Iaoeeiiaeueiue iaaeaaiae/aneee oieaa?neoao
ei. I.I. Ae?aaiiaiiaa
aeeiaieue e aai
iineaaenoaey
Aaoi?u: Iaeeioeiaa Aeaia TH?ueaaia Aaeaa?aeei Eiinoaioei TH?ueaae/
Eo?aoi? ?aaiou: Oei?aioeiaa Eeaaaeey Ieoaeeiaia
Eeaa 1999
Iaeaaeaiea
Ii/aio iu aua?aee yoo oaio.
Enoi?ey aeeiaiey.
N?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe e oa?aeoa?a ?aiiae
aeeiaieecaoeee.
Oeceieiae/aneia aeeyiea aeeiaiey.
*oi ethaee iuetho e iineaaenoaey yoiai, ?acaeoey iaoaiecia aeeiaieueiiai
ii?aaeaiey
a. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea ieuaaa?eoaeueiie nenoaiu
a. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu
a. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea nenoaiu eiioiiie caueou i?aaiecia
a. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea i?aaiia aeuoaiey
ae. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea auaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu
a. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea nenoaiu e?iae
ae. Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea ia?aiie nenoaiu
Aeeiaieue e iaoa?einoai.
?ac?ooeoaeue ?anoouaai i?aaiecia.
Aeeiaieeci e iauanoai.
Neiaa?ue niaoeeoe/aneeo oa?ieiia.
Aeaeeia?aoe/aneee nienie.
Ii/aio iu aua?aee yoo oaio.
I?iaeaia oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaiey i/aiue aeooaeueia a iaoe aeie.
Nae/an iio?aaeaiea nie?oiuo iaieoeia a ie?a oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia?iiiuie
oeeo?aie. Io yoiai no?aaeaao ana iauanoai, ii a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iiae
oa?ico noaaeony iiae?anoathuaa iieieaiea: aeaoe, iiae?inoee,
iieiaeaaeue, a oaeaea caei?iauea aoaeoueo iaoa?ae. Aaaeue aeeiaieue
iniaaiii aeoeaii aeeyao ia ianoi?ie?iaaaoeeny i?aaieci, iinoaiaiii
?ac?ooay aai.
A?aae aeeiaiey i/aaeaeai. Aeieacaii, /oi i?e iiiaaeaiee aeeiaiey
aioo?ue i?aaiecia, ii ?aciineony ii e?iae ei anai i?aaiai e
iaaeaaii?eyoii aeaenoaoao ia ieo aieioue aei ?ac?ooaiey.
I?e nenoaiaoe/aneii oiio?aaeaiee aeeiaiey ?acaeaaaony iianiay
aieaciue – aeeiaieeci. Aeeiaieeci iianai aeey caei?iauey /aeiaaea, ii ii
ecea/ei, eae e iiiaea ae?oaea aieacie.
Ii aeaaiay i?iaeaia ninoieo a oii, /oi aieueoay /anoue
aeeiaieueiie i?iaeoeoeee, auioneaaiie iaainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie, niaea?aeeo aieueoia eiee/anoai yaeiaeouo aauanoa.
Iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiay i?iaeoeoeey ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeo e io?aaeaieyi e
aeaaea nia?oyi.
Ana yoi iaiineo aieueoie o?ii iauanoao, aai eoeueoo?iui
oeaiiinoyi.
Enoi?ey aeeiaiey.
Iioeoeoaeue ?annoaeea — oae eiaiotho aeeiaieue n aeaaieo a?aiai.
Ia iiueyiythueo naienoaao nie?oiuo iaieoeia ethaee ociaee ia iaiaa /ai
ca 8000 eao aei iaoae y?u – n iiyaeaieai ea?aie/aneie iinoaeu, aeaaoae
aiciiaeiinoue ecaioiaeaiey aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia ec iaaea, ieiaeiauo
nieia e aeeei?anoouaai aeiia?aaea. Aiciiaeii, aeiiaeaeea aicieeei aua
aei ia/aea eoeueoo?iiai caieaaeaeey. Oae, ecaanoiue iooaoanoaaiiee I.I.
Ieeeooi-Iaeeae iaaethaeae iaioania Iiaie Aaeiae, ia oiaaoeo aua
aeiauaaoue iaiiue, ii ciaaoeo oaea i?eaiu i?eaioiaeaiey oiaeueiuo
iaieoeia. *enoue nie?o ia/aee iieo/aoue a 6-7 aaeao a?aau e iacaaee aai
«aeue eiaieue», /oi icia/aao «iaeo?iaieaathuee». Ia?aoth aooueeo aiaeee
ecaioiaee a?aa ?aaac a 860 aiaeo. Ia?aaiiea aeia aeey iieo/aiey nie?oa
?acei onoaoaeea iueyinoai. Ia eneeth/aii, /oi eiaiii yoi iineoaeeei
iiaiaeii aeey cai?aoa oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo iaieoeia iniiaiiieiaeieeii
eneaia (ionoeueiaineie ?aeeaee) Iooaiiaaeii (Iaaiiao, 570–632). Yoio
cai?ao aioae aiineaaenoaee e a naiae ionoeueiaineeo caeiiia – Ei?ai (7
aae). N oao ii? ia i?ioyaeaiee 12 noieaoee a ionoeueiaineeo no?aiao
aeeiaieue ia oiio?aaeyee, a ionooiieee yoiai caeiia (iueyieoeu) aeanoiei
ea?aeenue.
Ii aeaaea a no?aiao Acee, aaea iio?aaeaiea aeia cai?auaeinue
?aeeaeae (Ei?aiii), eoeueo aeia ana aea i?ioeaaoae e ainiaaaeny a
noeoao.
A n?aaeiaaaeiauea a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia oaeaea iao/eeenue iieo/aoue
e?aieea nie?oiua iaieoee iooai aicaiiee aeia e ae?oaeo a?iaeyueo
naoa?enouo aeeaeeinoae. Niaeanii eaaaiaea, aia?aua yoo iia?aoeeth
niaa?oee eoaeueyineee iiiao aeoeiee Aaeaioeon. Eni?iaiaaa aiiaue
iieo/aiiue i?iaeoeo e i?eaey a ninoiyiea neeueiiai aeeiaieueiiai
iiueyiaiey, aeoeiee cayaee, /oi ii ioe?ue /oaeiaeaenoaaiiue yeeene?,
aeaeathuee noa?oea iieiaeui, ooiieaiiiai aiae?ui, oineothuaai aanaeui.
N oao ii? e?aieea aeeiaieueiua iaieoee auno?i ?ani?ino?aieeenue
ii no?aiai ie?a, i?aaeaea anaai ca n/ao iinoiyiii ?anoouaai
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa aeeiaiey ec aeaoaaiai nu?uey (ea?oioaey,
iooiaeia naoa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa e o.i.). Aeeiaieue ianoieueei auno?i
aioae a auo, /oi i?aeoe/anee ia iaeei ooaeiaeiee, ienaoaeue eee iiyo ia
iaoiaeee yoo oaio. Oaeiau ea?oeiu iueyinoaa ia iieioiao noa?uo
aieeaiaeneeo, eoaeueyineeo, eniaineeo e iaiaoeeeo ooaeiaeieeia. Ceoth
neeo aeeiaieecia iiieiaee iiiaea ia?aaeiaua ethaee naiaai a?aiaie.
Ecaanoiue ?aeeaeiciue ?aoi?iaoi? oao eao Ia?oei Ethoa? ienae: « Eaaeaeay
no?aia aeieaeia eiaoue naiaai aeueyaiea, iao iaiaoeeee aeueyaie –
aeia?ay ai/ea aeia».
?ani?ino?aiaiea iueyinoaa ia ?one naycaii n iieeoeeie
ainiiaenoaothueo eeannia. Auei aeaaea nicaeaii iiaiea, /oi iueyinoai
yaeyaony yeiau noa?eiiie o?aaeeoeeae ?onneiai ia?iaea. I?e yoii
nnueaeenue ia neiaa eaoiiene: «Aanaeea ia ?one – anoue ieoe». Ii yoi
eeaaaoa ia ?onneoth iaoeeth. ?onneee enoi?ee e yoiia?ao, ciaoie iau/aaa
e i?aaia ia?iaea, i?ioanni? I.E. Einoiia?ia (1817—1885) iieiinoueth
ii?iaa?a yoi iiaiea. Ii aeieacae, /oi a Ae?aaiae ?one ieee i/aiue iaei.
Eeoue ia eca?aiiua i?acaeieee aa?eee iaaeiaooo, a?aao eee ieai,
e?aiinoue eioi?uo ia i?aauoaea 5-10 a?aaeonia. *a?ea ioneaeanue ii e?oao
e ec iaa eaaeaeue ioieaae ianeieueei aeioeia. A aoaeie ieeaeeo nie?oiuo
iaieoeia ia iieaaaeinue, e iueyinoai n/eoaeinue aaee/aeoei iici?ii e
a?aoii.
Ii n 16-ai noieaoey ia/aeny ianniaue caaic ec-ca a?aieoeu aiaeee
e aeia. I?e Eaaia IV e Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa o/?aaeaeathony «oea?aau
eaaaee», i?eiinyuea ianno aeaiaa a eacio. Oai ia iaiaa, oaea oiaaea
iuoaeenue ia?aie/eoue iio?aaeaiea nie?oiuo iaieoeia. Oae a 1652 aiaeo
auoae oeac «i?iaeaaaoue aiaeeo ii iaeiie /a?ea /aeiaaeo». Cai?auaeinue
auaeaaaoue aeii «ieoooai» (o.a. iuethuei), a oaeaea anai ai a?aiy
iinoia, ii n?aaeai, iyoieoeai e aine?anaiueyi. Iaeiaei ec-ca oeiainiauo
niia?aaeaiee anei?a auea aianaia iii?aaea: «/oiau aaeeeiai ainoaea?y
eacia o/eieoue i?eaueue, ieoooia n e?oaea/iiai aeai?a ia ioaiiyoue», /ai
oaeoe/anee iiaeaea?aeeaaeinue iueyinoai.
N 1894 aiaea i?iaeaaea aiaeee noaea oea?neie iiiiiieeae.
Iaeiei ec oaiiuo iyoai i?ioeiai, neaaeu eioi?iai aua nio?aieeenue
o ian, yaeythony iueyinoai e aeeiaieeci.
Iaaei ee aiai?eoue, /oi Oe?aeia a niunea oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiiai
no?aia aieaa /ai iniaay. Ooo naie, oau, ia/aeueiua o?aaeeoeee, naie
noaiaea?ou. I?aaaee?oao o ian oiio?aaeaiea a aeaea «oaea?iuo aeic»:
aieueoia eiee/anoai auieoiai a naeaoua n?iee. *aua aeiai. Eia/a aiai?y,
a Oe?aeia aeiieie?oao naiue iaaeaaii?eyoiue, oae iacuaaaiue «naaa?iue»
oei ieoey. E iueai iu enoi?e/anee ana aieueoa e aieueoa. Anee a1913
aiaeo i?iaeaaaeinue 3,4 eeo?a ia /aeiaaea a aiae, oi a 1927 – 3,7. E
eiioeo 1940 aiaea aini?iaeaaea, i?aaaea nieceeanue aei 2,3 eeo?a, a e
1950 oiaea aei 1,9 eeo?a. Ii caoi iioii oieueei no?aieoaeueiue ?ino, e
eaaeaeue anieane ?aei?aeiue.
Ioeoeeaeueii iu i?eaeeceeenue e ie?iaui «ieoaeiui noaiaea?oai». A
iaioeoeeaeueii? Aineiinoao NNN? a oi a?aiy i?iaiaeee nae?aoiua
enneaaeiaaiey ia i?aaeiao naiiaiiiaa?aiey. Naiiaii, ieacuaaaony, aeaaae
i?eaaaeo aua a ?acia?a 5 n eeoiei eeo?ia. Eoiai 13,2 eeo?a ia eaaeaeiai.
*aou?iaaeoeaoiai ethiy 1985 aiaea OeE EINN iauyaee aieio
iueyinoao, eioi?ay iio?ynea ana iniiau iauanoaa. Athaeaeao iioa?ye 50
ieeeea?aeia ia iuiaoieo, a oao aua iieiiaaniuo ?oaeae, a aeaa ?aca
aic?inei iio?aaeaiea naiiaiia. Oai ia iaiaa, eiaiii e 1987 aiaeo
aic?inea n?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie. Yoi i?iecioei aac
oiaiueoaiey nia?oiinoe io io?aaeaiee e ian/anoiuo neo/aaa. A
?acoeueoaoa, eae au iu ia ?oaaee eaiiaieth, iia naa?aaea aeeciue
i?eaeeceoaeueii 700 ouny/ai ?inneyi, aea e caaieaaaaiinoue nieceeanue.
Eco/aiea oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaiey n?aaee iieiaeaaee a Oe?aeia ai iiiaii
iie?aaony ia iiuo iiaeiaiuo enneaaeiaaiee ca a?aieoeae, eioi?ua a eiioea
XIX – ia/aea XX a. oe?iei i?iaiaeeeenue a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia e Naaa?iie
Aia?eea e aaeenue a naiuo ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo:
eco/aeenue ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue e oa?aeoa? oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaiey
o/aueieny;
enneaaeiaaeinue aeeyiea aeeiaiey ia aeaoneee e iiae?inoeiaue i?aaieci;
ii?aaeaeyeanue acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo oniaaaaiinoueth e oiio?aaeaieai
aeeiaiey;
?ac?aaaouaaeenue e ai?iae?iaaeenue i?ia?aiiu aioeaeeiaieueiiai iao/aiey;
Nouanoaaiiia ianoi n?aaee enneaaeiaaiee yoiai ia?eiaea caieiaee ?aaiou,
eeethno?e?othuea ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue e oa?aeoa? ieoaeiuo iau/aaa, eiaaea
aeaoyi aeaaaee nie?oiua iaieoee aeey
“oe?aieaiey caei?iauey”,
“aiiaoeoa”,
“oeo/oaiey ?inoa”,
“iaeaa/aiey i?i?acuaaiey coaia”,
“nia?aaaiey”,
“ooieaiey aieiaea”,
“oniieiaiey” (sseoaiae/, 1894, 1900; Ai?y/eei, 1896).
Auoiaaaoay a XIX e ia ?oaaaea XX noieaoey oaa?aeay oaa?aiiinoue a
oe?aieythuai aeaenoaee aeeiaiey /anoi eiaea iineaaenoaeai i?yioth
aeeiaieecaoeeth ?aaaiea. Roesch (1838) aiciouaeny oai, /oi iiiaea aeaoe
O?aioeee ?aii onaaeaatho aeon e nie?oiui iaieoeai. A iaeanoe Ieaeiae
Naiu, ii enneaaeiaaieyi Tourdot (1886), eiaiii a naiuea aeaoe
i?eiauathony e iueyinoao, eai iie, eae au iieiaeu ie auee, iieo/aee ii
i?acaeieeai naith ii?oeeth aiaeee. Lyon (1888), iienaa iiae?iaii o?e
neo/ay o?iie/aneiai aeeiaieecia o iiae?inoeia, oeacuaaao ia
iiiai/eneaiiinoue iiaeiaiuo i?eia?ia, iniaaiii n?aaee iieiaeaaee,
caiyoie a aeiioi?aiaea. Legrain (1889) ienae, /oi ai O?aioeee oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaii iio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey n?aaee o/aieeia e nooaeaioia.
A Ao?aoiaeee nouanoaiaae iau/ae aeaaaoue ?aaaieo ia i?iao aeii
iineaaeiaai nai?a aeiia?aaea. Morean (1895) ioia/ae, /oi a ?aai/eo
eaa?oaeao Ia?eaea aeaoe 4-10 eao ii i?acaeieeai iinauatho aianoa n
?iaeeoaeyie oa?/aaie e ?anoi?aiu. Baraties (1896) ?enoao ea?oeio
oe?ieiai oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo iaieoeia aeaoueie eae ai?iaeneiai, oae e
naeueneiai ianaeaiey O?aioeee.
Demme (1885, 1886), Kraepelin (1912) e ae?oaea oeacuaaee ia auoiaaaoee a
Aa?iaiee iau/ae aeaaaoue nie?oiua iaieoee aeaoyi. Oae, i?e ianeaaeiaaiee
iaeiie ec oeie a Aiiia ieacaeinue, /oi ec 247 aeaoae (iaeue/eeia e
aeaai/ae) a aic?anoa 7–8 eao oieueei iaeei aua ia iio?aaeye ieeaeeo
aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia. Ieiei 75% ec ieo oaea ieee aiaeeo, Stumpf (1882)
eiinoaoe?iaae, /oi oaea a ia?aue aiae aeecie aeaoe ca/anooth ?aaoey?ii
iieo/atho ieai. A Aa?iaiee, ii Demme (1886), auei /?acau/aeii aeoaiei
oaaaeaeaiea iaoa?ae a aeaaioai?iii aeeyiee eiiueyea ia a?oaeiuo aeaoae,
iiyoiio iiiaea iaoa?e /anoi aeaaaee ei ii ianeieueeo eaiaeue yoiai
iaieoea aeey “aicaoaeaeaiey aiiaoeoa” e “oeo/oaiey ieuaaa?aiey”, i?e/ai
aeice?iaea iau/ii ?aaoee?iaaeanue nianoaaiiui oniio?aieai eee niaaoii
ciaeiiuo.
Mc. Nicholl (1908), enneaaeiaaa aeaoae a iyoe ooaoao NOA, iaia?oaeee,
/oi ec ei?aiiuo aia?eeaineeo aeaoae “niaeaathony ethayueie ?iaeeoaeyie”
14%, a ec aeaoae yiea?aioia, auoiaeoeaa ec Aa?iiu, – 65%. A Oioeaiaeee
aeey “oniieaeaaiey” aeaoyi aeaaaee nineo, nii/aiioth a aene e, eee iieee
eo aiaeie n i?eianueth aeeiaiey. A Aaeueaee aue ?ani?ino?aiai iau/ae
oaiuaoue aeaoae aiaeeie-iiaeaeaaaeiaeie, a ieaii oai /anoi caiaiyee
iieiei. A Aano?ee a ceiiaa a?aiy aeaoe aaaeiyeia ia?aae ooiaeii a oeieo
iau/ii iieo/aee noaeai aiaeee aeey “nia?aaaiey e ooieaiey aieiaea”.
Iai?eia? a ?innee a oi a?aiy oaeaea auee oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu ieoaeiua
iau/ae, niinianoaothuea i?eaueaieth e aeeiaieth n ?aiiaai aeaonoaa. Ii
cayaeaieth A.O. sseoaiae/a (1894, 1900) n?aaee ianaeaiey “iecoaai
nineiaey” auei i?eiyoi i?eo/aoue aeaoae e aiaeea n a?oaeiiai aic?anoa n
iinoaiaiiui iiauoaieai aeicu nie?oiiai aei ianeieueeeo ?thiie. A ia?iaea
nouanoaiaaei iiaa?uea, /oi anee aeaaaoue aeaoyi aiaeeo, oi iie ia aoaeoo
ieoue, eiaaea noaioo ac?ineuie.
Ii iaaethaeaieyi A.I. Ai?y/eeia (1896), nie?oiua iaieoee iau/ii aeatho
neaaui, enoiuaiiui, ?aoeoe/iui aeaoyi aeey “oe?aieaiey i?aaiecia”,
“oeo/oaiey” nia e aiiaoeoa. Ii?oaaei neoaeeo n?aaenoaii iiauoaiey
aiiaoeoa, iaeeiiaay ianoieea – i?e i?inooaeiuo caaieaaaieyo, eaai? e
/a?aiooiaoth iaeeaeo i?eiaiytho i?e iiiina, “?yaeiiaeo” – i?e aeenoiuo
eiaaceyo e o.ae. A aaaeiuo neiyo ianaeaiey oieaa?naeueiui ea/aaiui
n?aaenoaii n/eoaaony aiaeea.
N?aaee enneaaeiaaiee aeeyiey aeeiaiey ia aeaoneee i?aaieci, i?aaeaea
anaai, auaeaeyaony ?aaioa E. A. Naaeeia “Aeeyiea aeeiaiey ia ia?aioth
nenoaio e iniaaiiinoe ?acaeaathuaainy i?aaiecia” (1902). A iae
niaea?aeaony iiiai/eneaiiua, ii?ie oieeaeueiua iiuou e iaaethaeaiey i
aeeyiee aeeiaiey ia ia?aioth nenoaio ?aaaiea; oaaaeeoaeueiuie i?eia?aie
aeieacuaaaony, /oi oaea iaaieueoea aeicu aeeiaiey aoaeoaeueii aeeytho ia
oi?ie?othueeny iica e iniaaiiinoe ?anoouaai /aeiaaea.
A. I. Ei?iaei iiae?iaii eco/ee oaeaea e oa?aeoa? aeeiaieecaoeee aeaoae:
/oi iie iuetho, /anoioo iiueyiaiey, ioiioaiea aeaoae e nie?oiui iaieoeai
e ae?. Iie?aynue ia oaaaeeoaeueiue noaoenoe/aneee iaoa?eae, ii aua ?ac
iiaeoaa?aeee, /oi ia?auie “aeeiaieueiuie” ainieoaoaeyie yaeythony
?iaeeoaee. Oae, iiyo iaeue/eeia ?iaeeoaee a 68,3%, a aeaai/ae a 72,2%
neo/aaa.
Iooai niiinoaaeaiey a?oii iuethueo e iaiuethueo oeieueieeia I. Ei?iaei
iieacae io?eoeaoaeueiia aeeyiea aeeiaiey ia oece/aneia e oinoaaiiia
?acaeoea aeaoae, ia eo iiaaaeaiea. Aaoi? i?eoiaeeo e neaaeothuei
auaiaeai:
aeaaiuie i?iiaaaiaeenoaie oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo iaieoeia n?aaee aeaoae
yaeythony eo ?iaeeoaee;
naeueneea oeieueieee iuetho a oao aea neo/ayo, /oi e ac?ineia ianaeaiea
– a i?acaeieee, oi?aeanoaa e o. i.;
iaeue/eee i?aaeii/eoatho e?aieea nie?oiua iaieoee, aeaai/ee – aieaa
neaaua;
o “iuethueo” oeieueieeia /aua, /aio “o?acauo”, ioia/athony neaaia
oaeineiaeaiea, ionoaaaiea a oinoaaiiii ?acaeoee e aeo?iia iiaaaeaiea.
Ia aeeiaieecaoeee o/aueony io?aaeaeny e nioeeaeueiue noaoon eo naiae. Ii
aeiea aeaoae, ciaeiiuo ni nie?oiuie iaieoeaie, ana naiuee io/aoeeai
?acaeaeyeenue ia o?e a?oiiu:
neoaeaueo – 51,8% aeaoae oiio?aaeyee aeeiaieue;
?aai/eo – 41,9; e?anoueyi – 41,8; eonoa?ae – 41,6;
oi?aiaoeaa – 26,2; aeooiaainoaa – 20,8%.
?yae enneaaeiaaiee 20-30-o aa. eeethno?e?oao i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo
aeaeea?e?oaiuie aeeiaieueiuie onoaiiaeaie /eaiia naiuee e neiaeeaoeieny
aeeiaieueiuie iau/ayie, eioi?uo iie i?eaea?aeeaathony. Oae, ii
iaoa?eaeai Ieoaeeiaa (1930) a naiueyo
iiiu?ytho auieaeo aeaoae 0,5% ?iaeeoaeae,
71,6 – cai?auatho,
15 – ioaatho,
5,6% – auetho.
Ii aianoa ni noieue yaiuie aioeaeeiaieueiuie aeaeea?aoeeyie a naiuea
iiaoo oaeeaaoueny e oaeea oi?iu aeoeaiiai i?eiauaiey aeaoae e
aeeiaieueiui iau/ayi, eae iinueea eo ca iieoieie nie?oiuo iaieoeia. Ii
aeaiiui Y.E. Aeae/iaia (1927), iinueatho aeaoae-oeieueieeia
ca ieaii a 37,5% naiae,
ca aeiii a 15,7%,
ca aiaeeie a 7,9%.
A.E. Enoaeiaa (1929) i?eaiaeeo aeaiiua i /anoioa oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo
iaieoeia ?iaeeoaeyie e aeaoueie a ?acee/iuo neooaoeeyo:
Iuetho aaeaaeiaaii 4,5% ?iaeeoaeae — 0,7% aeaoae
ii aine?anaiueyi 7,3% — 2,0%
ii i?acaeieeai 54,2% — 25,0%
a ainoyo 1,1% — 0,5%
?aaeei 7,5% — 4,8%
Eaaei oaaaeeoueny, /oi oa?aeoa? aeeiaieecaoeee ?iaeeoaeae ai iiiaii
i?yii eiie?oaony aeaoueie. E. Eaiea?iae/ (1930) oeacuaaao, /oi
aeeiaieeci ?iaeeoaeae ia iaiaa /ai a iieiaeia neo/aaa nii?iaiaeaeaaony
aeeiaieeciii eo aeaoae.
Oaeei ia?acii, a enneaaeiaaieyo 20-30-o aa. aeaia a iniiaiii ea?oeia
nouanoaiaaaoae a oi a?aiy aeeiaieecaoeee aeaoae e iiae?inoeia n iniaui
aeoeaioii ia aeeyiea naiuee, ?iaeeoaeae a i?eiauaiee aeaoae e nie?oiiio.
Nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae eco/aiey ?aiiae aeeiaieecaoeee ioia/ai
iiiai/eneaiiuie iiiuoeaie aieaa aeoaiei ?ane?uoue i?e/eiu
ceioiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuie iaieoeaie.
I?iaaaeaiiue ?inneeneeie o/aiuie aiaeec oiio?aaeaiey ieaa oeieueieeaie
o?ao ai?iaeia iaia?oaeeaaao iaeio nouanoaaiioth aeaoaeue. Ai anao o?ao
aic?anoiuo a?oiiao n?aaee iaeue/eeia eeaee?iaaee i?aaenoaaeoaee Eiou, a
n?aaee aeaai/ae – Iaoa?ao?aa. Oeieueieoeu e?oiiiai ai?iaea aieueoa
“yiaineie?iaaiu” a aii?inao aeeiaieecaoeee, /ai eo naa?noieoeu ec iaiaa
o?aaiece?iaaiiuo ?aaeiiia.
Aaaeiui caaiii a ?acaeoee aeeiaieecaoeee oeieueieeia yaeyaony i?eiauaiea
eo e aeeiaieueiui iau/ayi naiuee (?en. 1). Eae aeaeii ec eeethno?aoeee,
a ioiioaiee oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo iaieoeia a naiuea, ai anao o?ao
ai?iaeao e o iaeue/eeia, e o aeaai/ae iaaeyaeii i?ineaaeeaaaony i?yiay
caaeneiinoue /anoiou aeeiaieecaoeee a naiuea io “o?iaiy o?aaiecaoeee” (n
iaeneiaeueiuie iieacaoaeyie ai anao aic?anoiuo a?oiiao ii Iaoa?ao?ao).
Iaeue/eee
Aeaai/ee
?en. 1.*anoioa oiio?aaeaiey oeieueieeaie nie?oiuo iaieoeia a naiuea (ia
100 ianeaaeoaiuo)
Enneaaeiaaiea iieacaei, /oi /enei aeaai/ae 16-17 eao, iieiaeeoaeueii
ioeaieaathueo oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia ii i?acaeieeai,
i?aainoiaeeei niioaaonoaothuea iieacaoaee o iaeue/eeia, eo naa?noieeia.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeeiaieueiua iau/ae iee?in?aaeu ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeytho
aeeiaieueiua onoaiiaee aeaoae, eo ioeaiee iueyinoaa ie?oaeathueo,
ioiioaiea e aiciiaeiinoe nianoaaiiie aeeiaieecaoeee e aa aeeiaieeo. Iie
yaeythony ia?aui e iaeaieaa aaaeiui caaiii a ?acaeoee aeeiaieecaoeee o
iiae?inoeia, iniiaie “nioeeaeueiie oiea?aioiinoe” e iueyinoao.
Aiaeec ?acoeueoaoia enneaaeiaaiee aeeiaieecaoeee iieiaeaaee iieacuaaao,
/oi o?iaaiue iio?aaeaiey nie?oiiai auoa a. n?aaea iiae?inoeia, ninoiyueo
ia o/aoa a ieeeoeee, eiathueo aiiiaeee oa?aeoa?a, e aeaoae ec naiae
aeeiaieeeia. Oaeo ciaeiinoaa aeaoae ni nie?oiuie iaieoeaie, eiia/ii, ia
iiaeao auoue e?eoa?eai ioeaiee noaiaie aeeiaieecaoeee. Ai?acaei
i?iaeoeoeaiaa ioeaieaaoue noeeue aeeiaieecaoeee – niaieoiiinoue
aeeiaieueiuo onoaiiaie eiaeeaeaea, ii?aaeaeythueo niioaaonoaothuoth
oi?io iio?aaeaiey nie?oiiai e iiueyiaiey. Caaea/ae aeaeueiaeoeo
nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee aoaeao ?ac?aaioea nenoaiu
iaoiaeia aa?iyoiinoiiai i?iaiice?iaaiey aeeiaieecaoeee aeey oao eee eiuo
oeiia iiae?inoeia a?oiiu ?enea.
N?AAIEOAEUeIUE AIAEEC ?ANI?INO?AIAIIINOE E OA?AEOA?A ?AIIAE
AEEIAIEECAOeEE
Aeeiaieecaoeey iiae?anoathuaai iieieaiey aieueoeinoaii enneaaeiaaoaeae
?anniao?eaaaony eae nouanoaaiiue eiaeeeaoi? iaaeaaiiieo/ey
iee?inioeeaeueiie n?aaeu. Yoei e ii?aaeaeyaony iinoiyiiue eioa?an e
eco/aieth i?iaeaiu ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe e oa?aeoa?a ?aiiae aeeiaieecaoeee.
E ?aiiae aeeiaieecaoeee ioiineony ciaeiinoai n iiueyiythueie aeicaie
aeeiaiey a aic?anoa aei 16 eao. I ?aiiai (iiae?inoeiaii) aeeiaieecia
neaaeoao aiai?eoue i?e iiyaeaiee aai ia?auo i?eciaeia a aic?anoa aei 18
eao. I?e aiaeeca aeeiaieecaoeee ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo iu enoiaeeee ec
aaaeiiai a iaoiaeieiae/aneii ieaia iieiaeaiey i oii, /oi oiio?aaeaiea
nie?oiuo iaieoeia iiae?inoeaie iaiaoiaeeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae iaeio ec
oi?i ia?ooaiey iiaaaeaiey (Ee/ei, 1977). Yoi o?aaoao aieaa oe?ieiai e
aeoaieiai iiaeoiaea e ?anniao?eaaaiie i?iaeaia, ia ia?aie/eaathuaainy
?aieaie nioeeaeueiie e eeeie/aneie ia?eieiaee.
A oaaeeoea 1 i?eaiaeeony ea/anoaaiiue ninoaa nie?oiuo iaieoeia,
oiio?aaeyaiuo iieiaeaaeueth. Eae aeaeii ec oaaeeoeu, iaeue/eee /aua
aeaai/ae oiio?aaeytho iniiaiua aeaeu nie?oiuo iaieoeia, i?e/ai n
aic?anoaieai eo e?aiinoe yoa ?acieoea noaiiaeony nouanoaaiiie. N?aaee
ai?iaeneeo oeieueieeia ?ani?ino?aiaii iio?aaeaiea i?aeiouanoaaiii neaauo
aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia – ieaa, aeia, o/aueany aea naeueneeo oeie aieaa
ciaeiiu ni aeonaie e?aieeo nie?oiuo iaieoeia. A 20-30-a aa. iiaeii auei
ano?aoeoue aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieia oiio?aaeaiea oeieueieeaie naiiaiia: a 1,0
– 32,0%, o iaeue/eeia e 0,9 – 12% o aeaai/ae. N aic?anoii oaaee/eaaeanue
/anoioa oiio?aaeaiey aiaeee.
I?aeoe/anee ai anao nioeeaeueii-aeaeaie/aneeo e eeeieei-nioeeaeueiuo
enneaaeiaaieyo aeeiaieecaoeee iieiaeaaee eniieueciaaeny iaoiae ii?ina a
?acee/iuo iiaeeoeeaoeeyo – io cai/iie aieaou aei eioa?aueth ii oaeaoiio
e eeeie/aneiai eioa?aueth.
Iaeaieaa o?oaeiiniiinoaaeiu iaaeaeo niaie aeaiiua i ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe e
/anoioa oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia n?aaee iieiaeaaee, oae eae
aaoi?u ia oieueei ?acee/iuo no?ai, ii aeaaea iaeiie e oie aea no?aiu a
iaeei e oio aea enoi?e/aneee ia?eiae eniieueciaaee ea/anoaaiii ioee/iua
ae?oa io ae?oaa iaoiaeu auyaeaiey oiio?aaeythueo e ia oiio?aaeythueo
aeeiaieue, ?acee/iua eeanneoeeaoeee ii aic?anoo e o. ae.
Oaaeeoea 1
I?aeiouanoaaiii oiio?aaeyaiua iiae?inoeaie e thiioaie nie?oiua iaieoee
(a i?ioeaioao)
? Aaoi?u Aiae, no?aia Eiioeiaaio Nie?oiua iaieoee
aiaeea aeii ieai ae?oaea iaieoee
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 R. Frohlich 1901, Aano?ey o/aueany iecoeo oeie 6-14 eao 49,2 I; 41 AE
82 I; 81 AE 92 M; 91 AE
2 Ae. I. Ai?iaeei 1910, ?inney o/aieee caineeo o/. 9-13 eao aiaeea e
aeii 77,8 I 61,1AE 85 M; 55 AE
3 A. I. Ei?iaei 1910, ?inney naeueneea oeieueieee 8-13 eao 30 I; 21,3
AE 9 I; 25,3 AE 22 I; 32 AE iaeeaee e eiiueyee 0,1 I; 0,8 AE
4 Ae. I. Ieeieueneee 1910, ?inney nooaeaiou 20-25 eao 30,0 33,1 34,2
eiiueye – 2,7
5 I. A. ?icaiia 1912, ?inney o/aueany ia/aeueiuo o/. 7-13 eao 26,2 I;
6,3 AE 59 I; 29 AE 41 M; 11 AE
6 I. ?thea 1923, Aa?iaiey «i?ieaoa?neea aeaoe» 25,0 53,0 70,0
7 Y. E. Aeae/iai 1927, NNN? oeieueieee 8-11 eao 62 I; 31 AE 79 I; 71 AE
83 I; 66 AE naiiaii
32 I; 12 AE
I?iaeieaeaiea oaaeeoeu 1
8 O. I. Aiaiiieiaa 1928, NNN? oeieueieee 6-16 eao 20,0 I; 5,8 AE 66 I;
63 AE 68 M; 47 AE naiiaii
5,C I; 0,9 AE
9 A. N. Neaae 1928, NNN? o/aueany OCO 16-18 eao oeieueieee 11-14 eao 39
I 10,3 AE 57,9 63,6 naiiaii –18,5
10 A. E. Enoaeiaa 1929, NNN? oeieueieee 10-17 eao 2,0 55,6 43,7 naiiaii
– 1,0 a?aaa – 0,5
11 Ae. O. Caeaeaeue 1930, NNN? o/aueany OCO 14—19 eao 17,8 15,2 32,0
12 Ieoaeeia 1930, NNN? o/aueany OCO 10—18 eao 27,8 8,2 50,7 naiiaii –
11,4
13 I. E. Neaei?ia, N. I. Ceiaooeei 1983, NNN? 143 «o?oaeiuo» iiae?inoea
ec naeueneeo ?aeiiia
39,4 43,4
14 R. L. Eaia, A. Patterson 1972, NOA oeieueieee 12—20 eao 16,0 34,0
50,0
15 E. Ostrowska 1981, Iieueoa 2991 o/aueeny 20 oeie Aa?oaau 13,5 57,3
21,4
N 1967 ii 1974 a. Shuder (1976) i?iaae ii?in 1004 iiae?inoeia
ioiineoaeueii iio?aaeaiey eie aeeiaiey. N?aaee iiae?inoeia 16-18 eao,
i?ienoiaeyueo ec naiae, aaea noa?oea iio?aaeyee aeeiaieue, 94% ?aaoey?ii
ieee aeeiaieueiua iaieoee, inoaeueiua 6% eiaee e iaio io/aoeeaoth
neeiiiinoue; niioaaonoaothuea aeaiiua aeey aeaaooae auee 68 e 32%.
Aaaeiui io?eoeaoaeueiui oaeoi?ii auea aaciaaeci?iinoue aeaoae. N?aaee
iiae?inoeia 16-18 eao, /uee ?iaeeoaee ia iaoiaeeee a?aiaie aeey iauaiey
n ieie, 65% thiioae e 62% aeaaooae ?aaoey?ii i?eieiaee aeeiaieue. Aaoi?
ia?auaao aieiaiea ia oi, /oi ?iaeeoaee /anoi ia iiaeic?aaaee i oii, /oi
eo aeaoe ceioiio?aaeyee nie?oiuie iaieoeaie. Ioiineoaeueii ?aaoey?iiai
iio?aaeaiey aeeiaiey aeaoueie aia i?acaeieeia iiiaea ?iaeeoaee ia auee
eioi?ie?iaaiu (a 58% neo/aaa aeey aic?anoa 10-14 eao, a 35% neo/aaa aeey
aic?anoa 14-16 eao, a 11% neo/aaa aeey aic?anoa 16-18 eao).
Oaeei ia?acii, oaii ?inoa oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia n?aaee
aeaai/ae (aeaaooae) eaeao auno?aa, /ai o iaeue/eeia (thiioae). Aeaaooee,
eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho enneaaeiaaiey ca?oaaaeiuo aaoi?ia, ii anai
iieacaoaeyi oiio?aaeaiey (aeica, /anoioa, e?aiinoe iaieoeia e o. ae.)
aeiaiiytho thiioae.
Ianiio?y ia ?aciiieaiiainoue e?eoa?eaa auyaeaiey ceioiio?aaeythueo
aeeiaieai e aieueiuo aeeiaieeciii a iiae?inoeiai-thiioaneii aic?anoa,
aeaiiua ?acee/iuo aaoi?ia ana-oaee iicaieytho noaeeoue i oii, /oi eo
/enei aeinoaoi/ii aaeeei (oaae. 2). Aiaeec iaoa?eaeia, i?eaaaeaiiuo a
oaaeeoea, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi ca iineaaeiea 100 eao iacaaeneii io
o?iaiy oiio?aaeaiey e ceioiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuie iaieoeaie iieacaoaee
?ani?ino?aiaiey nianoaaiii aeeiaieecia o iieiaeaaee nio?aiythony ia
aeinoaoi/ii noaaeeueiii o?iaia, ia i?aauoathuai 5% aieueiuo aei 20 eao e
8-10% aieueiuo aei 25 eao (io iauaai /enea acyouo ia o/ao). Yoio oaeo
eiaao i?eioeeieaeueiia cia/aiea, oae eae naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aeeiaieea
aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey ?aiieo oi?i aeeiaieecia a oeaeinoiie no?oeoo?a
aeeiaieueiie caaieaaaaiinoe.
Oaaeeoea 2.
?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue aeeiaieecia n?aaee ?acee/iuo eiioeiaaioia iieiaeaaee
(a i?ioeaioao)
? Aaoi?u, aiae, no?aia Eiioeiaaio Aeiey aieueiuo aeeiaieeciii
1 2 3 4
1 I. E. A?eai?ueaa, 1900, ?inney /enei aeeiaieeeia
ia 10 000 aeeoaeae N.-Iaoa?ao?aa ii ia?aiene 1890 a. 6-10 eao
11-15 eao
16-20 eao 0,C I
0,4 I – 0,03 AE
5,0 I – 0,75 AE
2 A.I. Ei?iaei, 1909, ?inney n?aaee a-o aeeiaieeciii eeoea iieiaea 20
eao 4,6
3 A.A. ?e/, 1910, ?inney oi aea 1,89 I – 0,9AE
4 A.I. Naaae, 1967, NNN? oi aea 0,8
5 A.A. ?e/, 1910, ?inney n?aaee 6-o aeeiaieeciii eeoea iieiaea 25 eao
9,47 I – 3,5 AE
6 A.I. ?oaei/ee, 1956, NNN? oi aea 3,2
7 A.I. Iieioia, TH.A. 1959, NNN? oi aea 8,0
8 I.E. *o/aeia, 1927, NNN? n?aaee ?aai/eo 22-23 eao «iaoia?aiiuo
iueyieoe» 44,7
9 O. Aiaiiieiaa, 1928, NNN? n?aaee oeieueieeia 6-16 eao «auoiauo
aeeiaieeeia» 14,0
10 E. Eaiea?iae/, 1930, NNN? n?aaee oeieueieeia 12-19 eao «i?eau/iuo
aeeiaieeeia» 1,2 I – 0,6 AE
11 Ae.N. Oooa?, 1958, NNN? aani?eci?ieee (20-a aa.) 35–40
12 I.E. Oaeeineay, 1965, NNN? iiae?inoee, ninoiyuea ia o/aoa a ieeeoeee
13,0
13 A.ss. Aeiaeeeei, 1968, NNN? oi aea 13,0
25,0 – neeiiiu e aeeiaieth
14 A.A. Aanaeianeee n niaao., 1976, NNN? thiioe e aeaaooee 16-18 eao,
iinooiaaoea a iaaeauo?acaeoaeue 29,3
OECEIEIAE*ANEIA AEEssIEA AEEIAIEss
Oa?aeoa? aeeyiey aeeiaiey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea aeaaii e iiae?iaii eco/ai
oeceieiaaie e iaaeeeaie.
Eeanneoeeaoeey e noaaeee
A iaoae no?aia iaeaieaa /anoi oiio?aaeyaony eeanneoeeaoeey A.A.
Ii?oiiaa, e E.I. Iyoieoeeie, iie auaeaeytho neaaeothuea noaaeee
aieacie:
Ia/aeueiay, eee iaa?anoaie/aneay noaaeey. Ia yoie noaaeee iiyaeyaony
iaayc/eaia aea/aiea e aeeiaieth e aeinoeaeaieth ninoiyiey iiueyiaiey
(i?e yoii /anoi iuoaaony n iei ai?ioueny). Oa?yaony /oanoai ia?u,
eciaiyaony ?aaeoeaiinoue a aeaea ia?anoaiey oiea?aioiinoe e nie?oiui
iaieoeai.
N?aaeiyy, eee ia?eioe/aneay. Ia yoie noaaeee ia?yaeo n iaayc/eaui
aea/aieai e aeeiaieth iiyaeythony aanoeiaioiua* ?anno?ienoaa,
?acaeaathueany i?e i?ae?auaiee i?eaia aeeiaiey. No?aieaiea aieueiiai
ecaaaeoueny io yoeo e?aeia iai?eyoiuo iuouaiee iooai i?eaia iiauo
ii?oeee nie?oiiai i?eia?aoaao aeae iaayc/eaiai aea/aiey e iaio.
Eciaiaiea ?aaeoeaiinoe aaaeao e aeinoeaeaieth iaeneiaeueiie
oiea?aioiinoe e nie?oiui iaieoeai. I?eai aeeiaiey noaiiaeony ?aaoey?iui
(n ?acee/iie ia?eiaee/iinoueth), ?acaeaaaony aiiacey iiueyiaiey.
Ia/eiatho eciaiyoueny ee/iinoiua /a?ou aieueiiai. Iiyaeythony
niiaoe/aneea iineaaenoaey aeeiaieecia a aeaea iia?aaeaeaiey ?acee/iuo
i?aaiia.
Enoiaeiay, eee yioeaoaeiiaoe/aneay noaaeey. Ia yoie noaaeee i?iyaeyaony
aieaa eioaineaiia, iaoaea?aeeiia aea/aiea e nie?oiui iaieoeai. Eciaiaiea
?aaeoeaiinoe i?eaiaeeo e iaaeaieth oiea?aioiinoe e aeeiaieth.
?acaeaaaony aeeiaieueiia neaaioiea. Iaaethaeathony oyaeaeua ii?aaeaiey
aioo?aiieo i?aaiia. *anou aeeiaieueiua ineoicu. Eae iaayc/eaia
(aananneaiia), oae e iaoaea?aeeiia (eiiioeueneaiia) aea/aiea e nie?oiui
iaieoeai iieo/eee iacaaiea ineoe/aneie caaeneiinoe io aeeiaiey.
Iaaiciiaeiinoue ia?aiineoue aanoeiaioiua ?anno?ienoaa, i?iyaeythuayny a
i?eaaaaiee e iiaiio i?eaio aeeiaiey n oeaeueth ecaaaeaiey io iai?eyoiuo
neiioiiia, ninoaaeythueo aanoeiaioiue neiae?ii,— iacuaaaony oece/aneie
caaeneiinoueth io aeeiaiey.
*OI ETHAeE IUeTHO E IINEAAeNOEss YOIAI, ?ACAEOEA IAOAIECIA AEEIAIEUeIIAI
II?AAEAIEss
A ie?a iee?ineiie/aneeo i?aaieciia, iiaeaeoe, naiua aacaeanouea –
ae?iaeaeaaua a?eaee.
Inoaaueoa ia iaeioi?ia a?aiy a oaiiii ianoa aeiia?aaeiue,
o?oeoiaue eee yaiaeiue nie. Ii caa?iaeeo. Yoi i?iecieaeao iioiio, /oi
iaoiaeeaoeany a niea a?eaee ia/aee oneeaiii ?aciiiaeaoueny. A i?ioeanna
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe iie i?aa?auatho naoa? (a oaeaea e?aoiae) a aeiiue
eee yoeeiaue, nie?o. Anyeee, eoi eco/ae oeieth, ciaao, /oi iieaeoea
naoa?a (aetheicu) ninoieo ec 6 aoiiia oaea?iaea, 12 aoiiia aiaei?iaea e
6 aoiiia eenei?iaea – C6H12O6. Oa?iaiou ae?iaeaeae eae au ?oayo yoo
neiaeioth iieaeoeo ia ioaeaeueiua eonee, niaaeeiyy eo caoai a iiaua
iieaeoeu. Ec C6H12O6 ia?acothony aeaa iieaeoeu oaeaeeneiai aaca – 2 CO2
(yoi iocu?ueee iu aeaeei a a?iaeyuae aeeaeeinoe). Inoaaoeany aoiiu
niaaeeiythony a aeaa iieaeoeu nie?oa (2 C2H5OH). N enoiuaieai caiana
naoa?a i?ae?auaaony e i?ioeann a?iaeaiey. Oaeia oi?iuaiii i?ioeann
i?aa?auaiey naoa?a eee e?aoiaea a aeeiaieue.
Neaaeoao inoaiiaeoueny ia oiio?aaeaiee yaeiaeouo oaoie/aneeo aeeaeeinoae
– ?acee/iuo no??iaaoia aeeiaiey. Eo oiio?aaeytho eee ioeai/ii i?eieiay
ca yoeeiaue nie?o, eee iaia?aiii i?aiaa?aaay iianiinoyie, eae yoi
aeaeatho eiiaaea cayaeeua iueyieoeu.
Oae, iaoeeiaue nie?o e yoeeaiaeeeieue aoiaeyo a ninoaa
aioeo?ecia. Iaeaaeay ieceie oaiia?aoo?ie caia?caiey, iie eniieuecothony
a nenoaiao ioeaaeaeaiey ?acee/iuo aeaeaaoaeae. Iiaeiaii iau/iiio nie?oo
yoe aeeaeeinoe niiniaiu aucaaoue iiueyiaiea, ii /a?ac 10-12 /ania iinea
eo oiio?aaeaiey iiyaeythony i?eciaee oyaeaeiai io?aaeaiey: aieiaiay
aieue, oioiioa, ?aioa, oaoeay iioiaeea, neaainoue (eee e?aoeia?aiaiiia
aicaoaeaeaiea), caoaiiaiea eee aeaaea iieiay iioa?y niciaiey. Nia?oue
ianooiaao io iicaiauo ?anno?ienoa (/a?ac 1-2 nooie) eee ii?aaeaiey ii/ae
(/a?ac 1-2 iaaeaee). Iaoeeiaue nie?o – ia?aii-ninoaeenoue yae, e aai
aeica 100 a?aii nia?oaeueia aeey ethaeae. Aeaaea iaaieueoia eiee/anoai
yoiai nie?oa ii?aaeaao c?eoaeueiue ia?a e nenoaio iaiei/ae aeaca (a
/anoiinoe nao/aoeo). Aua aieaa iianai aeeoei?yoai (oei?enoue yoeeai),
10-15 a?aii eioi?iai aucuaatho iaia?aoeiua eciaiaiey a ia/aie e ii/eao.
Ai?i/ai, a?aaeiua i?eiane niaea?aeaony e a i?iaeaaeiii nie?oiii.
Iaoioeceieiae/aneia aeeyiea eo ia i?aaieci iaoneiaeaii ia oieueei
e?aiinoueth (i?ioeaio nie?oa), ii e iiiai/eneaiiuie, cia/eoaeueii aieaa
a?aaeiuie i?eianyie. Iaeiei ec niooieeia nie?oiuo iaieoeia yaeyaony
iaoeeiaue nie?o. I?eiaiyaiue aeey ia?aaioee nie?oiiai na?ienoue
aiaeae?eae oaeaea aeaeaei ia aaca?aaeai. A /anoiinoe, ii ?ac?ooaao
iaiaoiaeeiua i?aaiecio aeoaieiu a?oiiu A.
Eae aeaeeoa aeeiaieue e aai no??iaaou aeaeaei ia aaciaeaeiu, a
iineaaenoaey eo oiio?aaeaiey iianiu e aacia?aciu.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea ieuaaa?eoaeueiie nenoaiu
I?aaiu ieuaaa?eoaeueiiai o?aeoa auiieiytho caueoioth ooieoeeth ia iooe
i?iieeiiaaiey aeeiaiey a i?aaieci e ia?auie eniuouaatho aai
aicaeaenoaea. Eciaiaiey a ioaeaeueiuo /anoyo ieuaaa?eoaeueiie nenoaiu
ia/eiathony oaea a iieinoe ?oa, aaea aeeiaieue iiaeaaeyao nae?aoeeth e
iiauoaao ayceicoue nae?aoe?oaiie e caaeaouaaaiie nethiu. Eae
iaeiie?aoiia, oae e nenoaiaoe/aneia oiio?aaeaiea nie?oiuo iaieoeia
anaaaea ia?ooaao iioi?eeo ieuaaiaea. Yoi aaaeao eae e e ia?ooaieth
i?ioeanna aeioaiey – aeenoaaee, oae e e oae e e ia?aoiiio caa?anuaaieth
niaea?aeeiiai aeaeoaeea a ieuaaiae – aeaeoaei/ii-ieuaaiaeiiio ?aoetheno.
Iineaaeiaa ia?ooaiea naycaii n aicaeaenoaeai aeeiaiey ia ieaeiee
ieuaaa?eoaeueiue noeieoa?. Aeaaea iaeiie?aoiue i?eai aeeiaiey aucuaaao
eciaiaiea aai oiiona. Iaeua eiioeaio?aoeee e iaaieueoea aeicu aeeiaiey
noeioee?otho aeaeoaei/ioth nae?aoeeth. Nenoaiaoe/aneia oiio?aaeaiea
aieaa aunieeo aeic aeeiaiey nieaeaao nae?aoeeth a aeaeoaeea eae eeneiou,
oae e iaineia*. Caueoiue aaeue noaiie aeaeoaeea iiae aicaeaenoaeai
yoaiiea oaeaea i?aoa?iaaaao cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey. Ana yoi nicaeaao
ea?oeio aano?eoa. I?e nenoaiaoe/aneii oiio?aaeaiee aeeiaiey eciaiaiey a
aeaeoaeea iaia?oaeeaathony aieaa /ai o 95% ceioiio?aaeythueo ei. Anoue
iniiaaiey n/eoaoue, /oi iiaeiaiua eciaiaiey ea?atho ia iineaaeithth
?ieue a ?acaeoee ycau aeaeoaeea.
Aicaeaenoaea yoaiiea ia iiaeaeaeoaei/ioth aeaeaco ia/eiaaony n
?acae?aaeaiey aeeiaieai yieoaeey iaeeeo iaie?aaoe/aneeo i?ioieia,
eioi?ia aaaeao e ia?ae/iie iaie?aaoe/aneie aeia?nae?aoeee.
Nenoaiaoe/aneia oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey, iaiai?io, i?eaiaeeo e
i?ia?anne?othuae nae?aoi?iie iaaeinoaoi/iinoe. Iaoieiae/aneea eciaiaiey
a i?ioieao e aicaeaenoaea iaie?aaoe/aneiai niea aaaeoo e ?acaeoeth
ao?ioee eeaoie. Aeaeueiaeoea ia?ooaiey a ia/aie i?e nenoaiaoe/aneii
oiio?aaeaiee aeeiaiey naycaiu n iaeiieaieai a i?aaia aee?a. Ana aee?iua
eeneiou ?acee/iiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaeaieeaathony i?e nenoaiaoe/aneii
iinooieaiee yoaiiea a i?aaieci. Eioa?anai oio oaeo, /oi aa?iyoiinoue
?acaeoey aeeiaieueiiai oee??ica ia/aie naycaia n o?iaiai aiae?iaaiia*,
ii?aaeaeythueo oei e iaeeueiinoue iaieinaiey ooeiaeua. O eeoe n
iaeeueiie ?anoeoaeueiinoueth ia a?oaee e au?aaeaiiui iaieinaieai ii
ioaeneiio oeio aa?iyoiinoue ?acaeoey aeeiaieueiiai oee??ica ia/aie
iaiueoa.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu
Aeaenoaea iaeiie?aoiiai aaaaeaiey aeeiaiey a n?aaeiae aeica, anee aio ia
i?aaeoanoaoao o?iie/aneay aeeiaieueiay eioieneeaoeey, oaea a oa/aiea
ia?aiai /ana i?iyaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai nieaeaieai iaa?ocee ia eaaue
aeaeoaei/ae, /oi naycaii n oiaiueoaieai ia?eoa?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey.
Iaeiia?aiaiii eaeao iaaieueoia nieaeaiea nie?aoeiinoe, i?ienoiaeeo
ia?anoaiea aeaoeoeeoa yia?aiiaania/aiey nie?aoeoaeueiiai aeoa. I?e yoii
ie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue na?aea/iiai oeeeea, ie aeeanoieu* ia iaiythony.
Ino?ia aicaeaenoaea aoeaoaeueaeaaeaea* a oao aea oneiaeyo ieacuaaao
niaa?oaiii eiie yooaeo. Aneaaenoaea aunaiaiaeaeaiey ii?aae?aiaeeia*
nieaeaiea ia?eoa?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey i?ienoiaeeo aieaa au?aaeaii.
Anee i?iaeieaeaoue nenoaiaoe/aneia oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey, oi aai
oiene/aneia aicaeaenoaea ia na?aeoea aaaeao e i?ia?anneaiiio ia?anoaieth
aeeno?ioe/aneeo eciaiaiee iuoa/iuo eeaoie, aieioue aei iiyaeaiey a ieo
iee?i- e aeaaea iae?iiae?icia. Oaea a naiii ia/aea nenoaiaoe/aneiai
i?eaia aeeiaiey a na?aeoea iaia?oaeeaathony eciaiaiey, eioi?ua, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, aeieaeiu i?aiyonoaiaaoue i?iieeiiaaieth yoaiiea a oeaie, a n
ae?oaie – iaeiia?aiaiii cao?oaeiyoue niaaaeaiea na?aeoea eenei?iaeii.
?a/ue eaeao ia ia?aciaaiee aie?oa eaieeey?ia aii?oiuo iann. A ianoao eo
ioeiaeaiey ioia/aaony au?aaeaiiay aeano?oeoeey ieiea?aeeaeueiie oeaie e
ni a?aiaiai oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa eecinii* n ?ac?uoeaiiie eee n
?ac?ooaiiie iaia?aiie, aneaaenoaea /aai ?acaeaaaony aeiieney*. A
iicaeiea n?iee caaieaaaiey eciaiaiey noaiie eaieeey?ia noaiiayony aieaa
au?aaeaiiuie. Aianoa ni cia/eoaeueiui ooieuaieai noaiie iaeeeo a?oa?ee e
?ac?anoaieai a ieo e aie?oa niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie i?ienoiaeeo
?anoe?aiea ninoaeia e caiaaeeaiea oiea e?iae, /oi i?eaiaeeo e canoith e
ioaeo. A aeaeueiaeoai ioae ia?aoiaeeo a neea?ic*.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea nenoaiu eiioiiie caueou i?aaiecia
I?e o?iie/aneii oiio?aaeaiee aeeiaiey ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie no?aaeaao e
eiioiiay nenoaia. Oaaioeeoic ioiineony e /eneo aaaeiaeoeo caueoiuo
aioeeioaeoeeiiiuo iaoaieciia i?aaiecia. N aai iiiiuueth a i?aaiecia
?ac?ooathony e ec iaai oaeaeythony /anoeoeu ?acia?ii iaiaa 3ie., e
eioi?ui ioiinyony e iee?iau. I?e nenoaiaoe/aneii ceioiio?aaeaiee
nie?oiuie iaieoeaie nionoy aeiaieueii aeeeoaeueiue n?ie iaaethaeaaony
caiaoiia nieaeaiea oaaioeeoica, iiaeeecaoeey oaaioeeoia inoaaony
nieaeaiiie. Eecioeei – aaeie, niaea?aeaueeny ai iiiaeo nae?aoao
/aeiaaea: a nethia, neacao, oeaiyo ?acee/iuo aioo?aiieo i?aaiia,
neaeaoiuo iuooeao e o. ae. A oneiaeyo o?iie/aneie eioieneeaoeee
i?aaiecia aeeiaieai o?iaaiue eecioeeia iiieaeaaony. Oaeaea iaaethaeaaony
iaaeinoaoie eeioioeeoia. Neaaeothuae i?e/eiie eaaeauae a iniiaa eiioiiuo
ia?ooaiee eaaeeo nieaeaiea aa?uea?iie ooieoeee ia/aie. Oaeei ia?acii
nenoaiaoe/aneia oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey aaaeao e nieaeaieth caueou
i?aaiecia.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea i?aaiia aeuoaiey
1 Eciaiaiey a nenoaia aeuoaiey naycaiu n aeaoiy iniiaiuie iiiaioaie.
Ia?aia — yoi niiniaiinoue eaaeeo auaeaeyoue a iaeciaiaiiii aeaea eae nai
yoaiie, oae e aai iaoaaieeo—aoeaoaeueaeaaeae. Aoi?ia — yoi iiauoaiiay
aa?iyoiinoue anie?aoeee* ?acee/iuo eiee/anoa ieue. Yoaiie e
aoeaoaeueaeaaeae, auaeaeyynue a aeueaaieu, ieacuaatho ia eeaoee eaai/iie
oeaie oiene/aneia aeaenoaea. A ii?aaeaiiie oeaie iaaethaeathony aeaaeue
ioaeaeueiuo eeaoie. Iia?aaeaeathuaa aeaenoaea yoaiie e aai iaoaaieeou
ieacuaatho ia oieueei ia aeueaaieo, ii e ia noaiee aicaeooiiiniuo
iooae—a?iioe e o?aoath. Oeacaiiua eciaiaiey i?iyaeythony a ia?ooaiee
ooieoeee aeuoaiey, eioi?ia ninoaaeytho nieaeaiea aeeciaiiie aieinoe e
iaeneiaeueiie aaioeeyoeee eaaeeo, oiaiueoaiea aeeeoaeueiinoe caaea?aeee
aeuoaiey ia aaeioa e auaeioa. I?e yoii o eeoe, ceioiio?aaeythueo
aeeiaieai, ii/oe anaaaea i?enoonoaotho ainiaeaiey a?iioia e o?aoae.
Oeacaiiua eciaiaiey noaiiayony aeaaii?eyoiui oiiii aeey ?acaeoey
eioaeoeeiiiuo ainiaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia. Ia?ooaiea ia?enoaeueoeee
ieuaaiaea, aeoa aeioaiey e aicieeiiaaiea ?aiou i?eaiaeyo e anie?aoeee
ieue, eioi?ay yaeyaony enoi/ieeii eioaeoeee ai iiiaeo neo/ayo
aicieeiiaaiey iiaaiiiee o ceioiio?aaeythueo aeeiaieai.
Ia?ooaiea eiioiiie caueou i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi ino?ay iiaaiiiey /anoi
i?eia?aoaao caoyaeiia oa/aiea. E?iia oiai, aeey iaa oa?aeoa?ii ?acaeoea
oaeeo ineiaeiaiee, eae ieaa?eo*. Oyaeaeia oa/aiea, naienoaaiiia yoei
iiaaiiieyi, ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeo e eaoaeueiiio enoiaeo.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea auaeaeeoaeueiie nenoaiu
I?e i?eaia iaiau/ii aieueoeo aeic aeeiaiey, eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao ia
aeeiaieueiii io?aaeaiee, iineaaenoaey aieaa na?ueaciua—iiaeao ?acaeoueny
iae?iiao?ic. Yoa oi?ia caaieaaaiey auaaao naycaia oieueei n aeeiaieueiui
yenoeannii. Ii?aaeathony eaiaeueoeu ii/ae, eeoai/eiaue aiia?ao ia
eciaiyaony. A yieoaeee eaiaeueoeaa i?ienoiaeyo aeeno?ioe/aneea eciaiaiey
aieioue aei ?acaeoey iae?icia, neouaaaiea eeaoie yieoaeey a i?inaao
eaiaeueoeaa.
Aeeiaieueiay aieaciue iiaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny eioaeoeeae ii/aauo iooae
e ?acaeoeai ieaeiiao?eoa. Yoi ii?aaeaiea ?acaeaaaony a nayce_ ni
nieaeaieai ooieoeee eiioiiie caueou iiae aicaeaenoaeai aeeiaiey.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea nenoaiu e?iae
Ia eciaiaiee eaeeioeeoia auei neacaii a nayce n aeeiaieueiui ii?aaeaieai
eiioiiie nenoaiu. Ae?oaea eeaoi/iua yeaiaiou e?iae oaeaea iaiythony i?e
o?iie/aneii oiio?aaeaiee aeeiaiey. I?e aeeiaieueiii iae?ioeeoica*
iae?ioeeou ninoaaeytho aieueoeinoai y?eo?ioeeoia. I?e yoii a iaia?aiao
oaeeo y?eo?ioeeoia iaia?oaeeaaaony iiauoaiiia niaea?aeaiea oieanoa?eia.
‘*anoioa ano?a/aaiinoe yoiai oaiiiaia i?e ceioiio?aaeaiee aeeiaieai
ninoaaeyao aieaa 80%.Yoi yaeaiea e iaaeeaiiay (a oa/aiea 2—4 ian.)
ii?iaeecaoeey ?acia?ia y?eo?ioeeoia iinea i?ae?auaiey i?eaia aeeiaiey
iicaieytho ioianoe iae?ioeeoic y?eo?ioeeoia e ia?ea?ai aeeiaieueiie
aieacie.
Neaaeothuee ?yae eciaiaiee y?eo?ioeeoia ianooiaao a nayce n ?acaeoeai
aeeiaieueiiai ii?aaeaiey ia/aie. Eca?auaiea neioaca eeieaeia* a iae
i?eaiaeeo e ia?ooaieth eeieaeiiai ninoaaa ieaciu e?iae, /oi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, aucuaaao iiauoaiiia ioeiaeaiea oieanoa?iea e oinoieeieaeia ia
iaia?aia y?eo?ioeeoia. Aianoa n oai o?ainoi?iaoeey oi?iu y?eo?ioeeoia
oooaeoaao eo oeeueo?oaiinoue, /oi niinianoaoao aieaa auno?iio eo
?ac?ooaieth e ?acaeoeth aiaiee. Eciaiaiey eeieaeiiai ninoaaa iiaoo
i?ienoiaeeoue e a iaia?aiao o?iiaioeeoia. Neaaenoaeai yaeyaony
?ac?ooaiea /anoe eo, a oaeaea oooaeoaiea eo aaeaaceaiie* niiniaiinoe.
Iiyoiio eaieeey?iua e?iaioa/aiey e e?iaiiiaeoaee ia?aaeei yaeythony
aiaoieie i?iyaeaieyie nenoaiaoe/aneiai oiio?aaeaiey aeeiaiey.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea ia?aiie nenoaiu
Aeeiaieueiay aieaciue iiaeao i?iyaeyoueny iiiaeanoaii iaa?ieiae/aneeo
neiioiiia, a iniiaa eioi?uo eaaeao iienaiiua iaoaaiee/aneea ia?ooaiey
iicaa, aaaeouea iiieii i?i/aai e aeeno?ioee e iae?ico ia?aiuo eeaoie;
iiauoaiiay nae?aoeey aeeaeeinoe iiae aicaeaenoaeai aeeiaiey ninoaeenouie
nieaoaieyie aeaeoaei/eia iicaa e a ?acoeueoaoa oaaee/aiea
aioo?e/a?aiiiai aeaaeaiey.
Aanoeiaioiue neiae?ii. ?ac?aaoee?othuaa aeaenoaea aeeiaiey i?iyaeyaony a
oii, /oi a i?aaiecia iaeaieeaaaony ecauoie ii?aae?aiaeeia e aeioaieia*.
Ae?oaei i?iyaeaieai ia?ooaiey iaoaaieecia yaeyaony caaea?aeea
i?iaeoeoeee oi?iiciiai iaaeeaoi?a — aaiiaaieiiianeyiie eeneiou (AAIE),
nieaeaiea o?iaiy aoeaoeeoieeia* e ia?ooaiey ae?oaeo aaaeiuo iaaeeaoi?ia.
Auoiae ec ninoiyiey iiueyiaiey a oneiaeyo i/aiue aieueoiai aeaoeoeeoa
AAIE n iioa?ae a yoi a?aiy eiiiaine?othuaai aeaenoaey naiiai yoaiiea
aaaeao e ?acaeoeth aicaoaeaeaiey iiiaeo no?oeoo?, /oi i?iyaeyaony
oyaeaeie aaaaoaoeaiie aeenooieoeeae, a a aieaa oyaeaeuo neo/ayo —
aanniiieoeae, aaeethoeeiaoeeyie, noaei?iaaie.
Neiae?ii eiaiie ao?ioee. Ao?ioe/aneee i?ioeann caoaaouaaao anth ei?o
aieiaiiai iicaa. Iinoaiaiii oiaiueoaaony eiee/anoai ia?aiuo eeaoie.
Eiaiay ei?a iaeaieaa ?aieia. ?acaeoeth ao?ioe/aneeo i?ioeannia
niinianoaoao iiauoaiea aioo?e/a?aiiiai aeaaeaiey. Ao?ioey eeaoie eiaiuo
aeieae i?iyaeyaony «eiaiui neiae?iiii» — aeeiaieueiie aeaa?aaeaoeeae
ee/iinoe.
Neiae?ii iicaea/eiaie aeaa?aaeaoeee. Ao?ioe/aneea i?ioeannu ?acaeaathony
e a iicaea/ea. A iai oiaea anoue iaeanoue, a eioi?ie a iaeaieueoae
noaiaie i?ia?anne?oao i?ioeann aeaaaia?aoeee e aeaaee ia?aiuo eeaoie.
Yoi /a?aue e i?eeaaathuea /anoe iieooa?ee iicaea/ea. Aneaaenoaea oaeie
oiiia?aoee ii?aaeaiey iicaea/ea ?acaeaaaony iaonoie/eaay iioiaeea n
oe?iei ?annoaaeaiiuie iiaaie, /anou iaaeaiey, aoaeney*.
Ieiiaoe/aneee* neiae?ii. Aeeno?ioe/aneea i?ioeannu a iuooeao iinea
i?eaia /?acia?iuo aeic aeeiaiey iiaoo i?eaiaeeoue e ?acaeoeth ino?uo
iae?icia. I?e o?iie/aneie aeeiaieueiie eioieneeaoeee aeeno?ioe/aneea
eciaiaiey a iuooeao ia?anoatho iinoaiaiii. N ieie naycaii ?acaeoea
aieae, ioaeia, a caoai e ao?ioee. Aeaaiui ia?acii no?aaeatho iuooeu
iea/aaiai iiyna, ooeiaeua e oaca, eiiaaea aeenoaeueiuo iaeanoae
eiia/iinoae.
Ni/aoaiea ia?a/eneaiiuo neiae?iiia, ?acee/athueony au?aaeaiiinoueth
ninoaaeythueo eo neiioiiia, nicaeaao ia i?aeoeea ia?iiiia ?aciiia?acea
i?iyaeaiee aeeiaieueiiai ii?aaeaiey oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaiu.
Aeeiaieueiia ii?aaeaiea ae?oaeo i?aaiia eco/aii aua iaaeinoaoi/ii.
I?iyaeaiey eo ia?ooaiee iaoiaeyo iauyniaiea eee a nayce n
oieaa?naeueiuie eciaiaieyie iaoaaieecia anaai i?aaiecia, aicieeathueie
iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaiaia yoaiiea, eee a nayce n ii?aaeaieai ae?oaeo
i?aaiia. Naaaeaiey i aieaa oiieeo iaoaieciao, ioaaouaathueo iniaaiiinoe
i?iyaeaiey aeeyiey aeeiaiey ia i?ioeannu, naycaiiua ni niaoeeoe/aneie
ooieoeeae yoeo i?aaiia, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aanueia io?uai/iu.
AEEIAIEUe E IAOA?EINOAI
Iaiaoiaeeii ?anneacaoue i oii, eae aeeyao aeeiaieue ia aeaiuei, oae eae
aeaiueiaie, yaeythueieny i?iaeieaeaoaeueieoeaie ?iaea /aeiaa/aneiai,
caeeaaeuaaaony caei?iauea aoaeoueo iieieaiee. Ninoiyiea caei?iauey
?aaaiea, iiae?inoea a eaeie-oi ia?a ii?aaeaeyao aoaeouea aiciiaeiinoe
ac?ineiai /aeiaaea.
Aeeiaieue, io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaynue ia caei?iauea aeaiueiu,
ia?ooaao e ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aa iieiauo i?aaiia. Aio
ianeieueei oeeo?. Ecaanoiue ?onneee enneaaeiaaoaeue N.C. Iauaieia
iaaethaeae a oa/aiea 5 eao 3300 iaoeeaioie, ea/eaoeony io o?iie/aneiai
aeeiaieecia. O 85,3 i?ioeaioa ec ieo eiaeenue o?iie/aneea caaieaaaiey,
i?e/ai 40,6 i?ioeaioa aeaiuei no?aaeaee caaieaaaieyie iieiaie noa?u. A
oeaeii, o aeaiuei, ceioiio?aaeythueo nie?oiui, a 2,5 ?aca /aua, /ai o
iaiuethueo, ioia/athony ?acee/iua aeiaeieiae/aneea caaieaaaiey.
Ceioiio?aaeaiea aeeiaieai, ?ac?ooay i?aaieci aeaiueiu, enoiuaao aa
ia?aioth e yiaeie?eiioth nenoaiu e a eiioea eiioeia i?eaiaeeo e
aanieiaeeth. E?iia oiai, aeaiueiu, ceioiio?aaeythuea aeeiaieai, ia?aaeei
aaaeoo aanii?yaei/ioth iieiaoth aeeciue, /oi iaecaaaeii nii?iaiaeaeaaony
ainiaeeoaeueiuie caaieaaaieyie iieiauo i?aaiia e ieai/eaaaony
aanieiaeeai.
Ninoiyiea iiueyiaiey a iiiaio ca/aoey iiaeao e?aeia
io?eoeaoaeueii neacaoueny ia caei?iauea aoaeouaai ?aaaiea, oae eae
aeeiaieue iianai ia oieueei aeey nic?aaathueo iieiauo eeaoie, ii iiaeao
nua?aoue naith ?ieiaoth ?ieue e a iiiaio iieiaeioai?aiey aiieia
iieiioeaiiuo (ii?iaeueiuo) iieiauo eeaoie. I?e/ai neea iia?aaeaeathuaai
aicaeaenoaey aeeiaiey a iiiaio ca/aoey iai?aaeneacoaia : iiaoo auoue eae
eaaeea ia?ooaiey, oae e oyaeaeua i?aaie/aneea ii?aaeaiey ?acee/iuo
i?aaiia e oeaiae aoaeouaai ?aaaiea.
Ia?eiae io iiiaioa ca/aoey aei 3 ianyoeaa aa?aiaiiinoe a?a/e
iacuaatho e?eoe/aneei a ?acaeoee ieiaea, oae eae a yoi a?aiy i?ienoiaeeo
eioaineaiay caeeaaeea i?aaiia e oi?ie?iaaiea oeaiae. Oiio?aaeaiea
aeeiaiey iiaeao i?eaanoe e o?iaeothuaio aicaeaenoaeth ia ieiae, i?e/ai
iia?aaeaeaiea aoaeao oai neeueiaa, /ai ia aieaa ?aiiai yoaia
e?eoe/aneiai ia?eiaea aicaeaenoaiaae aeeiaieue.
A iaaeeoeeineie eeoa?aoo?a iiyaeeny niaoeeaeueiue oa?iei,
iaicia/athuee eiiieaen ii?ieia o aeaoae, aucaaiiuo iia?aaeaeathuei
aicaeaenoaeai aeeiaiey a ia?eiae aioo?eoo?iaiiai ?acaeoey – aeeiaieueiue
neiae?ii ieiaea (ANI) eee neiae?ii aeeiaieueiie oaoiiaoee. Aeey ANI
oa?aeoa?iu a?iaeaeaiiua aiiiaeee ?acaeoey na?aeoea, ia?oaeiuo iieiauo
i?aaiia, ia?ooaiea ooieoeee oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaiu, ieceay ianna
oaea i?e ?iaeaeaiee, ionoaaaiea ?aaai6iea a ?inoa e ?acaeoee. O aeaoae n
neiae?iiii aeeiaieueiie oaoiiaoee oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou eeoea : iaeaiueeay
aieiaa, a iniaaiiinoe eeoei, oceea aeaca, niaoeeoe/aneay neeaaeea aae,
oiieay aa?oiyy aoaa.
Oiio?aaeaiea nie?oiuo iaieoeia iianii ia anai i?ioyaeaiee
aa?aiaiiinoe, oae eae aeeiaieue eaaei i?iieeaao io iaoa?e /a?ac
ieaoeaioo ii e?iaaiiniui ninoaeai, ieoathuei ieiae. Aicaeaenoaea
aeeiaiey ia ieiae a iineaaeothuea ianyoeu aa?aiaiiinoe i?eaiaeeo e
iaaeiiioaiiinoe, nieaeaieth iannu oaea , ?iaeaeaiiuo aeaoae,
ia?oai?iaeaeaieth.
Ei?iyuay iaoue aeieaeia iiiieoue, /oi aeeiaieue ieacuaaao e?aeia
a?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?aaieci a?oaeiiai ieaaeaioea e a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue ia aai ia?aioth nenoaio. Aeaaea ie/oiaeiua aeicu aeeiaiey,
iiiaaeathuea n iieieii iaoa?e a i?aaieci ieaaeaioea, iiaoo aucaaoue
na?ueaciua ia?ooaiey a aeayoaeueiinoe oeaio?aeueiie ia?aiie nenoaiu, a a
ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo aeaaea eiaoue iaia?aoeiua iineaaenoaey. ?aaaiie iiae
aicaeaenoaeai aeeiaiey noaiiaeony aaniieieiui, ieioi nieo, o iaai iiaoo
iaaethaeaoueny noaei?iae, a a iineaaeothuai e ionoaaaiea a ineoe/aneii
?acaeoee. Anee aea ei?iyuay iaoue no?aaeaao o?iie/aneei aeeiaieeciii, e
a i?aaieci ieaaeaioea ?aaoey?ii iiiaaeaao aeeiaieue, oi, iiieii
auoaoiiiyioouo ineiaeiaiee, o ?aaaiea iiaeao aicieeiooue «neiae?ii
aeeiaieueiie caaeneiinoe a?oaeiiai aic?anoa». Iiaeiaiua neo/ae iienaiu
o/aiuie i?ioeiai e nia?aiaiiuie enneaaeiaaoaeyie.
?AC?OOEOAEUe ?ANOOUAAI I?AAIECIA
O/aiua anaai ie?a ia i?ioyaeaiee ii/oe ni?iea eao ana a?ii/a e
o?aaiaeiaa cayaeytho ia iianiinoe, eioi?ay iiaenoa?aaaao iiae?anoathuaa
iieieaiea – aeaoae, iiae?inoeia, iieiaeaaeue. ?a/ue eaeao i ana
aic?anoathuai ?aciaoa iio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo iaieoeia ianiaa?oaiiieaoieie.
Oae a NOA (ooao Iueth-Ei?e) 91 i?ioeaio 16-eaoieo o/aueony oiio?aaeytho
aeeiaieueiua iaieoee. A Eaiaaea ieiei 90 i?ioeaioia o/aueony 7-9 eeannia
oiio?aaeytho nie?oiua iaieoee. A O?A 1 i?ioeaio aeaoae 8-10 eao a
ninoiyiee aeeiaieueiiai iiueyiaiey caaea?aeeaaaony iieeoeeae.
Iiaeaeoe, ia iaaei iaeaaeaoue iniaaiiui aiia?aaeaieai, /oiau
i?aaenoaaeoue naaa o?ii, eioi?ue niiniaii aucaaoue o iiae?inoea oioy au
iaeiie?aoiia oiio?aaeaiea aeia eee aeaaea ieaa. Ana iaienaiiia auoa
iicaieytho iainiiaaiii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi a oaea /aeiaaea iao oaeeo
i?aaiia e oeaiae, eioi?ua ia ii?aaeaeenue au aeeiaieai. Iiiaa a
i?aaieci, ii aeinoaoi/ii iaaeeaiii (ni nei?inoueth 0,1 a ia 1 ea iannu
oaea a /an) ?anuaieyaony a ia/aie. E oieueei 10 i?ioeaioia io iauaai
eiee/anoaa i?eiyoiai aeeiaiey auaiaeeony ec i?aaiecia a iaeciaiiii
aeaea. Inoaaoeeny aeeiaieue oee?eoee?oao aianoa n e?iaueth ii anaio
i?aaiecio, iiea ia ?anuaieony aanue. Aunieay i?iieoeaaiinoue «iieiaeuo»
oeaiae, eo ianuuaiiinoue aiaeie iicaieyao aeeiaieth auno?i
?ani?ino?aiyoueny ii ?anoouaio i?aaiecio.
Oiene/aneia aicaeaenoaea aeeiaiey i?aaeaea anaai neacuaaaony ia
aeayoaeueiinoe ia?aiie nenoaiu. Anee niaea?aeaiea aeeiaiey a e?iae
i?eiyoue ca 1 (aaeeieoeo), oi a ia/aie iii aoaeao ?aaii 1,45 , a a
aieiaiii iicaa – 1,75. Aeaaea iaaieueoea aeicu aeeiaiey aeeytho ia iaiai
a ia?aiie oeaie, ia?aaea/o ia?aiuo eiioeuenia. Iaeiia?aiaiii ia?ooaaony
?aaioa ninoaeia aieiaiiai iicaa : i?ienoiaeeo eo ?anoe?aiea, oaaee/aiea
i?iieoeaaiinoe, e?iaieceeyiea a oeaiue iicaa. A iiae?inoeiaii aic?anoa
iicaiaay oeaiue aaaeiaa oinoi?ii, aiaa/a aiaeie, iaoiaeeony a noaaeee
no?oeoo?iiai e ooieoeeiiaeueiiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey, iiyoiio aeeiaieue
iniaaiii iianai aeey iaa. Aeaaea iaeiie?aoiua oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiiai
iiaoo eiaoue naiua na?ueaciua iineaaenoaey.
Iaiaeiie?aoiia eee /anoia oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaiey ieacuaaao
aoeaaeueii iionoioathuaa aicaeaenoaea ia ineoeeo iiae?inoea. I?e yoii
caaea?aeeaaaony ia oieueei ?acaeoea aunoeo oi?i iuoeaiey, au?aaioea
yoe/aneeo e i?aanoaaiiuo eaoaai?ee e ynoaoe/aneeo iiiyoee, ii e
oo?a/eaathony oaea ?acaeaoeany niiniaiinoe. Iiae?inoie, /oi iacuaaaony
«ooiaao» e eioaeeaeooaeueii, e yiioeeiiaeueii, e i?aanoaaiii.
Aoi?ie «ieoaiueth» aeeiaiey yaeyaony ia/aiue. Eiaiii caeanue,
iiae aeaenoaeai oa?iaioia i?ienoiaeeo aai ?anuaieaiea. Anee nei?inoue
iinooieaiey aeeiaiey a eeaoee ia/aie auoa nei?inoe aai ?aniaaea, oi
i?ienoiaeeo iaeiieaiea aeeiaiey, aaaeouaa e ii?aaeaieth eeaoie ia/aie.
Aeeiaieue ia?ooaao no?oeoo?o eeaoie ia/aie, i?eaiaey e ia?a?iaeaeaieth
aa oeaiae. I?e nenoaiaoe/aneeo oiio?aaeaieyo nie?oiuo iaieoeia aee?iaua
eciaiaiey a eeaoeao ia/aie i?eaiaeyo e iia?oaeaieth ia/aii/iie oeaie –
?acaeaaaony oee??ic ia/aie, aanueia a?iciia caaieaaaiea, ii/oe anaaaea
nii?iaiaeaeathuaa o?iie/aneee aeeiaieeci. Aeaenoaea aeeiaiey ia ia/aiue
iiae?inoea aua aieaa ?ac?ooeoaeueii, oae eae yoio i?aai iaoiaeeony a
noaaeee no?oeoo?iiai e ooieoeeiiaeueiiai oi?ie?iaaiey. Ii?aaeaiea eeaoie
ia/aie i?eaiaeeo e ia?ooaieth aaeeiaiai e oaea?iaeiiai iaiaia, neioaca
aeoaieiia e oa?iaioia. Nie?oiua iaieoee, iiaeii neacaoue, «?acuaaeatho»
neecenooth iaiei/eo ieuaaiaea, aeaeoaeea, ia?ooatho nae?aoeeth e ninoaa
aeaeoaei/iiai niea , /oi cao?oaeiyao i?ioeann ieuaaa?aiey e, a eiia/iii
n/aoa, iaaeaaii?eyoii neacuaaaony ia ?inoa e ?acaeoee iiae?inoea.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeeiaieue ineaaeyao i?aaieci, oi?iiceo
oi?ie?iaaiea e nic?aaaiea aai i?aaiia e nenoai, a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo,
iai?eia? i?e ceioiio?aaeaiee, e aiana inoaiaaeeaaao ?acaeoea iaeioi?uo
ooieoeee aunoae ia?aiie nenoaiu. *ai iieiaea i?aaieci, oai aoaeoaeueiaa
aeaenoaoao ia iaai aeeiaieue. E?iia oiai, oiio?aaeaiea aeeiaieueiuo
iaieoeia iiae?inoeaie cia/eoaeueii auno?aa, /ai o ac?ineuo, aaaeao e
oi?ie?iaaieth o ieo aeeiaieecia.
AEEIAIEECI E IAUANOAI
Aeeiaieue «aueao» ia oieueei naiiai iuethuaai, ii e ethaeae,
ie?oaeathueo aai. *anoi ioae/eiu eee aeaiueiu, neeiiiua e aeeiaieecio,
i?aiaa?aaatho naieie iaycaiiinoyie, ae?ocueyie, naiueae e aeaoueie, aeey
oiai, /oiau oaeiaeaoai?eoue naith iio?aaiinoue. I?eno?anoea e aeeiaieth
– i?e/eia ?acee/iuo i?anooieaiee. Ecaanoii, /oi 50 i?ioeaioia anao
i?anooieaiee naycaii n oiio?aaeaieai aeeiaiey.
Ca aeeiaieeci ?iaeeoaeae /anoi ?aniea/eaathony aeaoe.
Enneaaeiaaiey ia?aiiaieueiuo aeaoae iieacaee, /oi i?e/eiie eo aieacie
/anoi yaeyaony aeeiaieeci ?iaeeoaeae.
Ai?ueaa n aeeiaieeciii – e?oiiaeoay nioeeaeueiay e iaaeeoeeineay
i?iaeaia ethaiai ainoaea?noaa. A?aae aeeiaiey aeieacai. Aeaaea iaeua
aeicu aai iiaoo noaoue i?e/eiie aieueoeo iai?eyoiinoae eee ian/anoee :
o?aai, aaoieaoano?io, eeoaiey ?aaioiniiniaiinoe, ?aniaaea naiuee, oo?aou
aeooiaiuo iio?aaiinoae e aieaauo /a?o /aeiaaeii.
Neiaa?ue niaoeeoe/aneeo oa?ieiia
*aanoeiaioeey, — (eao. abstinentia – aicaea?aeaiea), iniaia oece/aneia e
ineoe/aneia ninoiyiea aeeiaieeeia e ia?eiiaiia iinea aiacaiiiai e
iieiiai i?ae?auaiey oiio?aaeaiey eie aeeiaiey eee i?eau/iiai ia?eioeea.
*iainei, — (a?. pepsis – oa?iaio aeaeoaei/iiai niea, ?anuaieythuee aaeee
n ia?aciaaieai niane iieeiaioeaeia.
*aiae?iaaiu, — (a?. aner(andros) ioae/eia + (genos) ?iae), a?oiia
ioaeneeo iieiauo ai?iiiia, aeaenoaothueo a i?aaiecia aeeaioiiai e
/aeiaaea ii oeio iniiaiiai ioaeneiai ai?iiia – oanoinoa?iia, ia?acothony
ia oieueei a eeaoeao naiaiieeia, ii e ye/ieeao e ei?a iaaeii/a/ieeia.
*aeeanoiea, — (a?. diastole ?anoyaeaaiea), ?eoie/anee iiaoi?ythuaany
?anneaaeaiea iuooeu na?aeoea, ianooiathuaa aneaae ca aa nie?auaieai –
nenoieie.
*aoeaoaeueaeaaeae — (eao. acetum oenon), i?aaie/aneia niaaeeiaiea,
aeueaeaaeae oenoniie eeneiou, aeeaeeinoue, eeiyuay i?e 20(N; iieo/aaony
ec aoeaoeeaia eee yoeeiaiai nie?oa, i?eiaiyaony aeey i?iecaiaenoaa
oenoniie eeneiou, ?acee/iuo oa?iaoeaaoe/aneeo i?aia?aoia, e ae?.
*ii?aae?aiaeei — iaeei ec eaoaoieaieiia*, oeceieiae/aneee
i?aaeoanoaaiiee aae?aiaeeia, ea?athuee ?ieue iaaeeaoi?a i?e ia?aaea/a
aicaoaeaeaiee a neiiaoe/aneie ia?aiie nenoaia.
*eaoaoieaieiu — aeoeaii o/anoaotho a ea/anoaa ai?iiiia e iaaeeaoi?ia a
oeceieiae/aneeo e aeioeie/aneeo i?ioeannao a i?aaiecia aeeaioiuo e
/aeiaaea, e iei ioiinyony aae?aiaeei, ii?aae?aiaeei, aeioaiei.
*eeciniiu — (a?. lysis ?anoai?aiea + zyme caeaanea), iaeeea ie?oaeua
oaeueoea, iaia?oaeaiiua a eeaoeao aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee, e. niaea?aeao
oa?iaiou e o/anoaotho ai aioo?eeeaoi/iuo i?ioeannao ia?aaa?eaaiey
aaeeia, ioeeaeiiauo eeneio e eeieaeia.
*aeiieney — (a?. hupo iiae, nieco, oeacuaaao ia iiieaeaiea i?ioea ii?iu
+ eao. oxygenium eenei?iae) — eenei?iaeiia aieiaeaiea
* neea?ic — (a?. sklerosis caoaa?aeaaaiea), oieioiaiea eaeeo-e. i?aaiia,
aucaaiiia aeaaeueth ooieoeeiiaeueiuo ( niaoeeoe/aneeo aeey yoeo i?aaiia)
yeaiaioia e caiaiie eo niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaiueth.
*anie?aoeey — (eao. aspiratio aeoiiaaiea, aeuoaiea), a aeaiiii neo/aa
iiiaaeaiea eii?iaeiuo oae a aeuoaoaeueiua iooe i?e aaeioa.
*ieaa?eo — (a?. pleura, aie), ainiaeaiea ieaa?u – oiieie
niaaeeieoaeueiioeaiiie iaiei/ee, iie?uaathuae eaaeea, e aunoeeathuay
aioo?aiithth iiaa?oiinoue a?oaeiie eeaoee.
*iae?ioeeoic — (a?. makros aeeeiiue, aieueoie + kytos eeaoea)
i?aiaeaaeaiea a e?iae oaaee/aiiuo y?eo?ioeeoia.
*eeieaeu — (a?. lipos aee?) a?oiia i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa, aoiaeyueo a
ninoaa anao aeeauo eeaoie, aeeth/athuay aee?u e aee?iiiaeiaiua aauanoaa.
* aaeaacey — (eao. adhaesio i?eeeiaiea), neeiaiea iiaa?oiinoae aeaoo
?acii?iaeiuo oaa?aeuo eee aeeaeeeo oae.
*aeioaiei — i?iiaaeooi/iue i?iaeoeo aeineioaca eaoaoieaieiia, ia?yaeo n
aae?aiaeeiii e ii?aae?aiaeeiii nae?aoe?oaony iicaiaui neiai
iaaeii/a/ieeia, a OeIN auiieiyao ?ieue iaaeeaoi?a.
*aoeaoeeoieei — oenoniieeneue yoe? oieeia, oei. ia?aaeao/ee ia?aiiai
aicaoaeaeaiey iniiaiie iaaeeaoi?.
*aoaeney — ?anno?ienoai niaeaniaaiiinoe a nie?auaiee ?acee/iuo a?oii
iuooe i?e i?iecaieueiuo aeaeaeaieyo.
*ieiiaoey — (a?. myos iuooea + a?. patos no?aaeaiea), i?ia?anneaiay
iuoa/iay ao?ioey.
AEAEEIA?AOE*ANEEE NIENIE:
«Eiaa?iue a?aa» E.O. Iao?aiei «CIAIEA» 1981 a.
«Eiaaea /aeiaae naaa a?aa» A.I. Yioei, «CIAIEA» 1973 a.
«Ineoieiaey, eeeieea e i?ioeeaeoeea ?aiiaai aeeiaieecia» A.N. A?aoonue
IINEAA, 1984 a.
«Aioeaeeiaieueiia ainieoaiea a oeiea», E.Ae. Io?aoiaa, I. E. Neaei?ia
A?oaiaaeuene, 1977 a.
«Iaoioeceieiaey aeeiaieueiie aieacie e ia?eiiaiee», Ae.I. Aeaeei, A.A.
Aeai?ieeia IINEAA, 1991a.
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