?aoa?ao ii aeieiaee ia oaio:
“Aeieiae/aneea iniiau ?acaeoey ?aaaiea e aeeyiea ia iaai oaeoi?ia
aiaoiae n?aaeu.”
o/aieea 10 “A” eeanna
Oaeoieia Aeaenaiae?a.
Iineaa 1996
Iiai?iaeaeaiiue ianao a naaa eiiieaen aaiia ia oieueei naieo ?iaeeoaeae,
ii e eo ioaeaeaiiuo i?aaeeia, oi anoue eiaao naie, oieueei aio i?enouee
aiaaoae- oee ianeaaenoaaiiue oiiae eee ianeaaenoaaiii
i?aaeii?aaeaeaiioth aeieiae/an- eoth i?ia?aiio, aeaaiaea?y eioi?ie
aicieeatho e ?acaeaathony aai eiaeeaeaeoaeue- iua ea/anoaa. Yoa
i?ia?aiia caeiiiia?ii e aa?iiie/ii i?aoai?yaony a aeeciue, anee, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, a iniiaa aeieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia eaaeao aeinoaoi/ii
ea/anoaaiiua ianeaaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u, a n ae?oaie, aiaoiyy n?aaea
iaania/eaaao ?anoouee i?aaieci anai iaiaoiaeeiui aeey ?aaeecaoeee
ianeaaenoaaiiiai ia/a-
ea.
I?eia?aoaiiua a oa/aiea aeecie iaauee e naienoaa ia ia?aaeathony ii
ianeaaenoao, iaoeie ia auyaeaii oaeaea iniauo aaiia iaea?aiiinoe,
iaeiaei eaae-
aeue ?iaeeaoeeny ?aaaiie iaeaaeaao a?iiaaeiui a?naiaeii caaeaoeia,
?aiiaa
?acaeoea e oi?ie?iaaiea eioi?uo caaeneo io nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u
iauanoaa,
io oneiaee ainieoaiey e iao/aiey, caaio e oneeee ?iaeeoaeae e aeaeaiey
naiiai
iaeaiueeiai /aeiaaea.
Iieiaeui ethaeyi, anooiathuei a a?ae, neaaeoao iiiieoue, /oi ii
ianeaaenoao ia?aaeathony ia oieueei aiaoiea i?eciaee e iiiaea
aeioeie/aneea iniaaiiinoe
i?aaiecia ( iaiai aauanoa, a?oiiu e?iae e ae?. ), ii e iaeioi?ua aieacie
eee i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue e aieaciaiiui ninoiyieyi. Iiyoiio eaaeaeiio
/aeiaaeo
iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue iauea i?aaenoaaeaiey i ianeaaenoaaiiinoe, ciaoue
naith ?iaein-
eiaioth ( ninoiyiea caei?iauey ?iaenoaaiieeia, eo aiaoiea iniaaiiinoe e
oaeaiou,
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie e ae?.), eiaoue i?aaenoaaeaiey i aeeyiee
a?aaeiuo oae-
oi?ia ( a /anoiinoe aeeiaiey e eo?aiey ) ia ?acaeoea aioo?eoo?iaiiai
ieiaea. Ana
yoe naaaeaiey iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey ?aiiae aeeaaiinoeee e
ea/aiey ian-
eaaenoaaiiuo caaieaaaiee, i?ioeeaeoeee a?iaeaeaiiuo ii?ieia ?acaeoey.
Ia?aaea/a ianeaaenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee io ?iaeeoaeae e ?aaaieo. A inii-
aa ia?aaea/e ianeaaenoaaiiuo i?eciaeia anaai aeeaiai ( ?anoaiee,
aeeaioiuo e /a-
eiaaea ) eaaeao i?aaeaea anaai caeiiu ianeaaeiaaiey, ioe?uoua A.
Iaiaeaeai a
1865 aiaeo. Iie iicaieeee noi?ioee?iaaoue o?iiiniiioth oai?eth
ianeaaenoaaiii-
noe, niaeanii eioi?ie i?aainoaaiiinoue naienoa a ?yaeo iieieaiee
ii?aaeaeyaony i?aainoaaiiinoueth eo o?iiinii, iaoiaeyueony a yae?a
eeaoie e caeeth/athueo a na-
aa anth aaiaoe/aneoth eioi?iaoeeth.
Ii nia?aiaiiui aeaiiui iaoee, o?iiiniiu yaea?iiai aauanoaa i?aaenoaa-
eytho aeaaioneea iieeia?iua iieaeoeu, ninoiyuea ec ieoae ioeeeeiiauo
eeneio
e iaaieueoiai eiee/anoaa aaeea. Eaaeaeay ia?a o?iiinii eiaao
ii?aaeaeaiiue iaai? aaiia, eiio?iee?othueo i?iyaeaiea oiai eee eiiai
i?eciaea. Oeie/aneay i?e?iaea aaia noaea ecaanoiie a iineaaeiea
aeanyoeeaoey iinea ?anoeo?iaee no?oeoo?u aeaciene?eaiioeeeeiiaie eeneiou
( AeIE ) e iaoaiecia aa naiioaeaia-
– 1 –
iey. A ninoaa AeIE aoiaeyo naoa? aeaciene?eaica, oinoi?iay eeneioa e 4
iniiaa-
iey – aaeaei, aoaiei, oeiei e oeeoicei. ( ?en. 1 )Iieaeoeu AeIE eiatho
aeaooieo/aooth
no?oeoo?o. Iaa ia?aeeaeueii eaeouea ieoe naa?ioou nie?aeueth, a iaaeaeo
yoeie ie- oyie, eae nooiaiueee a aeioiaie eanoieoea, ?aniieiaeaiu
iniiaaiey. I?e yoii aaea ei (A)niaaeeiyaony oieueei n oeieiii ( O ), a
aoaiei ( A ) – oieueei n oeeoiceiii ( Oe ). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaa?aei
onoaiiaeaii, /oi any ianeaaenoaaiiay eioi?iaoeey i i?eciaeao ?anoaiee,
aeeaioiuo e /aeiaaea, ana ?aciiia?acea aeeaiai ie?a eiaee?oaony ia ieoyo
AeIE aeaaiaea?y /a?aaeiaaieth yoeo /aou?ao ioeeeioeaeia. Nooue oaeiai
eiaea ninoieo a oii, /oi eaaeaeua o?e ?yaeii eaaeaueo ioeeeioeaea
eiaee?otho ii?aaeaeaiioth aieiieeneioo e oaeei ia?acii “ caienuaaaony”
eioi?iaoeey i iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe aieiieeneio a aaeea. Anaai ecaanoii
20 aieiieeneio, ?acee/iua aa?eaoeee ec eioi?uo ii?aaeaeytho ana
?aciiia?acea aaeeia a aeeaie iaoa?ee. N yoeie aaeeaie a naith i/a?aaeue
naycaii oi?ie?iaaiea oao eee eiuo iniaaiiinoaei?aaiecia ( iai?eia?
a?oiiiaay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e?iae, oeaao aiein e aeac o /aeiaaea e
iiiaea ae?oaea naienoaa ).
Neioac aaeea ia iniiaa aaiaoe/aneiai eiaea i?ienoiaeeo a oeeoiieacia
eea-
oee. Iin?aaeieeaie iaaeaeo yae?ii e oeeoiieaciie yaeythony
?eaiioeeeeiiaua een-
eiou ( ?IE ), cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa ii ?acia?ai , /ai AeIE.Aai
i?aaenoaaeyao ni-
aie a?oiio ?yaeii eaaeaueo ioeeeioeaeia, eioi?uie caeiaee?iaai iaeei
aaeie ( oa?
iaio ), ii?aaeaeythuee iaeei i?eciae. *enei aaiia i/aiue aaeeei –
n/eoatho, /oi o
/aeiaaea eo aeanyoee ouny/. Iaeei e oio aea aai iiaeao ieacuaaoue
aeeyiea ia ?acae
oea ?yaea i?eciaeia, ?aaii eae e ia oi?ie?iaaiea aaeeie/iiai i?eciaea
iiaoo
ieacuaaoue aeeyiea iiiai aaiia. Iieaeoeu AeIE, ec eioi?uo ninoiyo aaiu,
iiaeii
oaeaeaoue eeoue a iiuiua yeaeo?iiiua iee?ineiiu n oaeee/aieai a 150-200
ouny/ ?ac a ioee/ea io o?iiinii, no?iaiea eioi?uo iiaeii ?anniio?aoue a
iau/iue naaoiaie iee?ineii.
Eaaeaeiio aeaeo ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo naienoaai naie eiee/anoaaiiue iaai?
o?iiinii. Eaaeaeay eeaoea /aeiaa/aneiai oaea niaea?aeeo 46 o?iiinii. Ii
oae eae a iaai?a ii/oe ana o?iiiniiu i?aaenoaaeaiu ia?aie, oi iau/ii
oeacuaaaony, /oi a eaaeaeoth ia?o ec 22 aoiaeyo iaeeiaeiaua ii aaee/eia
eaeaioe/iua o?iiiniiu,
23-y ia?a oae iacuaaaiuo iieiauo o?iiinii o aeaiuei oaeaea ninoieo ec
iaeeia-
eiauo o?iiinii ( OO ), a o ioae/ei ( OY ). ( ?en. 2 )
Ca aini?iecaaaeaiea a iieieaieyo ?anoaiee, aeeaioiuo e /aeiaaea ianeaae-
noaaiiuo naienoa ioaaonoaaiiu 3 yaiethoeeiiii cae?aieaiiuo
oieaa?naeueiuo i?i
oeanna: ?aciiiaeaiea iau/iuo ( niiaoe/aneeo ) eeaoie i?aaiecia – ieoic,
?aciii
aeaiea iieiauo eeaoie – iaeic e iieiaeioai?aiea. I?e ieoica i?ienoiaeeo
i?in-
oia aeaeaiea, ia?aae eioi?ui eiee/anoai o?iiinii a eeaoea oaeaaeaaaony
iooai
naiiaini?iecaaaeaiey. A oaeii neo/aa ia?aae aeaeaieai a /aeiaa/a/neie
eeaoea
– 2 –
iaia?oaeeaaaaony ia 46, a 92 o?iiiniiu. Iie, eae ii eiiaiaea,
auno?aeaathony
ia?aie ae?oa i?ioea ae?oaa a aeaa oa?aiae e iaiiaaiii ?anoiaeyony e
?aciui iieth-
nai eeaoee. Aneaae ca yoei i?ioiieacia iooai ia?aoio?iaee ?acaeaeyaony
ia aeaa
/anoe e ia?acothony aeaa eeaoee, a yae?ao eioi?uo iiyoue niaea?aeeony ii
23 ia?u
o?iiiniiu.
A ia?eiae iieiaeioai?aiey ioaeneay aaiaoa – nia?iaoicieae – neeaaaony n
aeaineie aaiaoie – yeoeaeeaoeie, e a ia?acothuaeny oaeei ia?acii ceaioa
aiiaue
aoaeao 46 o?iiinii – 23 io iooea e 23 io iaoa?e, oi anoue 23 ia?u.
Aeaeaiea ceaiou
e aeaeueiaeoaa iaeiieaiea eeaoi/iiai iaoa?eaea oi?ie?othuaainy yia?eiia,
a
caoai ieiaea eaeao iooai ieoica. Ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo yoaiao o
oi?ie?othuaainy ca?iaeuoa iiyaeythony niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua eeaoee, ec
eioi?uo ia?acothony oea-
ie e i?aaiu. Aanue i?ioeann ?acaeoey ca?iaeuoa e any aeaeueiaeoay
aeeciaaeayoaeue-
iinoue ieiaea, iiai?iaeaeaiiiai ?aaaiea, ac?ineiai /aeiaaea i?ienoiaeyo
ia inii-
aa ianeaaenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee i?e iinoiyiiii aeeyiee oneiaee aiaoiae
n?a-
aeu, acaeiiaeaenoaee yoeo 2-o iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia.
Ii?aaeaeaiea iiea ?aaaiea. A i?ioeanna ca/aoey iieiaay i?eiaaeeaae-
iinoue aoaeouaai ?aaaiea ii?aaeaeyaony oai, iineoaeai eaeie iieiaie
o?iiini-
iu yaeyaony nia?iaoicieae – O eee Y. A yeoeaeeaoee aeaiueiu n?aaee 23
o?iiinii
a ii?ia niaea?aeeony iaeia iieiaay O – o?iiiniia. O ioae/ei e eiioeo
iaeioe/anei-
ai aeaeaiey ia?acoaony ia iaeia iieiaay eeaoea ( aaiaoa ), eae o
aeaiueiu, a 4 aa-
iaou ( nia?iaoicieaea ). I?e yoii iieiaeia ec ieo niaea?aeeo oaeea aea
O-o?iii-
niiu, eae e yeoeaeeaoee, a iieiaeia -Y-o?iiiniiu. Anee yeoeaeeaoea
iieiaeioai-
?yaony nia?iaoicieaeii , ianouei O – o?iiiniio, oi ec ia?aciaaaoaeny
ceaiou
aoaeao ?acaeaaoueny ?aaaiie aeaineiai iiea. Anee aea yeoeaeeaoea
iieiaeioai?aia
nia?iaoicieaeii n Y – o?iiiniiie, oi noi?ie?oaony iaeue/ee. ( ?en.3)
oai?eoe/a- nee aa?iyoiinoue ca/aoey aeaai/eie eee iaeue/eeii i?aeoe/anee
iaeeiaeiaa. Oae- oe/anee aea iieiaeioai?aiea nia?iaoicieaeaie n Y –
o?iiiniiaie ano?a/aaony /aua, oae eae iie iaeaaeatho aieueoae
iiaeaeaeiinoueth. Iaeiaei ?acaeaathueeny ec iieiaeioai?aiiiai yeoea
ca?iaeuo iaeue/eea iaiaa onoie/ea e iaaeaaii?eyoiui oneiaeyi aiaoiae
n?aaeu. Iai?iecaieueiua aueeaeuoe o aeaiuei i?e ca/aoee
iaeue/eeaieauaatho /aua, /ai i?e ca/aoee aeaai/eaie, e ana aea
iaeue/eeia ?iae- aeaaony ia 6% aieueoa, /ai aeaai/ae. Iaeue/eee e iinea
?iaeaeaiey ieacuaathony iaiaa onoie/eauie e aeeyieyi aiaoiae n?aaeu, /ai
aeaai/ee, e nia?oiinoue eo,
iniaaiii a ?aiiai aic?anoa, auoa. A ?acoeueoaoa e ia?eiaeo iieiaie
c?aeinoe ei-
ee/anoai thiioae e aeaaooae i?aeoe/aee iaeeiaeiai.
Ianeaaeiaaiea i?eciaeia ?iaeeoaeae. Aaeeieoeu ianeaaenoaaiiinoe – aaiu –
iaoiaeyony ia o?iiiniiao a no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiii ii?yaeea, a iineieueeo
o?iiini-
iu o /aeiaaea ia?iua, oi o eaaeaeiai eiaeeaeaea eiathony 2 eiiee aaia:
aai ia o?i-
– 4 –
iiniia, iieo/aiiie io iaoa?e, e aai ia o?iiiniia, iieo/aiiie io iooea.
Anee
iaa aaia iaeeiaeiau, aiai?yo, /oi aeaiiue eiaeeaeae “ aiiiceaioai” ,
anee ?aciua –
ii ”aaoa?iceaioai”. Aaiu aeeythuea ia i?iyaeaiea oiai eee eiiai
i?eciaea, ?an-
iieaaathony a iaeeiaeiauo o/anoeao ( eieonao ) aiiieiae/iuo o?iiinii e
iacuaath-
ony aeeaeueiuiie, eee aeeaeyie. I?e aaoa?iceaioiii ninoiyiee iaeei ec
aeeaeue
iuo aaiia yaeyaony aeiieiaioiui ( i?aiaeaaeathuei ), ae?oaie –
?aoeanneaiui. A io
iioaiee i?eciaea oeaaoa aeac aeiieiaioiui yaeyaony ea?ee oeaao, a
?aoeannea-
iui – aieoaie. ?aoeanneaiue i?eciae a i?aaiecia iaoiaeeony a ne?uoii
ninoiy-
iee e iiaeao i?iyaeoueny oieueei, anee aai aeaiiiai i?eciaea aoaeao e ia
o?iiini-
ia io iooea e ia eaeaioe/iie o?iiiniia io iaoa?e. Oaeie oa?aeoa?
i?iyaeaiey aaiia i?aaeii?aaeaeyao e ?aciue iaoaieci i?iyaeaiey
ianeaaenoaaiiuo caaiea-
aaiee, n?aaee eioi?uo ?acee/atho aeiieiaioii e ?aoeanneaii ianeaaeoaiua,
a oae
aea noeaieaiiua n iieii.
Onoaiiaeoue, yaeyaony ee oio eee eiie i?eciae o /aeiaaea aeiieiaioiui
eee ?aoeanneaiui, a?a/o, aio?iiieiao eee aaiaoeeo iiiiaaao
aaiaaeiae/aneee iaoiae enneaaeiaaiey ( iaoiae ?iaeineiaiuo ).
?iaeineiaiay – yoi noaia, ia eioi?ie oneiaiuie iaicia/aieyie,
ioia/athony ianeieueei iieieaiee iaeiie naiuee. I?e yoii aeaiueiu
iaicia/athony e?oaei/eii, ioae/eiu – eaaae?aoeeii. (?en. 4 ).
Eco/aaiuei?eciae eee caaieaaaiea oeacuaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiie aoeaie a
na?aaeeia e?oaeea eee eaaae?aoeea eeai ecia?aaeaaony caoo?eoiaaiiui.
?iaeeoaee, eo a?aouey e nano?u ?aniieaaathony ia iaeiie eeiee, aeaoe
oaeaea ?aniieaaathony ii ai?eciioaee, ii ieaea ?iaeeoaeae, a eo
aeaaeooee, aaaooee – auoa ?iaeeoaeae. Iiia?a iieieaiee ii noa?oeinoao
n/eoathony naa?oo aiec.
I?e aeiieiaioiii ianeaaeiaaiee i?eciaea aai iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue o
iaeiiai
eee o iaieo ?iaeeoaeae, a oaeaea o aeaaeooee eee aaaooee. I?e
?aoeanneaiii ianea-
aeiaaiee i?eciae iiaeao iaia?oaeeaaoueny oieueei a iaeiii ec iieieaiee o
25% aai
/eaiia. Aeiieiaioiue i?eciae a noaia ?iaeineiaiie iaaeyaeii aunooiaao ii
aa?-
oeeaee, oiaaea eae ?aoeanneaiue – oieueei ii ai?eciioaee.
Anoue i?eciaee, iaaethaeaaiua o eeoe ii?aaeaeaiiiai iiea. Yoi icia/aao,
/oi
aai, eiaee?othuee oaeie i?eciae, ?aniieaaaaony ia iaeiie ec iieiauo
o?iiinii.
Anee oaeie aai eieaeecoaony ia O – o?iiiniia, oi aeaiiue i?eciae aoaeao
iaaeth-
aeaoueny oieueei o iaeue/eeia, oae eae o aeaai/ae ae?oaay oaeay aea O –
o?iiiniia ii-
aeao ianoe aai aeaiiiai i?eciaea n eiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie. O aeaiuei
i?eciae, eii-
o?iee?oaiue O – ?aoeanneaiui aaiii, ia i?iyaeyaony, ii iaoiaeeony a
ne?uoii ni
noiyiee, e iie ia?aaeatho iieiaeia naieo nuiiaae. I?eciaee,
caeiaee?iaaiiua ia
Y – o?iiiniia, ii ianeaaenoao ia?aaeathony oieueei iaeue/eeai.
Aeeyiea aiaoian?aaeiauo oaeoi?ia ia ?acaeoea i?aaiecia ?aaaiea.
Eaaeaeue /aeiaae ioee/aaony io ae?oaiai iiiai/eneaiiuie oece/aneeie
iniaai-
– 6 –
iinoyie, eioi?ua oi?ie?othony oaea n naiiai aai ca?iaeaeaiey e ia
i?ioyaeaiee
anae aeecie. Iaeiaei n iiiaioa iiyaeaiey ioaeneie e aeaineie aaiao, a
caoai i?e
eo neeyiee e ia?aciaaiee iieiaeioai?aiie eeaoee – ceaiou ianeaaenoaaiiia
ia/a-
ei /aeiaaea iiaeao a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie eciaiyoueny iiae aeeyieai
aiaoian-
?aaeiauo oaeoi?ia. I?e acaeiiaeaenoaee aaiaoe/aneeo ( ianeaaenoaaiiuo )
e aiao-
ian?aaeiauo oaeoi?ia a aeaoneii aic?anoa oi?ie?oaony aieueoia /enei
eiaeeaeaeo-
aeueiuo i?eciaeia /aeiaaea.
Aiaoiae n?aaeie aeey ?aaaiea yaeythony i?aaeaea anaai oa oneiaey,
eioi?ua
nicaeaaeoo aai ?iaeeoaee e ie?oaeathuea aai ethaee, ?acee/iua
eeeiaoe/aneea, aaioe
ce/aneea e ae?oaea oaeoi?u. Aicaeaenoaea n?aaeu iiaeao nouanoaaiii
eciaieoue oa-
?aeoa? ianeaaenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee. Iia iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoueny
iieiinoueth eee
/anoe/ii, io /aai aoaeao caaenaoue au?aaeaiiinoue i?eciaea. Iai?eia?,
aaiaoe/an-
ee iaoneiaeaii, /oi n?aaeiyy ianna ?aaaiea i?e ?iaeaeaiee ninoaaeyao
3300-3700
a?aii, a ?ino – 49-52 ni. Ii anee ai a?aiy aa?aiaiiinoe iaoue ieioi
ieoaaony eee aea ec e?iae iaoa?e a e?iaue ?aaaiea iinooiaao
iaaeinoaoi/ii ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa eeai /oi-oi iaoaao eo onaiaieth, oi
?aaaiie iiaeao ?iaeeoueny n iannie
2000- 2500 a e ?inoii 43- 45 ni. Oaeie iiai?iaeaeaiiue aoaeao iac?aeui e
ii ia-
eioi?ui ae?oaei i?eciaeai. *oiau niinianoaiaaoue iaeaieaa iieiie
?aaeecaoeee
aai ianeaaenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee, ?iaeeoaeyi e a?a/ai i?eoiaeeony
i?eieiaoue ?yae ia?, oneeeaathuee ?ino ?aaaiea.
Aanue eiiieaen i?eciaeia, noi?ie?iaaaoeeny ai a?aiy acaeiiaeaenoaey
ianeaaenoaaiiuo naienoa i?aaiecia – aaiioeia e aiaoian?aaeiauo oaeoi?ia,
iacu
aaaony oaiioeiii. Noiia oaiioeie/aneeo i?eciaeia ninoaaeyao iniiao
eiinoe-
oooeeiiaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae ?aaaiea. Oi, /oi ia oa?aeoa? ianeaaenoaaiiuo
i?ec-
iaeia iiaeii aeeyoue oaeoi?aie aiaoian?aaeiaiai aicaeaenoaey, eiaao
i/aiue aaae
iia cia/aiea. Yoi iicaieyao ?iaeeoaeyi, iaaeeoeeineei ?aaioieeai,
iaaeaaiaai e
ae?oaei niaoeeaeenoai oeaeaiai?aaeaiii aeeyoue ia ?acaeaathueeny
i?aaieci ?a-
aaiea, oi?ie?iaaoue o iaai iieiaeeoaeueiua ee/iinoiua ea/anoaa,
ainieouaaoue oece/anee eaeooiaii aa?iiie/ii ?acaeoiai /aeiaaea.
Aeieiae/aneia e nioeeaeueiia a oi?ie?iaaiee ?anoouaaii?aaiecia. Ia
ethaii yoaia naiaai ?acaeoey /aeiaae yaeyaony i?e?iaeiui nouanoaii, a
ii-
oiio iiae/eiyaony aeieiae/aneei caeiiiia?iinoyi. Ii anee, aeieiae/aneia,
i?e?iaeiia anoue e a /aeiaaea, e a aeeaioiii, oi a iaieo neo/ayo iii
nouanoaaiii
?aciia, iineieueeo aeieiaey /aeiaaea ia?ac?uaii naycaia n nioeeaeueiuie
onei-
aeyie, neiaeeaoeieny a i?ioeanna ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa eae ?acoeueoao
iauaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie. N?aaea /aeiaaea eiaao anaaaea nioeeaeueiue
oa?aeoa? e ieacuaa-
ao iaeaieaa aeeyiea ia ?anoouee e ?acaeaathueeny i?aaieci ?aaaiea.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy anai oi?ioi ecaanoai oaiiiai aenaea?aoeee, oi anoue
– 8 –
?iaeaeaiea aeaoae n aieueoae iannie oaea, ?inoii e iineaaeothuei
onei?aiiui ?acaeoeai eo a oa/aiea anaai ia?eiaea aeaonoaa. Yoi yaeaiea
ioia/aeinue a NNN? aei “ ia?ano?ieee” e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo ?acaeouo
no?aiao. O/aiua n/eoatho, /oi a in-
iiaa yoiai oaiiiaia eaaeaei i?aaeaea anaai oeo/oaiea nioeeaeueiuo
oneiaee noua-
noaiaaiey /aeiaaea, aic?inoay caaioa i iaoa?e e i aa ?aaaiea,
oiio?aaeaiea a ieuo iieiioeaiiuo aaeeia, aeoaieiia e ae?oaeo
aeieiae/aneeo noeioeyoi?ia. Aa-
iaoe/aneee iaoa?eae, oa?aeoa?iue aeey /aeiaaea eae aeieiae/aneiai aeaea,
inoa-
eny i?aaeiei, ii iaiythueany nioeeaeueiua oneiaey auioaeaeatho i?ioeannu
?inoa e
?acaeoey ?aaioaoue a eiii ?eoia. Iniaaiii aeoeaii iiaeii
aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia
?anoouee i?aaieci ?aaaiea n iiiiuueth oaeeo nioeeaeueii oi?aaeyaiuo
oaeoi?ia,
eae ainieoaiea a naiuea e aeaoneii eieeaeoeaa, niaethaeaiea ?aaeeia,
?aoeeiiaeue-
iia ieoaiea, aaeaeaaoiua oece/aneea iaa?ocee, oeceoeueoo?a,
caeaeeaathuea i?i-
oeaaeo?u e oae aeaeaa. I?aaeeueiia eniieueciaaiea ia?a/eneaiiuo oaeoi?ia
iiaeao
iaania/eoue oece/aneia e aeooiaiia ?acaeoea ?aaaiea e niinianoaiaaoue
ei??ae-
oeee iiiaeo aeaoaeoia aaiaoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
A oiaea yaiethoeee /aeiaaea, a i?ioeanna o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe
niaa?oaino-
aiaaeinue ia oieueei aai oaei, ii e i?aaeaea anaai ei?a aieiaiiai iicaa
e oeaio?aeue-
iay ia?aiay nenoaia a oeaeii. *aeiaa/aneea iniaaiiinoe aieiaiiai iicaa
cae?a
ieyeenue a aaiaoe/aneii iaoa?eaea e ia?aaeiaaeenue ii ianeaaenoao.
Iaeiaei ineoe
/aneia ?acaeoea /aeiaaea eae ee/iinoe e nae/an aiciiaeii eeoue a
i?ioeanna ain-
ieoaiey, iooai iianaaeiaaiiai i?eaeoey ?aaaieo /enoi /aeiaa/aneeo
iaaueia. An-
ee /aeiaa/aneia aeeoy aeaaea n naiuie “ eo/oeie” no?oeoo?iuie
iniaaiiinoyie iicaa iiiaaeaao a oneiaey ecieyoeee io /aeiaa/aneiai
iauanoaa, oi ?acaeoea aai
eae ee/iinoe i?ae?auaaony. Yoi iiiaie?aoii iiaeoaa?aeaeaii a neo/ayo,
eiaaea aea-
oe ?aiiaai aic?anoa iiiaaeaee a noae aeeeeo aeeaioiuo eee iiaeaa?aaeenue
eneonnoaa
iiie ecieyoeee. Ineoe/aneia ?acaeoea ?aaaiea eae /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe
aiciiaeii eeouea ie?oaeaiee ae?oaeo ethaeae i?e aeoeaiii e ianneaiii
iao/aiee iiaaaeai/aneei iaaueai.
?acaeoea nioeeaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey ?aaaiea i?ienoiaeeo a i?ioeanna
ainieoa-
iey. A ia?aua iieaiaea aeecie ana iiaia ii onaaeaaao a iieiii niunea
neiaa n
iieieii iaoa?e. Eai ieuaaie aaconeiaiue ?aoeaen niinianoaoao
cae?aieaieth
ia?auo oneiaiuo ?aoeaenia. Aeaoe, anea?ieeaaaiua iaoa?eineei iieieii e
eiathuea iaiin?aaenoaaiiue iianaaeiaaiue eiioaeo n iaoa?ueth a oa/aiea
ia?aiai
aiaea aeecie, ?anooo aieaa niieieiuie, o?aaiiaaoaiiuie, eo/oa onaaeaatho
ana iiaia, a eo oa?aeoa?a i?aiaeaaeaao aeia?ioa, ci/oanoaea e ae?oaei
ethaeyi. Ai aoi-
?ii iieoaiaeee aeecie ?aaaiie ana aieueoa eioa?anoaony ae?oaeie
ie?oaeathueie aai ethaeueie, nio?aiyy ii-i?aaeiaio i?eaycaiiinoue e
iaoa?e.
?acaeoea nioeeaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey ?aaaiea ?aiiaai aic?anoa inouanoaeyao-
– 9 –
ny ia oieueei n iiiiuueth oeaeaiai?aaeaiiuo ia? ainieoaiey. *aua iii
i?ienoi-
aeeo ia iniiaa iaaethaeaiey ?aaaiea ca iiaaaeaieai ac?ineuo ethaeae e
aieaa noa-
?oeo aeaoae. A nayce n yoei aaaeiay ?ieue i?aiaaeeaaeeo ie?oaeathuei
oneiaeyi.
Aeeaeaeoei nioeeaeueiui ie?oaeaieai, a eioi?ia iiiaaeaao ?aaaiie, noaii-
aeony eae i?aaeei, naiaeiay iee?in?aaea – ?iaeeoaee, aaaooea, aeaaeooea,
a?aouey,
nano?u. Ia neaaeoao aeoiaoue, /oi aeeyiea iee?in?aaeu anooiaao a neeo,
eeoue eiaaea
?aaaiie caaiai?eo. Oaea a naiua ia?aua ianyoeu oa?aeoa? caaiou ac?ineuo
i aea-
oyo a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ii?aaeaeyao eo ineoe/aneia ?acaeoea.
Oiouaiiia a
yoio ia?eiae o?oaeii ainiieieii a aeaeueiaeoai. Ecieyoeey aeaoae io
?iaeeoaeae ii
aeao i?eaanoe i?e ia?aie/aiiinoe, aeaoeoeeoa iauaiey n ie?oaeathueie e
iaaeaai-
i?eyoiui eciaiaieyi a eo ?acaeoee, e aicieeiiaaieth aeaaea iaeioi?uo
ineoiia-
oe/aneeo /a?o. Aeey oi?ie?iaaiey ee/iinoiuo ea/anoa ?aaaiea cia/eia oa
naia-
eiay aoiinoa?a, a eioi?ie aeeaao ?aaaiie: caieiatho ee ?iaeeoaee ii
ioiioaieth
e iaio aaeeioth iiceoeeth eee ?acioth, i?iyaeytho ee iie e iaio
i?aeiouanoaaiii no?iainoue e o?aaiaaoaeueiinoue eee aea iaaeiinoue e
i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiinoue iinyo ee
a naiuea oaieue, ae?oaeanoaaiiue oa?aeoa? eee a ieo i?aiaeaaeatho
ioeoeeaeue-
iinoue oieiaeiinoue e o.i. Caia/aii, /oi a oao naiueyo, aaea ?iaeeoaee,
ia i?iyaeyy aeinoaoi/iiai oaiea e ?aaaieo, /anoi iiaeiaiytho aai
iaayc/eaui eiio?iee?iaa-
ieai, iaceaeaoaeueiinoueth e ia?aeecaoi?noaii, aeiioneatho inea?aeaiey e
oieaea-
iey, auniaeaaiea e oece/aneea iaeacaiey ca i?iiaoe e iaoaea/e, aeaoe
au?anoa-
tho iaoaa?aiiuie a naaa, iaei eieoeeaoeaiuie, n caieaeaiiie naiiioeaieie
e i?eoycaieyie. Yoe ea/anoaa iaoatho iieiioeaiiiio ?acaeoeth ?aaaiea ia
oieueei
a aeioeieueiua aiaeu, ii e a aeaeueiaeoae aeecie.
Aeaoe, ainieoaiiua a aoiinoa?a aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiinoe e iiaeaea?aeee,
eiatho iaiaei i?aeiouanoa – o ieo aieueoa aiciiaeiinoe aeey ?acaeoey
naiae aeoeaiin-
oe, iie /aua i?iyaeytho oai?/aneee iiaeoiae , i?eaeiaeueiinoue,
ae?oaeaneea /oanoaa,
iaia?oaeeaatho aieueoa yiiioeeiiaeueiinoe a naieo acaeiiioiioaieyo,
iaaeaee eo
naa?noieee, aeeaouea a oneiaeyo eceeoiae no?iainoe, aeaoeoeeoa oaieiou,
eanee.
Eiaiii oaeay naiaeiay iee?in?aaea a iaeaieueoae noaiaie niiniaia
aucaaoue o ?aaaiea “ /oanoai iieiie caueuaiiinoe” ( A. N. Iaea?aiei ),
/oi oae aaaeii aeey aai ineoe/aneiai caei?iauey.
Ia caei?iauea ?aaaiea e ?acaeoea o iaai ee/iinoiuo iniaaiiinoae aieueoia
aeeyiea ieacuaaao no?oeoo?a naiuee e oa?aeoa? aioo?enaiaeiuo ioiioaiee.
Aa?-
iiie/iiio ?acaeoeth ee/iinoe /anoi iaoatho aeeeoaeueiua eiioeeeoiua
neooaoeee
a naiuea, ?acaiaeu ?iaeeoaeae, ainieoaiea “ aaeeinoaaiiiai” ?aaaiea e
ae?. A oaeeo
naiueyo aeaoe /anoi no?aaeatho iaa?icaie, ooaea o/aony, ionoatho a
oece/aneii ?ac-
aeoee, /anoi aieatho ?acee/iuie niiaoe/aneeie caaieaaaieyie.
Anee oaeie ?aaaiie caaieaaaao, i?ienoiaeeo aeaeueiaeoay anoaiecaoeey i?-
– 10 –
aaiecia, aaaeouay e nieaeaieth oece/aneie e ineoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe, e
ineaaea-
ieth aai ?aaeoeaiinoe a ioiioaiee ae?oaeo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
aiaoian?aaeiauo oa-
eoi?ia e i?aae?aniieaaathuay e iiaui caaieaaaieyi.
A neiaeiii i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey ee/iinoe o/anoaotho iiiaea oece/an-
eea, aeieiae/aneea e nioeeaeueiua oaeoi?u. Aeeeoaeueiia io?eoeaoaeueiia
aeeyiea
yoeo oaeoi?ia ia ?anoouee e ?acaeaathueeny i?aaieci ?aaaiea iiaeao
i?eaanoe e aiiiaeueiiio ?acaeoeth ee/iinoe e niinianoaiaaoue
aicieeiiaaieth ia?aii-ine-
oe/aneeo ?ano?ienoa. Aeey ainieoaiey aa?iiie/iie ee/iinoe e
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ia?aii-ineoe/aneeo ?anno?ienoa o aeaoae ia?iiiia
cia/aiea eiaao nioeeaeueii –
yeiiiie/aneay no?oeoo?a iauanoaa, nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
iaaeaoeeineeo i?ioeeaeoe/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee. I?eia?ii oiio neoaeee oio
oaeo, /oi a auaoai NNN? ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue ia?aii-ineoe/aneeo aieaciae
i?eia?ii a 3 ?aca au-
ea ieaea, /ai a ?acaeouo eaieoaeeenoe/aneeo no?aiao.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCOAIIE EEOA?AOO?U:
A. E. Aa?aneiiae/, I. E. Aeaeaoe, I. I. Aea?thaeia, I. A. Aeenueei
N. I. Naioyeue, A. A. Iaeaoaae/, A. E. Iao?aoeaae/, I.A. Naa/aiei
E. I. Onia, A. E. Onoeiiae/, E. I. Oia?aoiae/, E. A. *aoianeee,
A. O. *eae?ue, E. I. Oaiyeei
“ EIOeEEEIIAAeEss IIEIAeIE NAIUeE” Ieine 1987.
– 11 –
– 8 –
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