I?AAeENEIAEA
?aaioa iinayuaia iaoiaeai eio?ineiiee iai?ic?a/iuo aeey aeaeeiiai naaoa
iauaeoia i?e iiiiue yaea?iiai iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina (ssI?). *oiau
iaaethaeaoue yoi yaeaiea , iauaeo iiiauatho a iinoiyiiia iaaieoiia iiea
e iiaeaa?aatho aeaenoaeth ?aaeei/anoioiuo e a?aaeeaioiuo iaaieoiuo
iieae. A eaoooea eiaeoeoeaiinoe , ie?oaeathuae enneaaeoaiue iauaeo ,
aicieeaao ia?aiaiiay yeaeo?iaeaeaeouay neea (YAeN) ,
aiieeooaeii-/anoioiue niaeo? eioi?ie e ia?aoiaeiua ai a?aiaie
oa?aeoa?enoeee ianoo eioi?iaoeeth i i?ino?ainoaaiiie ieioiinoe
?aciie?othueo aoiiiuo yaea? , a oaeaea i ae?oaeo ia?aiao?ao ,
niaoeeoe/aneeo oieueei aeey yaea?iiai iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina . Iinea
ia?aaioee ia YAI yoa eioi?iaoeey ia?aoiaeeo a ssI?-ecia?aaeaiea ,
eioi?ia oa?aeoa?ecoao ieioiinoue oeie/anee yeaeaaeaioiuo yaea? , a?aiaia
?aeaenaoeee yaea?iiai iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina , ?ani?aaeaeaiea nei?inoae
iioiea aeeaeeinoe , aeeoooceth iieaeoe e aeioeie/aneea i?ioeannu iaiaia
aauanoa a aeeauo oeaiyo.
Eiio?ano ssI?-ecia?aaeaiee iiaeii oaaee/eoue , aaiaey a i?aaieci
?acee/iua ia?aiaaieoiua aauanoaa . Iaoiaeu ssI?-eio?ineiiee iicaieytho
neaaeeoue ca i?ioeannaie iinooieaiey a i?aaieci e oaeaeaiey ec iaai
aoiiiuo yaea? , iai?eia? ooi?a-19 , eioi?ua a ii?iaeueiuo oneiaeyo eeai
ionoonoaotho a i?aaiecia , eeai niaea?aeaony a ie/oiaeiuo
eiioeaio?aoeeyo . Aeaaiaea?y oeacaiiui naienoaai ssI?-eio?ineiiey noaea
naiui iiuiui e iiiaia?aiiui iaoiaeii aeeaaiinoeee a iaaeeoeeia ,
auoaniea ia aoi?ie ieai ?aeiino?oeoeaioth ?aioaaiianeoth oiiia?aoeth , a
oaeaea aeonoineiieth .
ssI?-eio?ineiiey ?acaeaaaony no?aieoaeueiuie oaiiaie . Yoiio , a
/anoiinoe , niinianoaoao oi , /oi aeaiiue iaoiae aeeaaiinoeee aaca?aaeai
aeey caei?iauey /aeiaaea . A ioee/ea io ?aioaaiianeeo iaoiaeia
aeeaaiinoeee ssI?-eio?ineiiey aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aoue eae
ioaeaeueiua ssI?-ecia?aaeaiey, oae e eeiieaae?u , niaea?aeauea aieueoia
/enei ssI?-ecia?aaeaiee. Auei caoeene?iaaii ianeieueei neo/aaa , eiaaea
ceiea/anoaaiiay iiooieue a iicao /aeiaaea naiaa?aiaiii iaia?oaeeaaeanue
i?e iiiiue ssI?-eio?ineiiee , a oi a?aiy eae ?aioaaiianeea iaoiaeu
aeeaaiinoeee auyaeyee yoo aieaciue ia aieaa iicaeiae noaaeee , e ea/aiea
noaiiaeeinue iaaiciiaeiui . Anoue ana iniiaaiey i?aaeiieaaaoue , /oi
iaoiaeii ssI?-eio?ineiiee aoaeao ?aoaia i?iaeaia ?aiiae aeeaaiinoeee
?aea , a oaeaea iiiaeo ae?oaeo aieaciae /aeiaaea .
?AAeEI*ANOIOIUA EAOOOEE
?aaeei/anoioiua (?*) eaoooee ssI?-niaeo?iiao?ia e ssI?-eio?ineiiia
i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iiaeaiaea ?*-iiey e ia?acoeo e aeey nuaia ?*-
ioeeeea nenoaiu nieiia. Yoe ooieoeee ?acaeaeaiu a ne?auaiiuo ?*-
eaoooeao , eioi?ua ia?iaiaeeeoey?iu ae?oa e ae?oao. Iaa oeacaiiua
ooieoeee iiaeao auiieiyoue iaeia ?*- eaoooea , anee a ia?aaeathuae
i?eaiiie nenoaia eiaaony aeoieaena? eee yeaeaaeaioiay ?acaycuaathuay
oeaiue. A ssI?- eio?ineiiao eniieuecotho eae nieaiieaeaeueiua , oae e
naaeeiaeaeiua ?*- eaoooee. Aiieeooaea ?*- iiey a iaeii?iaeiii nieaiieaea
1/2 ,
aaea A1 au?aaeaii a ieOe , ?* – iiuiinoue W a Ao , iau?i ?* – eaoooee Vc
a ni3. Iinoiyiiay a?aiaie ia?anoaiey iai?yaeaiey a oaeii nieaiieaea
tH=2Q / ((o ,
2
aaea Q – aeia?ioiinoue ?* – eaoooee. Iaeeii/iay ?* – eaoooea nicaeaao
naioth aieueooth aiieeooaeo A1 ?* – iiey a ia?acoea caaeaiiiai iauaia
Vc.
Ioiioaiea neaiaea e ooio S/N a oeaie iano?iaiiie ?* – eaoooee
eciaiyaony eae ei?aiue eaaae?aoiue ec Q , e iiyoiio oeaeaniia?acii
eiaoue aieaa aunieia Q. Iaeiaei a?aiy , cao?a/eaaaiia ia ?acaeaeaiea
aeaoo ninaaeieo oeeeeia iaeo/aiey , i?iii?oeeiiaeueii aeia?ioiinoe.
Iiyoiio a ssI?- eio?ineiiao , a eioi?uo eniieuecotho eiioeueniua iaoiaeu
oi?ie?iaaiey ssI? – ecia?aaeaiee , aeia?ioiinoue ia?aie/aia.
*oiau iieo/eoue iaeii?iaeiia ?* – iiea ii iauaio ia?acoea , auee
iino?iaiu naaeeiaeaeiua ?*- eaoooee acaiai iaeii?iaeiuo
nieaiieaeaeueiuo. Aa?eaoeee aiieeooaeu iaaieoiiai iiey ii iauaio
ia?acoea ieieiaeueiu , anee h/D=1.6554 , c=120.76(, (?en 1) , e
iaaieoiia iiea ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii ine oeeeeiae?a. A iioeiaeueiie
eiioeao?aoeee naaeeiaeaeiie ?*- eaoooee i?iecaiaeiua io oeaio?aeueiiai
iiey aoi?iai ii?yaeea ii eii?aeeiaoa ia?auathony a ioeue aeey ethaiai
iai?aaeaiey. Caiaoei , /oi naaeeiaeaeioth aaiiao?eth n i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie
iai?aaeaieyie yeaeo?e/aneeo oieia eniieuecotho oaeaea a a?aaeeaioiuo
eaoooeao iaaieoiiai iiey.
Iaeiaei iioeiaeueiua cia/aiey h/D e ( aoaeoo ae?oaeie. Iioeiecaoeeth
aaiiao?ee a yoii neo/aa ii?aaeaeyao iaeioi?ay eiiaeiaoeey i?iecaiaeiuo
io oeaio?aeueiiai iaaieoiiai iiey ii eii?aeeiaoa o?aoueaai ii?yaeea.
Aeey ?anoe?aiey iaeanoe iaeii?iaeiiai ?*- iiey a
nieaiieaeaeueiie eaoooea aaiaeyo ia?aiaiiue oaa iaaeaeo aeoeaie. Aiaeec
iieacae, /oi ?aaeeaeueiay iaiaeii?iaeiinoue n?aaieia n aeneaeueiie
iaiaeii?iaeiinoueth eee iaiueoa aa, e iaa oeacaiiua iaiaeii?iaeiinoe
oeo/oathony, anee iioeiaeueii oiaiueoaoue oaa iaiioee e e?ayi
nieaiieaea. Aaiiao?ey oaeiai nieaiieaea oeene?oaony i?e iiiiue /aou?ao
a?aaaiie, ecaioiaeaiiuo ec ieo?eaea ai?a. Oaeei ia?acii, auei iieo/aii
aeaoe?aoiia oaaee/aiea iaeii?iaeiinoe ?*- iiey ia /anoioa vo= 270 MAoe.
N?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec nieaiieaeaeueiie e naaeeiaeaeiie ?*-
eaoooae aeey ssI?- eio?ineiiia, a eioi?uo eniieuecotho eiioeueniua
iaoiaeu oi?ie?iaaiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee, iieacuaaao, /oi ioiioaiea
neaiaea e ooio a nieaiieaeaeueiie ?*- eaoooea i?eia?ii a 3 ?aca, a
aeia?ioiinoue Q i?eia?ii a 2 ?aca aieueoa, /ai a naaeeiaeaeiie ?*-
eaoooea ia /anoioao 20 IAoe. I?e/eia yoiai a oii, /oi iaaieoiay yia?aey
a naaeeiaeaeiie ?*- eaoooea eiioeaio?e?oaony aaeece i?iaiaeieeia e ia
i?ioiaeeo /a?ac ia?acaoe, eioi?ue iaoiaeeony a oeaio?a ?*- eaoooee.
A eiioeueniuo ssI?- eio?ineiiao ia?acaoe aicaoaeaeaaony
eiioeuenaie ?*- iiey n ieeiaie iiuiinoueth ii?yaeea 102—103 Ao i?e
n?aaeiai eaaae?aoe/aneii iai?yaeaiee 100 A. Iaaeaeo oai iiuiinoue
?aaeno?e?oaiiai neaiaea ?aaia anaai 10 – 6 Ao. *oiau iiaeaaeoue
inoaoi/iua inoeeeeyoeee oiea ia 180 (A a ne?auaiiuo ?*- eaoooeao,
o?aaoaony a?aiy ainnoaiiaeaiey ieiei 14 td, aaea td( iinoiyiiay a?aiaie
niaaea ?aciiainiie oeaie, ?aaiay 2Q/wo, a a neo/aa iaeiie ?*- eaoooee
yoi a?aiy aic?anoaao aei 21td. Aeiee?iaaiea iieaciie eioi?iaoeee a
oa/aiea a?aiaie ainnoaiiaeaiey i?eaiaeeo e aiieeooaeiui e oaciaui
eneaaeaieyi a ?aaeno?e?oaiii neaiaea NNE.
Ia?aaeathua- i?eaiiay ?*- eaoooea ssI?- eio?ineiia aeey iauaeoia
aieueoiai ?acia?a iieacaia ia ?enoiea 2. Yoi naaeeiaeaeiay eaoooea
Aaeueiaieueoea, niaea?aeauay anaai aeaa aeoea iaaeiie iieinee,
iaiioaiiuo ia oeeeeiae? aeeaiao?ii 30 ni. niaoeeaeueiua nieaiieaeaeueiua
?*- eaoooee aeey aieiau /aeiaaea auee nicaeaiu a Aaa?aeeia. Noaoe/aneia
iaaieoiia iiea aaa?aeeineiai ssI?- eio?ineiia i?eaioe?iaaii
aa?oeeaeueii, a iaaieoiia ?*- iiea ai?eciioaeueii aaeieue ine eiaea, ia
eioi?ii eaaeeo iaoeeaio(?en.3). Aeaa nieaiieaea n oaaii iaiioee 1.1 ni e
aeeaiao?ii 27.6 ni eiatho o/anoie
3
aeeeiie 5.5 ni, naiaiaeiue io aeoeia. Aa?eaoeee aiieeooaeu ?*- iiey a
iienaiiie eiino?oeoeee naeaiaiiiai nieaiieaea ninoaaeytho ieiei 9( ia
aeeeia 14 ni, /oi a 4.4 ?aca iaiueoa aa?eaoeee a iaeii?iaeiii nieaiieaea
oao aea ?acia?ia. *oiau ia aeiionoeoue ?anno?ieee ?*- eaoooee iinea
iiiauaiey iaoeeaioa, iaaeaeo aieiaie iaoeeaioa e ?*- eaoooeie iiiauaeny
ye?ai Oa?aaeay, eioi?ue iaeiia?aiaiii oiaiueoae aeeyeaeo?e/aneea iioa?e
a oaea iaoeeaioa. Ye?ai ninoiye ec 90 iaaeiuo i?iaiaeieeia aeeaiao?ii
1.8 ii, ?aaiiia?ii oeiaeaiiuo ia?aeeaeueii ine ?*- eaoooee. *oiau
oeaio?aeueiay o?ainaeneaeueiay ieineinoue auea yeaeiioaioeeaeueiie iiae
ioeaaui iioaioeeaeii, ?*- eaoooea aeey aieiau /aeiaaea ?aaioaea a
yeaeo?e/anee naaeaine?iaaiiii ?aaeeia. Iiyoiio ia auei iaiaoiaeeiinoe
cacaieyoue i?iaiaeieee ye?aia Oa?aaeay, e eaaeaeue i?iaiaeiee iia auoue
yeaeo?e/anee eciee?iaai. ?aciiainiay /anoioa ?*- eaoooee ?aaia 1.7 IAoe,
aeia?ioiinoue Q0 = 460 aac iaoeeaioa e Q0 = 330 n iaoeeaioii. Ec yoeo
cia/aiee neaaeoao, /oi eiaeoeoeaiua iioa?e ninoaaeytho 1/3 iieiuo
iioa?ue a i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee aieiau /aeiaaea.
*oiau oiaiueoeoue ?acia? ?*- eaoooee e oai naiui oaaee/eoue ioiioaiea
neaiaea e ooio, auea ?ac?aaioaia ?*- eaoooea a oi?ia ne?auaiiuo yeeinia
?en.4. Iaiioea ninoiyea ec aeaoo aeoeia iaaeiie i?iaieiee, iaiioaiiuo ia
oeeeeiae?e/aneee ea?ean eeai iineaaeiaaoaeueii, eeai ia?aeeaeueii. ?*-
iiea a iae iiaei auoue iai?aaeaii eae ia?aeeaeueii ine oeeeeiae?e/aneiai
ea?eana, oae e ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii. Anee aaia?aoi? ?*- iiey iiaeniaaeeiai e
eeaiiai ab, oi aicaoaeaeaaony iiia?a/iia A1(a,b) iiea, a anee e
aaia?aoi?o iiaeniaaeeiaiu eeaiiu cd, oi aicaoaeaeaaony i?iaeieueiia
A1(c,d) iiea. ?*- eaoooea n ia?aeeaeueiie iaiioeie oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai,
/oi ?*- iai?yaeaiea, i?eeiaeaiiia e eeaiiai ab, i?aeoe/anee ia nicaeaao
iai?yaeaiey ia eeaiiao cd, e iaiai?io. Iiyoiio ?*- iiuiinoue iiaeii
ia?aaeaaaoue /a?ac iaeio ia?o eeaii. Aiciiaeia oaeaea noaia, a eioi?ie
ia?aeeth/aoaeue- aeoieaeni? niaaeeiai n eaaeaeie ia?ie eeaii, oae /oi
iiaeii iaeiia?aiaiii ?aaeno?e?iaaoue ssI?- neaiaeu io aeaoo ?acee/iuo
yaea?, ae?iiaaieoiua ioiioaiey eioi?uo ia neeueii ioee/athony ae?oa io
ae?oaa, iai?eia?, yae?a 1I e 19F. Ecaanoii, /oi a yoii neo/aa
noaoe/aneia iaaieoiia iiea aeieaeii auoue i?eaioe?iaaii aaeieue ine o
(?en.4) ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii aaeoi?ai A1,AA e A1,CD iaeiia?aiaiii.
Eiino?oeoeey ?*- eaoooae, eniieuecoaiuo a iaoiaea ssI?-
eio?ineiiee n a?aaeeaioii ?*- iiey ii iauaio ia?acoea, iieacaia ia
?enoiea 5. Ia?aaeathuay ?*- eaoooea, eioi?ay oi?ie?oao a?aaeeaio ?*-
iiey, ninoieo ec /aou?ao aeoeia a aa?oiae /anoe e iaeiiai aeoea a
ieaeiae /anoe. i?eaiiay ?*-eaoooea auiieiaia a oi?ia nieaiieaea.
Iniiaiie iaaeinoaoie oaeie eiino?oeoeee ?*- eaoooae a oii, /oi aeey
ia?acoeia, aeeeia eioi?uo niecia?eia n aeeeiie ia?aaeathuae ?*- eaoooee,
aicieeatho a?oaoaeou ia ssI?- ecia?aaeaieyo. I?e/eiie aicieeiiaaiey yoeo
aoa?oaeoia a oii, /oi oacu neaiaeia, eaeoueo io ?acee/iuo /anoae
ia?acoea, ?acee/athony.
NUAI E IA?AAIOEA AeAIIUO
Ion/eouaaiea aiaeiaiauo ssI?- neaiaeia aaaeoo ia ?aaoey?iie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe aeene?aoiuo iiiaioia a?aiaie, eaeoueo n oaeoiaui
ia?eiaeii, eioi?ue oaeiaeaoai?yao eeanne/aneie oai?aia ion/aoia. Ia?aae
eaaeaeui i/a?aaeiui ion/eouaaieai i?iecaiaeyo eioaa?e?iaaiea ssI?-
neaiaea i?aeoe/anee a oa/aiea anaai oaeoiaiai ia?eiaea. Iaeiieaiiue
neaiae na?anuaatho ia?aae ia/aeii i/a?aaeiiai oeeeea iaeiieaiey.
Oaeoiaay /anoioa iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 107 Aoe, a aeeaiacii ecia?yaiuo
/anoio ieiei 10 eAoe. I?ieioaa?e?iaaiiua neaiaeu ia?aaaouaaeenue a
aiaeiaiai- oeeo?i
4
aii i?aia?aciaaoaea, eioi?ua i?eieiatho aeae iaai?a aeaie/iuo ciaeia io
5 aei 14 ?ac?yaeia. *oiau caoeene?iaaoue oeaii/eo oeeo?, eniieuecotho
auno?ia ono?ienoai iaeiieaiey oeeo?iaie eioi?iaoee.
Eiiiuethoa? i?ioeanni? a ssI?- eio?ineiiee eniieuecotho aeey auiieiaiey
aeene?aoiiai i?aia?aciaaiey Oo?uea aieueoiai ianneaa aeaiiuo, a oaeaea
aeey auiieiaiey ae?oaeo iaoaiaoe/aneeo iia?aoeee, eioi?ua aicieeatho a
i?ioeanna iieo/aiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee. Oieueei a ssI?- eio?ineiiao
i?yiiai neaie?iaaiey eeai i?e eniieueciaaiee oiie/aneiai iaoiaea eneiiua
aeaiiua iieo/atho i?e iiiiue i?inoie ia?aoaniaee aeaiiuo a caaeaiiii
oi?iaoa. Iaeaieueoee iau?i au/eneaiee auiieiytho i?e eniieueciaaiee
i?iaeoeeiiii- ?aeiino?oeoeaiiai iaoiaea ssI?- eio?ineiiee. Aieueoie
iau?i i?iiaaeooi/iuo aeaiiuo o?aiyo a aieueoeo nenoaiao iaiyoe e
aica?auatho ia?aoii a iaiyoue iinea i?iaaaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo
au/eneeoaeueiuo iia?aoeee.
ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey, iinooieaoea ec ssI?- eio?ineiia, iiaoo auoue
iiaeaa?aioou aiinoa?ei?iie ia?aaioea a oeaeyo iiauoaiey eiio?anoa e
ea/anoaa ecia?aaeaiey, a oaeaea aeey ?aniiciaaaiey ia?acia,
ei??aeyoeeiiiiai e ae?oaeo iaoiaeia aeeaaiinoeee. Iiae?iaiue aiaeec
iaoiaeia oeeo?iaie ia?aaioee ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee auoiaeeo ca ?aiee
aeaiiie ?aaiou.
NENOAIU IOIA?AAEAIEss AeAIIUO
ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey a naiai ia?ae/iii aeaea ioia?aaeathony ia ye?aia
eaoiaeii- eo/aaie o?oaee eee ?ano?iaiai aeenieay, oi?aaeyaiiai
eiiiuethoa?ii. Ecia?aaeaiea ia ye?aia eaoiaeii- eo/aaie o?oaee
oi?ie?otho iiaeoeyoeeae ai a?aiaie eioaineaiinoe yeaeo?iiiiai io/ea.
*oiau iiauneoue /enei ?acee/iuo a?aaeaoeee, eniieuecotho iaoiae
iiaeoeyoeee a?aiaie yeniiceoeee. Ia aoiae oaeiai ono?ienoaa enoiaeiua
aeaiiua iinooiatho a oi?ia neia ec 4 aeo a yeaeaaeaioiue eioa?aae
a?aiaie yeniiceoeee . N yoie oeaeueth oaaee/iua aeaiiua aaiaeyo a
caiiieiathuaa ono?ienoai oieueei aeey n/eouaaiey (ROM). I?aaiecaoeey
iineaaeiaai eiaao aeae 16 neia ( 8 aeo, oae /oi ethaia cia/aiea
aeene?aoiiai neaiaea a oi?ia neiaa ec 4 aeo a neo/aa 16 a?aaeaoeee
y?einoe aae?anoao iaeii neiai ec 8 aeo a oeacaiiie oaaeeoea. Caoai neiaa
ec 8 aeo caa?oaeatho a ainueie?ac?yaeiue n/ao/ee eiioeuenia, eioi?ue
oi?aaeyaony oaeoiauie eiioeuenaie oaeei ia?acii, /oi a?aiy iaiaoiaeeiia
aeey na?ina iieacaoaeae n/ao/eea eiioeuenia aei ioey, i?iii?oeeiiaeueii
eiaa?eoio cia/aiey aeene?aoiiai neaiaea a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii Aaaa?a(
Oaoia?a aeey c?aiey. A oaeii ono?ienoaa oaeoiaay /anoioa ?aaia 10 IAoe
, oe?eia iieinu /anoio aeenieay 5 IAoe . Oi?ie?iaaiea ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey
ia aeenieaa n ?ano?ii 128(128 yeaiaioia caieiaao ieiei 1/4 n. Oeeo?iaie-
aiaeiaiaue eiiaaioi? eiaao aeanyoe?ac?yaeiua neiaa. *oiau ioia?aaeaoue
ia aeenieaa aeaiiua, eioaineaiinoue eioi?uo i?aauoaao caaeaiiia
cia/aiea, eniieuecotho ia?aeeaeueii i?ia?aiie?oaiue ROM.
Inaaaeioeaaoiia ssI?- ecia?aaeaiea iaeaeao oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea a eeeieea,
oae eae iii iaeaa/aao onoaiiaeo oi/iiai aeeaaiica e oiaiueoaao
iai?yaeaiea, n eioi?ui aeieaeai ?aaioaoue iia?aoi?. Inaaaeioeaaoiia
ecia?aaeaiea oi?ie?otho ia oeaaoiii oaeaaeceiiiii iiieoi?a. Iniaue
eioa?an aeey iaaeeoeeiu eiaao nenoaia iaeiia?aiaiiiai ioia?aaeaiey
nieiiaie ieioiinoe f (x) e a?aiai niei- ?aoaoi/iie ?aeaenaoeee O1 (o).
Aa?eaoeee O1 ia?aaeathony a oeaaoiaie oeaea, a nieiiaay ieioiinoue f –
a oeaea eioaineaiinoe. Eioa?oaen aeenieay neio?iiece?oao oi?aaeythuea
neaiaeu e iinoiyiii a ?aaeeia auno?iai iaiiaeaiey ecia?aaeaiey
eiiaaioe?oao oeeo?iaua cia/aiey eioaineaiinoe ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey a
aeaeaineaiae.
5
Oioia?aoe/aneea eiiee ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey iiaeii iieo/eoue eeai
iaiin?aaenoaaiii n ye?aia oeaaoiiai iiieoi?a, eeai i?e iiiiue
oioineaia?a, oi?aaeyaiiai eiiiuethoa?ii. Ia oioiaoiaaa iieo/atho eae
/a?ii- aaeua, oae e oeaaoiua eiiee ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee. Ono?ienoai
niaea?aeeo o?aaeeoeeiiiue a?aoiiino?ieoaeue, niaaeeiaiiue /a?ac
eioa?oaen n ieieeiiiuethoa?ii. Oeaaoiay eiiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey
nicaeaaony i?e iiiiue o?ao enoi/ieeia naaoa ?acee/iiai niaeo?aeueiiai
ninoaaa, i?e yoii naao aeioiaeeo aei oioia?aoe/aneie aoiaae ?acia?ii 20
( 20 ni /a?ac aieieiiii- iioe/aneee eaaaeue. A?aiy iieo/aiey iiiio?iiiie
eiiee ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey ninoaaeyao 3 ieioou , a oeaaoiiai 12 ieioo .
Eiaaony aiciiaeiinoue oiaiueoeoue yoi a?aiy a 3 ?aca .
I?EIAIAIEA ssI? – EIO?INEIIEE A IAAeEOeEIA
I?e niiinoaaeaiee ?acee/iuo iaoiaeia iieo/aiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee iau/ii
oeacuaatho o?e oa?aeoa?enoe/aneeo ia?aiao?a (
Ioiioaiea neaiaea e ooio .
A?aiy iieo/aiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey .
I?ino?ainoaaiiia ?ac?aoaiea .
Ioiioaiea neaiaea e ooio ?aaii ioiioaieth YAeN , eiaeooee?iaaiiie a
i?eaiiie ?*- eaoooea , e n?aaeiae eaaae?aoe/aneie aiieeooaea oaieiauo
ooiia Un :
S / N = ( / Un ,
aaea
Un = (4kTcR(()1/2 ;
Tc (( aaniethoiay oaiia?aoo?a eaoooee ; R ( yeaeo?e/aneia
nii?ioeaeaiea ; (( ( oe?eia iieinu /anoio anae i?eaiiie nenoaiu . Oae
eae ssI?- neaiaeu ?aaeno?e?otho oaciai- /oanoaeoaeueiui aeaoaeoi?ii, oi
a oi?ioeo aeey ioiioaiey S / N aoiaeeo ioiioaiea aiieeooae neaiaeia , a
ia yia?aee . YAeN ?aaia
( ( (A1)oo I (0 Vs ( (0 B0(B1)xyVs ( (02 Vs(B1)xy
i?e (i ( 5 IAoe . A ?*- eaoooea nieaiieaeaeueiiai aeaea iiea A1 aeey
aaeeie/iiai oiea ?aaii
n (( 1 ,
R 3/2( ( ( (( a n2) / (2( g) ( n (( 1,
6
aaea ( – nii?ioeaeaiea eaoooee ; ( ( 3 – 6 – oaeoi? aeecinoe ; ( –
oieueia neei-neiy. A iaeanoe /anoio (0 ( 1IAoe ioiioaiea neaiaea e ooio
ecia?yaony eae noaiaiue 7/4 io ea?iiaie /anoiou . I?e aunieeo /anoioao ,
eiaaea iniiaiua iioa?e ?*- iiuiinoe i?ienoiaeyo a ia?acoea , yoi
niioiioaiea ia?aoiaeeo a eeiaeiia . Aeey iauaeoia aieueoeo ?acia?ia ,
iai?eia? aeey oaea /aeiaaea , iaiaoiaeeii o/anoue neei- yooaeo e
yeaeo?e/aneia nii?ioeaeaiea oeaiae , eioi?ia ?aaii ( 1( , a oieueia
neei- neiy ninoaaeyao 80 ii i?e (0 = 40 IAoe . Ec-ca ineaaeaiey ?*-
iiey oaie iooaoeee ( noaiiaeony ooieoeeae aeoaeiu z :
( ( / 2 = B10 tp exp(- z/( ).
?aca?in oaea iooaoeee ii aeoaeia eiiiaine?otho , auae?ay aeey eaaeaeie
aeoaeiu z niioaaonoaothuoth aiieeooaeo ?*- iiey.
Iiaeaee?othuea ?an/aou yooaeoia ineaaeaiey e naeaeaa ii oaca
yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai iiey a ?acee/iuo oeaiyo /aeiaaea iieacuaatho , /oi a
ssI?- eio?ineiiao , i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey iieo/aiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee
/aeiaaea , /anoioa Ea?iiia ia aeieaeia auoue aieaa 10 IAoe .
?aca . Eiaiii ai noieueei ?ac (e ia aieueoa!) aic?anoaao ioiioaiea
neaiaea e ooio , anee ioeaaeeoue ?*- eaoooeo aei naa?oi?iaiaeyuaai
ninoiyiey . I?eaaaeaiiay auoa ioeaiea ioiioaiey neaiaea e ooio aa?ia
aeey i?yiiai iaoiaea neaie?iaaiey , e ai anao eioaa?aeueiuo e
iiiaiieaia?iuo iaoiaeao iieo/aiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee ioiioaiea neaiaea e
ooio a yeaeaaeaioiuo oneiaeyo cia/eoaeueii auoa . Oeacaiiue oaeoi?
iicaieyao nieceoue o?aaoaiia a?aiy iieo/aiey ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey aieioue
aei 1n.
Aaaeiia i?aeiouanoai iaoiaeia eio?ineiiee i?e iiiiue yaea?iiai
iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina a oii , /oi caeanue iao eiiece?othuaai eceo/aiey .
Yoio oaeo noae ?aoathuei noeioeii auno?iai ?ani?ino?aiaiey ssI?-
eio?ineiiia a eeeieeao . A i?ioeanna nuaia aeaiiuo i ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee
oaei /aeiaaea iiaeaa?aaaony aeaenoaeth o?ao aaaioia : noaoe/aneiai
iaaieoiiai iiey , ia?aeeth/aaiuo eee inoeeee?othueo a?aaeeaioiuo
iaaieoiuo iieae , a oaeaea eiioeueniuo ?aaeei/anoioiuo iieae .
Noaoe/aneia iaaieoiia iiea iiaeao aucaaoue aaiaoe/aneea eee
aeioeie/aneea yooaeou , a oaeaea yooaeou ia eeaoi/iii o?iaia . Aieioue
aei eiaeoeoeee iaaieoiiai iiey 2 Oe oeacaiiuo yooaeoia ia iaaethaeaeinue
. Noaoe/aneia iaaieoiia iiea iiaeao eciaiyoue nei?inoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey
eiioeuenia yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey ii ia?aai . Niaeanii oai?aoe/aneei
ioeaieai , eciaiaiea oeacaiiiai oaeoi?a ia 10% aeieaeii ianooieoue a
iieyo n eiaeoeoeeae 24 Oe e aieaa . A yenia?eiaioao , i?iaaaeaiiuo a
iaaieoiii iiea 2 Oe a oa/aiea 4/ ieeaeeo eciaiaiee a nei?inoe
i?iaiaeeiinoe ia?aia iaia?oaeaii ia auei . Eneiiia yaeaiea ianee?oao
yooaeo eciaiaiey oaiia?aoo?u oaea . Iiauoaiea oaiia?aoo?u oaea ia 0.1( N
i?eaiaeeei e aa?eaoeeyi ?anniao?eaaaiiai oaeoi?a ia 2 – 4 %.
A neeueiuo iaaieoiuo iieyo iaaethaeatho aiiiaeee a yeaeo?iea?aeeia?aiia
na?aeoea . I?e aeaeaeaiee e?iae a iaaieoiii iiea aicieeaao
aeiiieieoaeueiay YAeN . Iaaethaeaaiue yooaeo , eioi?ue ?anoao eeiaeii n
eiaeoeoeeae iaaieoiiai iiey aieioue aei 2 Oe e en/acaao n?aco aea iinea
aueeth/aiey noaoe/aneiai iaaieoiiai iiey , eniieuecotho aeey eco/aiey
iioiea e?iae a na?aeoea . I?e yoii ia aicieeatho ie a?eoiey , ie
eciaiaiey a
7
/anoioa nie?auaiey na?aeoea , ie eciaiaiey a aeaaeaiee e?iae e ia
i?ienoiaeeo ieeaeeo oeie/aneeo eciaiaiee .
Enneaaeiaaiea iiaaaeaiey aaeoa?ee e aaiaoe/aneea enneaaeiaaiey
eeioioeeoia e?iae /aeiaaea i?e iiiiue iaoiaeeee , i/aiue /oanoaeoaeueiie
e neaaui i?eianyi oiene/aneeo aauanoa e e oeueo?aoeieaoiaiio iaeo/aieth
, ia iicaieeee iaia?oaeeoue eaeea- eeai a?aaeiua yooaeou aieioue aei
eiaeoeoeee iaaieoiiai iiey ( 1 Oe.
Ia?aeeth/aaiua e inoeeee?othuea a?aaeeaioiua iaaieoiua iiey iiaoo
nicaeaoue iaaeiionoeii aunieea cia/aiey aioo?aiiae YAeN . I?e nei?inoe
ia?aeeth/aiey 3 Oe/n aicieeatho yeaeo?e/aneea oiee n ieioiinoueth ieiei
3 ieA/ni2 , eioi?ua iiaoo aucaaoue iaoaieiaua aeieiae/aneea yooaeou .
Eiee/anoaaiiue aiaeec iieacae , /oi aeey a?aaeeaioiie eaoooee aeeaiao?ii
20 ni aeiionoeiia cia/aiea nei?inoe ia?aeeth/aiey iaaieoiiai iiey ?aaii
dB/dt = 1 Oe/n . Yoi cia/aiea eaaeeo ieaea ii?iaa aicaoaeaeaiey ia?aia
(( 3(103 ieA/ni2), ii?iaa naa?ouaaiey e?iae a na?aeoea (102 – 103
ieA/ni2), ii?iaa iaaethaeaiey aniuoae naaoa a aeacao /aeiaaea iiae
aeaenoaeai yeaeo?iaeia ia aieiaa /aeiaaea (( 17 ieA/ni2), a oaeaea
ii?iaa yooaeoa iaaieoiuo oinoaiia (( 5 ieA/ni2). Niaoeeaeueiua
yenia?eiaiou iieacaee , /oi iaoieiae/aneea eciaiaiey a e?iae
ionoonoaotho i?e nei?inoe ia?aeeth/aiey iaaieoiiai iiey ( 500 Oe/n .
Auei caia/aii , /oi ii?ia oeacaiiuo yooaeoia caaeneo oaeaea io oi?iu
ooieoeee , iienuaathuae aa?eaoeee iaaieoiiai iiey ai a?aiaie .
Neionieaeaeueiua neaiaeu ia nicaeatho i?aeoe/aneiai a?aaea a eioa?aaea
/anoio 30 – 65 Aoe e oieueei aneiiao?e/iua oi?iu neaiaeia aeatho
caiaoiua eciaiaiey yoeo oaeoi?ia ia iaoeeaioao .
?aaeei/anoioiia iiea ssI?- eio?ineiia nicaeaao iaa?aa oeaiae .
Onoaiiaeaiiue aa?oiee ii?ia ?aaai 4 Ao/ea i?e a?aiaie aicaeaenoaey iaiaa
10 iei. e 1.5 Ao/ea i?e aeeeoaeueiii iaeo/aiee. Iniiaiie iaia?aa
i?ienoiaeeo ia iiaa?oiinoe oaea . Oaei oa?yao oaiei ca n/ao eceo/aiey e
i?yiiai ioeaaeaeaiey . I?e ieceie aeaaeiinoe aicaeooa e iiuiinoe
iaeo/aiey 4 Ao/ea a oa/aiea 10 iei. oaiia?aoo?a oaea iiauoaaony ia 0.7(
N .
Oaiei , auaeaeyaiia a oeaiyo /aeiaaea ai a?aiy naaina iaeo/aiey ?*-
iieai , ecia?ytho ii aeia?ioiinoe nenoaiu n iaoeeaioii e aac iaoeeaioa .
Iaaethaeaiey ca iiaaaeaieai ioaeaeueiuo eeaoie , iiene aaiaoe/aneeo
iia?aaeaeaiee e aaa??aoeee a o?iiiniiao iieacaee , /oi eiiieaen oaeoi?ia
, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey ssI?- eio?ineiiee , ia nicaeaao a?aaeiuo yooaeoia .
ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey ianoo aaaeioth eioi?iaoeeth i oeiee oeceieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia , i no?oeoo?a e aeeiaieea oeaiae ia iieaeoey?iii o?iaia e eae
neaaenoaea yoiai aeatho i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua aiciiaeiinoe aeey
iaaeeoeeineie aeeaaiinoeee . Yoi naienoai e aaca?aaeiinoue ssI?-
eio?ineiiee noaee ?aoathuei noeioeii auno?iai aiaae?aiey ssI?-
eio?ineiiee a iaaeeoeeineea eeeieee . Nia?aiaiiua ssI?- eio?ineiiu
aeatho i?ino?ainoaaiiia ?ac?aoaiea 1( 1( 4 ii i?e a?aiaie iieo/aiey
ecia?aaeaiey ieiei 100 n, iicaieytho iaeiia?aiaiii iieo/aoue
eieaeeciaaiiua niaeo?u oeie/aneeo naeaeaia yaea? 31? e 13N a
anoanoaaiiie eiioeaio?aoeee . Iaeiia?aiaiii eee n iaaieueoei ?ac?uaii ai
a?aiaie iiaeii iieo/eoue eae aiaoiie/aneoth eioi?iaoeeth , oae e aeaiiua
ia iaiaia aauanoa a oeaiyo (iaoiaieecia) . A?aiy iieo/aiey niaeo?a 31?
?aaii 10 e 16 iei. aeey niaeo?a 13N . Iieiaeaiea e ioiineoaeueiua
eioaineaiinoe ieeia a niaeo?a 31? oeacuaatho ia ioeeiiaiey io ii?iu a
oeaiyo iiae aeaenoaeai eoaiee , ceiea/anoaaiiie iiooiee , ia?ooaiey
iaiaia e aeaiiino?e?otho ?acoeueoaou oa?aiee . Niaeo?u 13N niaea?aeao
eioi?iaoeeth ia o?iaia o?eaeeoea?eaea e aeeeiaaia . Ia ssI?-
ecia?aaeaieyo iiaeii ioia?aceoue:
A?aiy niei- ?aoaoi/iie ?aeaenaoeee O1 ;
8
2.A?aiy niei- nieiiaie ?aeaenaoeee O2 ;
3.Eiyooeoeeaio aeeooocee iieaeoe ;
Iniaaiii oeaiioth eioi?iaoeeth ianoo ssI?- ecia?aaeaiey ninoaeenoie
nenoaiu , nieiiaiai iicaa , aieiaiiai iicaa , eaaeeo e n?aaeinoaiey .
Ana neo/ae ceiea/anoaaiiuo iiooieae , iaia?oaeeaaaiuo i?e iiiiue
?aeiino?oeoeaiie ?aioaaiianeie oiiia?aoee , eaeaioeoeoee?othony ia
ssI?- ecia?aaeaieyo yae?a aiaei?iaea . Iaeiieai aieueoie iiuo
eeeie/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey aieiaiiai iicaa /aeiaaea i?e iiiiue ssI?-
eio?ineiiee . Anaai auei ianeaaeiaaii 140 iaoeeaioia n oe?ieei niaeo?ii
iaa?ieiae/aneeo caaieaaaiee . I?aeiouanoai ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee a oii ,
/oi ia ieo na?ia aauanoai iicaa ioia?aaeaaony n aunieei eiio?anoii ,
eioi?ue iaaeinooiai aeey ?aioaaiianeie ?aeiino?oeoeaiie oiiia?aoee .
Ionoonoaotho a?oaoaeou , nicaeaaaaiua einoiuie oeaiyie a ?aioaaiianeie
?aeiino?oeoeaiie oiiia?aoee , ioia?aaeathony ia?aiao?u i iioiea
aeeaeeinoae.
Aieueoie iaai? ia?aiao?ia ia ssI?- ecia?aaeaieyo iicaieyao n aunieie
aeinoiaa?iinoueth iaia?oaeeoue oaeea iaoieiae/aneea i?ioeannu , eae
yaeaia , eioaeoeee , ceiea/anoaaiiua iiooiee e ia?a?iaeaeaiey oeaie .
Iniaaiii aunieoth /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e iicaiaie yaeaia aeatho neaiaeu
nieiiaiai yoa . Aeaaiue iaaeinoaoie ssI?- eio?ineiiee a oii , /oi ia
ssI?- ecia?aaeaieyo iao eioi?iaoeee i no?oeoo?a einoae . Aeey yoie oeaee
iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue ?aeiino?oeoeaioth ?aioaaiianeoth oiiia?aoeth
.
ssI?- eio?ineiiey aeaao oieeaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue naiaa?aiaiii
iaia?oaeeoue ia?aciaaiea ieaeeoa a ?acaeaathuainy ieiaea e i?e ioeaiea
iicaiauo iaaiiaiee o aeaoae.
?acoeueoaou ia?aiai iiuoa eniieueciaaiey ssI?- eio?ineiiee a iaaeeao?ee
yaeythony iaiaaeaaeeaathuei . I?e iiiiue ieaia?iiai iaoiaea iieo/aiey
ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee n ?aaeno?aoeeae yoi- neaiaea ca iaeua aeiee naeoiaeu
iieo/atho ecia?aaeaiey eaaeeo , na?aeoea , e n?aaeinoaiea aac a?oaoaeoia
aeaeaeaiey . Eia/a aiai?y , nuai aeaiiuo aaaeoo a ?aaeueiii ianooaaa
a?aiaie . A?aiy iieo/aiey ecia?aaeaiey n ?ac?aoaieai 6 ii e oieueiie 8
ii ?aaii 35 in . Neaiaeii – iiieoi?ii yaeyaony yeaeo?iea?aeeia?aiia . Ca
4.5 ieioou iieo/atho 512 ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee ( 32 n?aca n 16 eeiieaae?aie
ia eaaeaeue n?ac . Oaeei ia?acii , ?aaeno?e?oaiua aeaiiua eiatho
/aou?aoia?ioth no?oeoo?o . N iiiiuueth yaea?iiai iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina
iieo/aiu ?acoeueoaou ianeaaeiaaiey aeaoae a aic?anoa io 3 aei 14
ianyoeaa e niyou ecia?aaeaiey eaaiai aeaeoaei/iiai na?aeoea . Iaoiaeu
aiaeia?aoee auee a yoeo neo/ayo aanneeueiu .
Iienaiu neo/ae , eiaaea ceiea/anoaaiiua iiooiee a aieiaiii iicaa ia
?aiiai yoaia ?acaeoey auee iaia?oaeaiu oieueei ia ssI?- ecia?aaeaieyo e
auee aaeaa caiaoiu ia ?aioaaiianeeo oiiia?aiiao .Yoe e ae?oaea
enneaaeiaaiey oaaaeeoaeueii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii , /oi a
iae?ieiae/aneie aeeaaiinoeea ianooiaao iiaay y?a .
A ae?oaeo ?aaioao auei iieacaii yenia?eiaioaeueii , /oi aiaoiie/aneay
eioi?iaoeey e aeaiiua i iaoaaieecia a aieiaiii iicao /aeiaaea iiaoo
auoue iieo/aiu ia iaeiie onoaiiaea . Aii?aee iauai?eiyoui
i?aaenoaaeaieyi , aue iino?iai ssI?- eio?ineii aeey aieiaiiai iicaa
/aeiaaea ia i/aiue aunieie ?aciiainiie /anoioa 63.9 IAoe i?e eiaeoeoeee
iaaieoiiai iiey 1.5 Oe e uaeaaii ?aciiaoi?a ?*- iiey . Auei aeinoeaiooi
iiauoaiea ioiioaiey neaiaea e ooio a 11 ?ac ii n?aaiaieth n nenoaiie ,
?aaioathuae a iaaieoiii iiea n eiaeoeoeeae 0.12 Oe . Eieaeeciaaiiua
ssI?- niaeo?u aunieiai ?ac?aoaiey 31? , 13N e 1I auee iieo/aiu i?e
iiiiue iiaa?oiinoiie eaoooee . Oaeei ia?acii , iaoiae iieo/aiey
niaianoiuo aeaiiuo ia aiaoiiee e i aeioeiee oeaiae a iicao /aeiaaea
noaiiaeony o?aaeeoeeiiiui .
9
CAEETH*AIEA
Enoi?ey iaoee o/eo ian , /oi eaaeaeia iiaia oece/aneia yaeaiea eee iiaue
iaoiae i?ioiaeeo o?oaeiue iooue , ia/eiathueeny a iiiaio ioe?uoey
aeaiiiai yaeaiey e i?ioiaeyuee /a?ac ianeieueei oac . Nia/aea ii/oe
ieeiio ia i?eoiaeeo iuneue i aiciiaeiinoe , aeaaea aanueia ioaeaeaiiie ,
i?eiaiaiey yoiai yaeaiey a iianaaeiaaiie aeecie , a iaoea eee oaoieea .
Caoai ianooiaao oaca ?acaeoey , ai a?aiy eioi?ie aeaiiua yenia?eiaioia
oaaaeaeatho anao a aieueoie i?aeoe/aneie cia/eiinoe aeaiiiai yaeaiey.
Iaeiiaoe , neaaeoao oaca no?aieoaeueiiai aceaoa . Iiaua eino?oiaiou
aoiaeyo a iiaeo , noaiiayony aunieii?iaeoeoeaiuie , i?eiinyo aieueooth
i?eaueue e i?aa?auathony a ?aoathuee oaeoi? iao/ii- oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna . I?eai?u , iniiaaiiua ia eiaaea-oi aeaaii ioe?uoii yaeaiee ,
caiieiytho oeceeo , oeieth , i?iiuoeaiiinoue e iaaeeoeeio.
Iaeaieaa y?eei i?eia?ii eceiaeaiiie auoa ianeieueei oi?iuaiiie noaiu
yaiethoeee neoaeeo yaeaiea iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina , ioe?uoia A. E.
Caaieneei a 1944 a. a oi?ia ia?aiaaieoiiai ?aciiaina e iacaaeneii
ioe?uoiai Aeioii e Ia?naeeii a 1946 a. a aeaea ?aciiainiiai yaeaiey
iaaieoiuo iiiaioia aoiiiuo yaea? . Neiaeiay yaiethoeey ssI? /anoi
oieeaea neaioeeia e ianneienoe/aneei caeeth/aieyi . Aiai?eee, /oi “ ssI?
ia?oa “ , /oi “ ssI? naay iieiinoueth en/a?iae “ . Iaeiaei aii?aee e
iaia?aei? yoei caeeeiaieyi ssI? i?iaeieaeae eaeoe aia?aae e iinoiyiii
aeieacuaae naith aeecianiiniaiinoue . Iiiai ?ac yoa iaeanoue iaoee
iai?a/eaaeanue e iai iiaie , /anoi nianai iaiaeeaeaiiie noi?iiie e
aeaaaea aeeciue iiaiio iai?aaeaieth . Iineaaeiea ?aaiethoeeiiece?othuea
ecia?aoaiey a iaeanoe ssI? , aeeth/ay oaeeaeoaeueiua iaoiaeu iieo/aiey
ssI?- ecia?aaeaiee , oaaaeeoaeueii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii , /oi
a?aieoeu aiciiaeiiai a ssI? aeaenoaeoaeueii aaca?aie/iu . Caia/aoaeueiua
i?aeiouanoaa ssI?- eio?ineiiee , eioi?ua aoaeoo auniei ioeaiaiu
/aeiaa/anoaii e eioi?ua nae/an yaeythony iiuiui noeioeii no?aieoaeueiiai
?acaeoey ssI?- eio?ineiiee e oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey a iaaeeoeeia ,
caeeth/athony a i/aiue iaeie a?aaeiinoe aeey caei?iauey /aeiaaea ,
naienoaaiiie yoiio iiaiio iaoiaeo.
IEIENOA?NOAI IAUAAI E I?IOANNEIIAEUeIIAI
IA?ACIAAIEss
?O
AEAAeEIE?NEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
EAOAAe?A ?O e ?N
?AOA?AO
IA OAIO :
“ AeEAAIINOEEA N IIIIUUeTH
ssAeA?IIAI IAAIEOIIAI ?ACIIAINA “
AUIIEIEE :
NO – O A?. IEAe – 194
OAAAIIA ?. A.
I?EIssE:
NIOII I. I.
AEAAeEIE? , 1997
NIAeA?AEAIEA
I?aaeeneiaea……………………………………………………
……………………………………..1
?aaeei/anoioiua
eaoooee………………………………………………………..
………..1
Nuai e ia?aaioea
aeaiiuo………………………………………………………..
………….3
Nenoaiu ioia?aaeaiey
aeaiiuo………………………………………………………..
..4
I?eiaiaiea ssI?- eio?ineiiee a
iaaeeoeeia……………………………………..5
Caeeth/aiea…………………………………………………….
………………………………………9
10
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. Ni?iei E. I. Eio?ineiiey ia iniiaa yaeaiiiai iaaieoiiai ?aciiaina
– I: Yia?aiaoiiecaeao ,1986
2. Aa?aaai A. ssaea?iue iaaiaoeci : ia?. n aiae. / Iiae ?aae. A. A.
Ne?ioeeiai. – I. : Ecae- ai eiiino?. eeo., 1963. – 551n.
3. Oa??a? O. , Aaeea? Y. Eiioeueniay e oo?uea – niaeo?ineiiey ssI? :
ia?. n aiae. / Iiae ?aae. Y. E. Oaaeeia . – I. : Ie? , 1973. – 164n.
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