaao io iiiai/eneaiiuo o?iie/aneeo caaieaaaiee. A nayce n yoei, anee
au oioeoa ia oieueei i?iaeeoue aeieaoth aeeciue, ii e nio?aieoue e?aieia
caei?iauea aei aeoaieie noa?inoe, iaiaoiaeeii aeinoeaiooue eae ieieioi
IV o?iaiy oece/aneiai ninoiyiey — auoa n?aaeiaai (IIE 42 ie/ea o
ioae/ei e35 ie/ea o aeaiuei). E yoi caaeneo oieueei io aan naieo!
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